Upsc Cse Mains 2022: GS-III (Paper-IV) Model Answer

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UPSC CSE MAINS 2022

GS-III (Paper-IV) Model Answer
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GS-III (PAPER -IV) MODEL ANSWER
1. Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the
role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India.
Approach
Introduction: Definition of Public Private partnerships and forms of PPP in infrastructure
Body
 Mention the need for PPP in infrastructural projects
 Mention briefly about station redevelopment plan of government.
 Role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India
 Issues with PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India
 Way Forward
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements
Public-private partnership (PPP) is a long-term contract between a private party and a government
entity, for providing a public asset or service, in which the private party bears significant risk and
management responsibility, and remuneration is linked to performance.
The most common forms of PPPs in infrastructural projects are build-operate-transfer (BOT) design-
build-operate-transfer (DBFO), operate-maintain-transfer (OMT), etc.
o Example: The broad-gauge railway-line between Gandhidham and Tuna-Tekra Port
in Gujarat is India's first railway-line built with private sector participation
Need for PPP in infrastructural projects

 Bridging gaps in infrastructure financing: When governments are cash poor, PPP can offer
access to private capital for infrastructure projects.
 Faster completion of projects: With the efficiency of private sector, there will be faster
completion of projects and reduced delays.
 Improved outcomes: PPP in redevelopment of railway stations increases the quality of
infrastructure by mechanism of accountability and responsibility owing to presence of private
players.
 Reduces burden on government: Since the private sector shares the costs with the
government initially, the fiscal strain on the government is reduced.
 Innovation: It is considered that involvement of private in the infrastructure sector,
especially in redevelopment of railway stations help in bringing innovations and upgraded
technologies.
 Adequate facilities: PPP model in redevelopment of railway stations ensures security and
ample facilities for passengers and for cargo delivery.
 Expertise and professionalism: Long-term maintenance by private partners and suitable
upgrades are brought into the infrastructure sector.
 Corruption and wastage: PPP reduces corruption and wastage in government projects.
 Other benefits: Cost - effectiveness through competitive selection, higher Productivity by
linking payments to performance and Demand centric delivery of projects.
Station redevelopment plan of government

 Redevelopment of 60 railway stations: Rail Land Development Authority (RLDA) is
spearheading the redevelopment of 60 railway stations across India on a PPP Model.
 Two components: Mandatory station redevelopment and Station Estate (Commercial)
development.
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 Benefits: The mandatory station redevelopment will make travel smooth and hassle-free
without diluting the historical significance of these stations whereas commercial development
will enable developers to tap several revenue streams to ensure the viability of the entire
project.
Role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India

 Better facilities to passengers.: PPP can improve the condition of railway stations and it can
bring state-of-the-art amenities such as segregation of arrival and departure, excellent road
connectivity with multi-modal transport integration to enhance travel experience.
 Optimum utilization of space: Most of the railway stations are in heart of the cities. Shopping
complexes and commercial spaces can be constructed at unused space of railway stations.
 More Revenue to railways: It can help to generate more revenue for railways due to
development of commercial spaces
 Adequate funding: PPP helps in bringing required funding and timely completion of the
projects.
o Example: Rani Kamalapati railway station was India’s first PPP based railway station
which was successfully redeveloped.
 Security: PPP can help to provide better security to passengers at railway stations. It can help
to reduce incidents of pick pocketing and theft at railway stations.
 Reduction in the maintenance costs of railway stations for government.
 Efficient management: PPP help in providing smooth and efficient management when it
comes to safety and cleanliness by linking payments to performance.
 State of art technologies: PPP Mode could bring advanced state-of-the-art technologies that
are capital intensive like Video Management System (VMS).
 Others: It will augment the tourism potential, boost real estate, encourage employment
generation and lead to a cascading effect on the local economy.
1Issues with PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India
 Losses in Employment: Private companies are more interested in acquiring profit with a
limited number of employees, which results in job loss.
 Increase in User Fee for the customers: The government has opted for EPC contracts for
station redevelopment of New Delhi instead of public-private partnerships in order to avoid
putting the burden of user fee on passengers.
 New players: The new players have little experience and are struggling with economics and
logistics of providing connectivity from remote locations.
 Apprehension of Corruption: Corruption and misallocation of funds based on private
player’s interests.
 Less focus on welfare: The private sector is more likely switch to profit making trajectory
and in the meanwhile passenger's interests might be compromised.
 Absence of independent regulator: In the absence of independent regulator in
railway sector, there are chances of litigation or other issues as cropped up in the road
sector.
 No past experience in the PPP model for the implementation of projects for
railways.
 Accountability: Private companies are unpredictable in their dealings and do not
share their governance secrets with the world at large.
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Way Forward [Students: The below part should be written in smart art format]
 Implementing Vijay Kelkar Committee recommendations:
o Formulation of PPP Law: A PPP law which gives an authoritative framework to
implementing executives.
o Infrastructure PPP Project Review Committee (IPRC): Should be there for evaluating
stressed PPP projects.
o Swiss challenge method: For awarding Contracts, to discourage unsolicited proposals.
o Viability Gap funds: Prudent utilisation of Viability Gap Funds (VGF) and Improved
Fiscal Reporting Practices.
o Institutionalised mechanism: Like National Facilitation Committee (NFC) to ensure
time bound resolution of issues.
Over the years, Public-Private Partnership (PPP) has emerged as a resilient model to undertake
infrastructural development. The redevelopment of railway stations is just an example of realizing
the benefits of PPP to accelerate infrastructural development. Overall PPP projects help change our
infrastructure model from Build-Neglect-Rebuild to Build-Nurture-Repair. (Rakesh Mohan
committee)
2. Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial
inclusion in achieving economic growth in India. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach
Introduction: Definition of Inclusive Growth
Body
 Complementarity of Inclusive growth under market economy
 Unfeasibility of inclusive growth under market economy
 Significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India
As per OECD, inclusive growth is economic growth that is disturbed fairly across society and
creates opportunities for all. It includes providing equality of opportunity, empowering people
through education and skill development. According to Inclusive development index, 2018 of
WEF, India ranks 62 among 74 emerging economies.
Market economy is an economy where all economic pursuits are organized and functional through
the market.
Complementarity of Inclusive growth and market economy

 Better standard of living: Increased wages in MNCs leads to better standard of living for the
people.
 Access to better education and health facilities: To the people by increasing the standards
of industry.
 Creation of jobs: Market economy provides space for businesses to make their decisions and
grow at a good pace which create more opportunities for the masses by job creation and
mobilising resources.
 Innovation: It helps in bringing innovative solutions to societal problems.
 Creation of capital: Businesses provide revenue to the government through taxation. Greater
resources for the government will manifest as developmental expenditure.
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 Corporate social responsibility (CSR): Gives a boost to efforts for inclusive growth.
o Ex: Hindustan Unilever’s project shakti where in women groups are employed as
distribution channels.
 Higher Government Revenues: Market economy has generated higher tax revenues for the
government which has resulted in higher social sector expenditure and higher redistribution
of resources.
 Faster Decline in Poverty: In the post-reform period, poverty declined faster in the 2000s
than in the 1990s. Poverty declined by 1.36 percentage points per annum after 1991,
compared to that of 0.44 percentage points per annum prior to 1991. India lifted as many as
270 million people out of multidimensional poverty between 2005-06 and 2015-16.
Unfeasibility of inclusive growth under market economy

 Regional disparity: 1991 reforms resulted into rise in regional disparities.
o Example: Bihar’s per capita income was one-tenth of Goa’s per capita income.
 Increased Alienation: There was increase in Rural-Urban divide in the country after 1991.
 Increase in Poverty: 27.9% of population are multi dimensionally poor (WB report), 60%
of people living below $2/day.
 Affordable education: Rise of corporatist trends in education, high enrollment rate,
dropout rates increased in tandem. CAG report had mentioned about misreporting and
mismanagement by private schools
 Neglect of Agriculture: Majority of population (52%) dependent on Agriculture, still the
contribution of the sector to GDP is lagging at 17%
 Jobless Growth and Informalisation of Labour: Market economy emphasises on
reducing cost of production for being competitive and therefore, India has witnessed jobless
growth and increasing informal jobs post-LPG reforms.
 Increasing Inequalities: It has resulted in increasing inequalities in all speres – income
inequalities, gender inequalities, regional inequalities, class inequalities and more.
o As per Oxfam International report, 73% of India’s wealth generated in 2017 went to
richest 1% of the population.
Thus, since 1991 economic reforms, the market economy focused mostly on the financial growth and
has sidelined inclusive growth to a large extent in India.
Significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth

 Reduce Poverty: Greater access to financial services would help in decreasing income
inequality & poverty and would lead to increase in employment levels.
 Increase Growth: Savings enhance capital formation in the country. Transparent credit from
formal banking institutions promotes the entrepreneurial spirit among the people, which will
lead to increase in productivity in rural areas.
 Efficiency of banks: Banks which are operating in a financial inclusion sector could
experience higher operating efficiency in financial intermediation.
 More balanced growth: A decisive reduction in poverty and an expansion in economic
opportunities for all sections of population will enhance balanced growth.
 Initiate virtuous cycle: Inclusive growth and financial inclusion leads to the culture of
saving which initiates a virtuous cycle of economic development.
 Multiplier effect: By providing access to financial resources to underprivileged and
marginalised sections of society, financial inclusion has the potential to reduce poverty,
create jobs, among others.
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o Example: In 2011- only 35% of India was banked, Since Jan-Dhan scheme, today
80% of India has a bank account. This has been regarded as a success story throughout
the world with regards to financial inclusion
Way forward (For overall Inclusive growth)

 Best practice: Jandhan-Aadhar has been recognized as best practice across world, with
time more benefits can be provided under it, to its account holders.
o Example- During COVID govt. announced direct monetary help to them.
 Dr Sayyid Hamid Committee: Skilling women at preference due to low Female labour
force participation (18%, compared to 54% for men)
 Injeti Srinivas Committee: Diversification of CSR to other sectors, i.e. not limiting it to
education and health, can help inclusive growth.
“Inequality is the root cause of revolutions” (Aristotle) thus it is imperative that we need to
promote the model of development which is equitable and inclusive by overcoming the narrow
limitations of the market economy.
3. What are the major challenges of Public Distribution System (PDS) in India? How can it be
made effective and transparent?
Approach
Introduction: Brief about Public Distribution System
Body
 Major challenges of Public Distribution system (PDS) in India
 Measures to make it effective and transparent
Public distribution system is a government-sponsored chain of shops entrusted with the work of
distributing basic food and non-food commodities to the needy sections of the society at marginal
prices. PDS is an Indian food grain distribution system established under Ministry of Consumer
affairs, food and public distribution.
Major Challenges of Public distribution system (PDS)

