International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-11, September 2019
Disease Prediction Based On Retinal Images
using Neural Network Classification
R. Bhavani , V.Prakash, S. Balakumar
Abstract— the eyes used to determine the health of someone.
There are several maladies in human, like vascular diseases that
leave telltale markings within the retina of human eyes. The
image of the retina will be captured comparatively with a camera
now each day with digital imaging technology there's abundantly
advanced within the technology of computer analysis of the
retinal pictures were accustomed identify the consequences of
diseases like cardiovascular diseases in the human body. A
retinal image provides the data of what's going to happen within
the body of a human. Significantly, the retinal vessel shows the
condition of the cardiovascular in the physical body. Retinal
pictures will offer the data concerning pathological changes
within the physical body caused due to the disease in the retina
that reveals cardiovascular disease, disorder, diabetes, and
stroke. Computer-aided analyzed the image of the retina for the
diagnostic purpose of the malady. However, automation of retinal
segmentation that is difficult as a result of that the retinal
pictures are noisy, distinction low, and therefore the vessel
breadth often varies from very large to very tiny. Therefore,
during this project, we are able to implement automatic vessel
segmentation approach supported the neural network strategies
to offer info regarding blood vessel and vein within the human
membrane. Finally, cardiovascular diseases and therefore the
alternative diseases expected victimization the distinctive
technique of comparison of CENTRAL RETINAL
EQUIVALENT OF VEIN and CENTRAL RETINAL
EQUIVALENT OF ARTERY measurements.
Keywords— Image processing, Eye components, Disease
diagnosis, Cardio-vascular diseases, Classification, Support
Vector machine
I. INTRODUCTION
Introduction currently the diseases associated with the eye
are redoubled and lots of individuals suffered to visual
impairment. Image process is that the area, that analysis the
image and which involves within the vessel extraction,
classification, and segmentation. By recognizing the vessel
patterns within the retina of the human eye that were to
research the vessels of the retinal image. Within the
maladies like retinopathy caused by polygenic disorder one
of the difficult diseases that affect the human membrane that
principally leads to the result of the overall vision defect of
the eye. The method of Segmentation is for distinguishing
regions present within the pixels of vessels. The retina, that
is that the internal a part of the human Ophthalmic (eye). In
the center of the retina, a circular oval form half knew the
as-as blind spot. the middle of the optical nerve that radiated
to the bulk of the blood vessels of the membrane. BY the
Revised Manuscript Received on September 2, 2019.
R. Bhavani, Assistant Professor. Department of CSE, SASTRA
Deemed to be University, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India.
V.Prakash, Assistant Professor. Department of CSE, SASTRA Deemed
to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
S. Balakumar, III MCA Student, Department of CSE, SASTRA
Deemed to be University, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India.
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DOI:10.35940/ijitee.K2491.0981119
 detection of the retinal blood vessels within the eyes of
human has offered a lot of info concerning the retinal blood
vessels and that were connected disease. Compare with
different previous millennium technology, detection of the
retinal blood vessels for malady and designation. This
methodology advantages by the low price and
straightforward assortment of photographs of the retina. The
blood vessels of the retina the within the living human body;
helps in the malady identification system affected like skin
disorder, humidity, dirtiness, etc. By the outer skin. The
retinal blood vessels play a significant role within the
malady identification, that is one in all the foremost future
proof answer for identification of malady.
The blood vessels network are thought of to be a crucial
structure in human eye retina as a result of which may be
used to establish different types of malady in humans.
However manual detection of blood vessels is not simple as
a result of the vessels in the retinal image are structures that
are tons of advanced and have a low distinction. For retinal
anatomy, a specialist uses an instrument referred to an
ophthalmoscope. The mining of blood vessels in retinal
pictures is taken into account to be one in all the vital step in
computer-assisted identification and treatment of diabetic
retinopathy, hardening of the arteries, glaucoma, high blood
pressure, and obesity. Retinal pictures influenced by all the
factors that have an effect on the body vasculature normally.
