CHAPTER 6
Filibustero.
RIZAL’S EXILE IN DAPITAN
ARBITRARY DEPORTATION IN DAPITAN
 July 16, 1892 12:30 am
o Rizal was heavy guard to Steamer
Cebu that is sailing to Dapitan
under Captain Delgras.
o Rizal handed over to Captain
Ricardo Carnicero (Spanish
Commander) in Dapitan on July17,
1892 at 7:00 pm.
o Rizal’s exile from July 17, 1892 to
July 31, 1896 (4 years and 13
days).
EXILE IN DAPITAN
 Dapitan, a remote town in Mindanao
which under the Missionary Jurisdiction of
the Jesuits (1892-1896).
 4 years was tediously unexciting but
abundantly fruitful with varied
achievements.
 He practiced medicine, pursued scientific
studies, continue artistic and literary
works, widened knowledge in language,
established school for boys, doing
agricultural and civic projects, engaging in
business activities and writing letters to
his friends in Europe particularly
Ferdinand Bluementrit and Reinhold
Rost.
 Cebu Steamer carried a letter from Fr.
Pablo Pastells (Superior of Jesuit Society
in Philippines) to Fr. Antonio Obach
(Jesuit Parish Priest of Dapitan).
 Letter includes conditions that Rizal could
live at Parish Convent:
o Rizal must admit his errors about
religion and make a statement that
his Pro-Spanish and against the
revolution.
o Perform church rites and confess
his past life.
o He will behave as excellent Spanish
citizen.
 He refused and live at Captain Ricardo
Carnicero’s house.
o Their relationship was warm and
friendly.
o Carnicero gave good reports to
Governor Despujol about Rizal.
(Report only once a week)
o Rizal is not a common felon but a
o He gave Rizal freedom to go
anywhere and permitted him to
ride chestnut horse.
o Rizal admired the generous and
kind Spanish Captain.
o Rizal wrote “A Don Ricardo
Carnicero” on August 26, 1892
(Captain’s Birthday)
WINS IN MANILA LOTTERY
 Rizal is a lottery addict.
o In Madrid (1882-1885) 3 pesetas
every month in lottery tickets.
o Wenceslao Retana (Rizal Spanish
biographer / former enemy) said
that this is only Rizal’s Vice.
 September 21, 1892 Butuan boat
arrived and announced the winning
lottery.
o Lottery Ticket No. 9736 jointly
owned by Captain Carnicero, Dr.
Rizal, and Francisco Equilior won
the second prize of P20,000 in the
Government-owned Manila Lottery.
 Rizal’s share of the winning lottery:
o P20,000- lottery prize
o P6,200 of it was given to Rizal
o P2,000 of his share he gave to his
father and
o P200 to Basa in Hong Kong
o The rest he invested through
purchasing agricultural lands from
the coast of Talisay about
kilometer away from Dapitan.
RIZAL-PASTELLS DEBATE ON RELIGION
 Started when Pastells gave Rizal a book
by Sarda and advised him to stop
seeing religion through the majaderas
(foolishness) perspective of individual
judgment and self-esteem.
 Rizal hated the friars for abusing religion.
 Father Pastells tried to convert Rizal to
Catholicism by convincing him that human
knowledge is limited and that he needed
God's direction.
 Pastells and Rizal were clearly friends
behind the argument.
o Pastels gave Rizal a copy of
Imitacion de Cristo by Father
Thomas a Kempis
 o Rizal gave Pastells a bust of St.
Paul which he had made Rizal
continued to hear mass and
celebrate religious events.
RIZAL’S ENCOUNTER WITH THE FRIAR’S SPY
 Pablo Mercado is a spy on November 3,
1893.
o Pretends to be a relative of Rizal by
showing photo of Rizal and pair of
buttons with initial P.M. as
evidence of kinship.
o He offered services as Rizal’s
Confidential Courier of Rizal’s
Letter and writings for the Patriots
in Manila.
o The spy was suspicious and wanted
RIZAL AS ENGINEER
to be sent out, but Rizal gave him
a place to stay for the night. He
dismissed the spy the following
day.
o Spy stay in Dapitan and spread
that his a relative of Rizal.