 Identification of beneficiaries: There are large inclusion and exclusion of beneficiaries in
the PDS. There are about 65% error of exclusion and 25% error of inclusion in PDS.
 Lack of updated data: Over 10 crore eligible beneficiaries are excluded from PDS because
outdated 2011 census data is being used to calculate state wise NFSA coverage.
 Issues in procurement: There is shortage in open market due to open ended procurementof
food grains.
 Issues in storage: Lack of efficient storage system leads to rotting of food grains which
leads to loss in the government exchequer.
 Leakage of food grains: There is a leakage of food grains through transport and black
marketing in the fair price shops. Example: There is 36% leakage of PDS rice and wheat on
all India basis.
 Lack of crop diversification: There is lack of crop diversification due to farmer’s interest
in MSP food grains of rice and wheat.
 Environmental issues: Due to sowing of water intensive crops such as rice, there is
reduction in water table by 33 cm/year in the period of 2002-08.
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 Rural-Urban biasness: For quite a longer period, PDS remained limited mostly in urban
areas and there is also issue of lack of access to migrant labourers.
 Burden of food subsidy: After inclusion of NFSA-2013, the burden of food subsidy has
become huge. The food subsidy bill in 2020-21 spiked from 1.15 lakh crore estimates to
4.22 lakh crores in revised estimates.
 Food wastage: According to UNEP’s Food waste Index report Food enough for 8 crore
people have been spoiled in Godowns in India.
Measures to make PDS effective and transparent

 Linkage of Aadhar: Aadhar linkage helps in reduction of the ghost beneficiaries in
thepublic distribution system.
 Automation of Fair Price shops: By installing ‘Point of Sale’ (POS) device to swap the
ration card and automatically enter the data of the beneficiary.
 Digitization of ration cards: Ration cards to be digitized as smart cards to provide all
thedetails of the beneficiary to have easier and one-time access.
 Example: Chattisgarh and MP provide for GPS tracking of delivery.
 Shanta kumar committee: Direct benefit transfers (DBT) can also address leakages in the
PDS by giving the option ofbuying to the consumer as per their will.
 Transparency: Through involvement of elected PRI members in the distribution of the
food grains.
 One nation one ration card: Ration cards made universal to address the issue of
migrant labourers can address provision of PDS food grains anywhere across India.
 Alternative to PDS
 Universal PDS: Universalization of PDS may require an increased outlay of funds but
would ensure food security and reduces hunger and malnourishment.
 Food coupons: They are given to beneficiaries instead of direct monetary help and these
can be used to purchase food grains from any grocery store.
 Example: Recently launched e-RUPI can be of help in coupon system in electronic format
With around 22 percent of BPL population living in India, effective food grain distribution system
is sine qua non for ensuring food security. Integrating the PDS with other interventions including
those that will increase transparency and accountability may increase its potential to realise every
citizen’s right to nutritious food while propagating good health.
4. Elaborate the scope and significance of the food processing industry in India.
Approach
Introduction: Contextual introduction
Body
 Scope of Food processing industry
 Significance of Food processing industry
Food processing industry is called sun-rise industry with large growth potential in terms of
employment (13.7% in unorganized sector), export capacity (13% of Indian exports) and
manufacturing GDP (14%). Currently Food processing Industry is growing at 11% GVA.
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Scope of Food processing industry in India

 Raw material: India is the second largest producer of fruit, vegetable and largest producer of
meat. It has huge production of cereals to ensure supply to food processing sector.
 Market: India has an advantage of huge domestic market for processed food with a
population of 137 crores.
 Changed consumption pattern: Due to urbanization, changes in the gender composition of
workforce, and growing consumption rates. This has increased demand for processed food.
 Increase in incomes: India has one of the largest working populations in the world and, with
a rise in disposable incomes, this segment of the population is also becoming the biggest
consumer of processed foods in the country.
 Export opportunities: Proximity to key export destinations, greater integration with the
global economy acts as an added advantage to expand the sector.
 Untapped potential: In India, only 2% of fruits and vegetables and approx. 10% of marine
products is processed.
 Increased demand for processed food: With changing socio-economic conditions in the
country and increasing income of working class, the demand for processed food is increasing
thereby the sector can be an engine for India’s economic growth.
 Investments: FPI currently attracts a mere 6% of our total industrial investment. But given
the fact that total food production is estimated to double in next 10 years there is a huge
investment potential. CII estimates that it has potential to attract US$33bn of investment over
next 10 years.
 Food market potential: FPI accounts for 32% of the country’s total food market, one of the
largest industries in India and is ranked fifth in terms of production, export and expected
growth.
 Urbanization: Increasing penetration of food retail outlets offer a wide range of options to
consumers.
 Proactive government policy and support: Increased FDI limits, schemes such as Mega
Food Park, PM Sampada Yojana etc. provide incentives for investments in food processing
sector.
Significance of Food processing industry

 Economic Significance
o Revival of Economic growth: During the last six years ending 2017-18, FPI sector has been
growing at an average annual growth rate of around 5.06%. The sector plays crucial role in
revival of economic growth.
o Contribution to GDP: It contributes almost 9% and 11% of GDP in Manufacturing and
Agriculture sector respectively.
o Employment: Over 16 % of the total workforce in the organized sector and 32 % in the
unorganized manufacturing sector are employed in the food processing industries.
o Example: As per ASSOCHAM report, FPI can generate employment of 9 million person
days by 2024.
o Control food inflation: If FPIs are allowed to engage, such as contract farming, market
intermediaries could be eliminated thereby resulting in better remuneration of farmers and
control on food inflation.
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o Reduce post-harvest losses: At present, post-harvest losses in India were estimated to be

926.51 billion (USD 15.9 billion), representing a significant loss of national wealth. These
losses can be minimized through Food processing.
o Promotes diversification of crops: Food processing will require different type of inputs thus
creating an incentive for the farmer to grow and diversify crops. This will have economic
benefits for the farmers and decrease vulnerability to market fluctuations.
o Value addition: With value addition and processing, the income of the farmers can be
increased which help in achieving the goal of doubling famer’s income by 2022.
o Great Export Potential: Food processing is basically an export-oriented industry, which
provides increased income to farmers. Example: Basmati rice.
 Social Significance
o Reduce malnutrition: Processed foods when fortified with vitamins and minerals can reduce
the nutritional gap in the population.
o Reduce food wastage: It is estimated that annual post-harvest losses of close to Rs 92,00
crore NITI Aayog]. With increased food processing, wastage could also be reduced, leading
better price realisation for farmers.
o Enhances consumer choices: It allows food from other parts of the world to be transported
to our local market and vice versa, increasing food choices for consumers.
o Gender Empowerment: Food processing industry is closely related to animal husbandry
where many women workers are employed.
o Reduce migration: Food processing industry being a labour-intensive sector have the
potential to provide local employment and curb uncontrolled migration.
o Poverty alleviation: The rural food processing industry can play a vital role in rural poverty
alleviation and empowerment of rural women.
Way forward
 Surjit Bhalla Committee: Focusing on Internationalization of standards of food
processing
 Aligning SEZs and Food parks: It can lead to reducing costs of logistics.
 Dedicated body to deal with phytosanitary issues: This will help farmers increase
exports
The Food processing industry is critical for the country's faster economic growth, poverty reduction,
employment generation, exports, development of region and doubling farmer income. Considering
its importance government launched various schemes such as Sampada Yojana, Mega food park
scheme etc.
5. The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the
community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them?
Approach
Body
 Newer health challenges due to increase in life expectancy
 Steps need to be taken to meet them
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Life expectancy is an estimate of the average number of additional years that a person of a given age
can expect to live. The life expectancy at birth in India significantly increased from 41.13 years in
1960 to 70.19 years in 2022.
Newer health challenges due to increase in life expectancy:

 Increased Elderly diseases: With increase in life expectancy, the chances of diseases such as
cancer, kidney failure, dementia increases. As per Longitudinal ageing study in India (LASI),
almost 70% of senior citizens in India have a chronic illness and around 23% of elderly
population have multi-morbidities.
 More Emphasis on Geriatric care: With high life expectancy, there is also increase in
requirement of Geriatric care which lead to high cost on government budgets.
 Non-communicable diseases: With the improved health care system for infectious diseases,
the number of non-communicable diseases is outgrowing infectious diseases which contribute
to 60% of deaths.
 Feminization of ageing in rural India: The feminization of aging is the phenomenon
whereby a greater proportion of women than men is found among the elderly population.
 Low insurance penetration: The penetration for life insurance in India is 2.82% and ageing-
related morbidities are a grey area in terms of coverage.
 Old age homes: An increasing number of old age homes need proper health care and most of
them at present lack basic healthcare amenities.
 High Cost of treatment: India requires more efforts to overhaul the health facilities. At
present, 70 per cent of OPD services, 58 per cent of admitted patients and 90 per cent of the
medicines and tests are still in private hands.
 Mental health: The elderlies are isolated due to nuclear families leading to increase in
mental health issues for elderlies.
Steps need to be taken:

 Srinath Reddy committee: Treating health as completely ‘public concept’ as there can be no
private health. Aligning with one health approach of WHO
 Increased budget allocation: The healthcare budget must be increased in line with around
2.5% of GDP.
 Geriatric and Preventive healthcare: More emphasis on geriatric and preventive healthcare
rather than curative healthcare.
 Augment Health Screening Facilities: Enhance screening facilities to tackle diseases in the
earlier stages.
 Cadre of health outreach workers: The government can replicate ASHA workers model
and create a cadre of health outreach workers trained in first-line care of geriatrics.
 Insurance penetration: Increasing insurance penetration to reduce the out of pocket
expenditure.
 Implementation bottlenecks: Bottlenecks in various healthcare schemes of old age
population must be removed to make it more equitable and consolidated.
 Usage of modern technology: Leveraging modern technology to transform public health and
bringing efficiency in service delivery and enhancing the reach of the health services.
 Public private partnership: Collaborated approach and combine the welfare aspect of
government and quality of the private sector.
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 Community Approach: Community approach involves the community in direct

involvement in addressing issues alongside NGO to decrease the burden on the government.
 Promotion of Yoga: The promotion of yoga and other healthy life practices reduce the
disease burden especially in context of increase in life expectancy.
 Awareness generation: Government should make the citizens aware about good health care
and healthy life style. This will reduce chances of heart disease and diabetes in old age.
India needs to achieve “healthy ageing” and flatten the curve where disease, disability and
disempowerment accumulate with age. Nudging the population to become more sensitive
towards the elderly can be ensured through innovative practices such as Switzerland’s time bank.
6. Each year a large amount of plant material, cellulose, is deposited on the surface of Planet
Earth. What are the natural processes this cellulose undergoes before yielding carbon
dioxide, water and other end products?
Approach
Introduction: Briefly write on characteristics of cellulose
Body
 Natural Processes undergone by Cellulose before yielding carbon dioxide, water and other end products.
A large amount of plant leaves, twigs, fruits, and seeds are deposited on earth. Cellulose is a main
component of all these plant materials. It is the most abundant extracellular structural polysaccharide
found in plants and is primary structural component of plant cell wall.
All the cellulose containing plant material that is deposited on earth undergoes microbial
decomposition and is decomposed by bacteria and fungi. These bacteria and fungi secrete cellulose
enzyme which breaks down cellulose into small chains of polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and
monosaccharide which when further undergoes aerobic breakdown through series of steps produces
carbon dioxide and water.
Natural Processes undergone by Cellulose