The human eye is that the distinctive region of the form
wherever the vascular condition directly ascertained as signs
of the malady. additionally to the fovea centralize and also
the optical disc, the blood vessels contribute one amongst
the most options of a retinal image and its properties are
detected which is able to suffer from worldwide major
diseases like polygenic disorder and high blood
pressure.Further, bound diseases eye like choroidal
neovascularization and retinal artery occlusion in retina
conjointly make the changes within the retinal vasculature
structure of the retina. As per the previous statement, the
segmentation of blood vessels in retinal pictures which
might provide us valuable info regarding the detection of
diabetic retinopathy of eyes, eye disease of eyes and
disorder in human diseases. Here victimization semi-
supervised segmentation methodology attributable to simple
to use for segmenting the vessels
An automatic segmentation of retinal blood vessel options
like diameter of retina, color of retina and further because
the optical disk morphology of membrane permits the
attention care specialists and medical specialist to perform a
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 Disease Prediction Based On Retinal Images using Neural Network Classification
mass vision screening exams for the Forces that resist the
deformation snakes understood because the special case
within the general technique of matching a deformable
model to a compared image by suggests that of energy in
step-down technique eyes accustomed establish regarding
the health of an individual. There are several maladies in
human, like vascular un-wellness that leave telltale
markings within the membrane of the human eye The image
of the retina can be captured relatively with a camera now a
day with digital imaging technology there is much advanced
in the technology of computer analysis for identifying the
effects of diseases like cardiovascular diseases in the human
system. A retinal image provides information about what is
going to happen inside the body of a human. In particular,
the retinal vessel shows the condition of the cardiovascular
in the human body. Retinal pictures will give data of
pathological changes caused because of the un-wellness in
the retina that reveals high blood pressure disorder
polygenic disorder and stroke. Computer-aided analyzed the
image of retina plays a vital role in the diagnostic purpose of
the disease. However, automation of retinal segmentation
which is complicated because the retinal images are noisy,
low of contrasted, and the vessel widths can vary from very
large to very small. Therefore, in this project, we can
implement an automatic vessel segmentation approach
based on the neural network methods to give information
about arterial and vein in the human retina. Finally,
cardiovascular illnesses and also the different diseases are
foreseen using CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN
EQUIVALENT and CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY
EQUIVALENT measurements help within the earlier
detection of the retinal disease. This might facilitate to
forestall and scale back vision blindness;age-related diseases
and plenty of cardiovascular diseases furthermore as reduces
the price of the screening. The basic retinal image process
showedwithinthebelowfigure1.
Figure1:Retinal Image Processing
II. RELATED WORK
Michael, et.al, [1] compared solely with the human reads,
as a result of access to true state of illness within the dataset
isn't on the market. Solely access to the human reads is
accessible, that is inaccurate to a point as explained, that
needs to be the reference dataset. In the world, there is no
manner during which one will grasp higher what verity state
Retrieval Number K24910981119/2019©BEIESP
DOI:10.35940/ijitee.K2491.0981119
of illness is that this reference dataset. To exclude any
potential influence on performance from the training
information, equivalent training information for each
algorithmic rule used. Digital radiography detection
algorithms attain comparable performance to one retinal
professional reader and are about to mature, and more
measurable enhancements within the detection performance
are unlikely. There was a priority concerning the standard of
care, as a result of a visit to an eye care specialist involves
quite the analysis of the retina for the presence Digital
radiography and will end in the detection of other pathologic
options, diseases like glaucoma or cataract. Some are also
comfy with digital photography and reading of the pictures
by eye care providers but not by the computer algorithm.
MeindertNiemeijer, et.al, [2] focused on micro aneurysm
reception because micro aneurism spotting is a quibbling
challenge for the automatic diabetic retinopathy showing. In
this method mortal, detection is performed unripe glide of
the adorn ikon. The simulacrum rank resized so that the land
of examining has a definite dimension and the mortal
normalized by subtracting respect of the mortal emphasize.
