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POPULAR
An Illustrated Weekly Review
MECHANICS
of the Mechanical Press of the World

No. I. CHICAGO, JANUARY 11, 1902. PRICE 5 CENTS

- POPULAR MECHANICS ? January 11, 1902.

PUMPING WAR RELICS. steel and plunged into water. The heating and covering with
potash may be repeated three or four times, or more, if a little
On the shore of Sabine Pass, which is on the Gulf coast of deeper hardening is desired.
Texas, not far irom the Louisiana line, may yet be seen the re- Where casehardening to a considerable depth is desired, the
mains of a famous “mud fort.” Directly in front of the old fort pieccs are packed in suitable :ron box or pot, along with equal
the Government is at present dredging a deep water channel. parts of charcoal, pulverized bone, and leather scrap. Or in-
The work is done by means of immense pumps on scows, which stead of this, saltpetre and leather may be used, in the proportion
suck up the sand and mud and discharge through a pipe lead- of 1 pound of the former to eight pounds of the latter. First, a
ing to the shore. An eye witness send us an account of what layer of the mixture is put in the bottom of the box, upon which
occurred there a few days ago. a layer of the pieces to be casehardened is carefully placed so as
The dredge Chas. Clark No. 4 pumped out a quantity of stuff not to touch one another or the sides of the box. Over this an
which would make interesting relics in many of the Confederate other layer of the mixture is placed. Then another layer of the
camps. The dredge was in the locality where the Federal gun- pieces, and so on till the box is filled. The cover is then put on
boat Clifton was disabled and captured by Dick Dowling and and the joint luted with clay, to exclude the air. The box and
his men—42 in number, Dowling included—on the 8th of Sep- its contents are then kept at a red heat for from three to five
tember, 1863, when in their little mud fort, with four formerly hours longer, according to the depth it is required to harden.
condemned guns, they captured the Clifton, with all on board It is then uncovered and the contents dumped into a tank of
disabled the gunboat Sachem, causing her to sink at sea, and clean, cold water with the least possible exposure to the atmos-
turned back two other gunboats and 22 transports with 16,000 phere. In this way the hardening may be to a depth of 1-12 in.
men, who were attempting to invade Texas. Suddenly the dis- or deeper, which is necessary for pieces subjected to very con-
charge pipe began shooting out leather belts, pistol and sword siderable wear. This leaves a very hard surface, with a soft
scabbards, knapsacks, brass sword hilts and buckles, parts of centre, not likely to break by shock.
guns and bayonets, and shot and cartridges of various kinds and Large pieces casehardened in this way are sometimes found
sizes—equipment thrown overboard by the surrendering troops to have the metal beyond the hardening weakened 1n the process
on the vessel, pending the time she was disabled and their bring- —granulated or something of the sort. To remedy this some
ing her to anchor under the white flag. Among the articles practice annealing after casehardening, then heat and cool the
pumped through the 1800-ft. flume by the dredge, was a brass same as in tempering steel.
pistol, which looks little the worse for its rest of 38 years be- Iron that is to be casehardened should be homogenous in
neath the waters of the Pass. Another well preserved relic of quality—that is, not of piled and welded scrap. If this precau-
that eventful episode is a leather cartridge box on which the tion is not observed, the pieces will very likely come out badly
manttacturer’s name and address is plainly inscribed. sprung out of shape. The quality of the iron should be good.
When a good deal of casehardening is done, a special furnace
CASEHARDENING. is very commonly employed, in which the boxes or pots are
placed for heating.
The process of casehardening really consists of two processes. in

First, the surface of the piece, whatever it may be, and so on ADVANTAGE IN LEARNING FRENCH, GERMAN AND
to a greater or lesser depth, depending upon the process em- SPANISH.
ployed, is changed very definitely from iron to steel; then this
surface is hardened as any steel is hardened. There is surpris- A leading American manufacturer, who has a large export
ingly little difference as between iron and steel—that is, between trade, says not enough attention is given to foreign languages.
a bar of good iron and a bar of steel—so far as the constituent I am asked the question nearly every day in Europe, “Where
parts are concerned; yet this little difference constitutes the im- can I get some bright young machinery salesman, speaking
portant distinction between something that will “cut like a English, German and French?” and I tell them, “I don’t know,”
razor” or that may be tied up in a knot, like a whip lash. and “If I did I would not tell you, but take him myself.” Let
The first process in what will always be called case-hardening me say to our young men that the stepping stone to greatness
is the supplying to the iron—the surface of the piece under in a commercial career 1s through the selling department. There
treatment—what it lacks to make steel of it; otherwise it will is no branch of a business that requires as high an order of
not harden. The principal thing to be supplied is carbon, one of ability as the placing of its product. Every manufacturer will
the most common of all substances. bear me out that it is more difficult to obtain first-class sales-
Cast iron is made up, generally, of not less than 3 per cent men than any other class of men.
carbon. For the purpose of converting this into wrought iron We have had occasion to refer to the East India Company.
an essential part of the process consists in getting rid of the They sent out from England a bright young clerk and salesman.
carbon—burning it out. In the process of converting the named Clive. He combined with his commercial training great
wrought iron into steel, some of the carbon must be restored; executive ability. There was an uprising of the natives, and
the wrought iron must be recarbonized. In the first process in Clive, without military training, with a handful of men from his
casehardening the surface of the wrought iron is kept in inti- office, quelled the rebellion. He was afterward given the com-
miat? contact with something that will supply the carbon to the mand of troops in another part of the country, defeating a force
iron when the latter is at a fairly high temperature. of 60,000 men with but 3,000. He was made Lord Clive, and
For casehardening superficially—that is, for converting into laid the foundation for that great empire. Our young men
steel a thin film of the iron only,—the operation is all in the should at once organize night classes for the acquisition of
open air, which makes it imperfect in every respect. Prussiate German, French and Spanish. It will not be long before it will
of potash is very commonly employed. If the piece is well pol- be absolutely necessary for correspondents, typewriters and
ished, and reasonable care is taken, a fairly fine mottled-grey others in offices of large manufacturing concerns to have an in-
surface is obtained. When the process is employed for small timate knowledge of these three languages.
pieces at frequent intervals the potash may be kept in any suita- ii

ble iron vessel. The piece to be hardened is dipped into this An American being shown over an English estate by the
and stirred about, an old spoon being used to keep it covered head gardener, and impressed by the handsome lawn, remarked,
with the potash. When the piece cools somewhat it is again “It must have required quite a little work to get this lawn in
heated slowly, the potash adhering to it, and when hot again so fine a condition.” “Yes,” replied the man, “it has had the
treated with the potash, then heated as for tempering a piece of best of care for over 200 years.”
 January 11, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS --

TURNING NIGHT INTO DAY.

MIDNIGHT PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN BY LIGHT OF ELECTRIC HEADLIGHT!

The lightning express plunging through the night at 100 feet reflector, and current is supplied from a small generator carried
a second requires an intense and far reaching light. Electricity on the locomotive. On a dark night it is possible to view the
has made such a light possible and already many roads have track even better than during the day, as the light is concen-
adopted electric headlights. Roads operating in mountainous trated on the rails. It is often easy to count the telegraph poles
districts where danger lurks in landslides and washed out bridges, for a distance of one mile where the track is straight and level
or lines traversing tracts where stations are far apart have been Our illustration is from a photograph taken at midnight by the
the first to equip. The light is an arc lamp, with a powerful light of an electric headlight—Railway Age, Nov. 22, 1901

eS

QUICHSAND.
Very little is known by the general public about quicksand, and to raise the surface very slightly, separating and lubricating
and that little is usually obtained from novels. Such informa- the particles so that they are easily displaced. The bucket now
tion is usually wrong, being composed of a pinch of truth and contains quicksand, and this sand, from the support it receives
a handful of fiction. The sensational novel goes so far as to from the water, has its weight or supporting power reduced
give to quicksand some attributes that belong only to living In the dry state it weighed nearly 94 pounds, but if weighed in
creatures. No ordinary observer could distinguish quicksand the water it is reduced to 32% pounds, and its mobility pre-
from any other if it were dried; and if he wished to restore its vents any animal from walking on it. The mixture of sand and
fatal property artificially, he would, in all probability, fail. Sup water weighs quite 112 pounds per cubic foot, or nearly twice
pose he fills a bucket with it in the dry state, and soaks it with the weight of water, and bulk for |} ilk nearly twice the weight
water; it does not in consequence become mobile. If he drains of a man, but it is too thick to swim in ind the person engulfed
d the water off from the bottom, the sand will be found wedged would soon be too exhausted to escape. He would probably die
firmly in place, and if the water be measured it will be found to of suffocation if not drowned by an advancing tide, for quick-
equal thirty per cent of the bulk of the sand, or about twenty sands are found mostly within the influence of tides. He would
per cent of its weight. From this we may infer that a cubic foot not be swallowed by the quicksand, because it is so much heavier
of dry sand weighs nearly 94 pounds. This, for sand, is very than his body. Quicksands require in all cases an upward cur-
light weight, for there are other qualities of sand which weigh as rent which is not quick enough to form what is called a spring
>f much as 171 pounds. Quicksand, when examined under the or fountain. It may be formed in two ways—in tidal rivers and
1 microscope, will be seen to have rounded corners like river sand, on the shores of tidal seas the rising tide may saturate a porous
id as distinguished from angular or “sharp” sand, which will pack stratum of ground below high-water mark, and when the tide
more solidly than the other. It is quicksand that is used in the falls a return current is established through the same porous
hour-glass and in the smaller egg-boiler, partly because of its (sandy) ground with a sufficient velocity to loosen the sand, as
fineness and partly because it does not obscure the inner sur- above described. This sand, as soon as the rising tide reverses
face of the glass by scratching. The lightness of quicksand is the current, ceases to be “quick.” The other case is that when a
he
the quality which will lead us most surely to the cause of its slow current of fresh water finds an exit through a surface of
d,
reputation, and to illustrate this, the bucketful of sand must be sand above or below water. This is a permanent quicksand.
loaded with water from below, and made to overflow very Any sand and almost any material might have the quality of
he
slowly. The upward current will be found to loosen the sand quicksand imparted to it by means of a suitable current.
4 POPULAR MECHANICS January I1, 1902.

