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LESSON 1: THESIS STATEMENT

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
a. determine thesis statement ; and
b. compose own thesis statement on given topics.

What is a thesis statement?

A thesis statement is the main idea of an essay. It is often a point you want to
argue or support in an essay.
So, the thesis statement explains to a reader the main idea of the essay, and the
writer’s opinion on that idea.
A thesis statement is usually one sentence.
It is often placed in the introductory paragraph of an essay.
A thesis statement is a claim that could be argued. The essay will contain evidence
and opinions that support the argument.

Thesis statements avoid the following:

❖ The first person (I believe, In my opinion, etc.)
❖ Unclear language (It seems, etc.)
❖ Attempting two topics at once (even if they seem related). Pick one and stick with it.
❖ Just stating a fact - A thesis is something you plan to make an argument about.

1. A thesis statement should contain a topic (main idea of what you are writing about)
contain an opinion about the topic (what your attitude is toward the topic)

2. A thesis statement should not be too broad.

Too Broad: The world is a magnificent place to live.

Better: Good teachers make Mountain City Elementary a fantastic school.

❖ Which sentence is too broad to be a good thesis statement?

a) One reason to live in Mountain City is access to many wonderful places to fish.
b) Mountain City is a great place to live.

Too Board Mountain City is a great place to live.

3. Thesis statement should not be too wordy.

Wordy
Some problems with Mountain City Elementary School is that it needs a larger
playground, an air conditioned gym, an auditorium, restrooms connected to each
classroom, running water in the classrooms, and a number of other physical changes
to the building.

Better
Mountain City Elementary needs several changes to its facility to make it a better
school.

Which sentence is too wordy to be a good thesis statement?

A. Abe Lincoln was one of the best presidents the United States has ever known.
B. Abe Lincoln was an excellent speaker, the 16th President of the United States, a
liberator of slaves, and united the North and South at the end of the American Civil War.

Too Wordy
Abe Lincoln was an excellent speaker, the 16th President of the United States, a
liberator of slaves, and united the North and South at the end of the American Civil War.

4. A thesis statement should not be too general.

Too general: Mountain City Elementary is a good school.

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 Better: Daily writing practice has led to improved writing skills for the students at
Mountain City Elementary.

5. A thesis statement should not be a title.

A title: Cost of Living
Better: The cost of living in Mountain City is lower than in most other cities in the
United States.

6. A thesis statement should not be a fact.

A fact: The average temperature for Mountain City in winter is 34 and in summer is
75 degrees.
Better: The climate in Mountain City is ideal for outdoor sports.

Which sentence would not be a good thesis statement because it is a fact?

A. The recycling of one aluminum can saves enough energy to run a TV for three
hours.
B. Recycling is one of the most important jobs a person can do to protect our
environment.

A Fact: The recycling of one aluminum can saves enough energy to run a TV for three
hours.

REFERENCES : PowerPoint Presentation by Ruth Luman: Modesto Junior College.

LESSON 2: OUTLINING

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
a. use a topic and sentence outline in selecting and organizing information; and
b. outline reading text in various disciplines.

Quotes to ponder:

“If I try to articulate every little detail in a drawing, it would be like missing the forest for
the trees, so it’s just about getting the outline of the forest.” ~Jeff Koons

An outline is a summary that gives the essential features of a text. It shows how the
parts of a text are related to one another as parts that are of equal importance, or sections
that are subordinate to a main idea.

2 KINDS OF OUTLINE

1. Reading outline is used to get the main ideas of a text that is already written.
2. Writing outline is a skeletal overview of your draft, which contains your fundamental
points and the different ideas that support them.

STEPS IN CREATING A READING OUTLINE

1. Read the entire text first. Skim the text afterward.

2. Locate the main idea or thesis of the whole essay.
3. Look for key phrases in each paragraph of the essay.
4. Locate the topic sentence of each paragraph.
5. Look at the topic sentences and group those with related ideas together.
6. The contents of the reading are arranged according to levels.
7. Evaluate the supporting details provided.
8. Go back to the text to check whether you have followed its sequence closely and that
you have not missed any important information.

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SAMPLE OUTLINE:

The outline came from a short text entitled “The Spanish Legacy,” written by a local
historian Bonifacio Sibayan.
The text talks briefly about how the Spanish influenced Philippine languages and
Philippine life in the old times.
Note that a sentence outline was used, so that each point can be succinctly
explained. Also note that a couple of the main points contain up to four levels of
supporting details.
See how each level decreases in topic relevance, and how each level was properly
numbered and indented to signal this. Lastly, note that the writing purpose, the reading
audience, the tone, the point of view, and the thesis statement were all identified before
the line itself.

