TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MOMBASA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

YEAR 1,SEMESTER 2

UNIT CODE;

INTERNAL ATTACHMENT REPORT

NAME:

REG NO:

1
MOBILE NO:

PERIOD OF ATTACHMENT: 9TH AUG 2021

TO

DATE: 20TH SEPT 2021

DECLARATION

I humbly proclaim that all the information in this report is free from blunders.

Therefore, I

pronounce that all the data in this report is per reality.

DATE: 20TH SEPT 2020

ABSTRACT

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MOMBASA held internal attachment for students in the

first year of electrical and electronic engineering to basically train on hard and soft

skills

therefore helping students to gain experience in various field.

The objectives to be achieved in this exercise were:

1. To educate students on safety measures

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2. To help students gain experience in various field

3. To help students to acquire practical soft and hard skills

4. To help students understand more about the theory taught in class through

conducting practical work for better understanding

The training was conducted by taking students through several labs e.g.

microprocessor lab,

electronics lab, creative workshop, machines lab, instrumentation and control lab,

telecommunication and high voltage lab

3AKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to give thanks to lectures and lab technicians that took us throughout the

training

period. I would also want to thank the University for ensuring that the attachment is

conducted in a responsible way possible. I also want to congratulate my fellow

colleagues for

behaving in a responsible way throughout the attachment period and also encourage

their

teamwork that they applied during attachment.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0

3
CHAPTER 1

1.1

INTRODUCTION

1.2

OBJECTIVES OF THE INTERNAL ATTACHMENT

1.3

COMPANY PROFILE

1.4

COMPANY BACKGROUND

1.5

COMPANY VISION

1.6

COMPANY VALUES

1.7

COMPANY ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE

2.0

CHAPTER 2

2.1

4
INTODUCTION

2.2

TECHNICAL SKILLS

2.2.1 CREATIVE LAB

2.2.2 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL LAB

2.2.3 WORKSHOP LAB

2.2.4 MACHINES LAB

2.3 SOFT SKILLS

3.0

CHAPTER 3

3.1

CHALLENGE

3.2

CONCLUSION

3.3

RECOMMENDATION

3.4

REFERRENCES

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1.1

INTRODUCTION6

Technical university of Mombasa is one among the well-equipped universities in east

Africa. Located at coastal Kenya, particularly, Mombasa region. The university supports

maximum of eighteen thousand students. The university offers wide a number of

courses.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF INTERNAL ATTACHMENT

1. To educate students on safety measures and factory acts

2. To help students gain experience in various field

3. To help students to acquire practical soft and hard skills

4. To help students understand more about the theory taught in class through

conducting

practical work for better understanding of various fields in electrical engineering

1.2

COMPANY PROFILE

Technical university of Mombasa is committed to achieving excellence and quality

when it comes to offering opportunities for access of entrepreneurship education,

technical

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and research skills for innovation and creativity

1.3

COMPANY BACKGROUND

1.4

COMPANY VISION

1.5

COMPANY VALUES

1.6

COMPANY ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE

1.7

2.2.1.WORKSHOP LAB

INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF CIRCUITS

 Power circuit
 Lighting circuit
 Mains circuit
TYPES OF SWICTHES
 1 gang 1way control switch
 1 gang 2 way control switch
 Intermediate switch
 2 gang 2 way control switch

LOOPING

We have two different ways used in a circuit for looping;

Article I.

ac-voltmeter or multimeter can give us information about the magnitudes of

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the voltages, details on the nature of waveform (of an ac or dc signal) remain

hidden. To display a signal or a waveform of any type, we have to use an

oscilloscope. This characteristic of CRO makes it a vital tool in medical

diagnostics and care.

On a CRO, you can measure important characteristic parameters of a signal

like voltage amplitude, frequency, period and shape of the waveform. On a

CRO screen, a luminous spot enables us to study the instantaneous value of

input voltage. For this reason, an oscilloscope can also be viewed as a plotter

or a recorder.

In this experiment, you will learn basic functions of an oscilloscope. In

particular, you will measure frequency of an alternating signal and phase

difference between two sinusoidal waveforms.

OBJECTIVES

After performing this experiment, you should be able to:

 explain the basic functions of various controls on the front panel of the

CRO;

 display a waveform/signal on the screen of the oscilloscope;

 measure the dc-voltage of a source;

 measure the peak-to-peak voltage and frequency of a sinusoidal

waveform; and

 measure the phase difference between two sinusoidal waveforms.

BASIC THEORY

The oscilloscope is a valuable tool for both design and troubleshooting. Knowledge of

the instrument's theory of operation aids in the correct application of the instrument in the

laboratory. This knowledge will lead to correct measurements and the safe use of the

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instrument.