SEEING BY WIRE. Remove the board and carbons from the wax, shake off the
superfluous wax and !et them drain bottom side up, until cool.
Seeing by wire is the latest improvement in modern condi- We have now four carbon rods, mounted upon a paraffined
tions, according to information that comes from Brussels. Dr_ board, the whole forming one pole of our cell. ‘A zinc rod forms
James Sylvestre, an American, is said to have given practical the other pole, and one of them should now be pushed through
tests there of a spectograph he has invented which enables a the hole in the middle of the board, until it projects the same
person using a telephone to see the interlocutor and the latter's distance from the lower side of the board as the carbon rods
surroundings. The instrument also works on an ordinary tele- do. The zinc must not touch the carbon rods, as this would
graph wire, the inventor claims, and he hopes to make it prac- spoil the action of the cell.
ticable for use on cables enabling a person to see as well as talk All that is left to do now is to connect the carbon rods with
across the ocean. If the professor’s device is a succees it will each other. An easy way to do this is to take a piece of bare
soon be possible for persons to see each other while they are copper wire (not insulated), about six feet long, and wrap it
talking over the wire between Chicago and New York. _ tightly around one carbon about ten times,
The French minister, it is claimed, has witnessed conclusive “—
o
then carry it on to the next, wrapping it
tests of the invention and King Leopold has arranged a special around the second, then on to the rest of the
audience with Dr. Sylvestre for the purpose of inspecting the carbons. All wax should be scraped off be-
instrument and witnessing its operations. fore this is done until a clean carbon surface
+> is obtained. After wrapping the wire around
ELEMENTARY STUDIES IN ELECTRICITY. the fourth carbon, twist it about itself two or
three times, and carry the loose end to a bind-
CHAPTER I. ing post screwed to one corner of the board.
Electricity exists in two forms—as a stationary charge, and as Insert the apparatus just constructed into one
a moving current. The former is not of much practical value of the tumblers, and one of the cells is com-
to us, while the latter is of immense value. It is the electric plete, with the exception, of course, of the
liquid which is to be used. ts appearance is
current that runs our street cars and lights our houses, and en-
ables us to do the many other wonderful things with which every ae shown in Fig. 2. Proceed in this manner
one is more or less familiar. There are at least three methods rig 2 with each of the other cells. Four is a suffi-
by which this electric current may be produced, two of which cient number of cells for most purposes, although the amateur
are in every day use. One of these methods is to use a Voltaic may wish to make more for special purpose.
cell, or battery, and the other method is to generate the current A liquid for use in these cells can be made as follows: Dis-
by means of a dynamo driven solve 8 oz. of bichromate of potash in two quarts of hot water.
by a steam engine or other When cold add 8 oz. commercial sulphuric acid. A caution must
source of power. When we be given regarding the use of this acid. First, never let it touch

Cy
te
wish to use the current on a
large scale, the dynamo meth-
the fingers or clothing or any similar article.
them like fire.
It will destroy
Next, never pour water or any solution into the
¥ ts. ‘ od is much the cheapest to
acid. Always pour the acid very slowly into the water, stirring
*)8
= MOLE
purposes constantly. On account of the destructive qualities of this acid,
use. gut for all
where only a small amount of it is almost imperative that the tumblers containing it should
current is needed, it is much stand on some sort of a tray. This may be made of a shallow
cheaper to generate it by wooden boxabout one inch deep, thoroughly soaked in paraffine.
means of a battery. Whenever the battery is not inuse, the carbonsand zinc rods must be
A powerful and efficient removed from the acid and set aside to drain. The tray should
battery for experimental pur- be large enough for this purpose. In using the cells, connect
FIG 1 poses can be made by any the carbon terminal of the first cell to the zinc of the second,
amateur at an insignificant cost. For this purpose, there will the carbon of the second to the zinc of the third and the car-
be needed four tumblers (the kind with vertical sides) about bon of the third to the zinc of the fourth. This will leave free
3
2% inches in internal diameter; four pieces of pine ™% inch the zinc pole of the first cell and the carbon pole of the fourth
thick and 3 inches square; four zinc rods 3 inches in diam- cell, which will form the terminals of our battery.
eter, such as may be bought at any electrical supply store at In a later paper, we shall see how we may, by a little extra
a cost of a few cents each, and 16 carbon rods, 4 inch in work,, improve the working of these cells, and how we mav
diameter and 5 inches long, such as may be picked up under perform many interesting experiments with them.
any electric street light. (To be continued.)
Cut a piece of board three inches square and ™% inch thick. -_-?

In the center bore a %-inch hole; % from the center of this VESTADIUM—A NEW METAL.
hole bore four other holes 3% in diameter and equally spaced
around the central hole. (See Fig. 1.) File every trace of cop- A new aluminum alloy has recently been introduced by a firm
per from the surface of the carbon rods (if they are copper in Birmingham which is said to be not only of pleasing appear-
plated) and having filed them to a length of 5 inches, push four ance, but to be possessed of considerable strength. The in-
of them through the % holes so that they project 3% inches ventors claim that their new metal, which is to be called “vesta-
from the lower side of the board. They should fit snugly, and dium,” is very much stronger and of far greater utility than any
be wedged in if necessary. metal of the same specific gravity at present known. Vestadium
In a tin dish, large enough to admit the board which forms is an alloy of aluminum, with a specific gravity of 2.73—that
the top of the cell just made, melt some paraffine wax until it is about one-third the weight of steel of the same volume, and
‘
just begins to smoke, taking care not to heat it hot enough so is, therefore, of about the same specific gravity as pure alum-
that it will take fire. Immerse the board and the short pro- inum, which is the lightest metal in mercantile use. A tube of
jecting ends of the carbons in this hot wax, leaving it there for the metal, 12 inches long, was fixed with one end against a sup-
five minutes. Do not immerse the long projecting ends of the port, and pressure applied to the other end; the tube only com-
carbon in the wax, nor get the wax on these ends, for this will menced to yield when a pressure of over 4,800 pounds had been
impair the efficiency of the cell. The object of the wax is to applied, and was only very slightly crushed at a pressure of more
make the board and the upper ends of the carbon rods, imper- than 5,000 pounds. One of the great advantages which these
vious to acids and moisture tubes possess is that they never snap. Vestadium is non-corre
January 11, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 5

sive, the atmosphere and water take no effect upon it, and sul ium cloride. If sulphate of lime or sulphu present, it
phuric acid does not even mark it In color it is said to be will be shown by a milky appearance, and by the formation
whiter than silver and takes a magnificent polish, which does a white precipitate. If decomposed animal matter is the cau
not tarnish and requires very little cleaning of all the trouble, it will be shown by adding a drop of perma
><: > ganate of potash, which will color the water a bright violet rose
when first added. If decomposed organic matte: present the
GUM CHEWING VS. FOOD CHEWING.
color changes to a dull yellow; if present larg uantitic
however, the color will in time disappear ipo!
Chew your food thoroughly. Mix it well with saliva. Don't
ew dropsof solution ofp te ot p {
rush through the meal it comes but three times a day and you
luce directly or ‘ me 4 }
are entitled to be leisurely about it. Enjoy it, says the Osteo
nu \i¢ \\ rh Lot 1
pathic Physiciat lake your time and do it well Very much ¢
the dyspepsia, headac }he and constipation.of the I world comes —-
irom bolting one’s vations. The dog’s stomach is made to tak« CLEANING A WATER PIPE
care ol food gulped down in “original packages; yours is not
You must eat a human way or pay an inhumane penalty When the underground pipes whicl
Do not be led into the error of thinking that gum-chewing become foul with incrustations or chok«
aids digestion It does not. But food chewing does. Th: often a serious problem to remove the obst S 1 pre
digestion of begins
food in the mouth by its admixture with dicament occurred at St. Johns, N. B., and one morning por-
saliva. Failing properly to treat the food with this digestive tion of the city containing 8,500 inhabitants w iddenly de
juice while in the mouth cannot be compensated for by any prived of water. The situation was serious and full of danger
amount of insalivation induced artificially afterwards. The main which was‘ laid in 1851, was 24 inches in diameter and
Gtiim chewing, moreover. is a great drain upon the salivary five miles long, bringing water from a lake which is 160 feet
glands. Three pints of saliva a day is the average capacity of above the city. To remove the pipe was too slow and expensive
these little glands. Under the stimnulation of habitual gum-chew- a matter, and after several unsuccessful attempts a machine was
ing this output is said to reach as high as six to eight quarts. devised which quickly cured the trouble.
This drain on the nervous system and glands, it can well be seen, Two pistons were made of birch using several layers one inch
is enormous. thick, and built crosswise to prevent warping and _ increase
The habit of chewing gum when practiced immoderately also strength. Discs of thick leather were bolted to the pistons, mak
induces weakness of vision. Bookkeepers and others, who are
apt to chew steadily while they work, at the same time that the
eyes are used actively, are very apt to suffer from eye-strain. It
is nerve waste that affects the eye sympathetically in many such
cases.
So the person who chews gum in the delusion that he is aid-
ing digestion is working overtime in a bad cause and inflicting
decided damage upon his system
+o
TO CLEAN SPONGES.