 Fragmentation: Detritivores such as Earthworms breakdown cellulose into small particles.
 Catabolism: Bacterial and fungal enzymes degrade fragmented cellulose into simpler
inorganic substances.
 Humification: The excreted products of microorganisms enrich the organic material of soil which
is a dark coloured amorphous substance called humus. This process produces methane naturally.
 Accumulation of dead organic matter: It is extracted by the roots of the trees as raw
material for photosynthesis.
 Photosynthesis: Plants in the process of photosynthesis and respiration carbon-dioxide and
water in the atmosphere.
 Process of Leaching: The water soluble inorganic nutrients go down into the soil after
fragmentation.
 Mineralisation: The humus is degraded by some microbes and releases the inorganic
materials i.e. carbon by mineralisation.
 Weathering: The accumulated minerals form sedimentary rocks and are subject to
weathering. The run-off of the rocks mixed with water and forms carbonic acid and then
carbondioxide, water by weather phenomenon.
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 Fungi: Fungi like mushrooms also decompose cellulose plant material which grow on
decaying plant materials. They secrete enzymes that decompose the cellulose containing plant
material.
 Anaerobic conditions: Cellulose digestion and decomposition can also occur anaerobic (in
the absence of oxygen) conditions. Termites gut has cellulose digesting bacteria and
protozoans. In the gut of termites, the cellulose undergoes anaerobic decomposition
producing Methane, CO2, hydrogen and Volatile organic compounds.
 Temperature: At temperatures above 350 °C, cellulose undergoes thermolysis, decomposing
into solid char, vapors, aerosols, and gases such as carbon dioxide.
The degradation of cellulose is a biochemical process involving organic and inorganic phases to form
carbon dioxide, water etc. In this way microorganisms play important role in decomposition of
cellulose plant material.
7. Discuss in detail the photochemical smog emphasizing its formation, effects and mitigation.
Explain the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol.
Approach
Introduction: Define Photochemical smog
Body
 Mention about Photochemical smog formation
 Mention about effects of Photochemical smog
 Mitigation of effects of photochemical smog
 Briefly write on Gothenburg Protocol
Photochemical smog, also known as Los Angeles smog, is a mixture of pollutants that are formed
when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react to sunlight, creating a brown
haze above cities.
Two types of smog

 Los-Angeles Smog: Generally formed in summer months, formed due to photochemical
effect.
 London Smog: Generally formed in winter months, involves smoke and fog making the air
heavy and thus settling down, rather than going up.
Formation of Photochemical smog

 Major Causes: The major causes for its formation are stubble burning in areas of Punjab and
Haryana, rise in vehicular pollution, industrial pollution, garbage dumps and large scale
construction activities.
 Process of formation: By a complex series of chemical reactions involving sunlight,
nitrogen oxides and VOCs present in atmosphere as a result of air pollution.
 It is formed when nitrogen oxides (primary pollutant) and volatile organic compounds react
together in the presence of sunlight to form ozone (secondary pollutant).
 Concentration of pollutants: The formation is closely related to the concentration of
primary pollutants and the secondary pollutants.
 Urban areas: Photochemical smog occurs most prominently in urban areas that have large
numbers of automobiles (Nitrogen oxides).
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 More vulnerability of northern India: Northern India, especially Delhi suffers from
photochemical fog especially at the time of stubble burning in neighboring states like Punjab
and Haryana.
Effects of Photochemical Smog

 Reduced visibility: It causes a light brownish coloration of the atmosphere and reduced
visibility which leads to accidents in many northern cities during winter.
 Ground level ozone: Ozone causes necrotic (dead) patterns on the upper surfaces of the
leaves of trees.
 Nitrogen cycle: The nitrogen cycle is hampered by atmospheric radicals because ground-
level ozone cannot be removed.
 Health effects: It inflict irreversible damage on the lungs and heart, causes painful irritation
of the respiratory system, irritation in eyes and difficult breathing.
 Environmental Effect: Plants such as tobacco, tomato and spinach are highly responsive to
ozone, so it can decimate these sensitive crops, trees and other vegetation.
 Effect on Animal life: It decreases lung capacity and lung elasticity for animals.
 Effect on materials: Ozone can cause the cracking of rubber, the reduction in tensile
strength of textiles, fading of dyed fibres and cracking of paint.
Mitigation of Photochemical smog: Photochemical smog can be controlled by decreasing the
concentrations of hydrocarbons, NOx other VOC emissions.
 Catalytic converters: It can reduce vehicle emissions of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and
hydrocarbons. A catalytic converter fitted to a car’s exhaust system will convert much of the
nitric oxide from the engine exhaust gases to nitrogen and oxygen.
 Renewable energy: Opting for Renewable Energy and use of energy efficient designs and
materials when renovating or building.
 Use of Biofuels: They reduce greenhouse gas emissions and noxious urban emissions from
transport.
 Reduction of nitrogen oxides: Using less air in combustion, lowering temperature of
combustion by using processes such as two stage combustion and flue gas recirculation,
water injection, or by modifying the design of the burner.
 Reduce vehicular pollution: Reducing VOC emissions from motor vehicles by use of LPG
or CNG rather than petrol, use of mass rapid transport systems and implementing emission
control norms.
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 Controlling stubble burning: Offering incentives for farmers to purchase no-till machines.
The local government agencies such as village sarpanchs should be roped in to stop the
practice of stubble burning.
 Lifestyle changes: Increasing the usage of public transport to conserve fuel and reduce NOx
emissions.
Gothenburg Protocol (1999)
 Adoption: The protocol is adopted by the countries of UNECE on 30 November 1999. It is a
part of the convention on long Range Transboundary Air Pollution.
 Aim of Protocol: It aims to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground level ozone.
 Objectives
o to control and reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia
(NH3), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and PM that are caused by human activities.
o to ensure that atmospheric depositions or concentrations do not exceed critical
loads/levels;
o that Parties give priority, to implementing measures to reduce PM, to sources that are
significant sources of black carbon to provide benefits for human health and the
environment and to help mitigation of near-term climate change.
 Emission limits: It sets emission ceilings for four pollutants Sulphur dioxide, NOx, VOCs
and ammonia that are hazardous to human health and environment. It was updated in 2012 to
include particulate matter (PM) and black carbon.
 Entered into Force: By July 2019, the revised protocol had finally been ratified by the
needed eighteen Parties, and it entered into force on 7 October 2019.
 Multi-effect protocol: It replaces the older protocols that cover the same pollutants. The
obligations of parties under SO2 (1985 Helsinki and 1994 Oslo Protocols); NOx (1988 Sofia
Protocol); and VOC (1991 Geneva Protocol) becomes null and void when all parties ratify
the amended Protocol.
The majority of the actions taken by government to combat photochemical smog and pollution are
punitive and mostly ad hoc in character. Thus, in order to mitigate the effects of photochemical
smog, a “Breathe Free India” initiative (as suggested by NITI Aayog) needs to be implemented
for sustainable solution.
8. Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian
subcontinent. Discuss two recent examples.
Approach
Introduction: Define cloudburst
Body
 Mechanism and Occurrence of cloudburst
 Mention recent examples of cloudbursts
Cloudbursts are short-duration, intense rainfall events over a small area that occur in a short span of
time. According to Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), a cloudburst is any event where
100mm of rainfall have fallen in a span of an hour over a region that is 20-30 sq. kms in an area.
UPSC CSE MAINS 2022
Mechanism and occurrence of Cloud-Burst in context of Indian sub-continent

 Vulnerable terrain: They occur most often in desert and mountainous regions, and in
interior regions of continental landmasses.
 Hilly areas as favourable: The topographical conditions like steep hills favour the formation
of these clouds in mountainous regions. Places which are prone to cloudbursts frequently are
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Jammu Kashmir.
 Unstable Clouds: Cloudburst occurs when moisture-rich air travels up a mountainous region,
forming a vertical column of clouds known as Cumulonimbus clouds. These clouds usually
cause rain, thunder and lightning. Due to these unstable clouds, heavy rainfall may occur over
a small area.
 Upward movement of air: It occurs when saturated clouds are unable to produce rain
because of the upward movement of very warm current of air.
 Drifting of monsoon cloud: In Indian Subcontinent, cloudburst generally occurs when a
monsoon cloud drifts northwards, from the Bay of Bengal or the Arabian Sea across the
plains then on to the Himalayas.
 Unseasonal fuel: Cloudburst can occur not only in the monsoon seasons but also during
March to May which is known for severe convective weather activities.
 Vulnerability of Himalayan region: Most of the cloudburst events occur in the elevation
range of 1000 m to 2500 m within the valley folds of the southern rim of the Indian
Himalayas. The orographic architecture of Himalayan mountain regions makes them ideal for
localised cyclonic storms which lead to cloudbursts.
 Climate change: With climate change and increased temperatures, the atmosphere can hold
more moisture and the moisture will come down subsequently as a very intense rainfall for a
short duration.
(Students may draw this for extra marks)
Recent Examples of Cloudbursts in India

 In 2021, flash floods triggered by a cloudburst in a remote village in Kishtwar district of
Jammu and Kashmir resulted into loss of many lives.
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 Cloud burst in Jammu and Kashmir's Kishtwar district on 28 July 2021.

 Cloud bursts in Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir and Ukhimath in Uttarakhand.
 Cloud burst in Almora in Uttrakhand has drowned away two villages.
Way forward
 Chopra committee recommendations: Shifting from the approach of bare minimum
Afforestation to Bare maximum afforestation, can help reduce cloud burst as it will increase
over all sustainability of mountain eco-system
 Best Practice: Data analysis for police inputs, Japan is famous for it
 Ushahidi: Open policy platform, to encourage public participation
 Check dams: It can help prevent impact of flash floods.
 Example: Attur check Dam in TN
Recent studies have shown that climate change will increase the frequency of the cloudbursts in the
country. To mitigate the impact of cloudbursts events, India can extensively deploy Doppler weather
radars for near-real time tracking of potential cloudbursts and can learn from Denmark which has
taken a lead in post-cloud management.
9. Discuss the types of organised crimes. Describe the linkages between terrorism and
organised crime that exist at the national and transnational levels.
Approach
Introduction: Definition of Organized crime
Body
 Types of organized crimes
 Linkages between terrorists and organised crime at transnational level
 Linkages between terrorists and organised crime at national level
Conclusion: By relevant statements
Organized crime is described as any group having a corporate structure whose main aim is to obtain
money through unlawful activities often surviving on fear and corruption. These crimes include
bribery, counterfeiting, embezzlement of union funds, mail fraud etc.
Types of Organized crime