The oscilloscope is a device for displaying repetitive events in terms of a voltage on the

vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. Any response that can be converted to a

time varying electric signal can be displayed on the oscilloscope. The most common use

of the instrument in electrical/electronic design is to display time varying waves

Signals enter the oscilloscope through the channel I and 2 inputs. The vertical

preamplifiers are accurate, wide-band amplifiers connected to a voltage divider attenuator

network. The incoming signals are routed through the input coupling switch to the

preamplifier/attenuator. At this point, a portion of the signal is diverted to the Sweep

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

1.Power supply

2.Multimeter

3.CRO

PROCEDURE

Setting up the CRO to use

 Put on the CRO,give it a few minutes to warm up

 Do not connect the leads

 Set the AC/END/DC switch by Y input to DC

 Set the SWP/X-Y switch to SWE

 Set the trigger level to auto detect any trigger

 Set the trigger source to 1Nr

 Set the Y amplifier to 5volts1cm

 Set the time base to 10

 Adjust the Yshift {up/down} and X shift { left/right} to give a trace across the middle of the

screen

 Adjust the brightness and intensity to give a shap and bright trace

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 Now connect the CRO to the generator and obtain the wave

 Take he amplitude reading as well the wavelenght

 Connect the multimeter across the connection and obtain voltage as you vary the

frequency of the signal on the generator.

REFFERENCE

1.oscilloscope 5th edition by Ian Hickman

2.Oscilloscope;A manual for students,enginerrs,and scientists-ISBN978-030-53885-9 By Herres

and David

Fig.1.0

1.2 RESISTER COLOUR CODES

INTRODUCTION

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Resistor colour coding uses bands to quickly identify a resistors resistive value and its
percentage of tolerance with the physical size of the resistor indicating its wattage
rating.

The colours 1. Red

2.Brown

3.Blue

4.Green and 5, Violet are used as tolerance codes on a five band resistors
only

Fig 1.1. colour codes table

BASIC THEORY

There are many different types of resistors available which can be used in
both electrical
and electronic circuits not only as loads, but also for distributing the
current or for

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producing a voltage drop in many different ways. But in order to do this,
the actual resistor
needs to have some form of “resistive” or “resistance” value.
It is not possible to manufacture all value of resistors right from one Ohm
( Ω ) to millions
of Ohms. So, only a set of preferred values of resistors is generally made
with their
resistance value printed onto their body in colored ink.
Also, in a manufacturing process, in which thousands of resistors are made
in a day, it is
not possible to adjust every ordinary resistor to an exact value. The term
'tolerance'
denotes the acceptable deviation in the resistance value of a resistor and is
expressed as a
percentage of its “nominal” or preferred value.
The resistance value, tolerance, and wattage rating are the main
specification of resistor
which are generally printed onto its body as numbers or letters when the
resistors body is
big enough to read the print, such as large power resistors. But when the
resistor is small
such as a 1/4 watt carbon or film type, these specifications must be shown
in some other
manner as the print would be too small to read.
So to overcome this, small resistors use colored painted bands to indicate
both their
resistive value and their tolerance with the physical size of the resistor
indicating its
wattage rating. These colored painted bands produce a system of
identification generally
known as a Resistor Color Code.
OBJECTIVES

The objective of this experiment is to learn the resistor color code and
determine the stated
value of a resistance by reading the color code indicated on the resistor
and compare it
with the measured value obtained from the utilization of a digital
multimeter
PROCEDURE
 Take the color code table
 Take a band colored and observe the colors from the first color

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 Relate the color with its value the carry out multiplication .

APPARATORS USED.
1. Carbon resistors;
2. Digital multimeter;
3. Set of wires.

CHALLENGES ENCOUTNTERED

 Lack of enough resistors in the lab

REFERENCE

Lecture note

Google .

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL LAB

BREADBOARD

INTRODUCTION

A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a bunch of thiny holes in it.This holes

let you insert electronic components to prototype.An electronic circuit like the one with

battery,switch,resistor and LED.

The connections are not permanent, so it is easy to remove a component if you make a

mistake, or just start over and do a new project. This makes breadboards great for

beginners who are new to electronics. You can use breadboards to make all sorts of fun

electronics projects, from different types of robots or an electronic drum set, to an

electronic rain detector to help conserve water in a garden

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EQUIPMENTS

Breadboard

Capacitor

Resistor

Jumpers

555 Timer

Diode{LED}

Battery

OBJECTIVES

 To make electronic circuits of any kind and to observe if its working

BASIC THEORY

A breadboard is used to build and test circuits quickly before finalizing any circuit
design. The breadboard has many holes into which circuit components like ICs and
resistors can be inserted. The bread board has strips of metal which run underneath
the board and connect the holes on the top of the board. The metal strips are laid out as
shown below. Note that the top and bottom rows of holes are connected horizontally
while the remaining holes are connected vertically.