To clean old sponges,

I boi! them for three or four hours in
ing a snug fit in the pipe, but allowing some play \ spindle
water (enough to cover them) containing a couple voi table-
made of 3-inch wrought-iron pipe connected the pistons and ex
spoonfuls of carbonate ci soda, or in water mixed with a couple
tended two feet in front. On the end of the pindle were at-
of handfuis of wood ash, this to remove all the greasy matter
tached four arms made of spring steel and sloping backward in
that the sponges may contain; then rinse them thoroughly,
fish-tail form. These arms were so placed as to cover the ent.ix
squeezing them well in several lots of clean cold water. After
surface of the main, at the same time avoiding too great resist-
this preliminary operation soak the sponges in chloride acid,
ance at any one point.
mixed with four times the quantity of water, suiting the whole
In describing
the working of the device the Canadian Engineer
amount to the size of the sponge, but keeping the same propor-
says a section of the main extending from the reservoir toward
tions. After twenty-four hours let water run on to the sponge
the city, a distance of about 6,000 feet, having been prepared by
for some time, then rinse with the hands until the smell of the
inserting a hatch-box at each end, the work of cleaning began
acid has disappeared. Hang the sponges up to dry over a hot
The head of water upon the upper hatch-box was 20 feet and on
stove, and when this has been satisfactorily accomplished, the
the lower 27 feet. The first run took four hours, for the reason
sponge will be almost as good as new.
that a cord sufficiently long to reach the whole length had been
placed on a revolving drum 10 feet in circumference, and fur-
TESTING FEED WATER. nished with an indicator to register the revolutions. The end
of this string was attached to the cleaner, and a record kept of
Treatment of feed water by an engineer has not, as a rule, met its location as it sped along. But when the first flushing branch
with any great success, as a number of experiences in this line was reached the twine drifted out here and down the brook,
that have been shown up will testify, but there are a few tests while the drum kept on revolving and the indicator registering
that everyone having charge of boilers should be familiar with. until the whole string was paid out. Meanwhile the cleaner had
The presence of hard or soft water is easily detected by drop- become securely moore1 near the flushing branch and could not
ping a few drops of alcohol that has dissolved all that it can be liberated until the stop-cock was dug to and uncovered. On
possibly hold of good soft soap. The water will turn milky the twine being cut and pulled out and the stop-cock lid restored,
white if it is hard, and remain clear if soft. Add to the water water was let on again and the cleaner finished its journey, a
from five to ten drops of oxalate of ammonia in a test tube. If distance of 2,200 feet in about five minutes. This first run was
carbonate of lime be present the water will in a short time pre: sufficient to show that twine was dangerous, and entirely unnec-
sent a clouded or milky appearance, and in a few hours a pre-
assary, for the grating sound of the cleaner as it passed through
cipitate will be found at the bottom of the tube. Take some ol the pipe was heard quite distinctly by the two watchers under
the feed water and add a few drops of nitrate of baryta or bar- their feet as they followed the sound along the line. Two more
6 POPULAR MECHANICS January 11, 1902.

runs were given, the time occupied to go the distance being about TELEPHONES IN THE UNITED STATES.
twenty minutes. The water was inky black for some time as it
flowed from the flushing pipe, and it was allowed to run for two The Electrical Review for December 14 has a valuable article
hours after the cleaner had been removed, this time having been on the growth and magnitude of telephones in this country.
required for the water to clarify. The process was continued The telephone was invented by Professor Alexander Graham
until the flow of water was as great as when the main was laid, Bell in 1875 and patented by him the next year. At that time
half a ceritury ago. good business men considered it would never be of practical
oo
>
use. By January, 1878, some 5000 instruments were in use on
BREAKS ALL RECORDS OF ELECTRIC AUTOS. private lines. The same year a test conversation was had be-
tween New York and Philadelphia, and Philadelphia and Wash-
All records of electric machines were broken by A. L. Riker’s ington. The first exchange was established in 1879. The funda-
low-rigged racing frame in a contest between members of the mental patent on the speaking telephone expired in 1893. There
Long Island Automobile Club, on Coney Island Boulevard, in are now many concerns manufacturing telephones.
Brooklyn. Mr. Riker finished a mile in 63 seconds. The ma- Of independent companies there are now 2811 with 708,717
chine was stripped down as far as was possible and presented subscribers, and having $125,000,000 invested. Farmers’ and
the appearance of a mere franie. Onlookers thought it made other private lines number 490,000 instruments. The Bell com-
much better time than it really did, because it was so low and pany has 1,500 exchanges with 1,080,000 telephones and an in-
there was so little display and noise. It was in striking contrast vestment of $320,000,000.
to the ponderous looking machines of other of the contestants. Total in United States: Exchanges, 4311; telephones, 2,278,-
The three fastest machines in the race were those of Henry 717; investment, $470,000,000.

’
nity,

ATOMOBICE. MAGS

ELECTRIC AUTO MAKING ONE MILE IN 63 SECONDS.

Fournier, Foxhall P. Keene and A. C. Bostwick, all gasoline. At the present time the manufacturers are turning out over
The best time was 51 4-5 seconds. 3000 telephone instruments daily or over 1,000,000 sets a year,
“The performance of the three fastest machines,” says the valued at $30,000,000. Wire, poles and other material used to
Automobile Magazine, from which the accompanying illustra- install these phones is $25,000,000 a year.
tion is taken, “were very even. Each driver had several trials, 24>
-_-?>

and several had to take more than their allotted number on ac- A NOVEL STEAM BOILER.
count of the timers being confused.
“Mr. Riker went back for a start only about 200 yards from Au English engineer has designed a steam boiler made up
the point time would be taken, he being towed there. He mainly of coils of steel tubing. The great objection to this kind
gathered headway with surprising alacrity. All others, espe- of boiler hitherto has been that the gencration of steam is very
cially the heaviest class, went back to distances varying from % irregular, and the coil liable to become choked with deposit from
to the full mile allowed them. Mr. Davis brought out a racing the water. To get rid of these disadvantages the inventor has
locomobile, having steaming capacity which should satisfy any designed a coil boiler, into which he places small balls which
one. The vehicle looked as though it would do something great can move freely in the tube for a short distance. These, by
and under Mr. Davis’ control it went faster than any steam checking the flow of water through the lower coils of the tube,
automobile has yet traveled in America.” permit the steam to come off more quietly, and the violent pro-
wwe
->-?> duction of steam, so common with this type of boiler, is pre-
A workman in a Toledo elevator made picture frames from vented. As the balls are in constant movement, all scale and
wornout wooden spouts, the inside of which were most beau- deposit are cleared away, and the tube is thus kept much longer
tifully polished by the thousands of bushels of grain. A coat of in working order than it otherwise would be. The boiler is in-
shellac made the job complete. tended for use in automobiles and steam launches.
January II, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS
7
HOW TO SUCCEED IN THE RAILROAD BUSINESS. He becomes restive under rigid hours and overtime. His supe
rior discovers that he often takes advantage of the necessary ab-
An Address by Chauncey M. Depew. sence of his chief to absent himself.
In the service everyone’s eye is on everyone else. There is a
In the early days of railroading it was a vocation, now it is a generous appreciation of comradeship; at the same time there is
profession. As the railway sytems expanded the enormous bus- severe criticism of the conduct and character of fellow-employes
iness of each company compelled traffic departments, freight and and officers. The moment an officer becomes careless of his
passenger; auditing, financial, construction, roadbed and bridge duties, inattentive and out of reach when wanted, his chances of
departments. The operation of the road called for general man- promotion are over; and the accident of a discharge or displace-
agers, superintendents and assistant superintendents; and a ment are imminent. The chief mistake of the ambitious young
lawyer of distinction, supported by a large number of assistants, man is in regarding the necessity for extra effort, care and atten
who should devote themselves entirely to the legal business of tion, lessened because he had been promoted to better and more
the company, had to be employed everywhere. important positions.
The railway profession presents more attractions for a young It is in these stages of conspicuousness that many a promis-
man than any other line of business. It has greater opportun- ing railway officer loses all the advantages of his previous hard
ities for advancement, and its employment is more permanent. work, incurs the displeasure or distrust of his superiors and
To succeed in it in any department requires health, brains, hon- makes it impossible, even if he reforms, to advance him. There
esty and equipment. The young man must make up his mind is but one rule of success in railway service, and that is, no mat-
that if he would rise in the profession, he must never question ter how high you get, once a hustler, always a hustler, a hustler
the kind of work that is put upon him, the hours which are re- until you die or resign.
quired of him or the places, agreeable or disagreeable, to wiiich —
he is assigned.
TRAVELLING CRADLE FOR PAINTERS.
The young man who proposes to enter railway service should
first decide whether he will take his chances for a career in out-
An English inventor has patented in his own country a wire-
door or indoor work. Ii outdoor work, which is in the operat-
supported travelling cradle for use in the painting and redeco-
ing department, he will be immensely assisted if he has had the
ration of buildings, and other structures. The cradle depends
opportunities which are offered in the technical schools. In
from and iuns along a wire rope or cable. It is raised and low
these days of thorough training it is almost impossible for a
ered, and also worked laterally by means of guy lines, entirely
young man of ordinary education to get on in competition with
the graduates of the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, the
scientific schools of Columbia, the special education of Cornell,
the big advantages of the Troy Polytechnic and the Stevens’ In-
stitute, and the instruction given in many other of the schools
and colleges of the United States.
*
If he selects indoor work, he must make up his mind that
much more will be required of him, at first, than in commercial
lines. If he is in the treasurer's department, and shows special
efficiency and intelligence, when a vacancy occurs in the freight
department, in any discussion that should happen between the
heads of these departments he is almost certain to be drafted waver.
, =
for a better position by the traffic manager, and vice versa.
Railroading differs from no other business or profession in P
its beginnings. The salary is small. The work is hard.
only the few who, by cheerful readiness at all times to perform
It is
1,
:
a

their own tasks and to stay several hours—and, if necessary, all

night—to meet the requirements of the office, or to do the work
of the lame, lazy and incompetent, attract the attention of their
superiors and are marked for promotion.
When once, in any department, the young man has impressed
TRAVELLING PAINTING PLATFORM
upon the head of it his usefulness and fidelity his career is made.
With the rarest exceptions, the heads of all departments in the
railway service of the United States have come up from the from the cradle. It is lighter and smaller than the ordinary
ranks. The presidents of all the railroads have known the day cradles and easily fixed. This cradle was recently used in re
of small things and been many years reaching their positions. painting Southwark-bridge, London, and it was stated that the
The superintendents have all come from the brakes or from car- work occupied less than half the usual time
rying the rod and chain in the engineering service. The super- ——__~<-#
intendents of motive power have come from the footboard. The “BOB BURDETTE” TO THE DENTISTS.
master mechanics have all come from the bench. Traffic mana-
gers and treasurers have all begun as clerks. There are but
Ihe California Dental Association invited “Bob” Burdette
few heads of departments on our own road who have not risen
to make an address, which is reported in the Dental Digest
from the ranks. In the operating department the general man- The opening was as follows:
ager began as a brakeman, the general superintendent and two “Man that is born of a woman is of little hair and no teeth
of the superintendents as telegraph operators, one superintend- when he is born, and sometimes it would be money in his pocket
ent as agent and one as a clerk in the superintendent’s office. if he had less of either. As for his teeth, he hath recurring
Vacancies are the inspiration and hope of those who desire convulsions when he cuts them, and as the last one is coming
and werk for promotion. Sometimes a young man will do very through the first one is falling out; and he entereth the after-
well at first, hut as soon as he reaches a place of some impor- noon land of his days, a human machine, having a mouth full
tance he overes. mates the hold which he has and the strength of porcelain teeth built upon a plate that is constructed to hold
which he has attaifiea m the confidence of his superiors. He will raspberry seeds, so that the last state of that man is worse than
be often absent from the office. He w.” take frequent vacations. the first.”
8 POPULAR MECHANICS January I1, 1902.