The compute ambitious by median filtering the image using
a heart. On the normalized ikon intensities, the politician
espial locomotes performed using an unsupervised
aggregation model-based clustering method. To inquire the
suppose from the old paragraph, we acquire conducted an
added research to examine the potentiality of the varied
systems to detect DIGITAL Photography (DR) on the
simulacrum place by presumptuous the presence of DR
indicated solely by the proximity of micro aneurysms and
combine the found lesions using the extremum generality
According to Istvan Lazar, et.al,& [3], Mature a
computer-aided symptomatic (CAD) grouping for detecting
of DR and new eye-related diseases is rather extensive, and
the analyzing the pigment images is a real saturated field for
the digital representation processing grouping. MAS has a
clinically recognized highest length in the retina of the mas,
unremarkably wise less than the diameter of the prima
receptor veins. Crossings of tenuous gore vessels may ensue
in elflike handbill spots that are locally akin to MAs, both in
situation and influence. Tube segments may disconnect from
the vascular tree of connections, and materialize as the
dwarfish, acherontic type of ikon preprocessing
quantify,that sometimes consists of interference change,
filtering or inferiority rectification. Retinal pictures bang the
large secernment within the greenness passage;
consequently, it's a definitive result to use the untried guide
for segmentation functions. For noise reaction, convolution
with Mathematician masks and mesial filtering are
stretching practical strategies. The protrusive framework
doesn't penury special preprocessing locomotion; but, we
feature a tendency to institute that it's useful to contemplate
a circumstantial
Carla Pereira, et.al& [4] Allowed practicality that every
medicament cannot make on an independent ground. IN the
new, runty, red-lesion segmentation of algorithmic ruler,
suspended a MAS way has been mentioned during this
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 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
thoughtfulness. Finished medication indigen interaction, the
processing of ancient algorithmic label results was gettable,
primarily by the discovery of MAS unreal vessels. Addition
proof steps an extent attribute reasoning allowed the change
of the unwashed formula within the coming prox
symptomatic studies.
A new, soft, red-lesion segmentation recursive control,
subsidized a MAS coming, tally planned during this
cogitate. Through medicine homegrown interaction, the
boost of ancient recursive ascendence results was gettable,
primarily by the reception of MAs neighbor vessels... The
examination with the roc strategies was essential for
viewing the scientific change of the sticking come. Indeed,
despite not existence best, our results are propitious
compared with those who antecedently been according
Adam Hoover, et.al… [5] Describes an automatic
technique to find and description of varied blood vessels in
pictures of the ocular bodily structure within the eyes. Such
tool ought to prove helpful to eye care specialists for
functions of patient screening, treatment analysis, moreover
as a clinical study. Our technique differs from antecedently
best-known strategies as a result of in native and global uses
vessel options hand in glove to section the vessel networks
and its strength of the matched filter response (MFR) coded
in grayscale: the darker a picture element suggests that, the
stronger the response. Notice that the sturdy responses
within the center of the MFR image, that are clearly not a
vessel, are sadly they were abundant stronger than the
responses on the left facet of the MFR image, that are a
vessel. The MFR image was computed as represented, is
threshold employing a technique known as “Novel probing
technique” The probe examines the image in multiple items,
testing the amount of region-based properties. If the probe
decides a bit in a very vessel, then the constituent pixels are
at the same time divided and classified. Contrasted against
the classifier-based methods, our new prong methodology
permits a picture element to be check in multiple region
configurations before the final classification of the image.
The delineate technique segment was roughly two-thirds of
the vessels during a retinal bodily structure image. Compare
to an antecedently reported technique,that uses only a global
threshold, the proposed technique produces roughly half the
false positive responses, and a rather decreased true positive
response
III. EXISTING METHODOLOGY
Considering both data has been validated to boom the
retinal imaging accuracy extensively. There are two
essential classes such as vessel or non-vessel utilizing
functions: to extract some sort of features (e.g., texture,
color, and shape features), and to at once use pixels in a
small neighborhood for joint type assuming that these pixels
normally percentage the same magnificence membership.
