UNIVERSITI KUALA

LUMPUR MALAYSIAN

SPANISH INSTITUTE

SIB35303
AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERINGS FUNDAMENTALS

ASSIGNMENT 1
Suspension System of A Motocar
SUBMITTED TO:

SIR AWANG BIN IDRIS

PREPARED BY:

NO STUDENT NAME ID. NO

1. AHMAD HAZWAN HELMI BIN ZULKEFFLI 54221121270
2. MUHAMMAD ADIB BIN AHMAD SABIDI 54221121263
3. WAN HAFIZ BIN WAN ASRI 54221121257
4. MUHAMMAD AIMAN HARIS BIN MD YUSRI 54221121264
5. KHAIRUL AMIN 'AFIFI BIN AHMAD LOTPI 54221121275
6. MUHAMMAD NAJIB BIN RAMLI 54221121274
7. MOHAMAD HAIKAL BIN MOHD HASSAN 54221121261
1.0 WHAT IS A SUSPENSION SYSTEM?
In the automotive world, all of the aspects such as comfort, practicality, efficiency and
durability were emphasised by researchers. This also includes the suspension system. Many
automotive makers analysed and do research about this thing to make sure it is good to use
for the users. If it is not, then the automotive industry will not be growing rapidly and the
technology will not be the latest one.

Based on Wikipedia, suspension is the automobile parts in which tires, tire air, springs, shock
absorbers, and linkages connect a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between
the two.

The suspension system must support both road holding or handling and ride quality. When
the wheels are in touch with the road, the suspension system in cars is utilised to isolate the
vehicle body from vibration and road bumps.

For instance, if there is a situation where the car going through bumpy roads, the suspension
will provide a cushion when the vehicle goes through it. Thus, it will make the car feel stable
when past the road and easier to control.
What Are the Types of Car Suspension?

The different types of suspension system in automobiles are as follows:

1. Leaf Spring Suspension

(source: patentimages)

Leaf springs act as dampers, supporting an extensive weight. These are made of steel and can
flex when a vehicle’s axle exerts pressure on them. Additionally, it can easily nullify the bumps
that a vehicle encounters on the road. This, along with their high load-bearing capacity, makes
them ideally suited for in commercial vehicles.
2. Trailing Arm Suspension

(source: projectchrono)

One end of this suspension type adheres to a damper and a rear axle, and the other end connects
to the chassis of a vehicle. These are not at all suitable for supporting heavy-weight vehicles and
are ideal for motorcycles.

3. Non-Independent Suspension

There is a rigid axle connecting the left and right wheels. These are present in heavy vehicles
such as SUVs and trucks.
4. Independent Suspension

(source: ads-cz)

In this type, the left and right wheels are not connected and can move independently. Although
their structure is complex, they offer a more damping effect. The arrangement of springs and
dampers varies significantly with different types of independent suspensions.

5. Double-Wishbone Suspension
(source: ytimg)

It is so named because of its "A" – shaped wishbone-looking arms. These are only found with
independent suspension. They maintain the stability of the vehicle and offer its passengers a
comfortable ride because of greater control even at extreme speeds. An upgraded version of this
suspension type is mainly used in sports cars and luxury cars.

6. MacPherson Strut Suspension

(source: circlesix)

These are low-cost and widely used suspension types in cars. The main reason behind its wide
usage is that it is simple in design, easy to control, and provides extreme comfort to its
passengers. Additionally, it has a steering pivot, which is used as a front suspension. This type
can be easily modified as per the need of the vehicle.
7. Air Suspension

(source: innovationdiscoveries)

In place of conventional coils, this type of suspension uses bellows as dampers to compress air. It
can easily support vehicles of a larger height. They can bear extreme loads and ensure a
comfortable ride for their passengers and are extremely suitable for luxury cars.
8. Multi-Link Suspension

(source: global.toyota)

The main reason behind the popularity of this suspension is its quality grip which makes it a
preferred choice for vehicles travelling off-road. They have the ability to balance almost every
shock they encounter during their journey. Additionally, they aid a car in taking turns immensely
by increasing its friction with the ground. They are generally found in premium quality cars as
maintaining them is expensive.
How Does a Car Suspension Work?