Popular Mechanics
fore an upright post or wire was what would be required. The
first experiments were made from hill to hill on our estate, in
H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher little huts, the first at a distance of about ; mile and afterward
further.
Journal Building, - . ~ Chicago
‘“‘Now as to how the messages are sent! You understand th
SUBSCRIPTION an ordinary telegraph instrument works by a current from
battery whenever the wire is connected, by a tapping key o1
Un*'ed States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
other interference, and it acts by giving dots and dashes for
per year $1 00
Foreign Countries, post paid — i<~. o o the alphabet. Now if one can arrange a delicate interference
some kind that shall allow the current to pass only some
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.
times and not at others, and if we can effect this at a distan
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan
then you will see that though the battery at the other end actu
ind engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simpl ally works the telegraph, it is started or stopped from the end
inguage, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub
ications from which iilustrations and facts are taken Where the 1ere by the vibrations through the air.
ime only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used pra:
“The first thing is to send the vibration through the air. This
tically the entire article Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed ve have made only a brief digest, and those of out t done by the upright wire, one end sticking up into the ait
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro
eur from its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of on a pole or mast. The other requirement is to obtain a deli
that date cate interrupter to the actual current from a battery over ther¢
Popular Mechanics ts mailed in time to reach every part of the
ountry by Saturday morning on the hill, a mile or twenty miles away.
“This is found in what is called a ‘coherer,’ which is a little
Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter. glass tube in which are placed some nickel and silver filings
Address, When this tube is inserted in a circuit, the fillings are usually
POPULAR MECHANICS bad conductors, and will not let the current pass; but if it be
Journal Building, - - Chicago placed anywhere within range of the surgings or waves of a
high-tension coil, it all at once becomes a good conductor
SNOW PLOW IN THE MOUNTAINS. Therefore if the waves are directed even from a mile or more
‘ away and be made to affect this little tube, the ‘coherer,’ the
Fighting snow out in the Rocky Mountains is very serious battery over there will send long and short circuits into the in-
business and calls for brave men and strong machines. The strument and the telegraph works without wires.
Railway Review Dec. 14th describes a snow plow now in use on “Since the later demonstrations, installations are contemplated
the Union Pacific R. R., in storms where the snow is three feet in this country for commercial and military purposes and I am
confident that in a few months many more wireless telegraph
stations will be established here and abroad.”
Pow
=_-?

SUBMARINE CABLE TO THE PHILIPPINES.

“The Commercial Pacific Cable Company would have been

very happy to have given an American company its contract, but
there is no company in the United States that could, we felt, per-
form the work. They have not the machinery, and we could not
afford to have the work of laying the cable take the form of an
experiment. The Silverton company has been established for
over 40 years, and has laid most of the deep-ocean_ cables
throughout the world, so that it understands perfectly just how
the work should be accomplished. The company has assured
us that it will complete the cable and have it here in seven
months. Just as soon as this section is complete, and out of
the way we shall commence work on another section that will
connect the Hawaiian Islands with the Philippines. Our station
there will probably be on the island of Luzon and near or in
ROCKY MOUNTAIN SNOW PLOW.
Manila. We have not decided on that point yet, nor have we
deep or less. The plow is made of heavy boiler iron and at- fixed our schedule of rates, but I may say, in speaking of rates,
tached as shown in the cut. Two powerful locomotives are re- that we shall reduce them to a reasonable figure. We expect to
quired to push the machine have the work completed in about two or three years. The esti-
mated cost of the undertaking is about $15,000,000, but we have
——-
capitalized our company at only $3,000,000, because we prefer to
HOW WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY IS WORKED—SIGNOR
increase our capitalization as we proceed rather than use such a
large figure at the beginning.”
It is believed that Mr. Mackay and his associates received as-
Guglielmo Marconi, who has just astounded the world by
surances from Attorney-general Knox that they would have
sending a message across the ocean without the aid of wires,
perfect legal right to make landings in California, Hawaii and
has on request, made the following statement as to how he dis-
the Philippines without permission from the government, and
eovered wireless telegraphy and the methods employed in its
upon this decision the contract for the first section of the cable
operation:
was placed.—Western Electrician.
“I took up Hertz’s experiments while living on our family
ww
estate at Bologna, Italy. I was not a professional electrical iti

engineer, but just an electrical amateur. The use of the upright A western shipper sent a car load of wheat to Chicaes, using
wires is my special invention. Hitherto the experiments had a refrigerator car on account of other cars being scarce. When
been only tried by sending impulses from wires or plates held the car arrived 1,200 pounds amounting to 20 bushels, was found
horizontally, and long parallel lines were usually thought neces- missing. Later the gr- 3s found to have shaken into a space
sary. I argued that the impulses went out in circles and there- back of the ice-bux
January 11, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS Q

HOW TO MAKE A WATER MOTOR.

Will Drive Fan, Generate Electric Light or Run a Sewing Machine.

If you haven’t an electric motor in your own house a littl which it entered As the water leav the
mechanical ingenuity, aided by oil cans, a wash basin, a brass slightly be \ t} ] t he VW a

tube and other simple paraphernalia may enable you to construct rt 1 wi it pa ff through tl /

a water motor for yourself. Mr. E. J. Prindle having occasion ‘ ng re pporte pie f w

for a small11 amount of power in a house w 1eTe no etectricit' ‘ ] rag he v1

‘ n and Is

la hole
passage of the shaf Five i
the hole for the It l
threaded rod that is | t a rig
By turning the bent end of ea
of the top slab of the wasl tand
draw up the rods, the piece of wood
basin. A bearing is formed for the
wood two piecesof 144 x % inch iron tl
Each piece of iron contains half
pied by a neck on the shaft. The object in making the be
ing in two pieces is to enable it to be placed around the neck
of the shaft (this neck being necessary to prevent endwis«
tion of the shaft) and to allow of adjustment for wea Phe
shaft is % inch in diameter and 6 inches long The lower end
is reduced to % inch in diameter for a distance of inch \
neck 3% inch indiameteris turned for % inch, beginning at a point
2 inches from the upper end. The lower end of the shaft is
stepped in a stirrup that depends from the under side of th
piece of wood. The stirrup is made of 4 x % inch iron, and
a piece that is 15% inches long is required. The feet by which
it is attached to the wood are 4 inch in iength, the vertical
arms are 2™% inches inside measurement nd the horizontal
cross piece is 9 inches long.
“The wheel, Fig. 2, is built up on a block of wood that
square for convenience. The sides are 4 inches in length, and
the thickness is 1% inches. A ™%-inch hole is bored exactly in
the center end perfectly at right angles to the sides of the
block. Two disks of galvanized sheet iron 7 inches in diameter
are cut and provided with %-inch holes at the center Phese
disks are secured with round head screws to the block. A strip
of the sheet metal 14 inches wide and 22% inches in length is
bent into a hoop of the diameter of the disks, and its ends are
soldered together. The hoop is then sprung over the disks, and
is securely soldered at its edges to the peripheries of the disks
The hoop is now divided into 16 equal spaces by lines running
across its face.
‘To form the buckets, eight disks 114 inches in diameter are
cut from the sheet iron, and each disk is then cut in half. Strip
of iron % inch wide and 2% inches long are next soldered to
the semicircular edges of the small disks The buckets are
then accurately placed. on the lines that have been drawn on
the hoop of the wheel and are soldered in place around the out-
side. A keyway is cut the entire length of the shaft and the
wheel is keyed in place.
“To prevent splashing and to support the nozzles, a casing
is necessary. This consists simply of a disk 9 inches in diam
Fig 3.—Motor Inverted. eter having an apron 2% inches deep that is soldered around
the periphery of the disk. The length of the strip that forms
was to be had, thus succeeded in making a motor of 1/12 horse- the apron is 29 inches. The casing is screwed to the under side
power. This was sufficient to run an 8 or 10-inch fan, a small of the piece of wood and to the arms of the stirrup. To sup-
dynamo or other light machinery. Mr. Prindle in the Iron port the nozzles firmly in the somewhat yielding casing, two
Age tells how the motor was constructed: pieces of 3-16 inch brass tubing 1% inches long are soldered into
“The only available water power was that to be found in a holes in the apron of the casing 4 inch below the upper edges,
fixed wash basin. This resulted in adapting the reaction wheel and are set in a line that is tangential to a circle 7% inches in
to a horizontal position to fit the necessity. The wheel consists diameter. The nozzles are taken from zinc oil cans such as
of a horizontal cylinder on a vertical shaft, having nearly semi- may be bought anywhere for frcm 5 to 10 cents. With a bracket
circular buckets on its periphery. The water is directed by the saw the nozzle is cut off to afford an opening of % inch. The
nozzle nearly tangential to the upper side of the bucket, and nozzles are carefully soldered in the center of the short tubes
after traversing around the wall of the bucket it leaves in a The screw threaded end of thé oil can spout is convenient for
nearly horizontal line in the opposite direction to that from attaching rubber tubing.
10 POPULAR MECHANICS January II, 1902.

“A belt pulley 3% inches in diameter and 7% inch thick is ONE WAY “TO STOP THE ENGINE.”
bored to fit the shaft snugly, and is grooved in its face, as
shown in Fig. 1. In assembling the parts, the casing is screwed It is often desirable to stop the engine and sometimes the
to the wood > the shaft, having the wheel keyed on it, is ability to do so may be the means of preventing a serious acci-
passed through the hole in the wood from below and the stirrup dent. A stout piece of twine running from the sawyer’s lever
is screwed to place. The screws which secure the casing to the
stirrup arms are now put in, and with the keying of the belt
pulley on the shaft the water wheel is complete. The longer
end of the piece of wood is convenient for securing guiding
pulleys for the belt. These pulleys run on shafts that have
their ends riveted into two U-shaped strap iron supports. The
smaller U-shaped piece is placed within the larger one, and the
YS
two are secured together by the shafts and by the screws which
fasten them to the wooden support. With a head of water of
40 feet, a power amounting to about 1-12 horse-power was ob-
tained, using only one nozzle.”
-ww~
-_-?

ELECTRIC FIRE EXTINGUISHER.