 Rizal went to the commandancia on May
4, 1893.
o He reported the impostor to
Captain Juan Sitges (successor
of Capt. Ricardo Carnicero).
o Sitges detained Pablo Mercado and
tasked Anastacio Adriatico with
COMMUNITY PROJECTS FOR DAPITAN
his capture and investigation.
 Florencio Namanam is the real name of
spy from Cagayan de Misamis.
o Hired by Recollect Friars to a secret
mission in Dapitan.
o Introduced himself as Rizal’s friend
and relative.
o Spy on Rizal’s activities.
o Steal certain letters and writings
that will bind Rizal in revolutionary
movement.
 Pablo Mercado's secret mission was an
espionage plot planned by the friars.
RIZAL AS PHYSICIAN
RIZAL AS TEACHER / EDUCATOR
 Rizal’s patients are mostly poor and he
gave them free medicine and prescribed
medical plants.
o Wrote a letter form Dr. Marquez
in Hongkong about what situation
he had and what he did.
 Dona Teodora and Maria lived with Rizal
for a year and a half. It is here when Rizal
operated his mother’s right eye. Though
the operation was successful, his mother
had a wound infection after ignoring
Rizal’s instruction of not removing the
bandages. However, the infection was
immediately treated.
 He had many patients came from Luzon,
Bohol, Cebu, Panay, Negros and Mindanao
and even from Hong Kong.
 He had somehow rich patients:
o Don Ignacio Tumarong (Filipino) –
3,000 (restoration of his eyesight)
o Englishman – 500
o Don Florenio Azcarraga
(Haciendero of Aklan) – Cargo of
Sugar (Eye Ailment)
 Water System of Dapitan
 As a perito agrimensor (expert surveyor),
Rizal applied his engineering knowledge
by constructing a system of waterworks to
furnish clean water to the towns people.
o Waterworks built using stones,
cast-off tiles, bamboo pipes and
mortar from burnt coral.
 Mr. H.F Cameron – an American
engineer who praised Rizal for his
engineering ingenuity.
 Rizal had:
o Drained the marshes to get rid of
malaria that was infesting Dapitan
o Equipped the town with lighting
system using P500 one of his
patients paid him. The lighting
system consisted of a coconut oil
lamp.
o Beautified the town of Dapitan by
remodeling the town plaza and
making a huge relief map of
Mindanao out of earth, stones and
grass.
 Rizal established in Dapitan a school
(1893 – 1896).
 It began with 3 pupils who increased to 16
and eventually 21.
o 16 of his pupils did not pay tuition,
instead of charging them fees,
 Rizal made them works in his
gardens and construction projects.
 Formal classes were between 2:00p.m
and 4:00p.m. he also applied the
“emperor” system like that of Ateneo
o During recess, pupils-built fires to
drive away insects, pruned fruit
trees and manured the soil.
 Outside class hours, students had
gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, stone
throwing, swimming and boating.
 Trained the students how to collect
specimens of plants and animals, to love
works and to behave like men.
RIZAL AS A FARMER
 In Dapitan Rizal devoted much of his time
to agriculture.
 He bought 16 hectares of land in
Talisay, where he built his home, school
and hospital and planted cacao, coffee,
sugarcane, coconuts and fruit trees. (1st
year of Exile in Dapitan)
 Rizal acquired total holdings of 70
hectares where 6,000 hemp plants, 1000
coconut trees and numerous fruit trees,
sugarcane, corn, coffee and cacao were
planted.
 He planned to establish an agricultural
colony in Sitio Ponot because it was ideal
for raising cacao, coffee, coconuts and
cattle. However, this did not materialize
due to lack of support from the
government.