A suspension consists of springs that can store kinetic energy that is generated from friction
when the vehicle is travelling at high speed on a bumpy road. This energy is transmitted to the
dampers, which in turn convert this energy into heat energy. The fluid present in dampers
dissipates this energy to prevent overheating. The combination of springs and dampers provides
maximum protection and comfort to the passengers.

What Are the Parts of Car Suspension?

Suspensions, regardless of their types, have some common parts. These include:

 Springs: Their main function is to store kinetic energy. The amount of energy stored
depends mainly on their material and length. These springs are mainly of three types, coil
springs, air springs, and leaf springs.
  Dampers: Also known as shock absorbers, they convert the kinetic energy stored in the
springs to heat energy. These are present between the wheels and frame of a car. The
upper portion of the dampers adheres to the car and the lower portion adheres to the
wheels.

 Anti-roll bar: It is a metal bar that connects both sides of a suspension and prevents the
car from rolling off while taking a turn.

 Struts: It consist of adamper along with springs.

Now that you know the different types of suspension system and their utility, you must maintain
them properly. Whenever you notice any indication of them wearing out, send the vehicle for
servicing immediately. If you are aware of it on time, you can easily minimise the chances of
accidents.
Suspension System of A Motocar

Why we need suspension system in motorcar

The suspension system of a motocar is essential for a number of reasons, including the
provision of a smooth ride, the maintenance of vehicle control and stability, the protection of
vehicle components, the enhancement of passenger comfort, and the management of different
types of road conditions. It is essential for the motocar's optimal performance, safety, and
comfort for both the people inside and outside of the vehicle that the suspension system be in
good working order. It is essential in absorbing shocks from the road, maintaining tyre
contact with the road, protecting vehicle components from excessive wear and damage,
providing a comfortable and controlled ride, and protecting vehicle components from
excessive wear and damage. The suspension system is an essential component of a motocar's
design and plays an important role in the vehicle's ability to perform in a manner that is not
only secure but also comfortable and productive.

A motorcycle's suspension is crucial for a number of reasons, including the following:

1. Comfortable ride: The suspension system is designed to absorb shocks from the road,
such as bumps, potholes, and uneven surfaces, and to limit the influence of these
shocks on both the passengers and the vehicle itself. This ensures a smooth ride for
the vehicle and its occupants. The passengers will experience less discomfort and
weariness as a result of the ride's ability to be made smoother and more comfortable.
Additional data points linked to the capability of the suspension system to provide a
smooth ride:
 Picture 1: type of suspension

 Type of Suspension: The ride quality of a motor vehicle can be considerably

altered by the type of suspension system that is installed in the vehicle.
Telescopic forks, swingarms, and air suspensions are all common forms of
suspension systems. Telescopic forks are also an option. If you include
information regarding the sort of suspension system that is utilised in the
automobile as well as the design aspects of it, you may provide some insight
into how the suspension system contributes to a smooth ride.

Pictures 2 : spring rate

 The spring rate of the suspension system refers to the degree to which the
springs employed in the system are stiff. The spring rate of the suspension
system can have an effect on how smoothly the vehicle rides. It is possible that
a ride with a softer spring rate will be more pleasant since it will absorb
shocks better, whereas a ride with a stiffer spring rate may be more
uncomfortable. The impact that the spring rate of the suspension system has
 on the ride smoothness can be evaluated with the use of data on the spring
rate.

Pictures 3 : determine damping

 Attributes of Damping is the term used to describe the resistance to motion

that is supplied by the shock absorbers or dampers that are part of the
suspension system. The damping characteristics, which can include rebound
and compression damping, can have an effect on the way the suspension
system deals with bumps and uneven surfaces, and as a result, can have an
effect on how smooth the ride is. It is possible to gain some insight into the
suspension system's ability to deliver a smooth ride by including data on the
damping characteristics of the suspension system, such as the damping levels
or modifications that are available.

