Water is flowing into a spherical tank 24 m in diameter at a rate of 2 cu.m/s.

Find
the rate of water rise after 40 minutes.

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The volume of a spherical tank is given by the formula:

V = (4/3)πr^3
where r is the radius of the sphere. Since the diameter of the tank is 24 m, the
radius is 12 m.
So, the volume of the tank is:
V = (4/3)π(12^3) = 7238.23 cu.m
We need to find the rate of water rise after 40 minutes. Let h be the height of the
water in the tank at time t, measured from the bottom of the tank. Then, the
volume of water in the tank at time t is:
Vw = (π/3)h^2(3r-h)
The rate of water flow into the tank is given as 2 cu.m/s. Therefore, the volume of
water in the tank after t seconds is:
Vw(t) = 2t
We need to find the rate of water rise after 40 minutes, which is 2400 seconds.
So, we have:
Vw(2400) = 2(2400) = 4800 cu.m
We can now solve for h:
(π/3)h^2(3r-h) = 4800
Substituting r = 12, we get:
(π/3)h^2(33-h) = 4800
Multiplying both sides by 3/π, we get:
h^2(33-h) = 7238.23
Expanding the left side, we get:
h^3 - 33h^2 + 7238.23 = 0
We can solve for h using numerical methods or by using a cubic equation solver.
Either way, we get:
h ≈ 7.305 m
The rate of water rise is given by dh/dt. To find this, we differentiate the equation
for Vw with respect to time:
Vw = (π/3)h^2(3r-h)
Differentiating both sides with respect to t, we get:
dVw/dt = (π/3)(2h dh/dt)(3r - 2h)
Substituting dVw/dt = 2 cu.m/s and the values of r and h, we get:
2 = (π/3)(2h dh/dt)(33 - 2h)
Simplifying, we get:
dh/dt = 3/(πh^2)(33 - 2h)
Substituting h = 7.305, we get:
dh/dt ≈ 0.014 m/s
Therefore, the rate of water rise after 40 minutes is approximately 0.014 m/s.
Find the sub-normal of the curve y = x^3 at (2, 8)
The sub-normal of a curve at a given point is the line segment perpendicular to
the tangent of the curve at that point, and passing through the point.
First, we find the derivative of the curve y = x^3:
y' = 3x^2
At the point (2, 8), the slope of the tangent line is:
y'(2) = 3(2)^2 = 12
So, the equation of the tangent line at (2, 8) is:
y - 8 = 12(x - 2)
Simplifying, we get:
y = 12x - 16
The sub-normal is a line segment perpendicular to the tangent line, passing
through the point (2, 8). Since the tangent line has slope 12, the sub-normal has
slope -1/12 (since the product of the slopes of perpendicular lines is -1).
Therefore, the equation of the sub-normal is:
y - 8 = (-1/12)(x - 2)
Simplifying, we get:
y = (-1/12)x + 67/6
So, the sub-normal of the curve y = x^3 at (2, 8) is the line with equation y = (-
1/12)x + 67/6.
A particle moves to the left on the parabola y^2 + 8x – 16 = 0, where x and y are
in meters, with a constant speed of 12 m/s. Find the horizontal component of the
velocity when the particle is 3 m from the origin.
To find the horizontal component of the velocity, we need to find the derivative
of the equation of the parabola with respect to time, and evaluate it when the
particle is 3 m from the origin.
The equation of the parabola is:
y^2 + 8x - 16 = 0
Differentiating both sides with respect to time, we get:
2y(dy/dt) + 8(dx/dt) = 0
We know that the particle moves with a constant speed of 12 m/s, so the
magnitude of the velocity is 12 m/s. Therefore, we have:
(dx/dt)^2 + (dy/dt)^2 = 12^2
Since the particle moves to the left, we have dx/dt < 0. Also, we know that when
the particle is 3 m from the origin, we have:
x^2 + y^2 = 3^2
Substituting y^2 = 16 - 8x, we get:
x^2 + 16 - 8x = 9
Simplifying, we get:
x^2 - 8x + 7 = 0
Solving the quadratic equation, we get:
x = 1 or x = 7
Since the particle moves to the left, we have x < 0, so we have:
x=1
Substituting x = 1 in the equation of the parabola, we get:
y^2 + 8 - 16 = 0
Simplifying, we get:
y^2 = 8
Taking the square root, we get:
y = ±2√2
Since the particle moves to the left, we have:
y = -2√2
So, when the particle is 3 m from the origin, we have:
x=1m
y = -2√2 m
Substituting these values into the equations we derived earlier, we get:
2y(dy/dt) + 8(dx/dt) = 0
(dx/dt)^2 + (dy/dt)^2 = 12^2
Substituting x = 1 and y = -2√2, we get:
-8√2(dy/dt) + 8(dx/dt) = 0
(dx/dt)^2 + (dy/dt)^2 = 144
Simplifying the first equation, we get:
dy/dt = dx/dt * √2
Substituting this into the second equation, we get:
(dx/dt)^2 + (dx/dt)^2 * 2 = 144
Simplifying, we get:
3(dx/dt)^2 = 144
(dx/dt)^2 = 48
Taking the square root, we get:
dx/dt = ±4√3
Since the particle moves to the left, we have dx/dt < 0, so we have:
dx/dt = -4√3
Therefore, the horizontal component of the velocity when the particle is 3 m from
the origin is -4√3 m/s.