STARING
A French inventor has devised a portable fire extinguisher for
use in buildings in putting out small fires. The machine con-
sists of a light metal tank on wheels, holding 30 gallons of wa-
ter, to be wheeled about by the two handles shown in the cut.

MI TACATA- O44

to each floor of the mill serves the purpose very well. For
making turns in the string use of piece of 1x2™% or 3 with a
¥%-inch hole in it. Ream the edges of the hole and sandpaper
it well so that it will not cut the string —The American Miller.
pow

VALUABLE ARTICLES OF RECENT DATE.

“The Effect of Cylinder Clearance Upon Steam Economy;”

paper by Ira C. Hubbell, before the St. Louis Ry. Club.—Ry.
Age, Dec. 13, 6000 words; illus.
“House Wiring for Telephones;” Electrical Review, Dec. 7,
3000 words, illus.
“Soldiering in the Jungles of the Sulus;” Railroad Trainmen’s
Journal, Dec., 1000 words, 6 illus.
“Poultry on City or Village Lots;” Am. Poultry Journal, Dec.,
2500 words, 3 illus.
“Speed Regulation of Prime Movers;” The Practical Engi-
neer, Dec., 1500 words.
“Estimation of the Cost of Sewer Construction;”’ Municipal
Engineering, Dec., 5000 words, 3 illus.
“Molding a Large Shaper Bed;” Iron Molders’ Journal, Dec.,
3000 words, 6 illus.
“Late Gold Dredging Practice” (concluded); Mining and Sci-
entific Press, Dec. 14, 1500 words.
“Review of Marine Engineering During the Last Ten Years;”
Journal of the. American Society of Naval Engineers, 13,500
words, 25 illus.
pou

PAINT FOR STEEL PLATES.

One of the large railroad companies uses the following recipe

ELECTRIC FIRE EXTINGUISHER. in making an excellent protection for exposed steel plates:
Four pounds pure lamp-black ground in raw linseed oil, 7-8
On the top of the tank is securely fastened an electric motor and gallon genuine asphaltic varnish, 1-4 gallon pure refined linseed
pump. Power to work the pump is secured by removing one of oii, 1-4 gallon drying japan. One gallon of the paint will cover
the electric lamps, in the room, and attaching two wires by means 350 square feet of surface.
ef a screw plug. When the electric current is turned on the ae

motor instantly works the pumps, throwing a good sized stream An electric rack railway to cost over $4,000,000, will be built
a distance of 30 feet. to the summit of Mt. Blanc.
January I1, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS I!

HOW CAR WHEELS ARE MADE.

Chicago, The World’s Greatest Producer, Makes Three Thousand Wheels a Day.

Think of it! Twelve and a half million car wheels, rolling molding floor. Then the carefully selected iron is melted and
along over the railroads of the United States, carrying the poured therein. There are certain kinds of gray cast iron, which,
enormous tonnage of freight and passenger traffic requisite to when melted and poured against a metallic mold, the part of the
the never ceasing stream of American commerce. These wheels iron next to the mold becomes hard, brittle and white, the inte-
transport about 1,500,000 freight cars and 38,000 passenger cars. rior portion remaining gray and fibrous. This change the
To this collossal output of the past Chicago has contributed outer rim of the wheel is made to undergo is called “chilling.”
The founders of past ages are believed to have discovered the
property of chilling which certain iron possesses. It is known
that parts of plows, faces of forged hammers, rolls for rolling
metals, punches for punching holes in wagon tires, etc., and
other kinds of implements, were chilled at an early day long
before the advent of the car wheel
The plates and hub of the wheel must be cast in a sand mold
They are thus made soft enough to be bored or machined, while
the tread cast against a metallic mold is so hard that the finest
tempered file will not affect it. The metallic mold in which the
tread is cast is a good conductor of heat while the sand mold
against which the hubs and plates are cast, is a poor conductor.
Hence the cooling of the tread of the wheel by being cast against
a metallic ring, technically called a “chiller,” causes an undue
strain on the wheel which must by some means be relieved or
the wheel would be ruined. When the wheels are in condition
to move from the molds they are placed in tight pits lined with
fire brick that will stand the heat, ten or more in each pit. The
equilibrium of heat between the tread and plates and hub, which
has been destroyed by the rapid cooling of the tread by reaso
MOLDING CAR WHEELS. of the chilling process is restored as follow
“Either by the development of latent heat, which urs wher
more than any other city of the world. The preponderance of so many hot pits are confined in tight pits, to extent sufficient
her contribution will be even greater in the future. to equalize the temperature of the different parts of the wheel; or
Chicago now makes 3000 wheels every day or nearly a mil ‘By passing a current of cold air throngh the hubs of the
lion a year. St. Louis enjoys the reputation of being next in wheels, which rapidly reduces the tempe ratut of the center
importance to Chicago in this line of manufacture. until it approximates that of the tread, or
How are these car wheels made? This is a question that “By having the pits heated before the wheels are placed there-
probably many an observant student of mechanics has asked. in, and then by the application of additional heat rapidly rai
There are about half a hundred factories in the United States ing the temperature of the tread until it approximates that of the

MOLDS READY FOR POURING.

and while the general system employed by each is practically plates and hub. The wheels are allowed to remain in the pits
the same there is considerable variance in the mode of handling for several days and are not removed until all tendency to frac-
the metal, the methods of molding, shipment, etc. Many of the ture from strain has been removed.
modern manufactories are so constructed as to enable the work- To provide proper flange thickness on steel tired wheels, from
men to keep the product moving continuously in one direction. 15 to 40 per cent must be turned off and thrown away.
The molding of a car wheel is precisely on the same principle In one of the big car wheel plants of Pittsburg ladle cars,
as any ordinary casting. First the molds are arranged on the each holding just enough iron for one whieel, distribute the
12 POPULAR MECHANICS January
11, 1902.
metal from the mixing ladle to the different molding floors AN AUTOMOBILE BAKERY.
[he cars are drawn by a wire rope driven by an electric motor ——- ———
Each molding floor has an air hoist which lifts the red-hot The automobile craze is indeed far reaching. The latest is
wheel from there to another cable system in the rear of the an automobile bakery. It was buil in Rouen, says the Confec-
floor nd thence it is carried to the annealing5 pits
| They are ioners’ and Bakers’ Gazette This new departure is to be

a»

ON TOP OF ANNEALING PITS.

then removedbyairhoiststo the cleaning floor, where both sides found in the French army, and has been named the Schweitzer
of the wheel are cleaned at once, by being run into a cleaning Military Bakery Automobile. A mill is with the bakery which
machine will follow the regiments on the march and make fresh bread
Each tap from the cupola to the mixing ladle is tested beforé from the wheat on the spot. The mill is mounted on a car
it is poured into a mold. The test is to determine the chill or with the boilers and kneading troughs and all are run by the
wearing quality of the iron and for this purpose a bar about two same motor as runs the automobile. The oven is separate, and

ELECTRICALLY-DRIVEN CABLE SYSTEM WITH LADLE CARS.

inches square by five inches is cast with one side resting on is drawn along in the rear. The bran serves as food for the
a chill. This cools very rapidly and is assisted in doing so by cavalry horses. It is estimated that this bakery will prceduce
being immersed in water, after which the test piece is broken. enough bread for 5000 men daily.
Test bars are poured at the same time with the test pieces to
enable the exact strength of the iron to be obtained. Being fin- A ship canal to connect Lake Huron and Lake Erie is pro-
ished the wheel is carefully tested for hardness, for thin plates, jected, and would save 150 miles of travel.
thick or thin flanges, shrinkage, cracks or any other possible
defects. Then comes the testing by the railroads, the most Certificates or licenses issued to marine engineers are graded
severe of which is known as the Pennsylvania thermal system, according to class, first, second and third, which refers wholly
which consists in surrounding the entire tread of the wheel to the vessel they are entitled to take charge of, not to the man’s
with a band of molten iron 1% inches in thickness. qualifications. Many engineers in subordinate positions have
“Nlustrations from the Foundry. chief engineer’s licenses.
January I1, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 13

HOTEL TELEPHONES SUPPLANT MESSENGER BOYS AND he has but to call up the hotel exchange; the operator does the
CALL BELLS—CHICAGO’S UNRIVALLED SYSTEM. rest by making connection with the bell-boy station, the dining
room, the bar, the barber shop, or what not Phe advantages
of the outside and long-distance connections are equally ob
Guests of Chicago hotels may now remain in their rooms and
vious.
talk to any person who has a telephone in any section of Chi “The Auditorium board, as shown in the picture, is located
cago or in New York, Denver, St. Paul or any other city, for in an alcove immediately adjoining the office of the Annex and
that matter. No longer is there the necessity of calling a mes- consists of one seven panel section and one five panel section
senger boy to deliver a few.words to a social or business ac- providing five operators’ positions At present about 900 lines
quaintance. The guest may talk to the hotel clerk in person, or from the two hotels terminate in this board, but it has an ulti
order anything he wants from any part of the hotel, without mate capacity of 1,200 lines. Somewhat out of the
}
ordinary 1s
leaving his room. the arrangements of the jacks at which the lines terminate. It
This new convenience is brought about by the establishment will be noticed in the illustration that the multiple jacks with
of branch telephone exchanges in hotels, affording interior com which the regular Chicago telephone switchboards are equipped
munication vastly superior to the familiar annunciator service have been dispensed with, and instead, local trunks between the
“In Chicago,” the Western Electrician says, “this work has different operators have been substituted, thus making it po
been lately taken up in earnest by the Chicago Telephone Com- sible to “trunk” connections from one end of the board to the
pany, and at the present writing five hotels—the Auditorium, other. Nine of the 12 panels have each been fully equipped with
Auditorium Annex, Great Northern, Virginia and Windermere 100 answering jacks, and each of these jacks has its customary
—are equipped for branch-exchange service. rium line lamp, which is located directly below its jacl At the righ
The Audit
and the Annex are, however, served from one exchange, wh'ch}
side of each lamp a number plate is provided, upon which the
number of the line—corresponding to the number of the r
is said to supply the largest hotel-telephone system in the Unit-
which terminates tn the jack above the lamp, is marked.”
ed States. This exchange, illustrated herewith, is placed in the
office of the Annex and may be described as a good example of toe -
the hotel telephone-extension idea. ° The X-ray affords an absolute proof of death. Professor Otto
“The system at the Auditorium and Annex (and those at the lenghi, of the University of Siena, says While it is easy t
other four hotels mentioned) is of the central-battery, automatic apply the rays to the lungs of a person who ilive or in trance
signaling type. Each guest’s room or suite is provided with a it is extremely difficult, indeed, practically possible, t yply
telephone. The convenience in an obvious one and is appreciat- them to the lungs of a person actually dead It
ed. Does the guest wish a pitcher of ice water, a barber, a por- test which can be made by any | h the portabl
ter, a meal or some other creature comfort served in his room. X-ray machin

SECTION OF TELEPHONE SWITCHBOARD IN AUDITORIUM HOTEL, CHICAGO.