2. Control and stability of the vehicle The suspension system plays an important
function in ensuring that the tyres remain in touch with the road surface at all times. It
is very helpful in ensuring adequate grip, stability, and control of the vehicle,
particularly during cornering, braking, and acceleration, when it helps to keep the
tyres firmly planted on the road. The motocar's safe and predictable handling
characteristics are in large part due to the presence of a suspension system that
functions properly. The relevance of the suspension system in terms of both control
and stability is further supported by the following:

 Capability to Turn in the Corner: The suspension system contributes to the

maintenance of tyre contact with the road during cornering, which is vital for
the preservation of both control and stability. If the vehicle's suspension
system is in good working order, it will be able to keep its traction and hold on
 the road surface, which will allow it to handle turns in a controlled and secure
manner. Body roll measurements or the functioning of the stability control
system are two examples of the types of data that can provide insights into the
impact that the suspension system has on the capacity of the automobile to
turn corners.

Pictures 4: brakes

 Performance of the Brakes: The suspension system contributes to the vehicle's

braking performance by helping to uniformly distribute the weight of the
vehicle when it is being stopped by using the brakes. This helps to prevent
weight transfer to the front or rear wheels, which, when braking, can have an
impact on the vehicle's stability and control. Data on the ability of the
suspension system to distribute weight evenly during braking, such as brake
dive readings or the operation of the anti-lock braking system (ABS), can
provide insights into the impact that it has on the braking performance of the
automobile.

3. Components of the car are guarded by the suspension system, which serves to prevent
the components of the vehicle from suffering from excessive wear and damage. It
does this by acting as a shock absorber, taking the impact and stress off of
components such as the chassis, body, tyres, wheels, and drivetrain. Because of this,
the lifespan of these components may be increased, hence reducing the frequency of
the expensive repairs or replacements that may be required. Other ways it contributes
to the preservation of car parts include:
  Protection for the chassis: Between the chassis and the road, the suspension
system acts as a divider. Road irregularities like potholes, bumps, and debris
are absorbed by it, protecting the chassis from being struck directly. By doing
so, the potential of structural damage to the chassis is decreased and stress is
reduced.

 Body protection: By lessening the effects of road vibrations and shocks, the
suspension system also contributes to the body protection of the vehicle. The
body panels may bend as a result of constant shocks and vibrations from
uneven roads, which may result in cracks or other damage. The body is
protected from these vibrations by the suspension system, which also reduces
the possibility of structural or aesthetic damage.

4. Comfort of passengers: A smooth ride is crucial to a motocar's passengers' health. The

suspension system lessens the vibrations, jolts, and bumps that could make the
passengers feel uncomfortable, exhausted, or queasy when driving. It makes for a
safer and more pleasurable driving experience for the passengers. Regarding the ease
of travel experienced by passengers, below are some more considerations:

Pictures 5 : Passenger weariness and motion sickness

 Passenger weariness and motion sickness can be alleviated to a certain degree

when a vehicle's suspension system is in good working order. This allows for a
more pleasant and relaxing journey for the passenger. Constant road vibrations
and jolts can lead to pain and weariness for passengers, which in turn can lead
to a loss in passenger comfort and even motion sickness. A suspension system
 that is in good working order can assist to absorb vibrations like these, making
for a more comfortable ride and lowering the likelihood of experiencing
motion sickness, particularly on extended trips.

Pictures 6: way to improved ride quality

 Improved ride quality: The overall ride quality of a vehicle can be improved
by ensuring that the ride is both smooth and comfortable. It makes certain that
passengers are not subjected to excessive bouncing, severe impacts, or
unexpected jolts from the road, all of which have the potential to negatively
affect the passengers' comfort as well as their well-being. A ride that is
comfortable contributes to a more pleasurable experience for the driver as well
as increased satisfaction for the passenger.