RIZAL AS BUSINESSMAN
 Ramon Carreon – Rizal’s businessman
partner in Dapitan Rizal made profitable
business ventures in fishing, copra and
hemp industries.
 Hemp Industry – Rizal’s most profitable
business.
o Once he shipped 150 bales of
hemp to Manila, he purchased
hemp in Dapitan at P7 and 4 reales
per pisul and he sold it to Manila at
P10 and 4 reales.
 Rizal also engaged in lime manufacturing
capacity of more than 400 bags of lime.
 January 1, 1895 – He organized the
Cooperative Association of Dapitan
Farmers to break Chinese monopoly.
o According to its constitution, which
he had drafted, its purposes were
to improve the farm products,
obtain better outlets for them,
collect fund for their purchases and
help the producers and workers by
establishing a store wherein they
can buy prime commodities at
moderate prices.
RIZAL’S INVENTIVE ABILITY
 Rizal is also an inventor.
 He invented a cigarette lighter which he
sent as a gift to Blumentritt called
“sulpukan” was made of wood. Its
mechanism is based on the principle of
compressed air.
 He invented a machine for making bricks.
This machine could manufacture about
6,000 bricks daily.
POEMS WRITTEN BY RIZAL IN DAPITAN
 My Retreat
o Request of his mother.
o Describes in melodious verse his
quiet life in Dapitan.
o One of the best poems.
 Hymm to Talisay
o To be sung by his students.
o Vigorous song praises the free life
in Talisay.
 To Josephine
o Lovely poem dedicated to
Josephine Bracken.
 Pretty Irish girl from HK.
 Faithful wife of Rizal.
 To Don Ricardo Carnicero
o Birthday greeting to Capt.
Carnicero who became his admirer
and friend.
 Song of the Traveler
o Sad poem of a lonely traveler
destined to roam from shore to
shore.
o Last poem of Rizal in Dapitan.
ARTISTIC WORKS IN DAPITAN
 Rizal:
o Contributed paintings to Sisters of
Charity who were preparing for the
sanctuary of the Holy Virgin.
o Made sketches of persons and
thing that attracted him in Dapitan.
o Modelled “The Mother Revenge”
(statuette) to stress moral of the
 incident where a pupply of his dog
Syria was eaten by crocodile.
o Constructed “The Dapitan Girl”
(statue of a girl), woodcarving of
Josephine Bracken
o Made a bust of St. Paul for Fr.
Pastells.
RIZAL AS A LINGUIST
 Rizal learned in Dapitan:
o Bisayan
o Subanun
o Malay Language
 He already knew 22 languages that time.
o The two were happy for the were
expecting for a baby. However,
Rizal played a prank on Josephine
making her give birth to an eight-
month baby boy.
o The baby lived for only 3 hours.
He was named “Francisco” in
honor of Rizal’s father. Rizal
wrote a poem which entitled
Josephine, Josephine.
UNIT VI – ARREST, TRIAL AND EXECUTION

RIZAL AND JOSEPHINE BRACKEN LAST TRIP ABROAD

 The death of Leonora Rivera left a  July 31, 1896 – Rizal left Dapitan on
poignant void in Rizal’s heart. In his board Espana to Manila with
loneliness, he met Josephine. stopovers in:
 Josephine Bracken o Dumaguete
o Irish girl of sweet eighteen who  Visited Herrero Regidor
was born on Hongkong. (Judge of the Province)
o Born October 3, 1876
(Friend / Former
o Parents:
Classmate)
 James Bracken – father
 Visited Periquet and
which is a Corporal in British
Garrison. Rufina families.
 Elizabeth Jane McBride –  Espana left Dumaguete
mother that died in 1:00 pm.
childbirth. o Cebu
 Mr. George Taufer – Adopt Josephine and  Rizal wrote in his diary
later became blind. that he did two
 Manuela Orlac – Filipina companion who operations of
accompanied Josephine Bracken to strabotomy (ears and
Dapitan.
tumor).