A particle travels around the limacon r = 3 + 2cos 0 with a constant angular
velocity of 2 rad/s, where r is in meters and 0 in radians. Find the velocity and
acceleration of the particle when 0 = pi/2.
To find the velocity and acceleration of the particle, we need to express its
position in polar coordinates as a function of time, and then differentiate twice
with respect to time.
The limacon r = 3 + 2cos θ can be expressed in Cartesian coordinates as:
x = (3 + 2cos θ)cos θ
y = (3 + 2cos θ)sin θ
To find the velocity, we differentiate these equations with respect to time:
dx/dt = (-6sin θ - 4cos 2θ) dθ/dt
dy/dt = (6cos θ + 4sin 2θ) dθ/dt
We know that the particle travels with a constant angular velocity of 2 rad/s, so
we have:
dθ/dt = 2 rad/s
Substituting this into the equations above, we get:
dx/dt = (-6sin θ - 4cos 2θ) * 2
dy/dt = (6cos θ + 4sin 2θ) * 2
When θ = π/2, we have:
dx/dt = (-6sin π/2 - 4cos π) * 2 = 12
dy/dt = (6cos π/2 + 4sin π) * 2 = 0
Therefore, the velocity of the particle when θ = π/2 is:
v = √(dx/dt)^2 + (dy/dt)^2 = √(12)^2 + (0)^2 = 12 m/s
To find the acceleration, we differentiate the velocity equations with respect to
time:
d^2x/dt^2 = (-6cos θ + 8sin 2θ) (dθ/dt)^2
d^2y/dt^2 = (-6sin θ - 8cos 2θ) (dθ/dt)^2
Substituting dθ/dt = 2 rad/s, we get:
d^2x/dt^2 = (-6cos θ + 8sin 2θ) * (2)^2 = 8(2sin 2θ - 3cos θ) m/s^2
d^2y/dt^2 = (-6sin θ - 8cos 2θ) * (2)^2 = -8(2cos 2θ + 3sin θ) m/s^2
When θ = π/2, we have:
d^2x/dt^2 = 8(2sin π - 3cos π/2) = -16 m/s^2
d^2y/dt^2 = -8(2cos π + 3sin π/2) = 16 m/s^2
Therefore, the acceleration of the particle when θ = π/2 is:
a = √(d^2x/dt^2)^2 + (d^2y/dt^2)^2 = √((-16)^2 + (16)^2) = 16√2 m/s^2
The direction of the acceleration is given by the angle θa such that:
tan θa = d^2y/dt^2 / d^2x/dt^2
When θ = π/2, we have:
tan θa = 16 / (-16) = -1
Therefore, the direction of the acceleration is 45 degrees below the negative x-
axis.
Find the equation of the line passing through the point (8, - 4) and tangent to the
curve x^2 + 2xy – y^2 + 6x + 41 = 0.
To find the equation of the tangent line, we need to find the derivative of the
curve with respect to x, evaluate it at the point (8, -4), and use it to find the slope
of the tangent line.
The curve x^2 + 2xy – y^2 + 6x + 41 = 0 can be written as:
y^2 + 2xy - x^2 = 6x + 41
Differentiating with respect to x, we get:
2y(dy/dx) + 2y + 2x(dy/dx) - 2x = 6
Simplifying, we get:
dy/dx = (x - y + 3) / (y + x)
At the point (8, -4), we have:
dy/dx = (8 - (-4) + 3) / (-4 + 8) = 7/4
Therefore, the slope of the tangent line is 7/4.
The line passing through the point (8, -4) with slope 7/4 can be written in point-
slope form as:
y - (-4) = (7/4)(x - 8)
Simplifying, we get:
y = (7/4)x - 23
Therefore, the equation of the line passing through the point (8, -4) and tangent
to the curve x^2 + 2xy – y^2 + 6x + 41 = 0 is y = (7/4)x - 23.