Pictures 7: NVH

 Decreased levels of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) in the car cabin are
another function that is assisted by the vehicle's suspension system. Vibrations
and noise from the road can be conveyed to the cabin of the car, which can
make the passengers uncomfortable and aggravate them. The suspension
system serves to separate the cabin from these NVH causes, lessening the
 effect that they have on the occupants and offering a ride that is less noisy and
more comfortable as a result.

5. The protection of the cargo In motorcars that are used for the transportation of
products or cargo, it is essential to have a suspension system that is in good working
order in order to prevent the cargo from being damaged. It helps to absorb shocks and
vibrations from the road, which lowers the likelihood of the cargo shifting, bouncing,
or being damaged while it is being transported. Several other considerations
pertaining to the safety of the cargo should be included in the report:

 Cargo damage is less likely to occur when the suspension system is in good
working order since it helps to absorb shocks and vibrations transmitted from
the road, which in turn reduces the likelihood of cargo damage occurring.
Damage or breakage to the cargo might occur as a result of the cargo being
subjected to jolting, shifting, or impacts caused by uneven road conditions
while it is being transported. A suspension system that is adequately
maintained helps to reduce the severity of hits like these, which helps to
ensure that the cargo is kept safe and sound.

 Enhanced cargo stability is achieved through the use of a reliable suspension

system, which also adds to heightened cargo stability while being transported.
It helps to maintain the correct height and alignment of the truck, reducing the
likelihood of the cargo shifting or turning over while it is being transported.
This is of the utmost importance for fragile or sensitive goods, which must be
protected at all costs against any harm caused by unexpected movements or
impacts.

 Protection from harsh road conditions Commercial vehicles frequently drive

on roads that are rough or uneven, which can cause the cargo to be exposed to
excessive vibrations and impacts. A strong suspension system helps to absorb
shocks like this, which in turn reduces the amount of strain placed on the
cargo and the likelihood of it being damaged. This is of utmost importance for
 goods that is fragile or easily damaged and requires additional protection
while in transit.

6. Capability to respond appropriately to a wide range of road conditions Road

conditions can vary widely, ranging from paved highways to difficult off-road
terrains. A suspension system that has been thoughtfully developed will be able to
adjust to the various conditions of the road in order to give the motocar's occupants
the best possible performance, level of comfort, and level of protection. Here are
some extra topics to put in the report addressing this capability:

Pictures 8: sensors

 Adaptability to varied terrains: Varying road conditions, such as paved roads,

gravel roads, off-road trails, or uneven surfaces, demand different suspension
parameters for maximum performance. A well-designed suspension system is
capable of adjusting to these different terrains, providing the required support,
stability, and comfort to the vehicle and its occupants. This assists the vehicle
to maintain superior grip, stability, and control, lowering the chance of
skidding, sliding, or losing control, especially in severe road conditions.

 Improved ride comfort: A suspension system that can adjust to changing road
conditions can considerably help to the comfort of the passengers. It helps to
absorb shocks and vibrations from the road, lessening the impact of uneven
surfaces on the passengers. This results in a smoother, more comfortable ride,
minimising discomfort, weariness, or motion sickness, and boosting overall
passenger pleasure.
Pictures 9: electric car component

 Protection of vehicle components: A suspension system that can adapt

adequately to varying road conditions helps to protect various vehicle
components from excessive wear and damage. By absorbing shocks and
vibrations, it decreases the stress and effect on components such as the chassis,
body, tyres, wheels, and drivetrain, lowering the danger of premature wear or
damage.

 Increased vehicle performance: The capacity of a suspension system to adjust

to changing road conditions also contributes to improved vehicle performance.
It helps to retain superior traction, stability, and control, allowing the vehicle
to tackle diverse terrains more effectively. This can result in increased
acceleration, braking, and handling, boosting the overall performance and
safety of the vehicle.

Pictures 10 : Off-road capability

 Off-road capability: For cars designed for off-road use, a capable suspension
system is important. It lets the vehicle to handle tough terrains, such as rocks,
mud, or sand, with higher stability, control, and ground clearance. This ensures
that the vehicle can face demanding off-road situations safely and effectively
without harming the components or compromising the safety of the people.
The suspension system in a motorcar provides several benefits.