 Drug trafficking: Of all the illicit products trafficked by organized crime, drug trafficking is
the most (in) famous and it has received systematic attention over the last decades. Criminals
are exploiting new technologies and networks such as Darknet that altered nature of illicit
drug trade.
 Firearms trafficking: Firearms are manufactured and traded both legally and illegally thus
making the identification and tracking of illegally manufactured and trafficked firearms
complex. Example: In 1996, an aircraft dropped over 300 AK 47/56 rifles and ammunition,
rocket launchers and night vision devices in a Purulia, West Bengal.
 Smuggling: Smuggling consists of clandestine operations leading to unrecorded trade, is
another major economic offence.
 Money Laundering: Proceeds of drug related crimes are an important source of money
laundering. The tainted money is being accumulated and integrated into economy by
organized racketeers, smugglers, economic offenders and antisocial elements.
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 Narco-terrorism: Narcoterrorism refers to attempts of narcotics traffickers to influence the

policies of a government through violence and intimidation and to hinder the enforcement of
anti-drug laws by use of violence. Example: In North-East India terrorist groups there are
partly financing their operations by kidnappings for ransom of tea garden executives and
extortion from businessmen.
 Contract killings: The method adopted in contract killings is by engaging a professional
gang for a monetary consideration. Example: Dawood Ibrahim gang has been responsible for
contract killings of several rich businessmen, industrialists and politicians, particularly in
Maharashtra.
 Kidnapping for ransom: It involves the criminal leveraging the hostage in order to receive a
payment from their family, employer, or or country in exchange for the hostage's release.
 Illegal immigration: Large scale migration is fostered due to high rate of unemployment and
higher wage levels in foreign lands.
Linkages between terrorists and organised crime at transnational level
The main motive of terrorism is ideological and political aim, not the acquisition of money.
However, money obtained from organized crime aiding and abetting terrorism.
 Terrorism and human trafficking: Terrorists systematically carry out acts of violence
associated with human trafficking to achieve strategic objectives. Abduction, rape, sexual
slavery, enslavement etc. have been used by terrorist groups to subjugate populations and
advance their ideologies. Example: Boko Haram (Nigeria) and Al-Shabaab (Somalia) have
been documented trafficking children into soldier as well as using them to carry out suicide
bombings.
 Terrorism and drug trafficking: In 2013, cocaine to the value of $1.25 billion was reported
to have been trafficked through West Africa to Europe amid rising concern over the
possibility of Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb's (AQIM) increased involvement in the drug
trade (UNODC).
 Terrorism and trafficking in weapons: Some individuals linked to terrorist offences are
brought up in a criminal environment and retain long term links and associations with
criminal contacts following radicalization. Ex: Tunisian authorities have seized arms and
ammunition caches trafficked from Libya by organized commercial smugglers and financed
by terrorist groups linked to Al-Qaida.
 Terrorism, crime and trafficking in cultural property / antiquities: By destroying and/or
removing symbolic representations of culture, terrorist groups effectively undermine State
and attack the morale of local populations through a type of "cultural cleansing".
 Terrorism and kidnapping for ransom: Between 2008 and 2014, Al-Qaida and its direct
affiliates made at least $125 million in revenue from kidnappings
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 Terrorism and exploitation of natural resources: ISIL is thought to be the richest terrorist
group, with a turnover of roughly $2 billion in 2015, a substantial proportion of which was
derived from oil trafficking (Institute for Economics and Peace, 2017).
 Narco terrorism: Golden crescent used by Taliban to create instability in India.
 Logistic support: Organized crime helps logistical support to terrorist organization.
Example: Over ground workers (OGWs) in Kashmir.
Linkages between terrorists and organized crime at national level

 North-East India: Terrorist organizations in the northeast, mobilize funds by becoming
couriers of illegal drugs and arms and at times even human beings from one point to another
within the country.
 Jammu and Kashmir: Funding for terrorist organisations in Jammu Kashmir are mostly
through Hawala system. Other forms of financing include money laundering, drug money and
counterfeit currency.
 Western India (Maharashtra and Gujarat): Mumbai is the nerve centre of India’s
underworld criminal activity and the crucible of the crime-terrorism nexus in the state of
Maharashtra. The D-Company was heavily involved in criminal activities including
smuggling, weapons and drug trafficking, extortion, protection rackets and illegal hawala
money transactions.
 Maoists: In the Maoist terror movements, their main funding sources came from extortion,
running parallel governments, collecting taxes from people in rural areas and smuggling
small arms, home-made explosives and landmines.
Way forward
 UN convention against transnational organized crime: Needs to be strengthened, but it
has provided a good platform to collaborate
 Interpol: It is the 1st line of defense for transnational crimes, second being the national
police. In this regard it can act as a solid deterrent against organized crimes.
 Dedicated funding for intelligence: It can help cut the source of Organized crime, thus
eliminating the menace
Terrorism and organised crimes are conjoint twins that pose a great threat to the world through their
syndicate and their deadly effects. Thus stringent laws, better intelligence, capacity training of law
enforcement agencies at national level and multilateral levels are needed to break this deadly nexus
of terrorism and organized crime.
10. What are the maritime security challenges in India? Discuss the organisational, technical
and procedural initiatives taken to improve the maritime security.
Approach
Introduction: Contextual Introduction
Body
 Maritime security challenges in India
 Organizational, technical and procedural initiatives to improve maritime security
 Way Forward
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India by virtue of having a large coastal frontage of over 7516 km, 1200 islands and over 20,00,000
km square of EEZ is faced with a wide range of maritime security challenges in both, traditional
and non-traditional domains. While traditional threats arise primarily on account of inimical agendas
of Pakistan and China, the non-traditional risks manifest themselves either through activities of non-
State rogue elements operating from or through the sea, or emanate from natural/man-made causes.
Maritime security challenges in India

 Terrorism: International waters are used by terrorists to execute their operations. Example:
2008 Mumbai Attacks occurred due to a maritime security lapse.
 Transnational organized crimes: The waters are also used for transnational organized
crimes that jeopardize the security of the state. This includes illicit trafficking in narcotic
drugs and psychotropic substances, illicit trafficking in firearms, etc. Example: Drugs
seized at Mundra port in Gujarat’s Kutch
 Infiltration, illegal migration and refugee influx: Large scale refugee influxes over the
decades have resulted in widespread political turmoil in the border states. Example: Creek
areas of Gujarat having complex terrain are conducive for infiltration.
 Security related: Due to their remoteness, coastal areas often remain unguarded/poorly
guarded, thereby providing ideal spots for clandestine landings of arms, explosives,
contraband by smugglers and infiltration by terrorists [MHA] Example: The serial bomb
blasts of March 1993 and terrorist attacks in November 2008, both were orchestrated
principally using sea route.
 Protecting vital infrastructure: The Indian coasts also have strategic installations such as
naval bases, power plants, satellite and missile ranges, ports.
 Piracy and armed robbery: Smuggling of consumer and intermediate goods, narcotics,
custom delays in importing goods etc. through sea routes. Example: Indians aboard a crude
oil carrier were kidnapped off the coast of Nigeria last year.
 Anti-national activities: India’s coasts have been vulnerable to anti-national activities like
smuggling of goods, gold, narcotics, explosives, arms and ammunition as well as infiltration
of terrorists into India through these coasts.
 Environmental catastrophes: The rising pollution level and climate change have enhanced
the frequencies of cyclones, floods, etc. catastrophes across the world. Example: Oil spills
and sand illegal sand mining.
 Non-traditional Maritime security challenges: Direct attack on offshore oil/gas platforms
and Single Buoy Moorings, Direct attack on ships at anchorage or alongside or on a port
facility/harbor, Indirect attack from hijacked ships on shore installations/cities and Infiltration
for attacks in the hinterland.
Initiatives taken to improve Maritime security

Organizational initiatives
 National Committee for Strengthening Maritime and Coastal Security: Headed by
Cabinet Secretary coordinates all matters related to Maritime and Coastal Security.
 Indian Coast Guard: Custom marine organization was merged with the India coast guard
and was entrusted with the responsibility of law enforcement in India’s jurisdictional waters
and protect artificial islands, offshore terminals, installations and fishermen.
 Marine Police Force: Under the Coastal Security Scheme (2005) marine police force was
created with the aim to strengthen infrastructure for patrolling and the surveillance.
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 Security and Growth for All (SAGAR) Policy (2015): The core pillar of SAGAR is to
continue to enhance the maritime security capacities and economic resilience of friendly
countries in Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
 National Investigation Agency: It was set up in 2009 to deal with terrorist offences.
 National Security Guard: Created to ensure rapid response to terror attacks.
 National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID): It has been constituted to create an appropriate
database of security-related information.
 Enhanced surveillance: Thrust was given to enhance surveillance in territorial waters by all
agencies including the Navy, Coast Guard, Marine Police, and Customs.
 Indian Coast Guard: It was additionally designated as the authority responsible for coastal
security in territorial waters.
 Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC): It is the nodal centre for
maritime security information collation and dissemination. It is the cornerstone of the
National Command Control Communication and Intelligence Network for monitoring
maritime traffic in India’s area of interest.
 Creation of MAMSG: Multi Agency Maritime Security Group to ensure cohesion among
various stakeholders like Indian Navy, Coast Guard, other security agencies & various states
and UT.
 Sagar Prahari Bal: Comprising 1,000 men and 80 Fast Interceptor Craft (FIC) was formed
for the protection of naval bases, Vulnerable Assets (VAs) and Vital Points (VPs) along the
coast.
Technical initiatives
 Setting up Coastal Radar and AIS chain: All along the coast and on island territories for
24X7 surveillance.
 Installation of Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS): In all important Ports and
Channels to ensure safety and security of Ports/ harbors and shipping in the channels.
 Vessel Air Traffic Management System (VATMS): Has been installed in Offshore
Development Areas for enhancing surveillance of the offshore installations.
 Joint Operations Centres (JOCs): Have been set up as Command and Control hubs for
better sea governance at 4 centres.
 Establishment the National Command Control Communication and Intelligence
network (NC3I): It is a part of an effort to enhance maritime domain awareness is an over-
arching coastal security network capable of collating data about ships, dhows, fishing boats,
and all other vessels operating near the coast.
 Installation of Harbour Defence Surveillance System: It fuses various sensors to provide
real time situational awareness. o Induction of intermediate support vessels to ensure an oil
platform.
 Surface and air surveillance: Were enhanced by Indian Navy, Coast Guard Ships and
aircraft along the coast and offshore development areas.
 Coastal Radar Stations and Auto Identification System (AIS) Chains were set up.
Procedural initiatives
 Training: Training to Policemen deployed in coastal police stations is imparted by Indian
Coast Guard.
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 Marine Police Training Institute: The Government of India has decided to set up Marine
Police Training Institute (MPTI) one each on the East Coast and the West Coast in order to
impart training to Marine Police Personnel.
 Compulsory registration: Ministry of Shipping has been mandated to streamline the process
of compulsory registration and identification of all types of vessels.
 Creation of Joint Operation Centre: At Mumbai, Kochi, Visakhapatnam & Port Blair to
synergize coastal security.
 Strengthening of the legislative framework of overall maritime security such as ‘Anti
Maritime Piracy Bill’.
 Biometric ID card: Department of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries has been mandated to
issue biometric ID cards to all the fishermen.
Way forward [Students: The below parts should be written in smart art format]
 Madhukar Gupta committee: Improved surveillance, laser wall technologies etc need to be
used.
 Need for a legislative framework: Comprehensive legislations must be enacted to place
systems and for the protection of India’s maritime infrastructure, covering both shipping and
port sectors.
 Strengthening of the Coast Guard: There should be a clear command chain and defined
standard operating procedures with reference to coastal security. Example: INS saryu (Fast
patrol vehicles) were recently inducted
 Security exercises: Coastal security exercises like Sagar Kavach and sea vigil needs to be
conducted regularly, in order to generate awareness about threats emanating from the sea.
India will need to take a multipronged approach that includes infrastructural and technology-related
issues in addition to a strong military plan to challenge China. It must retain its dominance and
assertiveness in the Indian Ocean to prevent China from operating in areas that are strategically
significant for it.
11. “Economic growth in the recent past has been led by increase in labour productivity.”
Explain this statement. Suggest the growth pattern that will lead to creation of more jobs
without compromising labour productivity.
Approach
Introduction: Write briefly on labour productivity
Body
 Reasons for Economic growth led by increase in labour activity
 Growth pattern that creates more jobs without compromising labour productivity
Labour productivity is an important economic indicator that is closely linked to economic growth
and competitiveness within an economy. It represents the total volume of output (measured in terms
of GDP) produced per unit of labour (measured in terms of the number of employed persons) during
a given time reference period.
In India, labour productivity increased sharply after economic reforms in 1990s. The average growth
rate of India’s labour productivity from 1992 to 2021 is 5.24 per year.
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Reasons for Economic growth led by increase in labour productivity