Sample Outline #1
Title: Frederick Douglass
Thesis: Frederick Douglass played a crucial role in securing the abolition of slavery and
equality of African-American rights through his actions, ideas, and efforts as a lecturer,
author/publisher, and politician.

I. Introduction
A. Thesis
B. Roles/Arguments
II. Douglass as Lecturer
A. History as slave and acquisition of education
1) He “experienced slavery”
2) Literacy allowed expression
B. Early lectures, including initial speech before Garrison
1) Success of initial speech
2) Goals for future speeches
C. Effect of lectures on society
1) Open eyes
2) Encourage activism
III. Douglass as Author/Publisher
A. Narrative’s success and effect
1) Springboard for paper
B. Goals/hopes for paper
C. Garrison set-back and significance
D. Significance of Paper
IV. Douglass as Politician
A. Key trait for success
B. Goal of political activism
C. Efforts for Republican party
1) Significance of efforts
D. Black soldier enlistment crusade
E. Joining of Republican party
1) Significance of efforts
V. Conclusion
A. Summarize arguments and efforts

Retrieved from: https://www.austincc.edu/tmthomas/sample%20outline%201.htm

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Sample Outline #2

Title: The Federalist Papers’ Influence on the Ratification of the Constitution

Thesis: The Federalist Papers influenced the ratification of the Constitution by making
some of their most important arguments, including the importance of being in a Union
by having a Constitution, answering to the objections made by the Anti-federalists about
separation of powers, and defending opposing arguments made against the
characteristics of the executive and judicial branch as provided in the Constitution.
I. Introduction
a. Describe The Federalist Papers are and when they started
b. Thesis: The Federalist influenced the ratification of the Constitution by
making some of their most important arguments, including the importance
of being in a Union by having a Constitution, answering to the objections
made by the Anti-federalists about separation of powers, and defending
opposing arguments made against the characteristics of the executive and
judicial branch as provided in the Constitution.
II. Background
a. State when The Federalist was printed and published.
b. Discuss the intentions and purposes of The Federalist.
III. Argument for the benefit of a Union
a. A Union would guard against external dangers
b. A Union would guard against internal dangers
A. The “extended sphere” argument about how it will control
factions. (Federalist 10)
IV. Argument of the problem with complete separation of powers
a. Anti-federalists wanted a complete separation of the judicial, executive,
and legislative branches
b. The Federalist said the maxim of complete separation of powers is
misunderstood. (Montesquieu)
c. The branches need some limited power of the other branches to protect
themselves from encroachment of the other branches (Federalist 51)
A. The branches need to have the interests of maintaining their
powers, and not letting the other branches take that away.
V. Argument for a single executive, and against a plural executive
a. Anti-federalists didn’t want a single executive, too much like a monarch
b. The Federalist need the executive to be “energetic” and a plural executive
would make this impossible (Federalist 70)
A. It would take too long for the people in the executive position to
make decision in an emergency, because they might disagree.
B. In a plural executive, it is hard to tell who is responsible for a
wrongdoing because they can all blame each other, so a single
executive would lead to more responsible behavior
VI. Argument in favor of judicial review and terms of good behavior for judges
a. Anti-federalists didn’t like judicial review and the term of good behavior
b. The Federalist argued that judicial review was necessary to protect the
judicial branch from the Legislature.
c. A term of good behavior was necessary to get qualified people for the
positions; it would also give them time to develop knowledge.
VII. Conclusion
a. Thesis
b. The dates of the ratification of the Constitution by the States
c. The Federalist’s influence beyond the ratification

Retrieved from: https://www.austincc.edu/tmthomas/sample%20outline%201.htm

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 Sample Outline #3

Title: Common Sense and Its Impact on American Political Thought

Thesis: Thomas Paine’s Common Sense articulated the anti-British sentiments of
the Colonies in a way so unprecedented that it permanently changed the face of
political thought in America.

I. Intro:
A. Thesis: Thomas Paine’s Common Sense articulated the anti-British
sentiments of the Colonies in a way so unprecedented that it permanently
changed the face of political thought in America.