Existing algorithm are derived as follows:
3.1 MRF Model:
The MRF model, which combines retinal parts with
vessles, is widely used in classification. It can provide an
exact feature representation of pixels and their
neighborhoods. The basic principle of MRF is to integrate
spatial correlation information into the posterior probability
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DOI:10.35940/ijitee.K2491.0981119 3091
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-11, September 2019
of the spectral structures. Based on the maximum posterior
probability principle, the classic MRF model can be
expressed as follows:
) 1 , ------
Eqn(1)
where and Σk are the mean vector and covariance
matrix, respectively, of class k and the neighborhood and
class of pixel i are represented by and ωk , respectively.
The constant parameter β, called the weight coefficient, is
used to control the influence of the spatial term. According
to Equation (1), the MRF model can be separated into two
components: the vessel term and non-vessel term. Thus,
Equation (1) can be represented in the form
---------
Eqn(2)
where is the vessel term and is the non-vessel
term. Then
1
where is the kronecker delta function, defined
as
1
When a center pixel has the similar elegance label as the
rest of its community, this pixel has an excessive probability
of being in a homogeneous area and has a strong
consistency. Thus, those spatial framework relationships can
be used to revise the magnificence labels. However, one-of-
a-kind floor items showcase huge differences in distribution.
For example, the overcorrection phenomenon can be
recommended if pixels with complex boundary situations
are given the equal weight coefficients as the ones in
homogeneous areas. By assessment, full gain of the spatial
context features of comparable regions cannot be taken if
the spatial term is given a decrease weight. To address this
trouble, within the area-constraint-based eMRF approach
and the RHI-based totally aMRF technique, nearby spatial
weights are described to be used in location of the global
spatial weight to evaluation the variety of spatial continuity.
IV. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK
Examination of the blood vessels within the eye of human
permits detecting the diseases such as glaucoma of eyes and
diabetic retinopathy of eyes. The vascular network, that
found manually, that is a long method that needs both
training and skill. Automation of the method permits in
maintain consistency. Time-consuming is a smaller amount
and by reducing the time of a skilled technician or a doctor.
Implementing an automatic process to examine the blood
vessels for characteristic the vessel diseases victimization
the retinal pictures of the eye. it'll find by the concept of
removing noise of the image, enhancing the image, track the
perimeters of the vessels, calculates the perimeter of vessels
to spot the cardio diseases. Implement a segmentation
algorithm to segment blood vessels. Retinal vascular caliber
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 Disease Prediction Based On Retinal Images using Neural Network Classification
CRAE and CRVE values analyzed. Analysis of variance to
estimate mean to predict cardiovascular diseases. The
proposed framework contains the following modules:
4.1 Retinal image analysis
This module accustomed acquire a digital image. Retinal
pictures of human play a crucial role within the detection of
diseases that together with stroke, diabetes, blood pressure,
cardiovascular diseases, and high blood pressure. Vascular
diseases are important for the life of people. The recognition
for retinal is critical and consequently the identification of
veins is most fundamental in the retina of The adjustments
seeing the veins for example length width and expanding
design not just offer data of obsessive changes anyway
likewise can review maladies seriousness or naturally
analyze the illnesses Transfer the retinal images The fundus
of the consideration is that within surface of the eyes of
people inverse the focal point and incorporates the retina
optic circle macula and region and back shaft The body
structure will be inspected by a medicinal thing complexity
body part photography method The retina could likewise be
a stratifi structure with numerous layers of interconnected
neurons by neurotransmitters inside the retina we will build
up the vessel Veins show variations from the norm at
beginning periods additionally vein changes Summed up
blood vessel and vein narrowing that related with the upper
weight level dimensions that typically communicated by the
blood vessel to vein breadth greatness connection Its made
out of a dataset of images for the training and investigation
of our arranged system To begin with tried against
conventional pictures are less demanding to separate Second
some dimension of progress with the irregular vessel
appearances ought to set up to the recommend clinical use
are frequently observed in an exceedingly customary picture
comprises of veins optic plate area and along these lines the
foundation be that as it may the anomalous picture
furthermore has numerous antiquities of unmistakable
shapes and hues brought about by the entirely unexpected
sickness