 Agriculture and allied sector: Due to new technologies and new farming methods, the
labour productivity increased. This has resulted in positive growth of agriculture sector even
during the pandemic.
 Growth of industrial sector: After economic reforms many MNCs invested in India. The
percentage of labour force in industrial and service sector increased significantly.
 Human capital development: Various government initiatives such as reforms in labour
laws, Skill India mission and Make in India boosted labour productivity which in turn
increased economic growth.
 Service sector: Work from home culture boosted labour productivity and also provided
improvement of human capital.
 Investment in capital: Capital deepening and efficiency in in utilisation of capital improved
technological developments which, in turn, increased labour productivity.
 Technological progress: Automation and other modern technologies adopted by major
industries thereby leveraging the digital economy.
 Increasing FDI: In 2011-12 FDI was $47 Bn, it has been increased to $ 84 Bn in FY 21-22.
As FDI comes with Managerial expertise, thus increased labour productivity.
 Digital Economy: The push towards digital economy by the Government through its various
initiatives such as Digital India, Demonetisation, etc. has booster the productivity which can
also be seen in the increasing number of start-ups in the recent past.
Not all growth is led by increase in labour productivity
 Jobless growth: In this type of growth employment remains constant, yet there is growth led
by factors linked to increase in productivity, inflation etc.
 Jobloss growth: This is newly coined term where we see unemployment increasing yet
economic growth is on a rise.
India in different phases has witnessed all such types of growth, so it is important to have
growth but also the type of growth which provides employment.
Growth pattern that creates more jobs without compromising labour productivity
 Investment led growth model: It has the potential of create a multiplier effect which can
trigger the job market.
 Promotion of industrial and service sector: This is because there is a problem of disguised
unemployment in agriculture. In addition, there is lot of potential in industrial sectors such as
food processing and MSMEs. MSME in India alone provides 11 crore jobs and has potential
to create 10 million new jobs by 2024
 Encourage labour intensive sectors: Government must encourage the labor-intensive
industries like garments, leather, gems and jewellery which has huge potential for job
creation. Along with this, Economic Survey also recommended to emphasis upon ‘Network
products’ and integrate ‘Assemble in India’ into ‘Make in India’.
 Cluster development: Cluster development to support job creation in micro, small and
medium enterprises (MSMEs).
 Skill development: There should be emphasis on professional education and skill
development so that youth can start their own enterprise and contribute to the growth. This
will give them employment and increase productivity of a nation as well. Example: WEF’s
skilling revolution, which aims to skill 1 billion people.
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 Institutional support: The Indian firms in apparel and leather industry which are eighty
times labour intensive than average manufacturing industry must be given freedom to operate
and should be given access to credit facilities.
 Tax benefits: More tax benefits could be provided to labour intensive industries for a set of
period to enable them to create more jobs.
 Special packages: The government should announce special packages for labor-intensive
industries to create jobs.
 Separate industrial corridors: The government must create separate industrial corridors for
improving the export potential of labour intensive industries which lead to more job creation.
 Work from Home: People should be given Work from home option which will save their
energy and also lead to increase in productivity at workplace.
 Agriculture sector: Promotion of integrated farming to increase employment and
productivity in agriculture sector.
In order to create a sustainable development growth model, we need to focus on labour productivity,
job creation and economic growth simultaneously. In this regard, the government financial packages
under “Aatma Nirbhar Bharat” and schemes such as Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY)
will create new job opportunities along with rapid economic growth and without compromising
labour productivity.
12. Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by
2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables
help achieve the above objective? Explain.
Approach
Introduction: Contextual Introduction
Body
 Prospects for India to meet half of its energy needs from renewable energy.
 Challenges to meet the target
 Briefly mention the government subsidies to renewable sector
 Role of shifting subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables in achieving target
The Government of India at UNFCCC CoP-26 announced enhanced climate commitments in form
of Five Nectar Elements (Panchamrit), which include among others, the commitment to meet 50
percent of its energy needs from renewable energy sources. However, various experts have
questioned the feasibility of this target.
Prospects for India to meet half of its energy needs from renewable energy:
 Installed Renewable energy capacity: It is the fourth largest in the world. A total of 156.60
GW of Renewable Energy capacity (including large hydro) has been installed in the country
as on 31st March, 2022.
 Electricity generation from renewables: Presently, around 39% of India's installed
electricity generation capacity is from renewable sources. The MoN&RE is also working
towards achieving 500 GW of installed electricity capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030.
 Wind Energy capacity: The total installed wind power capacity is 40.35 GW, the 4th largest
installed wind power capacity in the world.
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 Active private sector participation: Most of renewable energy projects in the country are
being set up by private sector developers selected through transparent bidding. The
Government has issued standard bidding guidelines to enable distribution licensees to procure
power at competitive rates in a cost-effective manner.
Challenges for India to meet the target

 Funding: Renewable energy requires setting up large projects to harness the economies of
scale. This requires a large initial investment from the government and private sector.
 Slowdown in Renewable energy tendering Process: India’s RE growth was at the slowest
pace in the past four years.
 Dependence on imports: Little Manufacturing base for systems and solar component and
heavy dependence on import for solar cell and modules.
 Non-reliability: Solar and wind energy generation are dependent on seasons and weather.
 Availability of Land: Difficulty in finding proper land that is non-agriculture and which is
suitable for setting up of wind and solar energy plants.
 Liquidity crisis: Public sector banks are hesitant to grant loans to Renewable energy
projects. The interest rate of existing loans to RE companies has also witnessed a rise in
recent years.
 Topographic barriers: Most renewable energy plants occupy large areas of space. This
brings in the issue of the cost of the vast land area and other issues related to land acquisition.
 Effect of CoVID-19: Projected addition of solar capacity in a COVID-19 affected future
could fall short of stated goals.
 Others: Enabling the penetration of renewable energy sources into hard-to-decarbonize
sectors and integrating a larger share of renewables with the grid.
Government subsidies to renewable sector:

 Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme (M-SIPS) Scheme of Ministry of
Electronics & Information Technology: It provides subsidy for capital expenditure – 20%
for investments in Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and 25% in non-SEZs. It covers solar PV
cells, solar PV modules, EVA, backsheet and solar glass.
 Waiver of Inter State Transmission System (ISTS) charges: For inter-state sale of solar
and wind power for projects to be commissioned by 30th June 2025.
 Renewable Purchase obligation: Declaration of trajectory for Renewable Purchase
Obligation (RPO) up to the year 2022.
 Renewable Energy Research and Technology Development Programme: It encourages
research and technology development proposals and provides up to 100% financial support to
Government/non-profit research organizations and up to 50-70% to Industry, Start-ups,
Private Institutes, Entrepreneurs and Manufacturing units.
Role of shifting subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables in achieving desired target:
 More fiscal space: Fiscal savings can be allocated to boost domestic manufacturing
capabilities in renewable sector.
 Taxing fossil fuels: Government can tax fossil fuels which will reduce emission and
motivate people to shift towards renewable energy sources.
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 Reduction of barriers: The technical and economic barriers for setting up of renewable
projects can be eliminated and companies are incentivized for set up of renewable industries.
 Cluster approach: It creates SEZs that focus on manufacturing of renewable equipment and
technologies.
 Enhance storage capacity: The subsidies encourage renewable energy storage technology
and thus enable India to meet renewable energy targets.
 Facilitate private sector investments: Currently a miniscule amount of private sector
participation in renewable energy sector, which will be increased with shifting of subsidies.
Way forward
 International leadership: As we did in ISA, we can do the same in other sources of
renewable energy.
 Bilateral agreements: This can help with technology revolution in renewable energy field.
Example: Indo-US climate and clean energy agenda 2030 partnership
India is at the cusp of a renewable energy revolution. Apart from subsidies, multi-pronged approach
involving synchronised efforts of all the stakeholders viz Government, private players, international
communities are needed to achieve target of meeting half of energy needs from renewable energy by
2030.
13. What are the main bottlenecks in upstream and downstream process of marketing of
agricultural products in India?
Approach
Introduction: Write on Agricultural marketing
Body
 Mention bottlenecks in upstream process of marketing of agricultural products
 Mention bottlenecks in downstream process of marketing of agricultural products
 Way Forward
Conclusion: Conclude on a suggestive note.
Agricultural marketing comprises all operations involved in the movement of farm produce from the
producer to the ultimate consumer. It includes the operations such as collecting, grading, processing,
preserving, transportation and financing.
Main bottlenecks in upstream process of marketing of agricultural products

 Highly fragmented markets: APMC act divides State into various notified Market
Committee areas making the market of agricultural produce highly fragmented, at both state
as well as country level. This leads to:
 Accessibility: APMC mandis are not located near to the villages and not followed the agri-
marketing rule of establishing market in 80kms.This hinders proper market access for
farmers.
 License requirements: Multiple license requirements for trading in a state.
 Market fee: Levy of market fee at multiple points along with high incidence of fee and
charges further have an incremental impact.
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 Constraints in transportation: Lack of rail and road coordination affects the timely reach of
the produce. The perishable food industry is crucially dependent on storage, logistics,
transportation and distribution.
 Inadequate Marketing Infrastructure: For example: In Maharashtra, less than 30% of
markets have common drying yards, grading facilities and cold storage. They also have poor
banking internet connectivity, and drying facilities.
 Lack of Grading and Standardization: Different varieties of agricultural produce are not
graded properly and all qualities of produce are sold in one common lot. Thus, farmer
producing better qualities is not assured of a better price.
 Cold chain Infrastructure: With record horticultural crops production, cold chain
infrastructure needs to be there to supplement value addition and food processing in order to
minimise post-harvest losses.
 Farmer illiteracy: Incapability of farmers in using online trading platforms such as National
Agriculture Market or eNAM.
 Presence of large number of middlemen: Large chain of middlemen in marketing system
reduces the share of farmers.
 Lack of Institutional finance: According to NABARD survey, only 60% of farmers take
institutional loans and hence others are dependent on money lenders for loans and are forced
to sell them at unfavourable terms.
 Insufficient number of markets: Huge regional variation in density of regulated markets.
Example: It varies from 118.78 sq.km in Punjab to 11,215 sq.km in Meghalaya while all-
India average area served by a market is 487.40 sq km.
Main bottlenecks in downstream process of marketing of agricultural products