 Rizal and Josephine Bracken decided to
 August 3 Monday Rizal
get married but Father Obach (Priest of
Dapitan) refused to marry them without left Cebu.
the permission of Bishop of Cebu. o Iloilo
o Hearing of the planned marriage  Went shopping and
and unable to endure the thought visited MOLO (church).
of losing Josephine, Mr. Taufer
tried to commit suicide by cutting RIZAL MISSES SHIP GOING TO SPAIN
off his throat with a razor but Rizal  Rizal was unable to catch the mail ship
was able to prevent this.
Isla de Luzon for Spain.
o To avoid strategy, Mr. Taufer
 Staying in Manila for one month might
returned to Hong Kong alone while
Josephine stayed with the Rizal in give him troubles so he requested to
Manila. Governador Generalto be isolated from
 Having no priests to marry them, Rizal everybody, except his family.
and Josephine married themselves before  Near midnight the same day, August
the eyes of God. 6, 1896 Rizal was transferred to
Spanish cruiser Castilla by the order
 of Governador General Ramon
Blanco.
 Capt. Enrique Santalo (cruise
captain) said he wasn’t a prisoner but
a guest detained on board in order to
avoid difficulties from friends and
enemies.
 Rizal stayed on the cruiser for about a
month, from August 6, 1896 to
Sept. 2, 1896.
LAUNCHING OF THE PHILIPINE REVOLUTION
 Various wings of Katipunan gathered
at the house of Juan Ramos at Bahay
Toro, Pugadlawin, Balintawak,
North Manila.
o Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino
aka Tandang Sora and
acknowledge as the mother of
Katipunan.
 August 23, 1896, formally launched
the armed revolution. They tore their
residence certificate /cedulas
symbolizes against the colonizers and
shouting long live Philippines.
o Cry of Balintawak / Cry of
Pugadlawin took place in
Bahay Toro / Quezon City.
o Beginning of Philippine
Revolution against Spaniards.
 September 3, 1896, Rizal left for
Spain on the steamer Isla De Panay.
OUTBREAK OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
 August 19 1896, the Katipunan plot
to overthrow Spanish rule by means of
revolution was discovered by
Augustinian Cura of Tondo Fray
Mariano Gil, after Teodoro Patinos
disclosure of organization’s secret.
 August 26, 1896, Andres Bonifacio
and Katipunan raised the Cry of
Balintawak.
 August 30, 1896, revolutionist led by
Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked San Juan
but they were repulsed by heavy issues.
 After the battle of San Juan, Governor
General Blanco proclaimed a state of
war in the first eight provinces for rising
arms against Spain:
o Manila (as a province)
o Bulacan
o Cavite
o Batangas
o Laguna
o Pampanga
o Nueva Ecija
o Tarlac
 Rizal was worried when he read the news
at newspaper for two reasons:
o The violent revolution which he
sincerely believed to be premature
and would only cause much
suffering and terrible loss of human
lives and property, had started.
o It would arouse Spanish vengeance
against al Filipino patriots.
DEPARTURE FOR SPAIN
 Sept. 2 1896, Rizal was transferred to
the steamer Isla de Panay which was
sailing for Barcelona, Spain.
 Sept. 3, 1896, the steamer left Manila
Bay. Rizal’s last trip to Spain began.
 Among his fellow passengers on board
were Don Pedro Roxas (Rich Manila
creole industrialist and his friend) and his
son named Periquin.
RIZAL IN SINGAPORE
 Isla de Panay arrived at Singapore in
the evening of Sept. 7,1896.
 Don Pedro advised Rizal to stay behind
too and take advantage of the protection
of British Law. Rizal did not heed his
advice.
 Filipino residents of Singapore headed by
Don Manuel Camus boarded the steamer
urging him to stay in Singapore to save
his life which he ignored because he
already gave his word to the Governador
General Ramon Blanco.