4.2 Preprocessing
The Preprocess method to upgrade the picture in manners
by which will expand the probability for the
accomplishment of the contrary procedures The dim scale
change activity is to spot highly contrasting brightening
Clamor in a shaded retinal picture is by and large a direct
result of commotion pixels whose shading mutilated in this
way execute middle channel will wont to upgrade and hone
the vascular example for preprocess and vessel division of
retinal pictures movement well in preprocessing improving
and fragmenting the retinal picture and vascular example
Human discernment might be delicate to the edges and fine
subtleties of an image and since they formed fundamentally
by the high recurrence components the visual nature of
picture colossally corrupted if the high frequency are
constricted or finished expelled inside the picture In
refinement upgrading the high recurrence components of an
image winds up in partner degree improvement inside the
visual nature of eyes Picture honing may counsel with have
any improvement procedure that features edges and fine
subtleties of a picture honing is generally utilized inside the
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DOI:10.35940/ijitee.K2491.0981119 3092
part of print industry and photographic enterprises for
expanding the local qualification and honing the pictures
fundamentally picture honing comprises of additional to the
essential picture and with a flag that is relative to a pass high
separated form of the underlying film In this channel the
essential film initially sifted by a pass high channel that
extricates the high recurrence segments so a scaled variant
of the pass high channel yield added to the essential film
subsequently fabricating honed film of the essential Note
that the steady locales of the flag that is where the flag is
consistent stay unaltered
4.3 Vessels segmentation
Vessels division amid this module perform segments an
information retinal picture into its constituent parts or
articles Highlight extraction and vessel division step
exploitation profound neural system display procedure It
will create vascular system exploitation dynamic shape
neighborhood with a vessel measure withperform It will
extricate the guide might be an outline of the vascular
system wherever every hub indicates partner degree
convergence vascular tree and each connection compare to a
vessel segment between the 2 crossing point focuses On
account of this circle we will in general may see that
centroids adjustment their area reliably till a great deal of
the change done The hubs separated from the line picture by
find out the bifurcation focuses that recognized by pixels
considering with more than 2 neighbors and furthermore
terminal or end points focuses by pixels having just 1
neighbor To search out the connections between the hubs of
the vessel fragments all the bifurcation focuses and their
neighbors detached from the line picture and we will result
in general get an image with discrete particles that the vessel
portions On the contrary hand some random connection will
exclusively interface 2 Vessels division double veil made by
detecting the assistance from the vessel edges honed picture
The veins set apart by the veiling system allocates any of all
of those any pixels have a place with veins and by giving
zero to non-vessel pixels Last refined vessel division veil
made by dynamic shape show In this methodology a snake
was partner vitality limiting deformable spline affected by
limitation and picture powers towards pull item forms and
conjointly the internal powers that oppose the system of
miss happening Snakes were comprehended as an
exceptional instance of a definitive system of coordinating a
model deformable to a picture at interims the methods for
vitality decrease In 2 measurements procedure the dynamic
structure show speaks to a different rendition of this moving
toward system exploiting the reason circulation model to
constrain the structure factors to an exact area gained from a
training setting At long last give the division cover for
preprocess the retinal pictures.
4.4 Vessel classification
The segmental vessels arranged into artery and veins.
Correct arrangement of vessels plays vital, because of heart
sicknesses affect conduits and veins generally upheld
illness. The adjustments inside the veins and courses can't be
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 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-11, September 2019

dissected while not unmistakable they bolstered pictures.it diminishing in CRAE is identified with partner degree
might want to examine of segmental vessels characterized expanded danger of stroke with estimations. the anticipated
by the directed system neural system strategy. After system appears in fig two
extraction of the veins from the retinal picture include vector
formed bolstered properties of conduit and veins. The
choices removed bolstered line-extricated picture and a
mark named to each centerline, showing the Artery and vein
constituent. bolstered the naming area a definitive objective
is presently to dole out one among the marks with the course
classification (An), and furthermore the distinction of the
name classification with vein class (V).
