Identity formation is the development of an individual’s distinct personality, which

is regarded as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life by which a person is

recognized or known. Identity formation clearly influences personal identity by which
the individual thinks of him or herself as a discrete and separate entity.

Status refers particularly to position in social structure or any social position that
determines where a person fits within the society. Every status carries with it socially
prescribed roles, expected behavior obligations and privileges.

Role is the second major proponent of social structure.

Conformity occurs when members choose the course of action that the majority
favors.

Deviance exists in all societies. In every society social norm, rules  and expectations
of appropriate behavior exists and all people are  expected to conform and observe
these norms.

Social deviance is a behavior of which others disapprove because they believe

something ought to be done about it. It is a norm violation that exceeds the
tolerance level of the community and results in negative socialism. It is a breaking of
rule or an act of non-formity with the norm.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVIANCE 

1. It is understood within its social context.  

2. Deviance may change overtime.  

3. Deviance depends upon the status and role as a person holds. 

4. Deviance depends on the audience norms.  

FORMS OF DEVIANCE

A. According to Violation of Societal Norm

1. Primary and Secondary Deviance. In the primary deviance individual disagrees

with the prescribed norms but is tolerated by others or his behavior is successfully
concealed from others. In secondary deviance. The individual is labeled as a criminal
or deviant because of his previous deviant behavior.

2. Individual and Group Deviation. In the individual deviance, the person

commits a deviant behavior of his own group or sub-culture.
B. According to Acceptance of the Goal  

1. Conformity. The conforming individual uses positive and legitimate means

achieving the goal of success.  

2. Innovation. The individual resorts to deviance as legitimate means using new

idea, or new process which are more effective in reaching his goal. He rejects the use
of socially accepted means to achieve success.  

3. Ritualism. The individual rejects traditional culture goals but still adheres to the
usual steps to obtain those goals as a conscientious and diligent person. 

4. Retreatism. The individual withdraws from society and does not care about
success goals nor work for his success. Example is a vagabond.  

5. Rebellion. The individual rejects and attempts to change the goals and means
approved by society. 

1. Formal Social refers to a restraint or sanction intended to potential deviants to

conform to social norms. The criminal justice system is the most visible institution of
social control. 

2. Informal Social Control involves rewards for conformity or compliance, such as

a kiss, words of approval, smiles, clapping of hand, shaking hands.

Non-conformity or non-compliance may take the form of gossip, social ostracism,

rejection punishment or even expulsion from the group.

Gossip is an informal social control. Gossip is an idle talk or rumor especially about
the personal or private affairs of others, the act of it also known as dishing.

OSTRACISM This is an informal sanction. It may include shame, ridicule, criticism

and disapproval which can cause an individual to stray towards the social norms of
the society.

SOCIAL REJECTION This is another informal social control of deviant behavior.

Social rejection occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded from a social
relationship or social interaction.

PUNISHMENT Punishment is the authoritative imposition of an undesirable or

unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual, in response to a particular action or
behavior that is deemed unacceptable or threatening to some norms. 

MIND CONTROL Social control developed together with civilization, as a rational

measure against the uncontrollable forces of nature, which tribal organizations were
at prey to within archaic tribal societies. Rulers have legitimately used torture as a
means of mind control as well as murder, imprisonment and exile to remove from
public space anyone the state authorities deemed to be undesirable.
 LAW This is a technique used for the purpose of social control. There are norms
enforced formally by a special political organization. They are formalized social
norms enacted by people who have been vested through the machinery of the state.

INCARCERATION Although not all individuals subjected to an exclusion order will

abide to it, these individuals are at the very least, spatially hindered through
increased mobility and freedom. This spatial constraint on individual leads to a
serious disruption and interference of their lives.

HUMAN DIGNITY 

Moral, ethical, legal and political divisions use the concede dignity to express the idea
that a being has an innate right to be valued. respected, and to receive ethical
treatment. In the modern context, dignity can function as an extension of the
Enlightenment era concepts of inherent. Inalienable rights.

HUMAN RIGHTS 

In the Philippine the Constitution sets forth the basic rights of the Filipino people.
These rights are embodied in Article III (Bill of Rights and Article XIII (Social Justice
and Human Rights). Both sets of basic rights are referred to as constitution of liberty
Rights are designed to individual against violation by the government, or by an
individual groups of individuals

3 Human Rights:

1. Natural Rights - These are rights possessed by man (not granted by the
state) but conferred to him by God and nature so that he may happily.
Examples are the right to happiness, right to live and the ribs to love
2. Statutory Rights - These are rights granted to individuals by laws which are
promulgated by the law-making body and consequently may be abolished by
the same body. Examples are the right to receive a minimum wage, right
to receive a 13th month pay
3. Constitutional Rights - These are rights of the citizens to
participate directly or indirectly in the establishment or
administration of the government.  These rights are rights of
citizenship (Art. IV), right of suffrage, right to information on
matters of public concerns. (Art. III. Section 7) 

A.Civil Rights. These are rights of the citizens securing to them the enjoyment of their
means of happiness. These rights are rights against involuntary servitude (Section
18, par. 21), right against imprisonment for non-payment of debt or a poll tax
(Section 20), rights of the accused (Sections 11 to 22), social and economic rights,
liberty abode and of changing the same (Section 6), freedom of speech of
expression or of the pres. rights of assembly right to form associations (Section 4,
8) 
B.Social and Economic Rights. These are rights intended to secure the well-being and
economic security of the individual. These rights are: 
 Right to property (Section 1) 
 Right to just compensation for private property taken for public use (Section 9)
 Promotion of social justice (Art XIII) 
 Conservation and utilization of natural resources (Art XI Section 2) ▪ Promotion
of arts and culture (Art XIV, Section 17-18) 
C.Rights of the Accused. These are rights intended to protect the person accused of
any crime. Sections 11 - 22 of Article III deal on the rights of the accused

Article III: Bill of Rights: Sections of Article III SUMMARY

Section 1: Right to life, liberty and Section 13 : The right to bail & against
property excessive bail

Section 2 : Right against unreasonable Section 14 : Right of the Accuse ~ Right

searches and seizures
Section 3 : Every person has the right to
keep his communication or
correspondence a secret.
Section 4 : Freedom of Speech. Right to
a Free Press; Freedom of Assembly; the
Right of Petition
to due process of Law in Criminal Cases
~ Innocent until proven Guilty ~ The
right to confront one’s Accuser ~ Basis
for trials in Absentia.
Section 15 : Writ of Habeas Corpus
Section 16 : Right to speedy disposition
of Cases

Section 5 : Freedom of Religion Section 17 : Right against self-

incrimination
Section 6 : The liberty of abode & the
Right to Travel Section 18 : The right to political beliefs
and aspirations
Section 7 : The Right to Information
Section 19 : The prohibition against
Section 8: Right to form associations
cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
Section 9 : The Right to Just
Section 20: Non-Imprisonment for debts
Compensation
Section 21: Right against double
Section 10 : Non-Impairment Clause
jeopardy
Section 11 : Free Access to Court
Section 22 : Ex post facto law and bill of
Section 12 : Right of person under attainder
Custodial Investigation