VICTIM OF SPANISH DUPLICITY
 Without his knowledge, Governador
General Blanco was secretly conspiring
with the Ministers of War and the
Colonies (Ultramar) for his
destruction.
 Rizal proved to be as gullible as Sultan
Zaide who is another victim of Spanish
intrigue.
  One of Rizal’s greatest mistakes was to
believe in the Governador General that
he was a man of honor and a friend
because he allowed him to go as a
free man to Spain to become a
physician-surgeon of the Spanish
army in Cuba and give him two nice
letters on introduction addressed to
Spanish Ministers of War and
Colonies.
 According to the declassified documents in
the Ministries of War and the Colonies was
that Blanco regarded Rizal as a
“dangerous Filipino” who was
responsible for the raging Filipino
revolution, and therefore plotted his
doom.
 Rizal was unaware that since his
departure from Manila, Blanco and the
Ministries of War and Colonies were
exchanging coded telegrams and
confidential messages for his arrest
upon reaching Barcelona and that he was
a deportee and was being secretly kept
under surveillance.
RIZAL ARRESTED BEFORE REACHING
BARCELONA
 Isla de Panay with Rizal on board left
Singapore at 1:00 pm Sept. 8.
 On Sept. 25, he saw the steamer Isla de
Luzon leaving the Suez Canal crammed
with Spanish troops. Two days later (Sept
25) he heard from the passengers that a
telegram arrived from Manila reporting the
execution of Francisco Roxas, Genato and
Osorio.
 On Sept. 28, a day after the steamer had
left Port Said (Mediterranean terminus of
Suez Canal) a passenger told Rizal that he
would be arrested by order of Blanco and
would be set in prison in Ceuta (Spanish
Morocco) opposite of Gibraitar
 Shocked by the news, Rizal then realized
that he was duped by the Spanish officials
and sly Blanco.
 Sept. 30 he was officially notified by
Captain Alemany that he should stay in his
cabin until further orders from Manila
which he graciously obliged.
ARRIVAL IN BARCELONA AS A PRISONER
 Sept. 30, steamer anchored in Malta.
 On Oct. 3, Isla de Panay arrived in
Barcelona with Rizal as a prisoner.
 His jailor was no longer the ship captain
but the Military Commander of Barcelona
who happened to be General Eulogio
Despujol, the same one who ordered his
banishment in Dapitan in July 1892 was
one of the coincidences in the lives of men
that make “history stranger than fiction.”
o Rizal held incommunicado in his
cabin.
 Oct. 6, Rizal was escorted to the grim and
infamous prison-fortress named
Monjuich.
 About 2 in afternoon, he was taken out of
the prison and brought to the
headquarters of General Despujol. He told
Rizal that he would be brought back to
Manila on board the transport ship
Colon which would leave that evening.
CONFISCATION OF RIZAL’S DIARY
 Since he leave Barcelona, he recorded the
events in his diary.
 On Oct. 8, a friendly officer told Rizal that
the Madrid newspaper was full of the
news about the bloody revolution in the
Philippines and they were blaming him
for it.
 Spanish authorities know of the fact that
Rizal was keeping tabs of his daily events
in the diary and they were curios of what
might be written on it. They were
suspicious that something seditious or
treasonable might be written on his diary.
But after the cabin searched thoroughly,
they found nothing.
 October 11 – Rizal’s diary was taken
from him and nothing dangerous content
found.
 November 2 – The diary was returned to
him and he did not record any events
from October 12 to November 1.
UNSUCCESSFUL RESCUE IN SINGAPORE
 News of Rizal predicament reach his
friends in Europe and Singapore.