Find the equation of the normal to the curve 2x^2 – 3xy + y – 18 = 0 at (3, 0)
To find the equation of the normal to the curve at (3, 0), we need to find the
slope of the tangent line at that point, and then use it to find the slope of
the normal line. The slope of the normal line is the negative reciprocal of the
slope of the tangent line.
To find the slope of the tangent line, we differentiate the equation of the curve
with respect to x, and evaluate it at x = 3:
4x - 3y - 3x(dy/dx) + (dy/dx) = 0
(4x + y)dy/dx = 3y - 4x
dy/dx = (3y - 4x) / (4x + y)
At the point (3, 0), we have:
dy/dx = (3(0) - 4(3)) / (4(3) + 0) = -3/12 = -1/4
Therefore, the slope of the tangent line at (3, 0) is -1/4.
The slope of the normal line is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the tangent
line, so we have:
m = -1 / (-1/4) = 4
The normal line passes through the point (3, 0), so we can write its equation in
point-slope form as:
y - 0 = 4(x - 3)
Simplifying, we get:
y = 4x - 12
Therefore, the equation of the normal to the curve 2x^2 – 3xy + y – 18 = 0 at (3,
0) is y = 4x - 12.
Find the acute angle between the two curves y = x^2 and y = x^3 + x^2 + 1 at
their point of intersection.
To find the acute angle between the two curves at their point of intersection, we
need to find their slopes at that point, and then use the formula for the angle
between two lines:
tan θ = |(m2 - m1) / (1 + m1m2)|
where m1 and m2 are the slopes of the two lines.
The curves y = x^2 and y = x^3 + x^2 + 1 intersect when:
x^2 = x^3 + x^2 + 1
Simplifying, we get:
x^3 = -1
Taking the cube root of both sides, we get:
x = -1
Substituting x = -1 into either equation, we get:
y = (-1)^2 = 1
Therefore, the curves intersect at the point (-1, 1).
To find the slopes of the curves at that point, we differentiate them with respect
to x and evaluate at x = -1:
y' = 2x, so y'(-1) = -2
y' = 3x^2 + 2x, so y'(-1) = -1
Therefore, the slopes of the curves at (-1, 1) are -2 and -1.
Substituting into the formula for the angle between two lines, we get:
tan θ = |(-1 - (-2)) / (1 -2(-1))| = |-1/3|
Since we want the acute angle, we take the arctan of the absolute value:
θ = arctan(1/3)
Therefore, the acute angle between the two curves y = x^2 and y = x^3 + x^2 +
1 at their point of intersection is arctan(1/3), or approximately 18.4 degrees.
The diameter and the altitude of a right circular cone are 10 cm and 16 cm,
respectively. Find the maximum percentage error in the volume when these
dimensions are in error ±0.60 cm.
Let's first find the exact volume of the cone using the given dimensions.
The diameter of the base is 10 cm, so the radius is 5 cm. The altitude of the cone
is 16 cm. The volume of a cone is given by the formula:
V = (1/3)πr^2h
Substituting r = 5 cm and h = 16 cm, we get:
V = (1/3)π(5 cm)^2(16 cm) = (400/3)π cm^3
Now, let's find the maximum percentage error in the volume when the
dimensions are in error ±0.60 cm.
If the diameter and altitude are increased by 0.60 cm, the new dimensions of the
cone are:
Diameter = 10.60 cm
Altitude = 16.60 cm
If the diameter and altitude are decreased by 0.60 cm, the new dimensions of the
cone are:
Diameter = 9.40 cm
Altitude = 15.40 cm
The new radius and height of the cone can be found using these dimensions.
When the diameter is increased by 0.60 cm, the new radius is:
r' = (10.60 cm) / 2 = 5.30 cm
When the altitude is increased by 0.60 cm, the new height is:
h' = 16.60 cm
Using these values, we can find the new volume of the cone:
V' = (1/3)π(5.30 cm)^2(16.60 cm) = (465.332/3)π cm^3
The percentage increase in volume is:
( V' - V ) / V * 100%
= [(465.332/3)π - (400/3)π] / (400/3)π * 100%
= 16.333% (rounded to three decimal places)
When the diameter is decreased by 0.60 cm, the new radius is:
r' = (9.40 cm) / 2 = 4.70 cm
When the altitude is decreased by 0.60 cm, the new height is:
h' = 15.40 cm
Using these values, we can find the new volume of the cone:
V' = (1/3)π(4.70 cm)^2(15.40 cm) = (298.008/3)π cm^3
The percentage decrease in volume is:
( V - V' ) / V * 100%
= [(400/3)π - (298.008/3)π] / (400/3)π * 100%
= 16.248% (rounded to three decimal places)
Therefore, the maximum percentage error in the volume is approximately
16.333%.
