Formula Sheet - Aeroelasticity - Assessment 1

Euler-Lagrange Energy Equations Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Dissipation Work

d ∂T ∂T ∂F ∂U ∂(𝛿W) 1 1 1 ∂(𝛿W)
- + + = T= mv 2 + I𝜔 2 U= k𝛥x 2 + K𝛥𝜃 2 F = c𝛥␒x 2 =f
dt ∂x␒ i ∂xi ∂x␒ i ∂xi ∂(𝛿xi ) 2 2 2 ∂(𝛿x)
SDoF Systems ⟹ mx␒␒ + cx␒ + kx = f(t)
Free Vibration f=0

x(t) = Xe 𝜆t 𝜆1,2 = - 𝜉𝜔n ± i𝜔d c

⟹ -𝜉𝜔 t wn = k/m wd = 𝜔n 1 - 𝜉2 𝜉=
mx␒␒ + cx␒ + kx = 0 x(t) = Ae n sin(𝜔d t + 𝜓) 2m𝜔n
Forced Vibration f = F sin(𝜔t) (harmonic excitation case) (𝜉 = 1 : critical )
x(t) = X sin(𝜔t - 𝜙), 𝜙 ≡ phase lag
i𝜔t i(𝜔t-𝜙) i𝜔t
mx␒␒ + cx␒ + kx = f(t) ⇔ -𝜔 2 m + i𝜔c + k Xe i𝜔t = Fe i𝜔t
f(t) = Fe , x(t) = Xe = Xe

X k Vel. FRF
F HD (𝜔) = ⇔ HD = HV = i𝜔HD
𝜔c F 𝜔 2 𝜔
X= 𝜙 = tan 1- + i · 2𝜉
𝜔n 𝜔n Acc. FRF
k - 𝜔2m
2
+ (𝜔c) 2 k - 𝜔2m
kHD ≡ dynamic magnification HA = - 𝜔HD

Hysteric Damping: k * = k(1 + ig) g ≡ structural damping / loss factor gk g 𝜔n 1

ceq = 𝜉eq = HD =
mx␒␒ + k(1 + ig)x = f(t) Single frequency: mx␒␒ + ceq x␒ + kx = f(t) 𝜔 2 𝜔 k - 𝜔2m
*

(Step Response Function - SRF) (Impulse Response Function - IRF)

-𝜉𝜔n t F
F e 𝜔d 1 - 𝜉2 x(t) = e -𝜉𝜔n t sin(𝜔d t)
x(t) = ⋅ 1- sin(𝜔d t + 𝜓) tan 𝜓 = = ⇔ cos 𝜓 = 𝜉 m𝜔d
k 1 - 𝜉2 𝜉𝜔n 𝜉

Amplitude Decrement Peak Time Max.Response (SRF)

Ai 𝜋 𝜉𝜋
1 |x(t)| 2𝜋 𝛿 tp = xk
-
𝛿 = ln = e𝛿 ⟹ 𝛿 = ⟹𝜉= = 1+e 1 - 𝜉2
n Ai+n |x(t + T)| 2 2 2 𝜔n 1 - 𝜉2
1-𝜉 𝛿 + 4𝜋 F
nDoF Systems ⟹ Mx␒␒ + Cx␒ + Kx = f(t)
Free Vibration f = 0

Normal Modes Series Parallel

{ x }(t) = { X }sin(𝜔t) Undamped Natural Freq.
-1 keq = k1 + k2
keq = (1 / k1 + 1 / k2 )
Mx␒␒ + Cx␒ + Kx = 0 det K - 𝜔 2 M =0 K - 𝜔j2 M { Xj } = 0
ceq = c1 + c2 ceq = (1 / c1 + 1 / c2 ) -1
(Proportional Dampening ⟹ 𝜔j equal to undamped natural frequency)
Forced Vibration f = F sin(𝜔t) (harmonic excitation case)
Modal Matrix Modal Coordinates FRF
T T -1
Φ = { X1 } | ... | { X2 } Mq = Φ M Φ fq = Φ f H(𝜔) = K + i𝜔 C - 𝜔 2 M
{x} = Φ {q} Kq = Φ T K Φ Cq = Φ T C Φ

-1 -1
Modal Coord. { q } = -𝜔 2 M q + i𝜔C q + K q Φ T f e i𝜔t Physical Coord. { x } = -𝜔 2 M + i𝜔C + K f e i𝜔t

(Mq and Kq diagonal. If damping is proportional: Cq diagonal and ⟹ m␒␒qj + cq␒ j + kqj = fqj (t) )
(SDoF expressions can be used to compute responses in modal coordinates - the equations are uncoupled)
Rayleigh-Ritz Method (Assumed Shapes)

One-Dimensional Systems z(y, t) = ∑ 𝜓j (y)qj (t) , 𝜓j ≡ j th assumed shape, qj ≡ j th generalized coordinate

Two-Dimensional Systems Either a function of two dim. or the product of functions of coordinates (x) & (y)
2 2
1 s 2 1 s 1 ∂ 2 zSC 1 ∂𝜃
Kinetic Energy: T = ∫ 𝜇z␒ CM dy + ∫ 𝜒𝜃␒ 2 dy Potential Energy: U = ∫EI 2
dy + ∫GJ dy
2 0 2 0 2 ∂y 2 ∂y