A typical breadboard is shown below

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15
Article II. PROCEDURE

 Connect the 555 timer to the breadboard holes

 Connect the resistor to the breadboard

 Connect the diodes on the required holes

 Connect capacitors on the board

 Connect the power supply on the breadboard

 Make a switch

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Article III.

Article IV.

Article V.

Article VI.

Article VII. SOLAR PV SYSTEM

Article VIII.INTRODUCTION

Photovoltaics is the process of converting sunlight directly into electricity using solar

cells. Today it is a rapidly growing and increasingly important renewable alternative to

conventional fossil fuel electricity generation, but compared to other electricity

generating technologies, it is a relative newcomer, with the first practical photovoltaic

devices demonstrated in the 1950s. Research and development of photovoltaics

received its first major boost from the space industry in the 1960s which required a

power supply separate from "grid" power for satellite applications

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EQUIPMENTS

 Batteries

 Inverters

 Dc bulbs

 Multimeter

 Cables

 Solar Panel{PV}

BASIC THEORY

PV system of solar power system,is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by

means of photovoltaic.It consists of an arrangements of several components ,including solar

panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity,a solar inverter to convert the output

from direct to alternating current,a solar is mounting,cabling, and other electrical accessories to

set up a working system.

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OBJECTIVES

To identify various parts of a photovoltaic pv system

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Examples of the module and batteries and parallel connection

Connect a DC PV system

ENERGY

RENEWABLE

 Wind

 Solar

 Geothermal

NON -RENEWABLE

 Fuels e,g kerosine

petrol

REFERENCE

Article IX. PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

A pneumatic system is a connection of interconnected components using compressed air to do

work for automated equipment e.g it can be found in industries,a home garage.

The compressed air or pressurized gas is usually filtered and dried to protect the cylinder,

actuators,tools and bladders performing the work.

APPARATUS

Pneumatic system

Pipes

BASIC THEORY

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OBJECTIVES

 To aquire practical skills

 To help know the study of gasses and relationship between volume, pressure and
temperature of the air or gases

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CHALLENGES

 Lack of enough pneumatic system

 Less compressors

REFFERENCE

 Design of Pneumatic System BY Joji Parambath

 Lecturers note

 Gooogle

Section IX.01 THERMOCOUPLE

INTRODUCTION

Is a sensor that measures temperature.It consist of two different types of metals ,join together

at one end.The junction of two metals is heated or cooled,a voltage is created that can be

corelated back to temperature.A thermocouple is simple,robust and cost effective temperature

sensor used in wide range of temperature measurement process.

EQUIPMENTS

Power supply

Props

Multimetre

BASIC THEORY

Thermocouples are based on the principle that when two dissimilar metals are

joined, a predictable voltage will be generated that relates to the difference in

temperature between the measuring junction and reference junction. A

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 thermoelectric electro magnetic field (EMF) is generated within the thermocouple

when the ends are maintained at different temperatures. The magnitude of the EMF

is proportional, and is related to the temperature difference between the two points,

not just the temperature of the measuring junction. The EMF generated can then be

measured by a millivoltmeter or potentiometer incorporated into the circuit in order

to determine temperature.

OBJECTIVES

voltmeter is actually measuring the potential drop across all the metal between its

terminals - including the strip of metal and the wires used to connect it to the

voltmeter terminals. In order to counterbalance the added potential drop caused by

the connecting wires, a thermocouple uses a strip of metal dissimilar to the first that

is attached in series to the first so that the ends are also between the temperatures T1

and T2 (see Figure 2). The thermocouple consists of two dissimilar metal wires or

semiconducting rods welded together at their ends. One of the two junctions, called

the hot or measuring junction, is exposed to the temperature to be measured. The

other junction, referred to as the cold or reference junction, is maintained at a known

reference temperature.

The table on this page shows properties and construction of various thermocouples.

In standard practice, the negative lead is color coded red. In addition, the negative

lead is usually shorter than the positive lead, and the large pin on a thermocouple

connector is the negative conductor.

Thermocouples are chosen for an application based on their temperature range,

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chemical resistance of the thermocouple or sheath material, abrasion and vibration

resistance, and installation requirements. The two types common to aircraft are Type

J and Type K.

Type J

Type J thermocouples are composed of a positive leg of iron and a negative leg of

Constantan (45 percent nickel and 55 percent copper) wire. The iron lead is the

positive (magnetic) lead and is color coded black. The Constantan lead is negative

(non-magnetic) and is color coated red.