 POPULAR MECHANICS January 11, 1902.

A LOCOMOTIVE CURIOSITY.

-%

ss

Fifty years is a long time in the history of railroading, but are of the bar type. The form of the firebox, characteristic of
our illustration of an English locomotive shows one which has the Bury engines, and the fact that its material is copper had
made the remarkable record of 53 years in service. It was built given it the descriptive nickname of “Old Coppernob” while it
in Liverpool in 1846 and weighs, with tender, only 32 tons. The was in service. The boiler is 11 feet 2 inches in length and 3
cngine has cylinders 14 by 22 inches, carried a steam pressure of feet 6 inches in diameter, the plates being of Low Moor iron
120 pounds to the square inch and has a tube heating surface of throughout. The underframe is entirely of oak. It will now be
805 square feet and firebox heating surface of 49 square feet. The placed on a pedestal and form a most interesting historical relic.
driving wheels are 4 feet 9 inches in diameter and the frames —Railway Age, Oct. 25, 1901.

THE FIRE TEST FOR ORES. passes off in fumes, while part of it is absorbed, together with
any copper or other substances which may be in the bottom,
In making the first test of ores supposed to contain gold or by the boneash, leaving a small silver button in the cupel. If
silver, a quantity of the ore is pulverized until it will pass the ore is known to contain much silver, the lead button is
through a 60-mesh sieve. In this condition the ore is called placed in the cupel just as it is taken from the slag; but if
pulp. The Mining and Scientific Press describes the test as there is very little silver in the ore, a known quantity of pure
follows: silver is added, so that there may be a heavy excess of silver in
A half assay ton of the pulp is weighed carefully on the pulp the button obtained in the cupel. This is necessary in order
scales and put into a crucible, together with a flux, which con- that the button may be parted with acid.
sists of carbonate of soda, borax and litharge, or protoxide of The silver button is weighed on the button balance, and is
lead. Sometimes flour is added. The proportions of the ingre- then parted by immersing it in nitric acid. The acid dissolves
dients in the flux vary according to the nature of the ore. Some the silver and leaves the gold in the form of fine black dust.
heavy lead or galena ores require very little litharge. Other The parting is done in an annealing cup. The gold is washed
ores which contain little or no lead require litharge in larger and dried and the cup is placed in the muffle and heated to a
quantities. The pulp and the flux are thoroughly mixed and red heat, which anneals the gold, bringing it into a compact
covered with salt or borax. Borax makes a clearer flux, but mass and giving it its true gold color. The gold is transferred
has no other advantage over the common salt. If there is an to the tray on the button balance and weighed. The weight of
excess of sulphur in the ore, iron nails are added. The crucible the gold is deducted from the weight of silver button, giving
is then placed in the furnace, which has been heated to white the weight of the silver. The button balance is a delicate piece
heat to receive it. of mechanism. It is kept in a glass case and the weighing is
The furnace contains a fireclay oven, a muffle, which is made done with the case closed, in order that the air currents in the
with an opening at the back to permit the fumes from the room may not affect the beam.
crucible to escape. Usually half an hour or forty minutes is aoe
_-?>
required to reduce the contents of the crucible to a fluid state.
When the action in the crucible has ceased the contents are Swedish engineers are successfully working wireless telegraphs
poured into a metal mold and allowed to cool. The slag is from the mainland to war vessels stationed at islands 28 miles
then broken off and a lead button is found at the bottom of the away. A

mold. This lead button contains all the gold and silver in
the ore. To separate the gold and silver from the lead, the The buildings of the Pan-American Exposition are being
button is placed in a cupel, a small dish made of boneash, and wrecked. by the Chicago House Wrecking Co., which paid
replaced in the muffle. The lead is melted, and part of it $130,000 for them.
 January II, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

AN ELECTRIC BATON.

Electricity was used to beat time for

many thousands of singers who could not
see the musical director. The occasion was
a local celebration of consequence in an
Faom Pwero. on
English city. The crowd filled the streets CHICAGO TESAS
o & SY¥mOicarTe
on all four sides of the city hall and ex- Spinoie Top
tended into side streets. Several bands - a
were scattered to lead the multitude in
singing the national anthem. An electric ela
flash light was placed in front of each
band leader, and the wires led to the stand
where the general director stood and con- ee : |
nected to his baton. At the beginning of
every beat he pressed a button in his
baton, which instantly flashed a light for
each band leader, and thus the hymn was
rendered simultaneously, and the experi- Capital Stock, $1,000,000.00 in shares of 50 cents each
Full paid and non-assr ssable
ment was a success. W. C. Moore, President of the Moore-Cortes
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS—President,
—____--@—_
—_—__ Canal Co., Houston, Texas; Hon. Wm. Mason, United States Senator from Illinois;
Perry A. Hull, Master in Chancery of the Cireuit Court, Chicago; Treasurer, O. C. Drew,
«= -s DOES ELECTROCUTION KILL? Cashier Planters’ & Mechanics’ National Bank, Houston, Texas: 8. R. Perryman, Attor-
ney, Houston, Texas.
REFERENCES- Chicago National Bank Ghicago 31. Planters’ and Mechanics
There is some doubt expressed as to National Bank, Houston, texas; The First National Bank of Beaumont, Texas.

certainty of instant death from electrical WHAT THIS SYNDICATE OFFERS

executions as now performed in Massa- It owns 437 acres of the choicest oil lands in Texas. Its first well on Spindle Top
Heights, Jeaumont, is now nearly completed. There are one hundred and ten gushers
chusetts and New York. There are so within a stone’s throw of it—on every side. This well would have been completed before
this except for the fact that for four weeks the drill was in the hardest rock yet struck
many cases of recovery of persons acci- on Spindle Top, and it took three weeks’ drilling, night and day, to get through this forty-
dently shocked and apparently dead that fcot stratum. This was finally penetrated and the drill is now sinking rapidly. A gusher
inay be expected daily. This hard rock is an excellent indication of a big deposit of oil
there is good ground to doubt that the beneath it.
In addition to the Spindle Top Heights property, the Syndicate owns 400 acres at Sour
persons executed are killed by the electric Lake (within a few hundred feet of where a gusher has been struck), at Dayton Prairie,
shock alone. The law in New York re- at Saratoga and elsewhere. Gushers are now in at Saratoga and Sour Lake and flowing
perfect lubricating oil, making the proven oil fields of immense value. These lands are
quires an autopsy as soon as convenient all paid for and owned outright by the Syndicate, therefore there are no leases and no
royalties to pay.
after the execution. This being generally
A GUSHE R GUARANTEED WITHIN THIRTY DAYS
done immediately, there is a question This Syndicate guarantees a gusher on Spindle Top Heights within 30 days. A limited
whether electricity or the autopsy is the amount of treasury stock is offered for sale at 50 cents — share in lots of 50 shares and
upwards. Money now subscribed for stock will be re 1 inded directly to the subscriber
cause of death. This matter should re- if the Syndicate has not a gusher within 30 days. Out of town subscribers may deposit
subscriptions in their local banks and notify this company at the address below.
ceive a thorough investigation by a com-
MARKETING ARRANGEMENTS MADE
petent commission. The demand for Texas oil is world wide and enormous. The only problem is to get the
As long as capital punishment is to re- oil to the market. This problem has been solved by the Syndicate.
This Syndicate has just bought 20 acres of tankage ground, with 1,000 feet frontage
main a law we should use the most humane on the railroad (The Texas and New Orleans Branch of the Southern Pacific), only 1%
but surest and swiftest methods possible. miles from Spindle Top. This will give trackage for 30 tank cars that can be loaded at one
time. Tanks and a pipeline from the Syndicate’s wells to its tanks and loading racks will
—Bubier’s Popular Electrician. be built at once. This will give the Syndicate unexcelled facilities for marketing the
products of its wells.
With these arrangements made, as soon as a gusher comes in, the property will be
greatly enhanced in value, and
NEW WAY TO ETCH ON GLASS. The price of the stuck Will at Once Advance and will thereafter continue to go up
rapidiy ON MEKRiT ALU E
It is now offered at par—S0 cents per share—the ground floor price. Dividends will be
A new method of etching on glass or paid as soon as earnings begin. That time is not far off—BUY NOW. ‘The company is
porcelain has been patented by Herr Retz- managed by men of ae ability and known integrity.
No preferred stock—a 1 shareholders on absolutely the same basis. When you buy and
laff of Berlin. The usual German process pay for this stock you can never be to any more expense. It can never be assessed.
Send requests for extended prospectus, remittances for subscription or any informa-
consists in cementing a sheet of tinfoil, tion to
and washing away of the cement. The im-
proved plan is to perform this operation
$25 buys 50
seo
shares
oe Fidelity Trust & Investment Co.,
$30 (“*
more simply and perfectly by chemical $100 as 200 -
1 $200 ee 500 os 511 B Stock Exchange Bldg., Chicago
means. The pattern is printed or stenciled
in grease colors on the tinfoil, which is
then fastened to the glass by asphalt; and
the prepared plate is placed in an acid bath exactly half way between the hour and the CEMENT FOR REPAIRING CAST IRON
that dissolves out the exposed parts of the figure 12 on the watch. This may seem TANKS.
foil. The asphalt is then washed off, strange to the average reader, but it is
when the glass is ready for etching in the easily explained. While the sun is pass- A cement for repairing cast iron tanks is
usual way. ing over 180 degrees (east to west) the prepared by melting at a low heat (so as
hour hand of the watch passes over 360 to prevent the brimstone catching fire) 5
HOW TO USE THE WATCH AS A degrees (from 6 o'clock to 6 o'clock). parts of brimstone, 2 parts of blacklead
COMPASS. Therefore the angular movement of the
and 2 parts of sifted cast iron filings. Be
sun in one hour corresponds to the angu-
fore applying the cement warm the metal
Very few people are aware of the fact lar movement of the hour hand in half an
hour; hence, if we point the hour hand by laying a red hot iron over it. The met-
that in a watch they are always provided
with a compass, with which, when the sun toward the sun the line from the point al must be perfectly dry, so as not to gen
is shining, the cardinal points can be de- midway between the hour hand and 12 erate steam, and then stop up the damaged
termined. All one has to do is to point o'clock to the pivot of the hands will point part with the cement applied in a soft
the hour hand to the sun, and south is to the south—Engineer. state by gently heating it in an iron ladle
®
oe

Py.
 10

WANTED
ers. The
Wants,

MOLDERS,
Haven
Cincinnati, Ohio.
etc., 3 lines

HELP
25 to 50 bench mold-
Malleable Castings Co.,
WANTED.
50 cents.
POPULAR

bly conveyed through

branches are less reliable.

periments
MECHANICS

it appears that straight pipe systems will

carry the sound a long way, but that side
He made ex-
in Westphalian
pipes, as in mines,

coal mines, us-

||,
THE
PIONEER
January 11, 1902.