Water flows into a conical tank at the rate of 2 m3/s. The conical tank is 4 m
across the top and 6 m deep. When the depth of water is 5 m, how fast is the
wetted surface area of the tank changing?
Let's begin by drawing a diagram of the conical tank. We can use similar triangles
to find the radius of the water level in the tank when the depth of water is 5 m.
Since the diameter of the top of the tank is 4 m, the radius is 2 m. Let r be the
radius of the water level when the depth is 5 m. Then we have:
r/2 = (6 - 5)/6
Simplifying, we get:
r = 1/6 m
Now, let V be the volume of water in the tank when the depth is 5 m. Since the
tank is a cone, the volume is given by the formula:
V = (1/3)πr^2h
Substituting r = 1/6 m and h = 5 m, we get:
V = (1/3)π(1/6 m)^2(5 m) = π/36 m^3
The rate of change of volume is given by the derivative of V with respect to time:
dV/dt = 2 m^3/s
To find the rate of change of the wetted surface area of the tank, we need to find
the derivative of the surface area with respect to time.
Let S be the wetted surface area of the tank when the depth is 5 m. The wetted
surface area consists of the curved surface of the cone and the circular base. The
curved surface area can be found using the formula:
A = πrl
where l is the slant height of the cone. Using the Pythagorean theorem, we have:
l^2 = r^2 + h^2
Substituting r = 1/6 m and h = 5 m, we get:
l^2 = (1/36 + 25) m^2 = 901/36 m^2
Taking the square root, we get:
l = √(901)/6 m
Substituting r = 1/6 m and l = √(901)/6 m into the formula for the curved surface
area, we get:
A = π(1/6 m)(√(901)/6 m) = (π/36)√(901) m^2
The circular base has an area of:
A = π(2 m/2)^2 = 2π m^2
Therefore, the total wetted surface area is:
S = (π/36)√(901) m^2 + 2π m^2
Taking the derivative with respect to time, we get:
dS/dt = (π/36)√(901) (dr/dt) + 4π (d/ dt)
We know that the rate of change of volume is dV/dt = 2 m^3/s. We can use this
to find the rate of change of the height of the water level:
dV/dt = (1/3)πr^2 (dh/dt)
Substituting r = 1/6 m and solving for dh/dt, we get:
dh/dt = 18/(π) m/s
We also know that the cone is symmetric, so the rate of change of the radius is
the same on all sides. Therefore, we have:
dr/dt = (1/2)(dh/dt) = 9/(π) m/s
Substituting dr/dt and dV/dt into the formula for dS/dt, we get:
dS/dt = (π/36)√(901) (9/π) m^2/s + 4π (2 m^3/s)
Simplifying, we get:
dS/dt = 2π(2 + (3/2)√(901)) m^2/s
Therefore, when the depth of water is 5 m, the wetted surface area of the tank is
increasing at a rate of approximately 2π(2 + (3/2)√(901)) m^2/s.
The cost of fuel per hour for running a ship is proportional to the cube of the
speed and is P1,350 per hour when the speed is 12 miles per hour. Other costs
amount to P6,400 per hour regardless of the speed. Find the speed that makes
the cost minimum.
Let x be the speed of the ship in miles per hour, and let y be the total cost per
hour in pesos. We know that the cost of fuel per hour is proportional to the cube
of the speed, so we can write:
y = kx^3 + 6400
where k is a constant of proportionality. We also know that the cost of fuel per
hour is P1,350 when the speed is 12 miles per hour, so we can write:
1350 = k(12)^3 + 6400
Solving for k, we get:
k = (1350 - 6400) / (12)^3 = -0.0025
Substituting this value of k into the equation for y, we get:
y = -0.0025x^3 + 6400
To find the speed that makes the cost minimum, we need to find the value of x
that minimizes y.
The derivative of y with respect to x is:
dy/dx = -0.0075x^2
Setting this equal to zero to find the critical points, we get:
-0.0075x^2 = 0
Solving for x, we get:
x = 0 or x is undefined
Since the speed of the ship cannot be zero, the only critical point is where the
derivative is undefined. This occurs when x is at the boundary of its feasible
range, which is when the ship is traveling at its maximum speed.
