LANGUAGE,

CULTURE AND
SOCIETY
SHERRY MAE M. MINGO
INSTRUCTOR
 MODULE 1
THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE
STUDY

• LESSON 1: A QUICK LOOK AT LANGUAGE, MACRO

SKILLS AND COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
• LESSON 2: FIRST LANGUAGE VS. SECOND LANGUAGE
• LESSON 3: MACRO AND MICRO LINGUISTIC STUDIES
TELL ME SOMETHING
ABOUT YOURSELF.
 LESSON 1

A QUICK LOOK AT
LANGUAGE, MACRO SKILLS
AND COMMUNICATIVE
COMPETENCE
• WHAT IS LANGUAGE?
• The word ‘Language’ comes from the Latin term, lingua. It means
tongue and the French term langue. It is associated with human
vocal and auditory means of expressing ideas and feelings. It is
an entire multifaceted phenomenon.

Language is primarily a human and non-instinctive method of

communicating ideas, emotions, and desires through a system of
voluntarily produces symbols. (Sapir)

Language goes beyond just describing real situations, for it

primarily aims to form the components of culture (Sapir-Whorf
Hypothesis)
Language in its widest sense, means the total of such signs
of our thoughts and feelings as are capable of external
perception and as could be produced and repeated at will.
(A.H. Gardiner).

Language may be defined as the expression of thought

utilizing speech-sounds (Henry Sweet)

A system of communication by sound i.e., through the

organs of speech and hearing, among human beings of a
certain group or community, using vocal symbols
possessing arbitrary conventional meanings (Mario A Pei &
Frank Gaynor).
MACRO SKILLS
•LISTENING
•SPEAKING
•READING
•WRITING
•VIEWING
 LISTENING
• It is a prerequisite to understanding. It is the
skill of grasping and decoding information
during the exchange of messages.
• It
is the beginning of understanding and a
valuable key to effective communication.
• It is the task of getting the meaning of what is
being heard (Underwood, 2009).
 10 STEPS TO EFFECTIVE LISTENING
• 1. Look at the speaker in the face and eyes.
• 2. Focus and give attention but relax.
• 3. Be open-minded.
• 4. Listen and picture what the speaker is saying.
• 5. Don’t speak while the person is talking.
• 6. When the speaker pauses, you may ask clarifying questions.
• 7. Ask relevant questions.
• 8. Put yourself in the speaker’s place.
• 9. Give feedback.
• 10. Focus as well as to non-verbal cues.
 If you could choose one superpower,
what could it be and why?

The most important lesson in my life so

far…..

The hardest thing I have ever done is…..

 SPEAKING
• It
is the ability that makes us superior to
other animals or species.
• It is a complex cognitive and linguistic skill
that involves words and sounds.
• Itinvolves meaning, relationship, cultural
issues, performance, and sound elements.
 FUNCTIONS OF SPEAKING

TRANSACTION PERFORMANCE
INTERACTION - an act to be - is when an
-social done after the audience accepts
conversations message is the message
received spoken.
 READING
• Itis a multifaceted process involving
word recognition, comprehension,
fluency, and motivation. Learn how
readers integrate these facets to make
meaning from print (Leipzig, 2001).
• It
requires that we word recognition,
comprehension, and fluency.
 CATEGORIES OF READING BY BROWN
(1989)

•A. ORAL READING – reading aloud.

•B. SILENT READING
1. Intensive Reading
2. Extensive Reading
 WRITING

• It is another macro skill which

language teachers should master and
teach students.
• It is a complex cognitive activity.
• It is needed for students to accomplish
their educational and employable
requirements.
 DECIDE
THE
TOPIC

RESEARCH
REVIEW, AND
EDIT AND COLLECT
FORMAT INFORMATI
STEPS ON

FOR
WRITING

START
WRITING
OUTLINE
BY A
AND PLAN
SIMPLE
DRAFT
 VIEWING
• It includes giving meaning to the images or visuals and even with
the computer programs and websites which have printed and
spoken words.
• It is an important skill in this age of technology.
• Ideas may be presented visually through:
pictures
graphics
posters
drawings
videos
web pages
multimedia
 TYPES OF VIEWING
• 1. VISUAL LITERACY
-skill to decipher the meaning from visuals.
-ability to create visuals to convey effective
ideas in the mind

2. CRITICAL VIEWING
- skill to understand and evaluate information
from visuals
- ability to analyze the composition of the
picture
 COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

• Cooleyand Roach (1984) mentioned that

communicative competence refers to the
knowledge one has on morphology,
phonology, and syntax.

It is the proper and efficient

communication flow and the skill to
utilize and acclimate this expertise in
different situations.
• Canale and Swain (1980) looked at
communicative competence as the
overall system, which includes the skill
and knowledge one needs for
communication.
• They proposed a 4-dimensional theory
comprising of grammatical,
sociolinguistic, strategic and
discourse competences.
GRAMMATICAL/LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE
-includes vocabulary, spelling, punctuation,
and pronunciation

SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPETENCE
-concerned with culture and social rules that
govern appropriate language use

DISCOURSE COMPETENCE
-ability to speak, write, read, and listen.

STRATEGIC COMPETENCE
-ability to solve communication problems as
they arise.
 PRINCIPLES IN COMMUNICATIVE
COMPETENCE

CP OR TP OR TASK MP OR
COMMUNICATIVE PRINCIPLE MEANINGFUL
PRINCIPLE PRINCIPLE

- Use language in - We provide real- - Choose engaging

communicative life activities to do. activities that
context. create a meaningful
learning for the
students.
 LESSON 2

first language vs. second

language
 ACTIVATION
KNOWLEDGE CHECK: AGREE OR DISAGREE
• Your first language will be tattoed in your brain forever.
• Your primary language is the language in which you
feel most comfortable expressing yourself.
• The first language of a person is his native language as
well.
• What we learn in school is usually the second language.
• A second language may become a person’s first
language.
• Your first language is usually the language you
learned and spoke in the home.
• A lot of people have English as their primary
language because it is a global lingua franca.
• A person or community cannot choose his or her
second language.
• L1 is learned L2 is acquired.
• A person can decide his first language.
 DISCUSSION

• WHAT IS A FIRST LANGUAGE?

1.Whatever the language used and learned
by a person from birth until the critical
period is considered his/her first
language.

2.It is the language used in the house.

• WHAT IS SECOND LANGUAGE?
1.After learning the first language(L1), a
person accommodates another language
usually learned afterwards. This is
referred to as the second language (L2).

2.In learning the second language, it takes

effort and a conscious will by familiarizing
with form, vocabulary, pronunciation,
functions, and rules of the language.
 LESSON 3

micro and
macro linguistic studies
 ACTIVATION
SENTENCE EVALUATION: CORRECT OR NOT
• The ball hits the boy.
• She seen zoned me.
• Crack the window.
• One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas.
• The horse raced the barn fell.
• Buffalo buffalo Buffallo buffalo buffalo buffalo Bufallo
buffalo.
• The old man the boat.
 DISCUSSION
MICRO LINGUISTICS MACRO LINGUISTICS
• looks at linguistics with a narrower • Looks at linguistics with a broader
view view
• the focus is more on the structures • the focus is on the way languages
of the language system in itself and are acquired, stored in the brain and
for itself used for various functions;
interdependence of language and
culture; physiological and
psychological mechanism
• Phonetics • Psycholinguistics
• Phonology • Sociolinguistics
• Morphology • Neurolinguistics
• Syntax • Discourse Analyis
• Semantics • Computational Linguistics
• Pragmatics • Applied Linguistics
END OF MODULE 1