 Cartelization: Agents in APMC get together to form a cartel and deliberately restraint from
higher bidding. Produce is procured at manipulatively discovered price and sold at higher
price.
 Demand and supply gap: With increasing urbanisation and purchasing power, the demand
for proteins and fruits and vegetables is increasing, however lack of crop diversification as
well as post-harvest losses creates the gap.
 Government policies: Frequent imposition of Minimum export price and Export bans poses
challenges in exports to markets outside India.
 Low Private Sector Participation: As agriculture sector is not fully liberalized in India,
private sector participation is still low in India.
 Export competition: Increasing export competition in products such as Basmati, tea and
milk products from various countries.
 Protectionism: USA and European Union imposing tariffs and non-tariff barriers on agri
products from India. The diseases such as foot and mouth disease among buffalo, heavy
metal contamination in fish also hinders exports.
Way forward
In this regards recommendations of Arvind Panagariya Panel provide solutions
 3L formula- Land leasing, land records and land titles: Can help give clarity thus
encourage private investors to invest in agricultural marketing
 GI Tagging: Will help in tracing farm products at each stage and thus increase
accountability.
 A database for India’s agricultural FTA’s: Will help reduce information asymmetry.
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Certain reforms from the Ashok Dalwai Committee:

 One India Market by bringing Agricultural Marketing under concurrent list
 Greater private sector participation
 Implement Model Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing Act
 Reduce wastages by investment in infrastructure for cold-chain integration. (Post-production
agri-logistics infrastructure)
 Minimum target of 7000 FPOs
 Country need around 1000 wholesale and nearly 20,000 rural retail markets.
 Comprehensive guidelines to promote warehouse based post-harvest loans and eNWR based
trading.
The transportation and marketing reforms are the much-needed reforms in generating better
remuneration to the farmers and to achieve the goal of doubling of farmers income by 2022.
14. What is Integrated Farming System? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers in
India?
Approach
Introduction: About Integrated Farming system (IFS)
Body
 Significance of IFS for small and marginal farmers in India
Integrated Farming System (IFS) refers to a system where different farming systems take place
together and output from one system acts as an input for another. It includes the practices of crop
production with aquaculture or crop production with bee keeping etc. It aims at efficient sustainable
resource management for increased productivity in the cropping system.
Significance of Integrated farming system for small and marginal farmers in India:
 Reduced costs: Less use of chemical fertilisers since inputs for various farming systems are
derived from organic manure which reduces the cost for small and marginal farmers.
 Increase input efficiency: IFS provides better scope to use available inputs more
efficiently. This leads to increase in benefit to cost ratio.
 Example: Cattle dung mixed with crop residues and farm waste can be converted into
nutrient-rich vermi composting.
 Enhanced Productivity: Integration of crop and allied enterprises helps to increase
economic yield per unit area per unit time. Intensification of cropping and allied enterprises
in space and time dimension found to increase the productivity.
 Diversification of incomes: In conventional farming income is expected once at the end of
cropping season. However, IFS provides flow of money round the year for small and
marginal farmers.
 Example: By the way of disposing eggs, milk, edible mushroom, honey, cocoons of
silkworm etc.
 Availability of fodder, fuel and timber: IFS utilizes every part of land. Growing of fodder
trees on border will not only provide fodder but also enrich the soil by fixing atmospheric
nitrogen.
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 Example: In multi-storeyed cropping including of fodder component like cowpea as second

or third tier also meet the fodder crises.
 Reduced vulnerability: IFS helps to reduce the risk involved in farming especially due to
market price crash as well as natural calamities.
 Nutritional security: Since farmers will be growing horticulture crops, raising poultry and
fisheries, products like eggs, fish, fruits and vegetables will ensure the small and marginal
farmers get proper nutrition.
 Agriculture distress: With increasing farmer suicides, the agricultural profession is losing its
charm. The Integrated Farming system will make agriculture a profitable and attractive
enterprise.
 Control Migration: Due to meagre income, the small farmers are forced to move to cities to
look for other sources of income, the migration further accentuates their problems with
unhealthy living conditions in slums and higher standards of living.
 Environmental sustainability: Since agri-waste is used as input for the other enterprise, the
environmental pollution would be lesser. It reduces the cases of stubble burning, reduction in
nitrogen pollution etc.
Challenges [Students: The below parts should be written in smart art format]
 Lack of awareness: Lack of awareness and hesitancy among farmers to adopt newer farming
systems and technologies.
 Affordability: For financial reasons small and marginal farmers cannot afford large cattle so
we have to encourage small ruminants such as goats and sheep.
 Acceptance: There is hesitation among the farmers in non-coastal areas to adopt fisheries,
poultry, duck rearing because of lack of role models and religious perceptions.
 Not under MSP: Mushroom farming and beekeeping are not covered under the Minimum
Support Price (MSP) system. Better integration with the food processing industries and hotel
Industries is therefore necessary.
Way forward
 Integrating subsistence agriculture: Indian farmers in many regions such as in north-
eastern part, practice subsistence agriculture. They also have a rich traditional base in water
harvesting, soil management etc. which could be efficiently utilised under IFS.
 Ashok Dalwai committee: Encouraging livestock enterprises: Combining crop with
livestock enterprises would increase the labour requirement significantly and would help in
reducing the problems of underemployment and unemployment to a great extent.
 Building farmer capacities: All stakeholders should make continuous efforts to build farmer
capacities for adoption of productive, remunerative, eco-friendly and self-sustaining
integrated farming systems.
 BEST PRACTICE: In Bihar promotion of Fish farming along with paddy cultivation has led
to 40% greater incomes for farmers.
Integrated Farming system (IFS) can pave the way for climate-smart agriculture and play a key role in
alleviating problems of small and marginal farmers. Thus, India needs to adopt a “well designed” IFS to
realize the vision of doubling farmers’ income by 2022 and to have sustainable agricultural practices.
UPSC CSE MAINS 2022
15. Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the
news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor
Space Telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it
hold for the human race?
Approach
Introduction: Briefly write on James Webb Space Telescope
Body
 Unique features of James Webb Space telescope compared to predecessors
 Key goals of the mission
 Potential benefits for the human race
The James Webb Space Telescope is an infrared telescope which is an international collaboration
between NASA, ESA (the European Space Agency), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). It is
considered as the scientific successor to the Hubble Space Telescope and is NASA’s largest and
most powerful space science telescope ever constructed.
Unique Features of James Webb Space telescope

 Vision: Webb is able to see the Newborn galaxies and can see right through the massive
clouds of dust which are opaque to predecessors like the Hubble telescope.
 Equipment: The Webb is equipped with cameras and other instruments sensitive to infrared
or “heat” radiation.
 High precision: It is expected to be about hundred times more sensitive than the Hubble
telescope which can transform our scientific understanding of the universe.
 Placement: James Webb Space Telescope will not be in orbit around the Earth, like the
Hubble Space Telescope, but it will orbit the Sun, 1.5 million kilometres (1 million miles)
away from the Earth at second Lagrange point or L2.
 Detection of heat: The JWST is capable of detecting the heat of a bumblebee as far away as
the moon.
 Ability to see backward: Webb's near and mid-infrared instruments would be helpful in
studying the first formed galaxies and exoplanets. It will hunt for the unobserved formation
of the first galaxies.
 Images Captured: The images taken by Webb will be better than that of Hubble and would
be fundamentally different because of its different wavelengths.
 Engineering marvel: JWST has one large mirror, with a diameter of 21 feet, that captures
the infra-red light coming in from the deep universe while facing away from the Sun.
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Key goals of the mission

 Search for the first galaxies or luminous objects formed after the Big Bang.
 Determine how galaxies evolved from their formation until now.
 Observe the formation of stars from the first stages to the formation of planetary systems.
 Measure the physical and chemical properties of planetary systems, including our own
Solar System, and investigate the potential for life in those systems.
Potential benefits of James Webb Space Telescope for human race

 Prediction of life on Earth: Webb helps in understanding the evolution of galaxies and earth
which in turn helps to predict the future of life on earth.
 Unravel secrets of Universe: Many secrets of the universe, related to the formation of stars
and galaxies in the early period after the Big Bang can be known.
 Time machine: They have capacity to see extremely distant objects are often referred to as
time machines. It essentially views pictures of these stars or galaxies as they were millions of
years ago.
 Detect possible chemical signatures of life on other planets: Webb will be able to observe
the planets at or beyond the orbit of Mars, satellites, comets, asteroids, and Kuiper belt
objects. It will also monitor the weather of planets and their moons.
 Study blackholes: Webb will provide valuable data to peek into the temperatures, speeds and
chemical compositions of the stellar cloaks of black holes.
 Solar flares: It will also help to predict phenomenon such as solar flares and sun spots that
have huge impact on the communication system.
 Climate change: Understanding the primitive changes in the atmosphere to know the impact
of global warming and climate change.
 Mass extinction: Prior information about lesser known phenomenon such as future mass
extinction is possible with James webb space telescope.
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The James Webb Space Telescope is a giant leap forward in quest to understand the Universe, as it
examines every phase of cosmic history: from the Big Bang to the formation of galaxies, stars, and
planets to the evolution of our own Solar System. The recent images of SMACS 0723 galaxy cluster
captured by telescope is promising for scientific community to understand the evolution of the earth.
16. What is the basic principle behind vaccine development? How do vaccines work? What
approaches were adopted by the Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19
vaccines?
Approach
Introduction: Write briefly about Vaccines
Body
 Basic principle behind vaccine development
 Working of vaccines
 Approaches adopted by Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19 vaccines
A vaccine is a biological preparation introduced into the body of a person or animal that provides
active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. The immune system of the body
recognizes foreign ‘antigens’ and gives response by producing antibodies.
Basic principle behind vaccine development

 Memory of immune system: The memory of the immune system is utilized in the vaccination
process. Vaccines let the immune system to learn how to fight the future onslaught of that
pathogen for which vaccine is being given.
 Stimulate immune response: Vaccines stimulate the immune response (T-cells and B-cells
together work) to recognize a pathogen (a disease-causing organism).
 Protect against pathogen: It induces protection against a pathogen by mimicking its natural
interaction with the human immune system.
 Production of antigen-specific antibodies: Once the antigen-specific antibodies are produced,
they work with the immune system to destroy pathogen and stop the disease.
 Stages of vaccine development
 Pre-clinical development: It includes Identification (discovery) of relevant antigens (e.g.
screening), Creation of the vaccine concept, Evaluation of vaccine efficacy in test tubes and
animals and Manufacture of the vaccine.
 Clinical development: It is when the vaccine is first tested on humans. It covers four stages over
several years, from initial clinical trials in humans (phase I) right through to introduction and
beyond (phase IV).
Working of Vaccines
 Initial infection: When viruses or bacteria invade our body, they attack and multiply. This
invasion is called an infection which causes illness.
 Immune system response: The first time the body encounters a germ, it can take several
days for the immune system to make and use all the tools it needs to fight the infection.
 Memory cell response: After the infection has been eradicated, the immune system keeps a
few “memory cells” that remember what it learned about how to protect against that disease.
 Response attack: If the body encounters the same virus or bacteria again, it will produce
antibodies to attack the germ more quickly and efficiently.
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Approaches adopted by Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19 vaccines