The maximum speed of the ship is not given in the problem, but we can still find
it using the information given. We know that the cost of fuel per hour is
proportional to the cube of the speed, so we can write:
k = P1350 / (12 miles/hour)^3
Solving for k, we get:
k = 0.001302
Substituting this value of k into the equation for y, we get:
y = 0.001302x^3 + 6400
The total cost per hour is the sum of the cost of fuel per hour and the other costs,
which are P6,400 per hour regardless of the speed. Therefore, we can write:
y = 0.001302x^3 + 6400 + 6400
Simplifying, we get:
y = 0.001302x^3 + 12800
To find the maximum speed, we need to find the largest feasible value of x that
minimizes y. The feasible range of x is from 0 to the maximum speed of the ship.
Taking the derivative of y with respect to x, we get:
dy/dx = 0.003906x^2
Setting this equal to zero to find the critical points, we get:
0.003906x^2 = 0
Solving for x, we get:
x = 0 or x is undefined
Since the speed of the ship cannot be zero, the only critical point is where the
derivative is undefined. This occurs when x is at the boundary of its feasible
range, which is when the ship is traveling at its maximum speed.
Substituting the value of k into the equation for x, we get:
x = (1350 / k)^(1/3) = 27.08 miles/hour
Therefore, the speed that makes the cost per hour minimum is approximately
27.08 miles per hour.
Find the area bounded by the curves x^2 + y = 0 and 2x + y + 3 = 0
To find the area bounded by the curves x^2 + y = 0 and 2x + y + 3 = 0, we need
to find the points of intersection of the two curves and then integrate the
difference between the curves with respect to x over the interval of intersection.
First, we solve the system of equations:
x^2 + y = 0
2x + y + 3 = 0
Substituting y = -x^2 into the second equation, we get:
2x - x^2 + 3 = 0
Rearranging, we get:
x^2 - 2x + 3 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, we get:
x = (2 ± √(4 - 4(1)(3))) / (2(1)) = 1 ± i
Since we are looking for real solutions, there are no points of intersection of the
curves.
Therefore, the area bounded by the curves is zero.
Find the abscissa of the centroid of the area bounded by the parabola y = x^2
and the line y = 2x + 3.
To find the abscissa of the centroid of the area bounded by the parabola y = x^2
and the line y = 2x + 3, we can use the formula for the x-coordinate of the
centroid of a plane region:
x-bar = (1/A) ∫[y1,y2] ∫[x1(x),x2(y)] x f(x,y) dx dy
where A is the area of the region, f(x,y) is the density function, and (x-bar, y-bar)
is the centroid.
Since the region is bounded by the parabola y = x^2 and the line y = 2x + 3, we
can find the limits of integration by solving for the points of intersection:
x^2 = 2x + 3
Simplifying, we get:
x^2 - 2x - 3 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, we get:
x = (2 ± √(4 + 12)) / 2 = 1 ± 2
Therefore, the bounds of integration for x are x1 = -1 and x2 = 3. The bounds of
integration for y are y1 = x^2 and y2 = 2x + 3.
The area of the region can be found by integrating the constant function 1 over
the region:
A = ∫[y1,y2] ∫[x1(x),x2(y)] 1 dx dy
Integrating with respect to x first, we get:
A = ∫[-1,3] ∫[x^2,2x+3] 1 dy dx
= ∫[-1,3] (2x + 3 - x^2) dx
= [(x^2 + 3x) - (x^3/3)] [-1,3]
= 24/3 = 8
Therefore, the area of the region is 8.
To find the x-coordinate of the centroid, we need to evaluate the integral:
x-bar = (1/A) ∫[y1,y2] ∫[x1(x),x2(y)] x f(x,y) dx dy
Since the density function is 1, we have:
x-bar = (1/8) ∫[-1,3] ∫[x^2,2x+3] x dx dy
Integrating with respect to x first, we get:
x-bar = (1/8) ∫[-1,3] [(x^2/2) + 3x - (x^4/4)] [x^2,2x+3] dy
= (1/8) ∫[-1,3] [(8x^3 + 36x^2 + 27x) / 4] dy
= (1/32) [(2x^4 + 12x^3 + 27x^2) / 2] [-1,3]
= (1/32) (108 + 324 + 81)
= 15/4
Therefore, the abscissa of the centroid is 15/4.
Find the total surface area generated by revolving the segment of the parabola
x^2 – 4x – 8 y + 28 = 0 from x = 3 to x = 6 about the y – axis.
First, we need to solve the equation x^2 – 4x – 8y + 28 = 0 for y to get the
function that represents the parabola segment we are revolving around the y-
axis.
x^2 – 4x – 8y + 28 = 0
-8y = -x^2 + 4x + 28
y = (1/8)x^2 – (1/2)x – (7/2)
The interval of rotation is from x = 3 to x = 6. We will use the formula for the
surface area generated by revolving a curve around the y-axis:
S = 2π ∫[a,b] y √(1 + (dy/dx)^2) dx
where a and b are the limits of integration.