II. What did Common Sense say that was so different?

A. It denounced both the monarchy and the English Constitution, which
had previously been looked upon as a brilliant political document.
Americans realized the inherent fallacies of hereditary government
(specifically monarchy) as well as the English Constitution which
protected the monarchy.
B. It called for Americans to disconnect themselves from the flawed British
system and create a new one for themselves. Common Sense questioned
the long-standing belief that residents of the colonies were inseparably
connected to England. It gave them a new identity – Americans rather
then Britons.
C. It also outlined the benefits of a republican government, which would go
on to influence the ideas of the Founding Fathers as they created a new
government for their new country.

III. What was Common Sense’s immediate effect on the Colonies?

A. The debate in the American Colonies shifted from that of reconciliation
with England to that of independence.
B. It was read by an unprecedented number of colonists and united a great
majority of them behind independence.
C. It inspired American intellectuals with its call for independence, leading
to the composition of the Declaration of Independence a mere six months
later.

IV. What were Common Sense’s long term effects?

A. It changed the connotation of the word “revolution” to something that
looked to the future. “Revolution” became a word of innovation rather
than renovation.
B. It permanently cemented the idea of a republican, non-hereditary
government into the heads of Americans. Common Sense’s design for a
republican government, and its basic principles were carried on to the
Constitution.

V. Conclusion
A. Common Sense’s eloquent, articulate, and unprecedented arguments led
to a permanent change in American political thought.

Retrieved from: https://www.austincc.edu/tmthomas/sample%20outline%201.htm

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CREATING A WRITING OUTLINE
An outline works like a map; it shows you where each of your ideas is placed in
your writing; how all of them fit together; and how each leads to the central idea of your
writing. It also determines the boundaries of your draft; how much of your subject you will
need to cover without lacking or exceeding in details.

PARTS OF FORMAL OUTLINE

I. MAIN IDEA
A. Subsidiary idea or supporting idea to I
B. Subsidiary idea or supporting idea to I
1. Subsidiary idea to B
2. Subsidiary idea to B
a) Subsidiary idea to 2
b) Subsidiary idea to 2.
II. MAIN IDEA
A. Subsidiary or supporting idea to II.
B. Subsidiary or supporting idea to II.

LIST OF SUGGESTIONS IN CREATING YOUR OUTLINE

1. Determine what your purpose is for writing the thesis, who your reading audience
is, and what point of view and tone you would like to assume in delivering your
message.
2. Begin your outline with a thesis statement.
3. Review your notes.
4. Group together similar ideas and thoughts.
5. Label all the main topics with Roman numerals (This will be your outline’s first
level).
6. Identify subtopics and classify them under the correct main topics. Label these
subtopics with uppercase letters (This will be your outline’s second level).
7. Identify supporting points, such as illustrations and examples), and classify them
under the correct subtopics. Indent and label them with Arabic numbers (This will
be your outline’s third level).
8. Identify particular details, such as statistics, quotes, and other secondary
information) and classify them under the correct supporting points. Indent and
label them with lowercase letters (This will be your outline’s fourth level).
9. Check your outline for unsupported evidence. Omit it, or add in new supporting
details as necessary.
10. Re-examine all your main topics, subtopics, supporting points, and particular
details to see that they all develop your thesis, and are logically sequenced. Also
check that all levels in the outline have parallel wording and grammatical structure.
11. Show your proposed outline to a number of people such as your teacher, your
classmates, your friends, or even your family. Get feedback from them on what to
improve in your outline.

2 KINDS OF GENERALLY ACCEPTED OUTLINE

1. Scratch outlines are a simple list of ideas that take the form of words and phrases.
They are good for their brevity.
2. Sentence outlines use sentences to define the subject matter. They are good for
their use of specific detail.

Reference: Rodriguez, Maxine Rafaella C. and Marella Therese A. Tiongson. 2016. Reading
and Writing Skills. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

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LESSON 3: Forming Opinions Based on Facts

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
a. identify facts from a given selection; and
b. distinguish facts from opinions.

Facts and Opinions

◼ An opinion is a feeling, judgment, belief, or conclusion that cannot be proven true
by objective evidence. According to Webster's Dictionary a fact is "anything that is
done or happens; anything actually existent; any statement strictly true; truth;
reality."

Three examples of facts that are concrete and that could be documented include:
1. The house was painted on November 18, 1999.
2. Today is Saturday.
3. My son had a temperature of one hundred and two degrees this morning.

◼ A fact is a specific detail that can be proven as true based on objective evidence.
Whereas an opinion is defined as "indicating a belief, view, sentiment, conception.“
Obvious indicators of opinion are when sentences include words such as: "Generally, it is
thought" , "I believe that", "It is a sad day when."