 From London, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
and Sixto Lopez dispatched telegrams to
an English lawyer in Singapore named
Hugh Fort to rescue Rizal.
o The purpose is to rescue Rizal from
Spanish steamer when it reached
 Singapore by means of Writ of
Habeas Corpus.
o Chief Justice Loinel Cox denied
the Writ on the ground that the
Colon was carrying Spanish troop
to the Philippines. Hence, it is a
warship of foreign power, which
under the international law and
was beyond the jurisdiction of the
Singapore authorities.
o Rizal was unaware of this attempt
by his friends.
ARRIVAL IN MANILA
 November 3, The Colon arrived at Manila.
 Rizal was quietly transferred under heavy
guard from the ship to Fort Santiago.
 Many Filipino Patriots: Deodato Arellano,
Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Moises Salvador,
Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco, Temoteo
Paez, and Pedro Serrano Laktaw were
brutally tortured to implicate Rizal.
 Paciano is also arrested and cruelly
tortured but he never signed any
damaging statement incriminating his
younger brother. Although his body was
shattered on the torture rack and his left
hand crushed by the screw, his valiant
Asian Spirit remained unbroken.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
 November 20 – Preliminary investigation
began
 Rizal appeared before the Judge
Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive.
 Rizal is subjected to grueling five-day
investigation.
 He answered the questions asked by the
Judge but he wasn’t permitted to confront
those who testified against him. The
question on first day centered on 2 points:
o Whether Rizal knew certain
individuals and what is his relation
with them.
o Rizal’s subversive activities in
Madrid and Philippines.
 2 kinds of evidence were presented
against Rizal:
o Documentary Evidence
1. Letter of Antonio Luna to
Mariano Ponce (October 16,
1888, Madrid)
2. Letter of Rizal to his family
(August 20, 1890, Madrid)
3. Letter from M. H. Del Pilar
to Deodato Arellano
4. Poem entitled Kundiman
5. Letter of Carlos Oliver to
unidentified person
6. Masonic document
(February 2, 1892)
7. Letter signed Dimasalang to
Ten Luz (Juan Zulueta)
(May 24, 1892, Hong Kong)
8. Letter of Dimasalang to an
unidentified committee
(June 1,1892, Hong Kong)
9. An anonymous and undated
letter to the Editor of the HK
Telegraph
10. Letter of Ildefonso Laurel to
Rizal (September 3, 1892,
Manila)
11. Letter of Rizal Segundo
12. Letter of M. H. Del Pilar to
Don Juan A. Tenluz
13. Transcript of a Speech of
Pingkian (Emilio Jacinto)
14. Transcript of a Speech of
Tik-Tik (Jose Turiano)
15. Poem by Laong Laan (Rizal)
o Testimonial Evidence – oral
testimonies
1. Martin Constantino
2. Aguedo del Rosario
3. Jose Reyes
4. Moises Salvador
5. Jose Dizon
6. Domingo Franco
7. Deodato Arellano
8. Ambrosio Salvador
9. Pedro Serrano Laktaw
10. Dr. Pio Valenzuela
11. Antonio Salazar
12. Francisco Quison
13. Timoteo Paez
 November 26, After the preliminary
investigation, Colonel Francisco Olive
transmitted the records of the case to
Blanco and the latter appointed Captain
Rafael Dominguez as Special Judge
Advocate to institute the corresponding
action against Rizal.
 Governador General transmitted the
resume of charges to the Judge
Advocate General Don Nicolas dela
Pena for an opinion.
  Pena submitted the following
recommendations:
o Accused be immediately brought to
trial
o Should be kept in prison
o Order of attachment be issued
against his property to the amount
of 1M pesos as indemnity
o Should be defended in court by an
Army Officer and not by Civilian
Lawyer
RIZAL CHOOSE HIS DEFENDER
 Only right given to Rizal was to choose
a defense counsel which is also
restricted because he had to choose only
from a list submitted to him.
 December 8, Feast Day of Immaculate
Conception, list of 100 1st and 2nd
lieutenant in the Spanish Army was
presented to Rizal. He chose Don Luis
Traviel de Andrade, 1st lieutenant of the
Artillery to become his defender.
o The chosen defender is the brother
of Jose Traviel de Andrade,
Rizal’s bodyguard. He gladly
accepted it since he heard of him
from his brother.