 Covishield
o Developed by: It is an
Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19
vaccine candidate developed
by the University of Oxford in
collaboration
with AstraZeneca. Serum
Institute of India (SII) is the
manufacturing partner in
India.
o Weakened version of
common cold virus: It
is made by weakened version
of a common cold virus or the
adenovirus that is found in
chimpanzees.
o This viral vector contains the
genetic material of the SARS-
CoV-2 spike protein present
on the outer surface of the
virus that help it bind with the
human cell.
o The body’s immune system is
supposed to recognize this
protein as a threat, and work
on building antibodies against
it.
 Covaxin
o Developed by: It is developed by Hyderabad-based Bharat Biotech in collaboration with
the National Institute of Virology and uses a different platform.
o Inactivated vaccine: It is an "inactivated" vaccine that uses the killed SARS-CoV-2
virus and has no potential to infect or replicate once injected and just serves to uplift an
immune response.
o It aims to develop an immune response to the nucleocapsid protein which is the cell of
the virus that encloses its genetic material.
 iNCOVACC vaccine: It is manufactured by Bharat Biotech, also a non-replicating viral
vector based vaccine.
 Gemcovac-19 vaccine
 It is the country’s first home-grown mRNA Covid-19 vaccine developed at Pune’s Gennova
Biopharmaceuticals.
 It has got a ‘restricted emergency use’ nod for the 18-and-above age group.
 The new vaccine can be stored at the temperature of a standard medical refrigerator.
Vaccination is a safe and effective method of protecting people against harmful diseases before they
come into contact with them. With development of Covid-19 vaccine, there has been significant
reduction in spread of pandemic and associated deaths.
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17. Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control
measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the
light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997.
Approach
Introduction: Meaning of global warming
Body
 Effects of global warming on the global climate
 Control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases
 Write briefly on Kyoto Protocol, 1997
Conclusion: Conclude Suitably.
Global warming is an average increase in temperature of atmosphere near the earth’s surface and in
the troposphere, which contribute to changes in global climate patterns. The reasons behind this are
primarily human activities that include fossil-fuel burning and agriculture.
Effects of global warming on the global climate

 Rising temperatures: Global warming has led to an incredible increase in earth’s
temperature. This has resulted in an increase in the melting of glaciers, which have led to an
increase in the sea level.
 Heating up of Oceans: 93% of the excess solar energy trapped by GHG accumulates in
world’s oceans. Marine heat waves are also being caused by surge in ocean temperature.
 Rising sea levels: Submergence of coasts and small islands. In a new study published in
Science, a team of oceanographers concluded that Alaskan glaciers are melting 100 times
faster.
 Increasing variability in weather patterns: Heat waves and floods are becoming more
regular occurrence.
 Change in Ocean currents: Global warming impacts ocean temperatures as well patterns
together, these can alter oceanic currents.
 Melting Ice caps: Global warming leads to melting of sea ice at the poles and subsequently
results in rise in sea level.
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 Changes in Climatic conditions: Global warming has led to a change in climatic conditions.
There are droughts at some places and floods at some.
 Thawing of permafrost and Arctic lakes bubbling methane
Control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases

 Built environment
o Enhancing the energy efficiency of homes
o Municipalities take the lead in a local, participative approach, to make housing emission
free.
o Energy tax system improved with stronger incentives for energy efficiency and CO2-
reduction.
 Traffic and transport
o Incentives for electric vehicles through several taxation measures.
o Modal shift from car to bicycle / public transport.
o Smart solutions will enable logistics to organise more efficient and sustainable transport.
 Electricity
o Accelerating offshore wind power, growth of onshore wind and solar energy.
o Subsidies for renewable energy capacity
o Introduction of a minimum CO2 price for electricity production.
 Agriculture & land use
o Climate smart agriculture, climate resilient crops such as millets.
o Reducing methane emissions from livestock through improved processing of manure.
o Carbon storage in soil and vegetation through pilot programmes for climate-friendly land
use.
o Incentives for climate-friendly food consumption and reducing food waste.
 Others
o Increasing the capacity of carbon sinks through reforestation to remove greater amounts
of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
o Improving energy efficiency for example by improving the insulation of buildings.
o Innovative approaches such as geo-engineering.
o Decarbonize emission-intensive sectors.
Kyoto Protocol, 1997

 Binding limits: It is the only global treaty with binding limits on GHG emissions, negotiated
under UNFCCC in Kyoto, Japan, 1997.
 Goal: Fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gases and prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with climate system.
 Objectives: Sustainable development through technology transfer and investment and
encourage private sector to contribute emission reduction efforts.
 Key provisions
 Binding emission targets for 38 industrialized countries and EU in first commitment period.
 Varied targets for nations (EU- 8%; US-7%).
 Overall these targets add up to 5% emission reduction by these countries from 1990 levels
over five-year period from 2008 to 2012.
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 Common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR): Obligation on developed countries to

reduce current emissions. Every country must take part but historically biggest polluters like
US, UK, Russia etc. should do more compared to recent polluters and must accept to certain
binding limits on GHG emissions.
 Emission target gases: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6), HCFs and groups of Per fluorocarbons (PFCs).
Global warming is a major issue in today's world. All the countries need to ensure that their policies
and investments shift from the grey to green economy and work towards reduction of fossil fuels and
gases usage which leads to heating up of Earth.
Quote based conclusion:“If you think economics is more important than environment, try to count
your money, while you hold your breath”- Guy Machpherson Or
“There can be no Plan B as there is no Planet B”-UN
18. Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal
management techniques for combating the hazard?
Approach
Introduction: Situation of coastal erosion in India
Body
 Causes of coastal erosion in India
 Effects of coastal erosion in India
 Available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard
Coastal erosion is the loss or displacement of land, or the long-term removal of sediment and rocks
along the coastline due to the action of waves, currents, tides, wind-driven water, waterborne ice, or
other impacts of storms. As per data from Ministry of Earth sciences, out of 6,907.18 km long
coastline, about 34% is under varying degrees of erosion.
Causes of Coastal erosion in India

 Natural
o Hydraulic action: This exerts pressure on the surrounding rock, and can progressively
splinter and remove pieces. The splinters fall to the sea bed where they are subjected to
further wave action.
o Wave energy: The wave energy is considered to be the primary reason for coastal erosion
aggravated by Sea level rise.
o Natural hazards: Disasters such as cyclones, thermal expansion of seawater, storm surges
hamper the natural rhythm and increased erosion due to precipitation.
o Heavy rainfall: It enhances the saturation of soils, leading to a reduction in the soil’s shear
strength, increasing the chance of slope failure/landslides.
o Sea Level Rise: It has been observed that sea level rise of 1 mm per year could cause an
inundation of the order of about 0.5 m per year (IPCC report).
o Strong littoral drift: Strong littoral result which result into sand movement.
o Secondary factors: Weathering and transport slope processes, Slope hydrology, Vegetation,
Cliff foot erosion and resistance of cliff foot sediment to attrition and transport.
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 Anthropogenic
o Dredging and sand mining: It causes sediment deficit, modification of water depth leading
to longshore drift and alter wave refraction thus contributing to coastal erosion.
o Construction of upstream dams: It reduced the flow of sediments from river estuaries, with
increased coastal erosion, a widespread consequence like coastal wetlands disappearance is
likely to occur.
o Rapid urbanization: It has led to enlargement of natural coastal inlets and dredging of
waterways for navigation, port facilities and exacerbate saltwater intrusion into surface and
ground waters.
Effects of Coastal erosion in India

 Change in landscape: Removal of small islands, Loss of beach sediments, Deposition of
sediment on productive lands.
 Population Vulnerability: About 40% of the world’s population lives within 100 kms of the
coastline.
 Depleted resources: Heavy use of fisheries has reduced endemic coastal fish stocks to about
10-30 percent of the supply that existed 30 years ago.
 Ecological degradation: Half of the world’s wetlands disappeared and nearly 60 percent of
the world’s coral reefs are degraded.
 Pollution: The pollution from industry, agriculture, and urban areas is degrading the quality
of much of the world’s fresh water.
 Loss of agricultural land: Coastal erosion leads to loss of rich agricultural land which
impacts small and marginal farmers in India.
 Animal life: Destruction of existing habitats of shore flora and fauna.
 Infrastructure: Disruption of communications caused by the collapse of seafront, damage
and destruction of jetties and destruction of boat-launching facilities, septic tanks, water
tanks, and building foundations.
 More disasters: Weakening and destruction of sea walls, revetments, bulkheads and other
coastal defences which reduce protection against future storms.
 Others: Loss of income for those who are dependent on coastal areas, scarcity of drinking
water and less recreational activities.
Available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard

 Artificial Beach Nourishment
 Creation of Protective Structures such as Seawalls, Revetments.
 Beach Dewatering System.
 Vegetation Planting.
 Use of Geo-synthetic tubes or bags.
 Promoting mangrove ecosystems and coral reefs in the coastal areas.
 Dredging and disposal of dredged material for Major Ports.
 Relocation of infrastructure any housing farther away from the coast.
 Use of indigenous knowledge of local communities before decision making concerning
developmental projects along the coastline.
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Way forward
 Madhav Chitale committee: Fixed periodical dredging.
 Blue tagging beaches: Blue tagging as a norm can help protect beaches from unsustainable
tourism
Nearly one-third of the country’s coastline is severely eroded (National Centre for Coastal Research).
In order to arrest coastal erosion, the government must implement 15th Finance Commission
recommendation which suggested, the NDMA to develop appropriate norms for erosion mitigation
measures and a policy to deal with the extensive displacement of people caused by coastal and river
erosion.
19. What are the different elements of cyber security? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber
security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive
National Cyber Security Strategy.
Approach
Body
 Different elements of cyber security
 National cyber security strategy of India: Government measures
 Issues in government cyber security strategy
 Way Forward
Cyber Security is the practice of defending computers, servers, mobile devices, electronic systems,
networks and data from malicious attacks. It is also known as information technology security or
electronic information security.
Different elements of cyber security