To find the derivative of y with respect to x, we have:
dy/dx = (1/4)x – (1/2)
Squaring and adding 1, we get:
1 + (dy/dx)^2 = 1 + [(1/4)x – (1/2)]^2
Integrating this expression with respect to x from 3 to 6, we get:
∫[3,6] √(1 + (dy/dx)^2) dx = ∫[3,6] √[1 + [(1/4)x – (1/2)]^2] dx
This integral can be evaluated using the substitution u = (1/4)x – (1/2):
∫[3,6] √[1 + [(1/4)x – (1/2)]^2] dx = 4 ∫[1,2] √(1 + u^2) du
This integral is a standard form that can be evaluated using a trigonometric
substitution. Let u = tanθ, then du = sec^2θ dθ:
4 ∫[1,2] √(1 + u^2) du = 4 ∫[π/4,π/3] sec^3θ dθ
Using the formula for the integral of sec^3θ, we get:
4 ∫[π/4,π/3] sec^3θ dθ = 4 [(1/2)secθ tanθ + (1/2)ln|secθ + tanθ|] [π/4,π/3]
Simplifying, we get:
4 [(1/2)sec(π/3)tan(π/3) + (1/2)ln|sec(π/3) + tan(π/3)|] - 4 [(1/2)sec(π/4)tan(π/4) +
(1/2)ln|sec(π/4) + tan(π/4)|]
= 4 [√3/2 + ln(√2 + 1)] - 4 [1 + ln(√2 + 1)]
= 4√3/2 - 4 + 4 ln(√2 + 1)
= 2√3 - 4 + 4 ln(√2 + 1)
Therefore, the total surface area generated by revolving the segment of the
parabola x^2 – 4x – 8y + 28 = 0 from x = 3 to x = 6 about the y-axis is:
S = 2π ∫[a,b] y √(1 + (dy/dx)^2) dx
= 2π ∫[3,6] [(1/8)x^2 – (1/2)x – (7/2)] √[1 + [(1/4)x – (1/2)]^2] dx
= 2π [(1/8) ∫[3,6] x^2 √[1 + [(1/4)x – (1/2)]^2] dx - (1/2) ∫[3,6] x √[1 + [(1/4)x –
(1/2)]^2] dx - (7/2) ∫[3,6] √[1 + [(1/4)x – (1/2)]^2] dx]
= π[(9√10/5) + (2√10/3) - (2√3 - 4 + 4 ln(√2 + 1))]
= π(2√10/3 - 2√3 + 4 ln(√2 + 1) - 4)
= π(4 ln(√2 + 1) - 2√3 - 4)
Therefore, the total surface area generated by revolving the parab
A solid has an elliptical base with major axis 18 inches and a minor axis of 12
inches. Find the volume of the solid if every section perpendicular to the major
axis is an equilateral triangle.
Let's assume that the elliptical base lies in the xy plane and the major axis is
along the x-axis. Then, the equation of the ellipse is:
x^2/9 + y^2/36 = 1
The half-length of the major axis is 9 inches and the half-length of the minor axis
is 6 inches.
Since every section perpendicular to the major axis is an equilateral triangle, the
distance between opposite sides of the equilateral triangle is equal to the length
of the major axis, which is 18 inches. Let's call this distance h.
The area of an equilateral triangle with side length h is (sqrt(3)/4) h^2, and the
volume of the solid is given by the integral:
V = ∫[-9,9] (sqrt(3)/4) h^2 dx
To find h as a function of x, we note that the line perpendicular to the major axis
at the point (x,y) on the ellipse has slope -x/y. Since the line passes through the
point (x,y), its equation is:
y - y1 = (-x/y)(x - x1)
where (x1, y1) is the point (x, y) on the ellipse. Solving for y, we get:
y = (y1/x1) x + (y1 - (y1/x1) x1)
Substituting x^2/9 + y^2/36 = 1, we get:
y = (2/3) sqrt(9 - x^2)
Therefore, the height of the equilateral triangle at x is h = 3y/2 = (1/3) sqrt(9 -
x^2).
Substituting this into the formula for the volume, we get:
V = ∫[-9,9] (sqrt(3)/4) [(1/3) sqrt(9 - x^2)]^2 dx
= ∫[-9,9] (sqrt(3)/36) (9 - x^2) dx
= (sqrt(3)/36) [9x - (1/3)x^3] [-9,9]
= (2/3) sqrt(3) (243/2)
= 81 sqrt(3)
Therefore, the volume of the solid is 81 sqrt(3) cubic inches.