READING OF INFORMATION OF CHARGES TO THE
ACCUSED
 December 11, information of charges was
formally read to Rizal in his prison cell,
with his counsel present.
 He was accused of:
o being the personal organizer and
the living soul of the Filipino
insurrection,
o the founder of societies,
periodicals, and books dedicated to
fomenting and propagating ideas of
rebellion.
 Rizal raised no objection on the
jurisdiction but pleaded not guilty to the
crime of rebellion.
 He admitted the he wrote the Constitution
of La Liga Filipina which was merely civic
association.
 He also said he had taken no part in
politics since his exile in Dapitan.
 Dominguez forwarded the papers of Rizal
to Malacañang Palace December 13 same
day when Governor General Camilo G.
Polavieja with the help of powerful
Dominican friars succeed Blanco.
 The withdrawal of Blanco from the
gubernatorial office sealed Rizal’s fate for
he was more human in character than the
ruthless Polavieja and moreover he firmly
believed that Rizal wasn’t a traitor to
Spain. Had he remained longer in the
office, Rizal wouldn’t have been executed
but it was just a what if.
RIZAL MANIFESTO
 December 15, Rizal wrote a manifesto to
his people appealing to them to stop the
necessary shedding of blood and just to
achieve liberties by means of
education and industry. It was written
in Fort Santiago
 Judge Advocate General Nicolas dela
Pena advised Governador General to
conceal manifesto, which he did. So
freeing Rizal from the embarrassment of
his manifesto being misinterpreted and
disobeyed.
RIZAL SADDEST CHRISTMAS
 December 25, Rizal’s last and saddest
Christmas.
 He found himself alone and depress in
prison.
 He was in despair and no illusions about
his faith.
 He took time to write a letter to Lt. Traviel
de Andrade because he want to see him
before another appearance in court.
TRIAL OF RIZAL
 December 26 8;00 am, the court martial
of Rizal started in the building called
Cuartel De Espana.
o Seated behind the table were 7
members of military court in
uniform.
o Officers present were:
 Lt. Col Arjona
 Capt. Munoz
 Capt. Reguera
 Capt. Osorio
 Capt. Nunez
 Capt. Escribrano
 Capt. Rodriguez
o Trial opened by Judge Rafael
Dominguez.
 o Attorney Alcocer detailed the
allegations against Rizal and
requested the court to give the
verdict of death to the accused.
They applauded noisily at Alcocer’s
petition.
IN DEFENSE OF RIZAL
 Andreade gave his eloquent defense of
Rizal.
 He ended his defense with a noble but
futile, admonition to the members of
military: “The judges cannot be
vindictive, the judges can only be
just.” Which fell on deaf ears because
officers were both vindictive and unjust.
 Rizal supplements of defense which he
wrote in his prison cell. He proved his
innocence by 12 points:
o As testified by Pio Valenzuela, Rizal
was against rebellion.
o He did not correspond to the
radical, revolutionary elements.
o Revolutionist used his name
without his knowledge, if he were
guilty, he could have escaped in
Singapore.
o If he was guilty, he left the country
while exile and didn’t stay in
Dapitan.
o If he was a leader, revolutionist
should have consult him.
o He did not deny that he wrote the
by-laws of the La Liga Filipina but
this is only for civic association not
revolutionary society.
o After first meeting of La Liga
Filipina, it banished because Rizal
was exile in Dapitan.
o If La Liga was reorganized, he
doesn’t know anything.
o If La Liga’s purpose is
revolutionary, Katipunan will not
exist.
o If the Spanish authorities found his
letters having bitter atmosphere, it
was because in 1890 his family was
being persecuted resulting to their
dispossession of properties and
deportation of all his brothers-in-
law.
o He lived an exemplary life in
Dapitan.
o If according to witnesses the
speech he delivered at Doroteo
Ongjunco's house had inspired the
revolution, then he want to
confront these persons. If he really
was for the revolution, then why
did the Katipunan sent an
unfamiliar emissary to him in
Dapitan? It is so because all his
friends were aware that he never
advocated violence.