CARRIAGE
wanted.
‘& WAGON
W. H.
WOOD WORKERS
Gabriel & Son, 50 Michigan ing sprinkler pipes put up to lay the LIMITED
street,
$1500
Cleveland,
YEARLY-—Introducing
Ohio.
the latest im-
dust; these were mostly galvanized pat ie FAMOUS
wrought iron pipes, one or two inches in
proved
permanent
and most perfect
position with exclusive territory to
fire extinguisher;
diameter, suspended by wires or hooks, or TRAIN
right -
natl, O.
Eagle Tool Co., D. 999, Cincin-
placed in conduits, and connected by OF THE
flanges, with rubber packing, or fitted
LADY
turer;
TO
salury
TRAVEL
$50
and
monthly
collect
to begin;
for manufac-
send ref-
into one another with hemp packing, the
WORLD
erence and addressed envelope at once. Treas-
urer,
WANTED—A
702 Star Bldg.,
good
Chicago,
wood-working machine
Il. branches generally joining under right an- Chicago---St. Paul---Minneapolis
hand; must be familiar with variety ma-
gles. Using first a funnel-shaped mouth-

THE ST. PAUL ROAD

chine work. La Rose Mfg. Co., 172 Broad- piece, it was found that the hands were
way. Albany, N. Y.
a better help; siowly spoken words thus
WANTED—Experienced weavers; also learn-
ers; also learners: young women preferred. could be understood at the extremities of
Mayhew Silk Manufacturing Co., J. J. Huck- (Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)
straight pipes 1600 feet long, especially

|||
ley, Superintendent. Old Silk Mill, Ninth Av.
when the pipes were firmly fixed. Whistle
EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
and Twenty-fifth
DRAUGHTSMAN—Architectural
St., Altoona, Pa.
draughtsman;
UNEQUALED
must be good on full size detail; permanent
signals were much less distinct; tapping
place for right man. William W. Sabin, 703 the pipes answered best, of course. Every Time tables, maps and information
New England Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. furnished on application to
side branch decreases the efficiency. Yet
WANTED EXPERIENCED CANVASSERS—
Should clear $5 daily. Illustrated mechan- communication was fairly good, for in- F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent
ical weekly, entirely new idea. Send refer-
ences. Popular Mechanics, Journal Bldg., Chi- stance, with a pipe 160 feet long, divided Chicago
cago. into two side branches, the main pipe be- LE
BOCCOOCE
COO
OOCCOOCC
OOOOOCOCCCE
OOOCOOCEE 900008
5000000
9009000
900006
ing further continued through a connec-
POSITIONS WANTED.
tion containing a valve to two other side
ENGINEER, competent on steam and electric

COLDBUR
plants, wants situation. Hunter, 108 Morris branches, each of the four branches hav-
avenue, Newark, N. J. ing a length of 7oo feet. Is a Salve which
YOUNG MINING ENGINEER, graduate of
one of the best mining schools, desires posi if promptly ap.
tion. Familiar with Colorado mining and mill plied will cool
ing practice. Several years’ practical experi-
ence in assaying, mining and mi'ting
ling. Can all ordinary burns from fire, ‘hot iron or
assay, survey, keep books, etc. Speaks Span- hot water, and will absolutely prevent
ish. Address R., 725 Kittredge Buldg., Den- blister. Takes out all the burn in from
ver, Colo. one to five minutes. Will not cure
everything, but is excellent for reduc-
WANTE)>—Situation; general all around ma- ing inflammation and healing many
chinist: no objection to leaving city. Address
J. M. Graham Seabrooke, Dayton, Ohio.
chronic sores, chapped hands or lips,
etc. Is made of the purest vegetable
DRAUGHTSMAN—Graduate, with 6 years’ ex- products only, and is perfectly harm
perience, wants position. Address Draughts- less. Excellent for tightness of the
man. 1188 Willson Av., Cleveland, O. throat or chest. Although in use for
SITUATION WANTED-—In Indiapalois; young many years, is now put on the market
office man and correspondent; reference; cash for the first’ time. Once used, always
security or bond. Langdon, 48 Dearborn St., wanted. Sent postpaid anywhere, 25
Chicago. cents. If not as represented money
cheerfully returned. Address

BUSINESS CHANCES. COLDBURN, Room 604

FOR SALE—One double saw mill complete Josuua Wavaack —"* Adtomobee!, wuz it? | thought it wuz a hoss wagin 162 Washington Street, - Chicago
with 60 and 30 saws. Address G. W. Startle, goin’ back end to, and this is th’ fust | know sence
Osborn, O.
wo
FOR SALE—Second-hand steam, gasoline,
electric vehicles. Guaranteed. A. L. Dyke, REMARKABLE ELECTRICAL DISPLAY.
Linmar Bldg., St. Louis, Mo.
BIG RETURNS, smal! investment; $150 to
$500 month made selling the Wonderful Do- An electric power transmission line is
ren System Light: more brilliant than electric We
arc; can be turned up or down at will. Write operating in California, carrying the enor- Want
for terms to agents. Acorn Brass Works, mous power of 30,000 volts from the Yuba Someone
Dept. P. M., Chicago.
power station to the Feather river dredg- In Every
TANKS WANTED—Anyone having iron tanks
of 3,500 to 5,000 gallons capacity for sale, is ers. One of the wires recently broke CITY
requested to address X. Y. Z., Box 72, Albany,
loose, and a physician who was passing
TOWN
aN. .
VILLAGE
A SMALL INVESTMENT in new railroad and Says it was a strange and weird sight to and COUNTY
lumber company (road now building) will net
you 31 per cent a year. Vanderbilt Timber see the curves and bends of the wire, To
Mining and Southwestern R. R. Co.. 462 which resembled the motions of a fiery Show
Bourse, Philadelphia, Pa. Popular Mechanics
WANTED STOCKS OF GOODS and all kinds serpent. Now the wire seemed to whirl To
of machinery, tools, store, office fixtures, etc. in immense circles, making the face of People
T. P. Wesfropp & Co., 305 Pearl St., Cleve-
land, Ohio. the country so bright that one could see Interested
FOR SALE—The Automobile Storage and Re- to read a newspaper. It would strike a In Mechanics
pair Co., 57 West 66th St.. New York, have That’s nearly everyone.
new and second-hand steam, gasoline and elec- pool of water and the noise sounded like It’s easy to taKe Sub-
tric carriages constantly on hand and have al- the mighty hiss of a gigantic reptile, while
ways some special bargains. scriptions
FOR SALE—One nearly ‘new 5 h. p. gasoline clouds of steam rose from the pool. Then
“ twin-cylinder automobile motor, water it would hit the great green post to which
cooled, for $125.00. One single cylinder, water Liberal Cash
cooled, automobile motor, for $100.00. No more the wires were fastened, and when it did, Commissions j
at this pee. H. L. Hoffman Motor Co., Plain- a sheet of flame 40 or 50 feet high would
field, Ill. Address
shoot up into the air. The motions and
POPULAR MECHANICS
SIGNALING THROUGH PIPES. contortions of the wire were of such a
journal Building
character that one seemed fascinated and
oe
oF
_—_———
Chicago
From investigations made by Schale of compelled to gaze upon it without the
the distance to which signals can be relia- power to turn away. POOSOSSOOSOSOSOOOSOOPO.
 POPULAR MECHANICS
An Illustrated Weekly Review of the Mechanical Press of the World

VoL. 1. NO. 2. CHICAGO, JANUARY 18, 1902. PRICE 5 CENTS

THE BEGINNING OF THE HORSELESS AGE

Large Cash Prizes Offered for Improvements in Road Engines

We have already crossed the threshold of the h yrseless age week we illustrate several types ol machine built or practica

Not that the time will ever come when the inborn love which work
man possesses for the horse will cease, nor horses entirely California is a state of magnificent distances. Its railroads are
disappear from boulevard, and town and farm; but henceforth few and far between as yet. To reach the nearest shipping point
machinery will perform the heavy work now done by animal hundreds of farmers must team the gra and other products
power, just as the harvest ng of thousand-acre farms many
machine has taken the place of Sa, “Ts wsiien This tae sacuited ta Ge
the sickle. The largest displace construction of thousands of
ment of horses thus far was miles of the finest highway in
ROOOOGO
000000
CO0000000000000006
89000000000
st when street railways adopted the country Many of thes
electricity to operate their cars roads are kept sprinkled at pub
To do the work performed by lic exnense for seven months in
the trolley cars of the United the vear e common method
States today, would require not of hauling is in wagon trains of
less than 300,000 horses or six or more big wagons, fas
mules, and these would have to tened é 1 the her, and
be replaced every four years. drawn by 1 20 ( rw
Automobiles propelled by men « e the crew. Travel
steam, gasoline and electricity is mostly by night when the ais
are already in use by thousands, is cool. One of these trains
and that village is far remote ‘ carry upwards of 25 tor 1d
where at leastone of these flying make thr four miles an
roadstershas not been seen. This IOWA ENGINE ON HIGHWAY hour

CALIFORNIA WAGON TRAINS READY TO LOAD.