Find the volume in the first octant bounded by the surfaces x = 1 and x^2 = y +
2z.
The surfaces x = 1 and x^2 = y + 2z bound a region in the first octant of the xyz-
space. To find the volume of this region, we will use the method of cylindrical
shells.
We can rewrite the equation x^2 = y + 2z as z = (x^2 - y)/2. This means that the
region is bounded by the planes x = 1, y = 0, and z = (x^2 - y)/2.
To find the limits of integration, we need to find the intersection of the plane x =
1 and the surface x^2 = y + 2z. Substituting x = 1 into x^2 = y + 2z, we get:
1 = y + 2z
This means that the intersection occurs on the plane y + 2z = 1. We can rewrite
this as z = (1 - y)/2. Substituting this into the equation for z above, we get:
z = (x^2 - y)/2 = (x^2 - 1 + 2z)/2
Simplifying, we get:
z = (x^2 - 1)/4
This gives us the limits of integration for z: from z = 0 to z = (x^2 - 1)/4.
To find the limits of integration for y, we substitute z = (x^2 - y)/2 and solve for y:
x^2 = y + 2z = y + 2(x^2 - y)/2 = x^2 + y
This means that y = 0 and y = x^2 are the limits of integration for y.
Finally, the limits of integration for x are from x = 0 to x = 1.
Therefore, the volume of the region is:
V = ∫[0,1] ∫[0,x^2] ∫[0,(x^2-1)/4] dz dy dx
= ∫[0,1] ∫[0,x^2] (x^2-1)/4 dy dx
= ∫[0,1] [(x^6/24) - (x^2/8)] dx
= (1/24) - (1/8*3) = 1/24
Therefore, the volume of the region is 1/24 cubic units.
Find the total area generated by revolving a rectangle of sides a and b about side
a.
To find the total area generated by revolving a rectangle of sides a and b about
side a, we can use the formula for the surface area generated by revolving a curve
around an axis:
S = 2π ∫[a,b] y √(1 + (dy/dx)^2) dx
where y is the distance between the curve and the axis of revolution, and a and b
are the limits of integration.
In this case, we want to revolve the side of length a about itself, which means that
the axis of revolution is the line segment joining the midpoints of the two sides
of length b. Let's assume that the rectangle is centered at the origin, and the side
of length a lies along the x-axis. Then, the midpoint of the side of length b is (0,
b/2), and the equation of the axis of revolution is y = b/2.
To find the curve that generates the surface area, we can consider a horizontal
line segment at a distance y from the axis of revolution. The line segment
intersects the rectangle at two points, (x, y) and (-x, y), where x = sqrt((a/2)^2 -
y^2). The distance between these two points is 2x, which is the circumference of
the circle generated by revolving the line segment about the axis of revolution.
Therefore, the surface area generated by this line segment is 2πxy.
To find the total surface area, we need to integrate this expression over the range
of y-values that intersects the rectangle. Since the distance between the axis of
revolution and the top and bottom sides of the rectangle is b/2, the limits of
integration for y are -b/2 to b/2. Therefore, the total surface area is:
S = 2π ∫[-b/2,b/2] y √(1 + (dy/dx)^2) dx
where x = sqrt((a/2)^2 - y^2) and dy/dx = -y/x.
Substituting for x and dy/dx, we get:
S = 2π ∫[-b/2,b/2] y √(1 + y^2/((a/2)^2 - y^2)) dx
To evaluate this integral, we can use the substitution u = (a/2)^2 - y^2:
S = 2π ∫[(a/2)^2,-(a/2)^2] (a/2)^2 - u √(1 + y^2/u) (dy/du) du
= 2π ∫[0,(a/2)^2] (a/2)^2 - u √(1 + (a/2)^2/u) (1/u) du
Using the substitution v = u/(a/2)^2, we get:
S = π(a/2)^3 ∫[0,1] (1 - v) √(1 + 1/v) (1/v) dv
This integral can be evaluated using integration by parts. Let:
u = (1 - v) dv = √(1 + 1/v) (1/v) dv
du/dv = -1 v = u/(1 - u)
Integrating by parts, we get:
S = π(a/2)^3 [(1 - v) √(1 + 1/v) + ln|v + √(1 + v)|] [0,1]
= π(a/2)^3 [(1 - √2/2) √(1 + √2) + ln(1 + √2)]
= π(a/2)^3 [√2/2 + ln(1 + √2)]
Therefore, the total surface area generated by revolving a rectangle of sides a
and b about side a is π(a/2)^3 [√2/2 + ln(1 + √2)] square units.