POLAVIEJA SIGN’S RIZAL’S EXECUTION
 December 28, Gov. Gen. Camilo
Polavieja approved the decision of the
court-martial and ordered Rizal to be shot
at 7:00 AM of December 30 at
Bagumbayan Field (Luneta).
 His approval was forward to Judge
Advocate Don Rafael Dominguez for
compliance.
EXECUTION OF DR. JOSE RIZAL
 Dr. Jose Rizal is convicted for the crime of
rebellion, sedition and conspiracy and
sentence death by Spanish colonial
authorities.
 He left Fort Santiago escorted by armed
guards, two catholic priests (Fr. Jose
Villaclara & Fr. Estanislao March) and
his friend/ defender Don Luis Traviel de
Andrade.
 Walked from Boulevard / Paseo de Maria
Cristina to the execution field.
 Before execution a Spanish surgeon
general requested to take his pulse and it
was normal.
 December 30, 1896, Rizal was executed
under the Artillery Commander Senor
Manuel Gomes Escalante.
o 6:30 am march from Fort Santiago
to Bagumbayan.
o Artillery Commander Senor
Manuel Gomez Escalante
ordered the firing squad formation.
 First row – 8 selected
marksmen from 70th line
regiment.
 Second row – 8 soldiers (4
from seventh battalion and
4 from eight hunter
battalion)
o Rizal asked not to be blindfolded.
 o Rizal also asked if he can face the
firing squad but the commander
didn’t agree because it is the order
to fire him at the back.
o Rizal asked to spare his head.
ANALYSIS: RIZAL’S RESTRACTION
o Rizal instructed where to aim for
his heart and commander said
thanks.
o Commander ask if Rizal prefer to
kneel but he said he want to stand.
 7:02 am drum roll
o 1st order: Mark
o 2nd order: Fire!
 Rizal’s last words Consummatum Est!
(It is finished!)
 December 30, 1896 7:03 am Rizal died.
o His statue designed by Swiss
Richard Kissling.
o Motto Stella (Latin) title of his
monument. Meaning guiding star.
o December 30, 1913, Rizal’s
monument and 17th death
anniversary.
CHAPTER 7
RETRACTION CONTROVERSY
 Rizal retracted his anti-Catholic ideas.
 No certificate of Rizal’s catholic
marriage to Josephine Bracken.
 Ricardo Pascual – he said that the
document discovered (Fr. Manuel Garcia,
May 18, 1935) was not Rizal’s
handwriting.
 They take retraction document as
authentic.
 Senator Jose Diokno – he said no
matter what Rizal is still Rizal.
 4 texts of Rizal’s retraction have surfaced.
o 1st text – published by La Voz
Espanola and Diario de Manila
on December 30, 1897.
o 2nd text – appeared in Barcelona,
Spain on February 14, 1897 in
magazine in La Juventud. Writer
named Fr. Balaquer.
o Original text – on May 18, 1935
at Archdiocesan Archives that
disappeared 39 years.
o 4th text – appeared in El
Imparcial
 Fr. Balaquer received exact copy of
Rizal’s retraction signed by Rizal.
o He received it after Rizal’s
execution.
 Difference between Original and Manila
Newspaper Text and Copies of Fr.
Balaquer
o mi cualidad (Original / newspapers)
– mi calidad (Jesuits copy)
o Catolica (Jesuits’ copy) – Iglesias
(Original / newspapers)
o Add word misma before Iglesia in
Jeuits’ copy.
o Fr. Balaquer’s text does not begin
2nd paragraph until 5th sentences
while the original and newspaper
start the 2nd paragraph with 2
sentences.