FACTS CAN BE CHANGED INTO OPINIONS

For example, how the three facts above can be changed to opinions would be to add a
belief or view.
1. The house was painted recently on November 18, 1999, so it looks as good as new.
2. Today is Saturday and Mark always sleeps in on Saturdays, so that is why he is late
for the game.
3. There was no way for me to go to school because my son had a temperature of one
hundred and two degrees this morning.

Do you know the difference between facts and opinion?

What words would you use to describe the picture?

FACT (EVIDENCE BASED) OPINIONS (VARIES, PERSONAL VIEW)

Clown Funny
Painted Face Weird Hair
Colorful Scary
Circus Performer Happy
Smiling Ugly

Separating Fact from Opinion

◼ Know the traits of facts and opinions.
Fact: Spinach is a source of iron.
Opinion: Spinach tastes extremely bad.

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 Fact Opinion
◼ Fact ◼ Opinion
◼ Objective ◼ Subjective
◼ States reality ◼ Interprets reality
◼ Can be verified ◼ Can NOT be verified
◼ Presented with unbiased ◼ Presented with value words
words
“Spinach is a form of iron.” “Spinach tastes extremely bad.”

How to Tell the Difference

Facts- are statements that can be proven. It may be true or false. But facts can be proven.

Examples
1. Statistically, women live longer than men.
2. Most buses weigh more than most cars.
3. There are ten inches in a foot (false).

Opinions- Opinions are statements that cannot be proven. Opinions can be argued. It may
be supported with facts. It cannot be proven.

Examples
1. Golf is boring.
2. Pizza is delicious.
3. Math is the hardest subject.

Fact or Opinion?
1. According to sales records, strawberry ice-cream is the worst selling of all flavors.
2. Therefore, we can conclude that strawberry is the least popular major ice-cream
flavor.
3. This is because strawberry ice-cream does not taste as good as vanilla and
chocolate.

Fact or Opinion?
◼ __A spinning class is a group exercise program of about 45 minutes riding on a
stationary bike.
◼ __A spinning class is a form of torture.

Fact or Opinion?

◼ F A spinning class is a group exercise program of about 45 minutes riding on a

stationary bike. (Can be verified by going to a class.)
◼ O A spinning class is a form of torture. (Some people may enjoy the class.)

Subjectivity and Objectivity

Subjectivity
Is personal and biased. It is a one- sided point of view. (I think she has passed with
flying colors).

Objectivity

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 Is fair and unbiased. It takes all sides into account and is not influenced by
personal feelings. (Based on her marks, she has passed with flying colours).

SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION OBJECTIVE REALITY

BIAS it can become unclear how to separate fact and opinion when many people
hold the same opinion. This is when it becomes important to understand what the word
bias means. It is a personal, pre-conceived belief not based on evidence or fact. It is
literally pre-judging – making up your mind about something or someone before you know
the relevant facts.
A bias is an opinion or an attitude we have for or against something. A bias usually
stems from our feelings rather than from rational thought. What is very important to
realize is that ALL of us are biased. We are biased for or against certain people, activities,
and ideas. We become biased because certain people, activities, or ideas do not appeal to
us at some level. Of equal importance to realize is that we have "good biases" as well, that
is we favour certain people, activities, or ideas. In these cases, our biases are still
irrational, just like our negative ones.
Most of the time we keep our biases inside and use them to decide who to vote for,
what to study in school, and how we want to appear in public.
Many of our biases are not based on fact or reasoned judgments but on opinions
handed down to us by parents, teachers, and friends. Unfortunately, we don't always take
the time to examine the source of our biases, and many of us carry unhealthy opinions
and prejudices because of it.
Other times, however, people can let their bias or opinions guide them to do
dangerous acts. Issues such as racism, gun control, abortion, and patriotism provoke
many people to act on their biases and do things that harm others.
As long as biases are peacefully shared, there is little harm. But, when they are
uncontrolled, strong biases can bring out anger and create hatred toward those who
disagree. That is when facts and opinions become very challenging to separate.

REFERENCE:
Marethe Spies,2016 “Fact and Opinion”
Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/MarethaSpies/fact-and-opinion-
60999254

I hope that the discussion above helps provide you with a more workable road map that you
can use to understand what we mean when we talk about English for Academic and
Professional Writing ☺

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 WEST PRIME HORIZON INSTITUTE, INC.
V. Sagun Cor. M. Roxas St., San Francisco
District, Pagadian City
Mobile No.: 0920-798-3228 (smart)

Name:___________________________________________STRAND_____________________
TEACHER:

Keep them in your Portfolio or compile on a folder and submit to your adviser.
To validate your answer, feel free to contact your subject teacher.
Date of submission: September 21,2020

Activity 1. (REFER TO LESSON 1)

Tell whether the statements is a good thesis statement or not, and why.