Type J thermocouples are usable from zero to 870 degrees Celsius for the largest

wire sizes, although smaller wire sizes should operate in correspondingly lower

temperatures. These are the recommended type thermocouples for use in reducing

atmospheres.

Type K

Type K thermocouples are composed of a positive leg of Chromel® (90 percent

nickel and 10 percent chromium) color coded yellow, and a negative leg of Alumel®

(95 percent nickel, 2 percent aluminum, 2 percent manganese, and 1 percent

silicon), color coded red. These are usable from -36 to 1,260 degrees Celsius.

There are differences that can change the amount of current produced by

thermocouples in each type group. These are wire thickness and thermocouple

length.

Wire thickness

Wire thickness affects the thermocouple temperature range and sensitivity. Thicker

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wire thermocouples have a longer life at higher operating temperatures, while

thinner wires have a higher degree of sensitivity.

Thermocouple length

The length of the thermocouple is also taken into consideration. It needs to be long

enough so that the effects of heat conduction from the measuring junction of the

thermocouple do not affect the reference junction.

Troubleshooting

When looking at thermocouples, they can be checked with an ohmmeter. They

should show low resistance. As a word of caution, indicators can be damaged by the

voltage produced by a multi-meter. Ensure that the meter and the probe have been

unhooked prior to checking for resistance.

Whenever a thermocouple is to be replaced, it is extremely important to replace it

with a thermocouple of the same style and composition, as specified in the

maintenance manual. Even a seemingly minor act of substituting a thermocouple

with one of a different length or wire thickness can affect the performance of the

system.

TELECOMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION

Communication- its transfer of information from the first character tothe second one

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 NETWORKING

INTRODUCTION

>computer network-is a connection of two or more computers for the purpose of

sharing resources and communication.

>Computer-is the main component in data communication.

DATA CABLES

~Co-axial cable

~Twisted pair(ethernet cable)

TOOLS

 Crimping tool
 R45 connector
 Data cable

OBJECTIVE

Terminating a data cable

 Straight throught-used in connecting two unlike devices

 Cross over kind of configuration-connecting two like devices

WORKSHOP LAB
INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF CIRCUITS

i. Mains circuit

ii. Power circuit

iii. Lighting circuit

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TYPES OF SWITCHES

 1 gang 1 way switch

 1 gang 2 way switch

 Intermidiate switch

TYPES OF LOOPING

 Junction box looping

 Accessory switch looping

IEE REGULATIONS

 Protect the wires with 5Amp circuit breaker

 Uses 1.5mm cables

Intermediate Switch

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Advantages of intermediate

i. Staircases of any landing

ii. Room with more than one entrance

POWER CIRCUITS

RING FINAL SUB CIRCUIT

 Wiring done with 2.5mm

 30A circuit breaker is used to protect

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RADIAL FINAL SUB CIRUIT

29
MAINS CIRCUIT

 Cut out-Protects the meter from anything that comes after

 Meter -for accounting purpose
 Consumer main switch(KMPG) -should have the ability to operate manually and
automatically.

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CONSUMER UNIT AND DISTRIBUTION BOARD DIFFERENCES

 Consumer unit is used for distribution of single phase final sub circuit while
Distribution board is used for both single and 3 phase final sub circuit.
 Consumer unit is smaller while Distribution board is big.

TYPES OF LAMPS

 Flourescent Lamps
 Incandiscent Lamp

CEILING FAN

MACHINE LAB

SAFETY

POWER SUPPLY

MOTORS{MACHINES}

MOTOR CONTROL

MACHINE SAMPLING

Generator-a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.

Motors-A device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.

TYPES OF MOTORS

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 DC motors
 AC motors
 Special motors

DC MOTORS

When a current carrying conductor is placed on a magnetic field,it experiences a talk

and hence a tendancy to move.

When a magnetic field and electrical field interact ,a mechanical energy is produced.The
DC motor works in this manner,this is called motoring action

AC MOTORS

Induction motor always relies on small difference between the stater rotating the
magnetic field and the rotar shaft to induce current in the magnetic winding.

The motor that converts the alternating current into mechanical power used by using
an electromagnetic induction phenomenon is called an induction

SPECIAL MOTORS

1. Server motor-performs a function on a cylindrical manner e.g Mixer

2. Stepper motor-performs a function on a horizontal manner.

POWERING A MOTOR

Motor stators

Control circuit-contains protection majorly fuses,conductor coil and relay.

Star connection

Has high starting current.

Delta connection

It has L1,L2,L3 and neutral where the head of L1 meets with the tail of L2 and the head
of L 2 meets with the tail of L3.

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CHAPTER THREE

CHALLENGES

33