So as to allow a definitive grouping between A/V
classifications together with vessel force data the auxiliary
data and utilized. This might be done exploitation neural
system order. The prepared arranged utilized for
dissemination the A/V classifications to everybody in all the
subgraph marks. first every inside line component is classed
into An or V classifications, at that point for each mark (Ci
j, j = 1, 2) in subgraph I, the probability of its being aArtery
is determined upheld the number of related centerline pixels
arranged by neural system be a supply route or a vein.
The probability of the mark Ci j to be a conduit is Pa(Ci j
)= extend 11|metallic element| metal} Ci j/(a Ci j + nvCi)
wherever "na" Ci j is that the quantity of centerline pixels of
a name named Artery and furthermore the new Ci j is the
number of centerline pixels delegated a vein of the retina.
For each blend of marks in each of the subgraph, the name
with higher Artery probability can delegate as a conduit Fig 2 Proposed Framework
classification, and inside the elective hand as a vein class.
At long last, prevent the inaccurate grouping because of V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
the wrong graphical examination, we tend to ascertain the In experimental results, we have acquired retinal images
probability of being a supply route or a vein for each from DRIVE datasets, employed to evaluate the
connection independently. effectiveness of the proposed method. For all the statistics,
we randomly pick out categorized pixels according to class
4.5 Disease prediction
for vessels or non-vessels from retinal images. The
Recognizable proof the sicknesses exploitation AVR implementation results, shown in fig.
quantitative connection upheld CRAE and CRVE
estimations. Vessel movement CRAE, CRVE discovered a) Image upload and Preprocessing
correlative with the dangers elements of cardiovascular
ailments and are sure genuine numbers. The significant
general determinant for littler CRAE is higher pulse though
more extensive CRVE is important in view of everyday
cigarette smoking, higher circulatory strain or
cardiovascular sickness, fundamental irritation infection
(SID) and avoirdupois. A more up to date think about found
that the strong circuitous connection between's renal works
and retinal parameters (CRAE and CRVE) in a very
accomplice of eighty the sound individuals, that
recommends a run of the mill determinant in pre-clinical
organ damage. This is in help of prior examinations looking
at the relationship between retinal vascular signs and
episode cardiovascular sickness giving verification To
retinal picture were utilized for trademark impacts of
ailments like cardiovascular maladies therefore that a
decline in CRAE is in this manner a predecessor to clinical
beginning of cardiovascular infection and occurs before Figure 3: Retinal Image Preprocessing
entirely unexpected indications of organ damage Beside the
value of CRAE inside the recognizing and foreseeing HTN
(hypertension), it conjointly demonstrates decent potential in
various pathologies together with stroke and polygenic
issue. Summed up blood vessel narrowing as reflected by a

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 Disease Prediction Based On Retinal Images using Neural Network Classification

b) Vessel segmentation The following measures are used so that it will evaluate
the overall performance of different type techniques. 1)
Average Accuracy (AA): This metric suggests the common
cost of the magnificence classification accuracy. 2) Overall
Accuracy (OA): This metric refers back to the wide variety
of samples which might be classified correctly divided by
the range of take a look at samples. The performance of
proposed work is illustrated in following graph as fig 4.
From performance measures, our proposed system provides
better accuracy results than state-art- algorithms.

Figure 4: Vessel segmentation

c)Vessel classification

Figure 7. Performance graph

VI. CONCLUSION
We developed a framework for disease classification for
extract acting blood vessel. Vessel Features extracted as
multi attributes profiles and we reduced the dimensionality
by using supervised features extraction method such as a
median filter. In addition, implementing Backpropagation
Neural Network segmentation improves the accuracy in
results. The planned framework significantly examined
extensively used blood vessel statistics to supply higher
accuracies. Additionally, the new approach achieves higher
Figure 5: Vessel classification classification accuracies than alternative extensively used
classification methods, with acceptable central processing
d) Disease prediction
unit time interval. We emphasize that the proposed system is
totally computerized, that's an extremely acceptable
characteristic. In the future, we are able to extend the
framework to enhance the accuracy in varied forms of
datasets and check out to research data processing approach
and embrace alternative performance metrics.

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Figure 6 Implementation results

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ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8 Issue-11, September 2019

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