1. Smoother ride.

The suspension system helps to absorb the shocks and vibrations that come from driving on
uneven surfaces. This results in a smoother and more comfortable ride for the passengers.
The Spring helps the vehicle adjust to the different conditions on the road, distributes the
weight of the car evenly, and determines the height of your ride. The Damping
Mechanism helps to stabilize your car by dissipating energy that comes from the up and
down movements of the spring.

2. Better handling and control

The suspension system helps to maintain the car's stability and control, especially when
taking turns or driving at high speeds. This allows the driver to have better handling and
control over the car. The first and most obvious benefit of suspension tuning is improved
handling. By adjusting the suspension system, you can alter the way your car handles
acceleration, braking, and cornering. This can be extremely beneficial if you frequently drive
in strenuous or challenging conditions, as it can help you maintain control of your car and
avoid accidents. Another major benefit of suspension tuning is increased stability. This is
particularly important for high-performance cars that are more likely to experience instability
at high speeds. By tuning the suspension system, you can help keep your car stable and under
control, even when driving at high speeds.

3.Improved braking.

The suspension system helps to keep the car's tires in contact with the road surface,
which allows for better braking performance. This is especially important in
emergency situations where quick stops are necessary.

 Brake rotors
The brake rotor is the spinning disc which rotates with the wheel; this is used
as a source to reject energy into, turning kinetic energy into heat. As with all
the components listed here, there will be one at each wheel.
  Brake callipers
This is a mounted device which includes an internal piston that applies
pressure to the brake pad. Pressure occurs when you press on the brake pedal,
forcing brake fluid into the piston which forces the brake pad against the rotor,
slowing the vehicle and creating heat.

4. Increased safety

A properly functioning suspension system can increase the safety of the car by
providing better handling and stability on the road. It helps to maintain better tire
contact with the road, which improves the car's ability to brake, accelerate, and
turn. This, in turn, can reduce the likelihood of accidents, particularly in
emergency situations. A well-maintained suspension system can also improve the
car's ability to handle unexpected road conditions such as potholes, bumps, and
uneven surfaces, providing a smoother ride and better control over the vehicle.

5. Reduced wear and tear

 The suspension system of a car is designed to absorb shocks and vibrations from the
road surface and maintain the tires' contact with the road. It helps to distribute the
weight of the car evenly across all four wheels, reducing the wear and tear on various
components such as tires, brakes, steering, and chassis. The suspension system is
essential for providing a smooth and comfortable ride, improving the handling of the
car, and ensuring better safety and stability while driving.

5.0 THE DISADVANTAGE OF NO SUSPENSION

The main disadvantage of a car without suspension is that it can result in a very
uncomfortable ride, especially on rough or uneven terrain. Without suspension, the
car's tires have to absorb all of the shocks and vibrations from the road, which can
lead to a bumpy and jarring experience for passengers.

In addition, a car without suspension may be more difficult to control, especially at

higher speeds. The lack of suspension can cause the car to bounce and sway, which
can make it more difficult to steer and maintain stability on the road.

Finally, a car without suspension may also be more prone to damage and wear and
tear. The constant jolting and bouncing can put additional stress on the car's
mechanical components, leading to premature wear and potentially costly repairs.
6.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the car suspension system is an important component that ensures a

smooth and comfortable ride for the driver and passengers. It is responsible for absorbing
shocks and vibrations caused by the road surface and other external factors, providing
stability and control, and maintaining tire contact with the road. A well-designed suspension
system can improve handling, reduce wear and tear on a vehicle and increase safety. There
are many different types of suspension systems available, including independent suspension,
solid axle suspension and air suspension. The choice of suspension system depends on the
specific needs of the vehicle and the purpose of use. Regular maintenance and inspection of
the suspension system is essential to ensure optimal performance and safety. Signs of a
malfunctioning suspension system include excessive bouncing, uneven tire wear and
difficulty handling the vehicle. Any issues should be addressed immediately to prevent
further damage and potential safety hazards.
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