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Ahmed Hashim
University of Babylon
ABSTRACT
In this work, a Drag Reducing Agent
Agent (DRA) has been employed to reduce the drag
of Iraqi crude oil using Poly Vinyl Pyridine (PVP) at different concentrations (0, 500,
750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 ppm). Results show that a significant decrease in flow index
values has been achieved at a concentration
concen range of (750-1500
1500 ppm) in which the
lowest value is obtained at a PVP concentration of 1000 ppm. This has been clarified
by obtaining flow indexes of less than unity indicating the sample shear thinning.
Thus, using a DRA concentration of 1500 ppm decreases the pressure drop by 35.7 %
for a pipeline capacity, pipe diameter and length of 0.02 m3/s, 0.0508 m and 10 m,
respectively. In addition, a maximum drag reduction of 35.1 % has been achieved at
the highest concentration (1500 ppm). Therefore, the
the DRA addition saves the pumping
power and increases the produced flow by 35.1 % and 27.5 %, respectively.
Keywords: Drag reduction, polymeric additive, rheological characterization,
characterization pumping
power.
Cite this Article: Farhan Lafta Rashid, Auda J.Braihi, Ahmed Hashim, Akram Jassim
Jawad, Drag Reduction of Iraqi Crude Oil Flow In Pipelines by Polymeric,
Polymeric
International
ernational Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology,, 9(13), 2018, pp.
1049-1060.
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Drag Reduction of Iraqi Crude Oil Flow In Pipelines by Polymeric
INTRODUCTION
Flowing liquids in pipelines can be occupied by high friction losses, especially in the case of
turbulent flow. Therefore, drag reduction is essential to reduce these losses using a small
quantity of additives (DRA). This would be crucial in many applications to reduce the
required pumping energy (head of the pump). So, a drag reducing agent is added to crude oil
transmission pipelines to achieve this goal [1, 2]. This can provide several benefits in pipeline
systems such as saving pumping power, reducing consumption of energy, enhancing flow rate
and decreasing pump sizes [3].
The drag reduction phenomenon was firstly observed by Mysels [4-6]. Mysels compared
the pressure of gasoline and gasoline thickened with aluminum di-soaps flow through the
same pipe. In 1948, Toms [7] also observed the drag reduction phenomenon, while he was
investigating a polymer degradation. He discovered that the use of polyxdcc methyl
methacrylate in mono-chlorobenzene causes a decrement in the turbulent skin friction drag up
to 80 %. It is also found that the flow rate could be raised due to the addition of the tasted
polymer at a constant pressure gradient.
Wang et al. [8] carried out a direct simulation of numerical study using a model of spring-
dumbbell to examine the inhomogeneous phenomena of polymer molecules during drag
reducing in a flow channel using polymer additives. Results show that the concentration of
polymer additives and elongation in buffer layer are highest, and most molecules of polymer
are parallel to the direction of streamwise and vertical to the direction of spanwise. Because of
the elastic effect of polymer, the balance of turbulent kinetic energy varies dramatically.
Hassanean et al [9] studied the effect of a DRA on the flow lines of crude oil production
in the Egyptian western desert. The DRA used in their study is poly alpha olefin of a high
molecular weight. The obtained results showed that this DRA has a significant effect on the
pressure drop and fanning friction factor. Thus, the pressure drop is decreased by 36% at a
pipeline capacity of 18,804 bbl./day when a 60 ppm of the DRA is added. So, the fanning
friction factor and shear stress are decreased by 47%.
Niccolo et al. [10] investigated three types of poly(acrylamide-co-NaAMPS) and pure
PHPAAm as polymers induced a drag reduction and a mechanical polymer degradation in 1"
horizontal bore circular cross-section pipe. It is found that the existence of NaAMPS groups
can increase the ability of PHPAAm to reduce the frictional drag while the sensitivity to
mechanical degradation remains unchanged.
DeGroot et al. [11] conducted a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation using
k–ω shear-stress transport (SST) as a turbulence model to simulate the effect of a macroscale
surface modification in terms of longitudinal grooves shape on the drag reduction in laminar
and turbulent channel flows. Results show that the approximate drag reduction can be
specified by evaluating the geometry drag reduction employing the first Fourier model of a
grooved geometry.
Jacob and Mei [12] performed a numerical study to simulate the drag coefficient and
vortex shedding for a two-dimensional bluff body and a Reynolds number range of (1-4x106).
They reported that the drag coefficient is reduced by 75% at maximum actuators power input.
So, an increase in Strouhal number for each successive increase in actuator power is observed.
The objective of the present work is to investigate the effectiveness (%DR) of drag
reducing agent (PVP) on drag reduction of Iraqi crude oil. This can be accomplished by
studying the effect of different additive concentrations on Rheological characterization,
pressure drop (or head loss), pumping power saving and flow increase.
EXPERIMENTAL PART
LIQUID
Iraqi crude oil was used in this test as a flowing liquid which is supplied from Al-Najaf
refinery–Iraq. The physical properties of the crude oil at 25 oC are: viscosity =27.5 cp,
specific gravity =0.885, and API=32.36.
