Term: The Sherman Antitrust Act (p 472) - Masha

Who – U.S. Congress. It was named for U.S. Sen. John Sherman of Ohio, who was an expert on the
regulation of commerce.
What – the first Federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices, prohibiting any contract, trust, or
conspiracy in restraint of interstate or foreign trade.
When – July 2, 1890
Where –US
Why Important – Its purpose was to promote economic fairness and competitiveness and to regulate
interstate commerce. The act signaled an important shift in American regulatory strategy toward business and
markets. It was the first piece of legislation to go against the principle of Laissez-faire and established
regulation of the private economy as a legitimate role for government.

Term: The Knights of Labor (pp 478-479) - Julia

Who – The Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor. Terence Powderly former machinist.
What – A national union that wanted to organize everyone into one single union.. Their membership included
farmers, shopkeepers and office and factory workers. They believed in equal pay for equal work. The union
recruited African Americans and women.
When – Started In 1869 but disappeared by the 1890s
Where – Formed in philadelphia
Why Important – They sponsored the first labor day on September 5, 1882. They pursued broad social
reforms. The Knights declined after they were blamed, falsely, for the violence and police deaths at the
Haymarket Riot in Chicago in 1886.

Term: The American Federation of Labor (p. 479) - Dila

Who –Samuel Gompers, skilled workers

What – A federation that organized skilled workers in a network of smaller unions, each devoted to a specific
craft. Mainly focused on issues of workers such as hours, wages and working conditions. Relied on economic
pressure such as strikes and boycotts against employers. In theory it was open to African Americans but the
local unions found ways to exclude them and women were not welcome in the unions.
When – It was formed in 1886 and gained around 250,000 members until 1892
Where – Founded in NY but members are found all around the country
Why Important – It tried to force employers to participate in collective bargaining in which workers negotiate
with employers and to strengthen their collective bargaining power they pressed for a member exclusive
“closed shop.” It found success by focusing only on economic issues like higher wages and shorter hours
and restricting membership to white male skilled workers.

Term: The Haymarket Square Riot (pp 481-482) - Pia

Who – workers, police, Union leaders, anarchists

What – A strike from workers demanding an eight-hours workday. There were various fights between the
strikers and the police with casualties.
When – 1886
Where – Chicago, Illinois
Why Important – After the riot, the American public associated unions in general with violence and radical
ideas. It caused a bad public opinion towards labor unions, especially the Knights of Labor who were blamed
for the violence.

Term: The Pullman Strike (pp 482-483) - Isa

Who – Workers from Pullman, George Pullman (town leader), federal government, Eugene Debs
What – Citizens felt overcontrolled; Pullman grew upset with general consensus that rules were too strict; He
cut wages 25% and laid off workers, leading to a strike; the workers and government sided against the union
When – Tensions began May 1894, Union grew significantly June 1894
Where – Pullman, south of Chicago
Why Important – The strike’s short-lived battle against employers was fundamental to the union between the
federal government and factory owners. The mutual dislike for the union initiated a cycle of regularly
approved appeals, limiting and discrediting union gains for more than 30 years. President Clevleand sent in
federal troops to break the strike, and union leader Eugene Debs was arrested spent six months in prison.

Term: The Battle of Little Bighorn (pp 494-495) - Federico

Who – The sioux of the northern plains.

- Government
- Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer
What – After tensions were sealed between the government and the Sioux. They sent a Colonel to search for
gold in the Native American areas.
- Lieutenant Colonel Prepared an attack on the indians
- 2,000 warriors gathered to defend their territory
- Wiped out Custer’s men within an hour
When – Tensions arose 1865
- War from 1866 - 1868
- Battle of Little Bighorn 1876
Where – Montana Territories. Little Bighorn River
Why Important –
- Shocked the government and the soldiers of their strength and capability
- Prove their height.
- The Natives should have their rights and the way the Government were treating them was inadequate.
- Last significant victory of Native Americans over American troops, it outraged public and led to an
increase in forces in the west and the final demise of the Great Plains tribes

Term: The Massacre at Wounded Knee (p. 495) - Artur

Who – Native americans and US army

What – It was a conflict between North America Indians and representatives of the US government
When – 1890
Where – South Dakota
Why Important – It broke the resistance to reservation life and assimilation to white American culture. It was
also the last major episode of violence in the Indian wars.
Term: The Long Drive (pp 501-502) - Leonid

Who – Cowboys and cattle

What – A series of paths connecting pastures with railways for cattle “transportation”.
When – Before 1880s.
Where – From Texas’s San Antonio region to railroad depots in Kansas (Dodge City, Abilene).
Why Important – It was a good way for cowboys to move cattle to railway centers. It created the beef
industry in America, because they had a way to move cattle through very big distances.

Term: The Credit Mobilier Scandal (p. 521) - Ana

Who – Congress, Union Pacific, Credit Mobilier

What – the first transcontinental railroad where Congress loaned money and land to the Union Pacific
Railroad Company and they hired an outside company Credit Mobilier and was scammed
When – 1872
Where – Washington D.C.
Why Important – One of the many scandals after the Civil War. Credit Mobilier gave stock to representatives
of both parties, including future president, vice president and more. The worst of a number of scandals that
marked Grant’s eight years as a president.

Term: The Pendleton Act (p. 523) - Taisiya

Who – Chester Arthur (the president of that time), federal employees

What – classified government jobs, tested applicants’ fitness for the job
When –1883
Where – New York/Washington, DC/federal jobs anywhere in the country
Why Important – Protected federal employees against being fired due to political reasons; freed them from
being required to contribute to campaign funds; was a part of the reform of the spoils system. The Pendleton
Act created the Civil Service Commission which enforced a new system of classification for most
government jobs, effectively ending the spoils system.

Term: The Dumbbell Tenement (pp 537-538) - Spencer

Who – The state of New York, the architect of the design.

What – After New York state passed a law requiring all rooms to have outside windows, an architect
designed the dumbbell tenement. It was an apartment building with the shape of a dumbbell, which allowed
all rooms to have windows. Because the buildings were spaced so closely together, little sunlight or fresh air
reached the windows. The building was designed to house as many people as possible while still following
the new law.
When – The law was passed in 1879
Where – State of New York
Why Important – It was an example of the poor living conditions in cities, and of how architects/land owners
tried to get around laws designed to improve quality of life.
Term: How the Other Half Lives (p. 538) - Ryoi

Who – Jacob Riis

What – The invention of a new technology, flash photography, gave birth to a new debate.
When – 1890
Where – New York
Why Important – In an attempt to convey the horror of tenement life, Riis used a new technology called flash
photography to send out a message to the world, which was received well by many people. After holding
screenings and other events based on the photos, New York State became the first state in the nation to enact
a law to improve tenement housing.
Term: The Political Machine (pp 538-539) - Eleanor

Who –
What –
When –
Where –
Why Important –

Term: The Settlement House Movement (pp 542-543) - Matteo

Who – Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr and Florence Kelley
What –The settlements program was a reforming social movement in the United Kingdom and United States
that began in the 1880s and flourished in the 1920s. Poor people's services are delivered via community
organizations.
When – Began in 1880 and ended around 1920.
Where – Cleveland, Chicago, Boston and New York.
Why Important –Employees of the settlement and other neighbors were pioneers in the fight against racial
discrimination. Their advocacy efforts supported their work on favor of progressive policies on housing,
child labor, working conditions, and health and sanitation. Settlement Houses also gave college educated
women a professional career option for the first time.