1. Although most people believe otherwise, bats are harmless and highly beneficial.
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
2. Energetic exercise is a good way to help relieve stress.
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
3. Mountain City and Boone differ in many ways.
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
4. This paper will consider the advantages and disadvantages of students having
nightly homework.
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
5. 5.Many people do not like to watch violent horror movies.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
6. Today’s movies do not have the emotional impact of the classic horror movies of the
1940’s.
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
7. Rap music is the best music ever.
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
8. Although many people find rap music offensive, it has had a positive impact on
today’s youth.
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
9. I enjoy white water rafting.
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
10. Sixth grade students are busy.
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.

ACTIVITY 3 (REFER TO LESSON 1)

Write your own thesis statement. Choose atleast 2 topics.
1. TOPIC- State the topic
2. ISSUE- State the specific issue in the form of adebating proposition (for something).
Theissue usually answers the question“what?”
3. POSITION + RATIONALE ( because-clause)Your topic and issue = your position.

Sample:
TOPIC: Cats
ISSUE: Cats should be subject to leash laws.
POSITION+ RATIONALE: Cats should be subject to leash laws because they are natural
wanderers.
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TOPIC:___________________________________________________________________________________.
ISSUE:______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
POSITION+RATIONALE:_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

TOPIC:___________________________________________________________________________________.
ISSUE:______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
POSITION+RATIONALE:_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 4 (REFER TO LESSON 2)

Below is a list of topics that could serve as main ideas. Provide each main idea with
three possible subtopics that relate to the main idea as examples, stages or steps, or parts.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The process of photosynthesis
2. The events leading up to the Philippine revolution against Spain
3. The people that became famous through YouTube
4. The applications on a Smartphone useful in your studies.
5. The outbreak of Covid19 .

ACTIVITY 5 (REFER TO LESSON 2)

Select a short reading test. Afterward, create a reading outline of that text, applying
the guidelines you have learned from this lesson. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

ACTIVITY 6 (REFER TO LESSON 3)

Read the following article and make an appropriate graphic organizer showing the
facts from the selection. And then give your insights/opinions about each fact presented.

BULLYING
Teenagers interacting through social media avenues such as Facebook may
encounter bullying situations, stated O’Keeffe and Klark-Pearson. The authors of the
AAP report, define cyberbullying as the deliberate use of digital media to hurt,
embarrass or share hostile information about someone else. With the social interactions
that take place between “friends” on Facebook, it’s common for cyberbullying situations
to occur. The results of cyberbullying can include anxiety, depression and even suicide.
- Kathryn Hatter (2015), How Does
Facebook Affect Teenagers Socially?

www.livesstrong.com/article/562566-how-does-facebook-affect-teenagers-
socially/

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ANALYSIS

1. What is the importance of giving opinions or personal views about a fact?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.
2. How did you arrive on your opinions or personal views?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.
3. What is an opinion?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________.
4. What is a fact?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________.

ACTIVITY 7.
Express your opinion from a given fact. (100-150 words) Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
Fact: Facebook interactions can distract an adolescent from learning activities.

ACTIVITY 8.
Write down whether each example is fact or opinion. Write F if it is FACT and O if it is an
Opinion. Explain your answer.

1. There are fewer panda bears in the world than grizzly bears.
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Drinking orange juice right after brushing your teeth tastes bad.
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Justin Bieber deserved to win the Grammy for best new artist.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Chicken that has not been properly prepared and cooked may cause salmonella.
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Cheating on your boyfriend or girlfriend is wrong.
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Super Mario is one of the greatest video game characters of all time.
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. Chocolate milk tastes better than regular milk.
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. Every year except leap year has 365 days.
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. French fries taste better with ketchup.
__________________________________________________________________________________
10. Penguins are birds that don’t fly. They swim instead.
__________________________________________________________________________________
11. The penguin’s thick, oily feathers are warm and waterproof.
__________________________________________________________________________________
12. When penguin chicks are first hatched, the adults chew up the fish for them.
__________________________________________________________________________________
13. The one foot tall blue fairy penguin is the cutest of all penguins.
__________________________________________________________________________________
14. Penguins look cute when they waddle.
__________________________________________________________________________________
15. All penguins are black and white and look like they are wearing tuxedos.
__________________________________________________________________________________

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