What is the perimeter of the curve r = 4(1 – sin q)?
The polar equation r = 4(1 - sin q) describes a curve that is a cardioid. To find the
perimeter of this curve, we need to integrate the arc length formula:
L = ∫[a,b] sqrt(r^2 + (dr/dq)^2) dq
where a and b are the limits of integration.
In this case, we have:
r = 4(1 - sin q)
dr/dq = -4cos q
Substituting these expressions into the arc length formula, we get:
L = ∫[0,2π] sqrt(16(1 - sin q)^2 + 16cos^2 q) dq
= ∫[0,2π] 4 sqrt(2 - 2sin q) dq
Using the substitution u = sin(q/2), we get:
L = 16 ∫[0,1] sqrt(1 - u^2) du
This integral can be evaluated using the trigonometric substitution u = sinθ:
L = 16 ∫[0,π/2] cos^2θ dθ
= 8 ∫[0,π/2] (1 + cos(2θ))/2 dθ
= 4π
Therefore, the perimeter of the curve r = 4(1 - sin q) is 4π units.
The axes of two right circular cylinders of equal radius 36 cm intersect at right
angles. Find the volume common to the cylinders.
Let's assume that the two cylinders have their axes along the x- and y-axes, and
intersect at the origin. Then, the equation of the first cylinder is x^2 + z^2 =
36^2, and the equation of the second cylinder is y^2 + z^2 = 36^2.
To find the volume common to the cylinders, we need to find the region where
both cylinders intersect. This region is bounded by the planes z = 0, x^2 + z^2 =
36^2, and y^2 + z^2 = 36^2.
To find the volume of this region, we can use the method of cylindrical shells.
Let's consider a horizontal cylindrical shell of thickness dz, at a distance z from
the xy-plane. The radius of this shell is r = sqrt(36^2 - z^2), which is the radius of
both cylinders at height z. The height of the shell is dh, where dh = 2sqrt(36^2 -
r^2).
The volume of this shell is:
dV = 2πrh dh = 2π(sqrt(36^2 - z^2))(2sqrt(36^2 - r^2)) dz
Substituting r = sqrt(36^2 - z^2), we get:
dV = 4π(36^2 - z^2) dz
To find the total volume, we need to integrate this expression over the range of
z-values where the cylinders intersect. Since the cylinders intersect at z = 0, the
limits of integration are 0 to 36. Therefore, the total volume is:
V = ∫[0,36] 4π(36^2 - z^2) dz
= 4π [36^3 z - (1/3)z^3] [0,36]
= (4π/3) * 36^3
= 54432π cubic cm
Therefore, the volume common to the two cylinders is 54432π cubic cm.
Find the area bounded by the curve whose parametric equations are x = 4cos t
and y = 5sin t.
The parametric equations x = 4cos t and y = 5sin t describe an ellipse centered at
the origin, with semi-major axis 5 and semi-minor axis 4. To find the area
bounded by this curve, we can use the formula for the area of an ellipse:
A = πab
where a and b are the lengths of the semi-major and semi-minor axes,
respectively.
In this case, a = 5 and b = 4, so the area of the ellipse is:
A = π(5)(4) = 20π square units.
Therefore, the area bounded by the curve x = 4cos t and y = 5sin t is 20π square
units.
A spherical tank 4 m in diameter is ¾ full of water. Find the work required in
pumping all the contents when the pump is placed on top of the tank.
The volume of the spherical tank can be calculated using the formula V =
(4/3)πr^3, where r is the radius of the tank. Since the diameter of the tank is 4 m,
the radius is 2 m, and the volume of the tank is:
V = (4/3)π(2)^3 = (32/3)π cubic meters.
If the tank is 3/4 full of water, then the volume of water in the tank is 3/4 times
the volume of the tank:
V_w = (3/4)(32/3)π = 8π cubic meters.
To pump all the water out of the tank, we need to lift it to the top of the tank.
The work required to lift the water is given by the formula W = mgh, where m is
the mass of the water, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height to
which the water is lifted.
The mass of the water can be calculated using its density. The density of water is
approximately 1000 kg/m^3, so the mass of the water in the tank is:
m = ρV_w = (1000)(8π) = 8000π kg.
To lift the water to the top of the tank, we need to lift it a height equal to the
radius of the tank, which is 2 m. Therefore, the work required to pump all the
water out of the tank is:
W = mgh = (8000π)(9.8)(2) = 156800π joules.
Therefore, the work required to pump all the contents of the spherical tank is
156800π joules.