= (1)
1
% = . −1 100 (2)
%
1−
∆ −∆
% = (3)
!
∆
2 ∆
#= (4)
$ %
Δ b and Δ a are the pressure drop before and after the DRA is added, respectively and $ is the
where v is the linear velocity, is fluid density, is dynamic viscosity, is pipe diameter,
pipe length.
RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION
PVP polymer is added to the crude oil as a drag reducer at different concentration (0, 500,
750, 1000, 1250 and 1500) to investigate their effect on the flow characteristics of the Iraqi
crude oil. Fig. (4) shows that the density of the crude oil increases as the concentration of the
PVP increases. On the other hand, the viscosity
Relationship between shear stress and shear rate of the crude oil treated with different
concentrations of the DRA (0, 500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 ppm) is illustrated in Fig.6. It is
observed that at concentration of 0 ppm (pure crude oil), almost a linear increase in the shear
stress is shown with the shear rate. This concentration exhibits the highest values of the shear
stress at all values of the shear rate compared with other concentrations. In addition, a
considerable decrease in the shear stress is obtain by adding the DRA to the crude oil. This
reduction varies as the concentration of the DRA varies and the highest decrease (lowest shear
stress) is observed at a concentration of 1500 ppm. It is also observed that the shear stress at a
concentration of 750 ppm is higher than that at 500 ppm.
Figure (7) shows the viscosity–shear rate relationship for the tested crude oil treated with
different concentrations (0, 500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 ppm) of the DRA (PVP) at a
constant temperature of 25 oC. From this figure, it is shown that adding the DRA reduces
significantly the viscosity of the crude oil and the reduction depends on the DRA
concentration in the crude oil. Consequently, the lowest and highest reduction is obtained at
750 and 1500 ppm, respectively. This means that the influence of the tested DRA in reducing
the pipeline pressure drop is not attributed to its effect on viscosity but it is attributed mainly
to its effect of reducing the degree of turbulence energy inside the pipeline network, thereby
reducing gradually the shear stress which is clearly presented in figure (8).
Figure (17) manifests the PVP concentration effect on the process of drag reduction. This
figure shows that the %DR increases with increasing
increasing the PVP concentration. The increment in
%DR is regarded to the increase in the associated additive molecules in the drag reduction
process. A maximum drag reduction of 35.1% is achieved at the largest concentration (1500
ppm). Therefore, the DRA addition increases the saving in pumping power as shown in figure
(18).
Another benefit of the DRA addition is increasing the flow as shown in figure (19). the
maximum flow increase is found to be 27.5 % which is obtained at PVP concentration of
(1500 ppm).
Fig
Figure (1): Circulating flow loop system
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Drag Reduction of Iraqi Crude Oil Flow In Pipelines by Polymeric
Figure (3) Density tester decreases with increasing of the concentration as shown in Fig. (5).
Figure (5): Variation of crude oil dynamic viscosity with PVP concentration
Figure (6): Shear stress-shear rate variation for the tested crude oil treated with different
concentrations (0, 500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 ppm) of the PVP
Figure (7): Viscosity-shear rate variation for the tested crude oil treated with different concentrations
(0, 500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 ppm) of the PVP
Figure (8): Shear stress-viscosity variation for the tested crude oil treated with different
concentrations (0, 500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 ppm) of the PVP
Figure (9): Analysis plot power law for pure crude oil (0 ppm PVP)
Figure (10): Analysis plot power law for crude oil with addition of (500 ppm PVP)
Figure (11): Analysis plot power law for crude oil with addition of (750 ppm PVP)
Figure (12): Analysis plot power law for crude oil with addition of (1000 ppm PVP)
Figure (13): Analysis plot power law for crude oil with addition of (1250 ppm PVP)
Figure (14): Analysis plot power law for crude oil with addition of (1500 ppm PVP)
Figure (17): Variation of the drag reduction (%) with different concentrations of PVP
Figure (18): Variation of the pumping power with different concentrations of PVP
Figure (19): Variation of the flow increase (%) with different concentrations of PVP
CONCLUSIONS
The drag reduction effect is very important in many applications such as petroleum flow in pipeline
systems. The drag reduction behavior of PVP has been studied. It is concluded that adding a small
amount of PVP concentration can provide a significant impact on the characteristics of the fluid flow
in the turbulent flow. So, it is proven that the PVP is an effective drag reducing agent in the fluid
turbulent flow, especially, at relatively high concentration of the PVP. The percentage of the drag
reduction also increases due to the reduction of the crude oil viscosity. Besides that, pressure drop (or
head loss) also decreases as the PVP concentration increases. Accordingly, the pumping power and the
flow can be optimized. Thus, the PVP additive is found to be an efficient drag reducing agent for the
Iraqi crude oil.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our deep thanks and respect to all members of (Faculty of Materials
Engineering, Polymers and Petrochemical Industries Department) for their cooperation.
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