 Network security: It is the practice of securing a computer network from intruders, whether
targeted attackers or opportunistic malware.
 Application security: It focuses on keeping software and devices free of threats. A
compromised application could provide access to the data its designed to protect.
 Information security: It protects the integrity and privacy of data, both in storage and in
transit.
 Operational security: It includes the processes and decisions for handling and protecting
data assets.
 Disaster recovery and business continuity: It defines how an organization responds to a
cyber-security incident or any other event that causes the loss of operations or data.
 End-user education: It addresses the most unpredictable cyber-security factor: people.
Teaching users to delete suspicious email attachments, not plug in unidentified USB drives,
and various other important lessons is vital for the security of any organization.
National Cyber Security Strategy: The government has taken various measures to deal with cyber
security threats which includes:
 National cyber security policy (2013): It was formulated to ensure a safe cyber ecosystem
by protection of information infrastructure in cyberspace and build capabilities to prevent and
respond to cyber threats.
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 National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC): It is a 24*7

mechanism to deal with cyberattacks working under NTRO for safeguarding critical
infrastructure.
 CERT-IN: It has been designated as nodal agency for coordination of crisis management.
 Cyber Surakshit Bharat initiative: It was launched in 2018 to promote awareness about
cybercrimes and building capacity for safety measures.
 Cyber Swacchta Kendras: The new solution will notify, enable cleaning and secure systems
of end-users to prevent further infections. It analyses malware and botnets that affect
networks and systems.
 Indian cybercrime coordination center (I4C): It was established under newly created
Cyber and information security division to tackle internet crimes such as cyber threats and
online stalking.
 National cyber security coordination centre (NCSCC): Developed in 2017 it is mandated
to detect real time cyber threats by scanning internet data coming into the country.
 Creation of new division: A separate division has been established under the Ministry of
Home affairs to deal with cyber Information security.
Issues in Government Cyber security strategy
 Governance related
o Lack of awareness and transparency: Lack of awareness and the culture of cyber
security at individual as well as institutional level. Moreover, agencies are not willing to
declare cyberattacks on their infrastructure.
o Lack of coordination: There are many cyber-attack agencies without effective
coordination and information sharing. The army and civilian cyber security infrastructure
are separated, thus increasing problems of coordination.
o Lack of national level architecture for Cybersecurity: There is no national security
architecture that unifies the efforts of all these agencies to be able to assess the nature of
any threat and tackle them effectively.
 Infrastructure related
o Foreign dependency: India lacks indigenization in hardware as well as software cyber
security tool increasing susceptibility to cybercrimes.
o Digital infrastructure: In India most people use cheaper smart phones with poor cyber
security and privacy features, which makes them prone to cyber-attack.
o Data storage: India is net information exporter. Its information highways point west,
carrying with them the data of millions of Indians.
o Lack of uniformity in devices: There is a widening gap between security offered by
high-end phones and lower cost mobiles make it almost impossible for legal and technical
standards to be set for data protection by regulators.
 Human resource related issue:
o Shortage of manpower: The shortage of skilled cyber security professionals in India is
9% higher than the global average. India needs approximately 1 million cybersecurity
professionals [Data Security Council of India].
o Unskilled manpower: Majority of cyber security applicants are not well qualified and a
few numbers of their HR teams understand their cybersecurity hiring needs.
o Other issues: Poor financial incentives, limited growth and promotion opportunities, etc.
UPSC CSE MAINS 2022
Way Forward [Students: The below part should be written in smart art format]
 Policy measures
o Integrated cyber security command: At present, we follow sector-specific policy of
cyber security which hampers coordinated efforts. Therefore, we need an integrated cyber
security command.
o Strengthening of Existing Cyber Security Framework: National cybersecurity projects
such as NCCC, NCIIPC and the CERT need to be strengthened manifold and reviewed.
o Cyber resilience: It refers to the three-pronged process of building the ability of entities
to proactively prepare for, respond to and recover swiftly from disruptions.
o Implementing Gulshan Rai Committee recommendations
o Reducing the dependence on foreign servers: By creating one dedicated secure
gateway for all government communication.
o Cyber forensic lab: Sensitizing the states by setting up cyber forensic laboratories in
states.
o Awareness generation: There is need to sensitize the people and institutions of the need
and importance of cyber security measures, to make them report such attacks promptly,
so that quick action can be taken.
Some recommendations of Meena Hemchandra committee

 Strengthen resources (R&D): This sector must be given the importance it deserves, in terms
of finances and manpower.
 Offensive capacity: There is need to develop the offensive capabilities as well rather than
being merely defensive.
 Coordination: Increasing inter-state and inter-ministerial coordination on cyber security
related issues.
 Promote Cyber Hygiene: Regular updates of hardware and software, regular password
changes etc.
In GLOBAL CYBER SECURITY OUTLOOK, WEF says’ Cyber security can be the ultimate
waterloo towards digitalisation. India suffers an average of nearly 2,00,000 threats every day.
Thus dealing with it in priority basis is the need of the hour
Value addition regarding Cybersecurity
Joseph Nye- 4 pillars of cybercrimes
a. Cyber frauds- E.g.- Bank frauds on digitally illiterate
b. Cyber Espionage- E.g.- Gillette Industrial Espionage case 1997 where company executive
was bribed to share secrets with competitors
c. Cyber-terrorism- E.g.- WannaCry etc.
d. Cyber-warfare- E.g.- China attacks on Taiwan.
UPSC CSE MAINS 2022
20. Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal
security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multi-layered
strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism.
Approach
Introduction: Explain Naxalism/Left wing extremism
Body
 Mention social, economic and developmental underpinnings of Naxalism
 Mention Emerging issues with respect to Naxalism
 Suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism
Naxalism is an ideology based on far-left radical thoughts. It began as a violent movement of

peasants and labourers against landlords in 1960s and emphasized on advancement of people’s social
and economic life by establishing classless society through armed revolution.
Social underpinnings of Naxalism

 Livelihood related: Lack of food security failure of the government to provide social
services such as health and education.
 Denial of Justice: Denial of dignity, and prevalence to practices such as untouchability and
poor implementation of protection of civil rights and abolition of bonded labour etc.
 Discrimination: Discrimination with scheduled tribes and scheduled castes by upper class,
educational backwardness etc.
 Caste and gender role: The caste and gender-based exploitation sustaining the naxal
victimhood.
 Brainwashed locals: A large proportion of the recruits to LWE groups come from
marginalized back grounds or from regions which somehow seem disaffected by the vibrant
growth in many other parts of the country.
Economic underpinnings of Naxalism

 Poverty: Poverty in underprivileged states like Chhattisgarh and Odisha.
 Unemployment: Disruption of traditional occupations and lack of alternative work
opportunities lead to unemployment which increases risk of Naxalism.
 Mining activities: Mining activities in tribal and forest areas give fodder to naxal groups to
tap into grievances of tribals and rural landless.
 Rising inequality: The unevenness of India’s development process and the various
development divides are opening up issues such as the interregional divide, the rural-urban
divide and the inter-sectoral divide.
 Agricultural distress: The role of agricultural distress and social upheaval in volatile regions
like Vidharba in Maharashtra.
 Land-related issues (Jal-Jangal and Jameen issues)
 Failure of land reforms: Such as evasion of land ceiling
 Poor implementation of laws: Which prohibits transfer of tribal land to non-tribals in the
fifth schedule areas.
 Existence of special land tenures: Such as exemptions under ceiling laws;
 Unlawful Encroachment: Of community land by powerful section of the society.
 Lack of title: To public land cultivated by landless poor.
UPSC CSE MAINS 2022
Developmental underpinnings of Naxalism

 Lack of development: The Indian state failed to provide infrastructure and social services in
the backward regions. This created poor health and education outcomes, especially among
tribals. Incidentally these communities became an easy target for naxal operations.
 Discriminatory industrial policies: While steel plants, coal industries, hydro power plants
were being developed in backward areas, they kept serving the urban areas. The backward
regions just remained a source of raw material for industries.
 Socio-economic: Poor socio-economic indicators of women and children also act as proof of
underdevelopment in the region.
 Displacement by Development: Setting up of Special Economic zones (SEZs) in post LPG
era led to displacement of tribals.
 Others: Lack of infrastructure, industry and poor development due to corrupt government
machinery.
Emerging issues with respect to Naxalism

 Regaining of lost areas: There is increased attempts to revive presence in areas where
Naxalism had lost appeal. For example, Telangana.
 Disrupt elections: Left wing extremists threaten conduct of elections and prevent locals from
voting, violating participative democracy.
 Setup own Government: They resort to violence through guerrilla tactics and attempt to
setup their own government in the local villages.
 Criminal activities: Naxal insurgents are increasingly involving in crimes such as extortion,
illegal cannabis cultivation etc.
 Use of advanced technology: Naxalites using advanced weapons on a large scale. For
instance, in attack of security forces in 2021, naxals used LMGs (light machine guns) and
IEDs (improvised explosive devices).
 Links with Foreign government: Foreign funding and training of naxal cadres. There is also
an emerging links with foreign maoist organizations in Philippines and Turkey.
 Women and children: Recruitment of children and women in naxal cadres.
 Politician-naxalite nexus for electoral gains of political parties.
 Stalling of Development: There is derailment of development projects in naxal areas by
NGOs like Green peace.
 Area Committees role: Role of area committees and central committees to revive support
through DALAMS/Squads.
 Signs of downward trend
 LWE related incidents were down by 47% between 2015 and 2020 as compared to incidents
in the preceding six years from 2009 to 2014.
 The geographical spread contained to 53 districts across 9 states in 2020 as compared to 76
districts across 10 states in 2013.
Multi-layered approach to tackle the menace of Naxalism:

1. Policy measures
 Strong political will: It is very important that on the issue of controlling Maoist violence,
there should be unanimity among the political parties. The Centre should take the lead in
this regard.
UPSC CSE MAINS 2022
 Have dialogue: Having a peace dialogue by the affected States with Naxal groups if they
are willing to shun violence and local conditions are conducive for talks.
 Strengthening of administrative machinery: Make it more responsive, transparent and
sensitive to enable effective redressal of public grievances.
 Improved delivery mechanisms: Aim to accelerate integrated development including
enhanced employment opportunities of Naxal affected districts.
 Inter-state coordination: For inter-state coordination, the Centre should station a
commander/coordinator in the region.
 SAMADHAN Doctrine: It is the one-stop solution for the LWE problem. SAMADHAN
stands for
 S-Smart Leadership; A- Aggressive Strategy; M- Motivation and Training; A
Actionable Intelligence; D- Dashboard Based KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) and
KRAs (Key Result Areas); H- Harnessing Technology; A- Action plan for each Theatre;
N- No access to Financing.
2. Civil Administration
 Improved governance: Better health, education and public services infrastructure, to
boost confidence in the system.
 Skill Development and employment: The central schemes such as Van
DhanVikasYojana, Village and digital connect scheme must not remain only on paper,
and must be implemented judiciously
 Securing Traditional rights: The tribals are promised various individual and community
rights under 5th Schedule, Forest rights act and Provision of Panchayat, extension to
scheduled areas act(PESA). These must be effectively implemented.
 Judicial system: Quick and effective hearing of disputes to implement rule of law.
 Infrastructure development: Effective Implementation PM Gram SadakYojana etc.
3. Security related
 Strengthening state police forces: State police forces must lead the operations as only
locals can tackle such a problem. The state police should be bolstered by increasing its
strength and providing full support to police stations.
 BEST PRACTICE: Andhra Pradesh rose a special force ‘Greyhound’ to deal with
naxalism
 National policy: A national policy to end Naxalist violence has to emanate out of
economic, developmental and internal security considerations.
 Need to sensitize armed forces: It is important to sensitize armed forces towards the
tribal people and their lifestyle. This will help in better understanding of ground realities,
and hence in better formulation of strategies.
 Strengthen police station: Government shall also focus on strengthening police stations
and forces such as recent government scheme of fortified police stations.
 Integrated approach: An integrated approach spearheaded by counter-offensive
operations led by well trained, disciplined, and agile commando force of state police;
expansion of road networks.
Naxalism is not the problem but it is the symptom of a problem. Government approach is at most
towards controlling naxalism but not solving naxalism. The solution lies in land reform,
decentralization, employment generation.
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