18 POPULAR MECHANICS January 18, 1902.

To save time, expense and to travel night and day, road en- rear wheels, is started and stopped by means of a friction clutch,
gines weighing 10 tons each and capable of drawing 40 tons at has two speeds, whistle and steam gage. It will run in either
five miles an hour are being made. The California wagon train direction.
illustrated herewith is drawn by one of these engines built by the The Government of Great Britain, which is using traction
Best Manufacturing Co., at San Leandro. It burns coal, carries engines in the movement of army supplies in South Africa,
its own supplies of coal and water and is controiled by an engi- offers a first prize of $5,000, a second of $3,750 and a third of
neer who steers the train from.a high seat. The fireman stands $2,500 for the best traction engines. Winners must haul a load
on a lower platform, stokes the fire and keeps plenty of water of 12'4 tons along a good level road for a distance of one mile
in the boiler. By using two engine crews the train can be in at a speed of eight miles an hour.
motion night and day and make 120 miles in 24 hours. The
MAKE BEER FROM RICE IN EUROPE.

Malt from rice is a late invention which threatens to revolu

tionize the manufacture of beer in Europe because of its cheap-
ness. The inventor is Eugene C. Schrottky, of Dresden. The
unshelled rice is put into water-tight vats provided with a false
perforated bottom and with inlet and outlet for water rhe
product is allowed to soak and steep under several changes of
water at a certain temperature. U. S. Consul Charles L. Cole,
who has made an official report on the process, says:
“At the end of five or six days treatment, nearly every grain of
the rice will be founc to have germinated and the sprouts will =

have grown about twice as long as the rice grains.”

After the final development the malt may be dried in the usual
way or used at once as “green” malt for the manufacture of
beer, spirit or glucuse.
——
IOWA ENGINE AND CREW
A PLAIN CASE OF HORSE SENSE.
direction the train will take is determined by turning the single
front wheel to the right or left. The old horse Dick, who went down into the fog-obscured
An Iowa builder, J. A. Wicke, at Van Horne, is also work- waters of San Francisco bay when the San Rafucl sank, was
ing along the same lines and is building a road engine of a feund quietly grazing on Alcatraz Island two days later. The
somewhat different type. It also burns coal but carries sup- question at once arises, what intelligence it was in that horse
plies in a tender. This engine runs on four wheels, the front that enabled it to swim to land unerringly in the fog over a dis-
pair for steering and the large pair for traction. The machinery tancz of a mile or more of water? Not a passenger on board
is housed in a cab very like a locomotive, which with its head- with the horse kad the least idea in which direction land lay.
light and smoke stack it somewhat resembles. These engines Not an officer cn either steamer, trained seamen as they were
have already been used in hauling loads, plowing through snow by years of service, knew the exact location of the wreck and
drifts to open up country roads, and other heavy work. One in which direction lay the nearest land. Only this poor old horse
illustration shows it returning with a crew of men; the other had sense enough to know where land was and to swim to it.
drawing a small grainery which is mounted on rollers. Its The higher animals, the more accute intelligences, which were
wide wheel-tires enable it to climb hills, and cross streams where his fellow passengers, would every one have perished had they
the bottom is not too soft. been thrown into the water dependent upon their knowledge
Another illustration shows a good-sized house being moved of the location of the islaad, even had they possessed the
at Shelbyville, Ind., by a traction engine built by the Marion strength to swim to it when kncwn. Man has civilized himself
(O.) Manufacturing Company. This machine exerts 20 horse- out of this instinct, Lut the horse has not. He has plecty of
power, steers with the front wheels, has engine geared to the horse sense Icft

ww

HOUSE MOVING AT SHELBYVILLE, IND.

 January 18, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

WORLD’S LARGEST CHICKEN FACTORY.

Machinery Does Everything in this Place Except Lay the Egg.

Sidney, Ohio, boasts of the largest “chicken factory” in the the machinery for grinding and cutting food The boilers are

world. It is called the Mary L. Poultry plant and is named for also connected with the steam pipes of the brooder houses, so

the winsome daughter of John Loughlin, the owner. The only steam can be turned on from them in case of accident to

part the hen plays in the production of the 300 chickens killed the brooder house boilers. There is a boiler for cooking food, a
a
here each day is to lay the eggs. The plant is valued at $100,000
and the sales average $41,000 annually. The two principal build
ings are the hatchery and the egg house.
Che hatchery is horse-shoe in shape and 840 feet around. The
chicks from the day they are hatched begin a circuit of this
curved building, advancing a pen each day. When they are 90
days old they reach the last pen, which is the killing room
Here head downward they meet their doom. The wholesale
slaughter is by the usual method of suspending by the legs.
There is a quick cut across the roof of the mouth to sever the
veins, the brain is pierced with an awl and the chicken passes to
the “pinner,” who prepares it for the market.
he machinery employed in this establishment is novel as it
is original. The boiler room, where steam is made for heating
the brooder house, says the Reliable Poultry Journal, is in the
front end of the basement. The incubator room contains 300 in-
cubators. They are heated by natural gas, which is used ex-
INTERIOR BROODER HOUSE
clusively in the plant. Thirty incubators run steadily at full
capacity, 450 eggs each, the capacity of 1% incubators being mill for cracking or grinding corn, a power bone and clover
hatched each day. One incubator is set one day and two the cutter with other apparatus. The cracked corn is sifted into
next. different sizes for chickens of different ages About 250 lpounds
The newly hatched chicks, from the time they break the shell, of green bone is cut and fed every other day. In the roof of
begin their 90-day journey to the killing room. They are taken the long egg laying house provision has been made to house
from the incubator and put in a broad cage, placed on a handcar. 60,000 pigeons

GENERAL VIEW OF CHICKEN FACTORY.

On this they ride to the elevator, which lifts them to the nursery
floor above. There are 30 pens in the nursery. The floor of the
pens of the first third of the nursery are covered with a canvas WHAT’S COMING ?
carpet to prevent the baby chicks from gorging themselves with
Did you ever see an Araba? They are curious looking things.
the gravel on the floor. The carpets are taken up and washed We will show a picture of one in our next issue and tell you
clean every second day. what it is.
There are 60 pens in the brooder house, making 90 in all, one One time heir as alittlegiriwho w towed her mother's
hat pin An x-ray man looked into her,.saw the pin and got it
pen representing each day of the chicken’s life. The change
out. He took a photograph of the child while he was ooking at
from large to “squab” broilers made at certain times of the year her. This same photograph will be published im our next issue
” cuts down the time of growth one-half; thus the day’s output of and we will tell how x-ray photography is worked.
chicks occupy two pens, and two pens come out into the killing Just imagine the people of some American city burying a
alittle child alive under a church thinking it would keep the
room each day. building from failing down! That's what they used to do; en-
The egg house is 537 feet long with a four-foot aisle in the tomb them under cathedrals to placate the devil. Read about
center. It contains 60 pens, 30 on each side of the aisle. In it in the next issue.

these are kept 3,000 Leghorn hens, which lay eggs exclusively for
the market.
Nine hundred Plymouth Rock hens keep busy in the Plymouth
Rock house laying the eggs for the incubators.
The hatchery and the egg house are both built of brick on
stone foundations and have slated roofs. In the basement of
the laying house are boilers and an engine
Often peopte are buried alive, when it was believed that they
were dead. We will explain how to tell when a person is dead
for sure, in the next issue,
Did you ever see a locomotive blow up? One man who did is
going to tell all about it jn next week's Popular Mechanics.
How to prevent ‘‘sweaty’’ pipes; how chimes are rung, and a
hundred intcresting facts next week.
to furnish power to
20 POPULAR MECHANICS January 18, 1902.

THE GREAT AMERICAN CANAL. A gentleman recently inserted a small notice in a Chicago
daily for a young man to act as his valet at $30 per month dur-
Merits Panama and Nicaragua Hold Out to Uncle Sam. ing a trip to Europe. The first day he received 600 replies and
200 the second day.
Shall it be Nicaragua or Panama? The great ditch which it
is proposed to dig to divide the two Americas is a subject that The present total output of electricity at Niagara is about
is interesting every American. The French company which has 50,000 horse-power. Of this no less than 23,200 horse-power is
consumed in electrolytic and electric smelting operations.

(eae
pth” 4
A pension department has been established by the American
il

Steel and Wire company for the benefit of its disabled or re-
tired employes. The expense will be borne by the company.
LAKE NICARAGUA Pensioners agree to answer a call at any time from the officials

OMETEPE
INACTIVE VOLCANOES)

4 , MEDERA /
Le -

THE NICARAGUA ROUTE.

failed in its efforts to construct the Panama canal is now trying of the company to give advice regarding the works of the de-
to sell the partially completed channel to the United States. At partment they were connected with.
first the company wanted $109,141,500, but now, according to re- Fr

port, they are willing to sell for $40,000,000. They say they were
The old whaler “Progress,” which was exhibited at the
forced to this step to avoid ruin, which is inevitable should the
World’s Fair, has now been blown up with dynamite to clear
United States decide to build the Nicaragua canal.
the channel of the Calumet river where it had sunk and ob-
It is the current belief that it will take eight years to finish
structed navigation.
the Panama canal, besides two years for preparation. The
Nicaragua canal can be finished in six years after the two-year
preparatory period is over. The Panama canal is 49 miles long; At a recent food show in Chicago one of the attractions was
the Nicaragua is 183.66. The Panama route would also have a a diver who remained under water in a large tank for hours
lower summit elevation and less curvature. It would cost at a time, and conversed with visitors by means of a telephone
$1,350,000 less a year to maintain than the Nicaragua canal. It inclosed in his helmet.
would take a draught vessel 12 hours to pass through the Panama
canal and 33 hours to pass through the Nicaragua. Winds for The Negro World’s Fair Company has been organized in
sailing vessels and hygienic conditions favor Nicaragua. The Alabama, and is now on the lookout for a city with enterprise
Panama would be a shorter route for commerce to our Atlantic enough to furnish the revenue and become the site of a fair
ports and to the west coast of South America. The Nicaragua which it is proposed will be an exposition of the progress that
would save a day between the Pacific coast and any port on the has been made by the Negro race.
Atlantic. It would make the same saving between our Atlantic
ports and China, Japan and the Philippines. It costs from $250 Special editions of all the great newspapers of the world will
to $3,000 a day to operate an ocean vessel. Making the average be printed at the world’s fair grounds in St. Louis if the scheme
$1,500 for each vessel, the Nicaragua canal would mean a saving of Gen, Harrison Gray Otis proves a success. He proposes to
of $15,000 a day to vessels bound going to and from these ports, secure the cooperation of all the leading dailies, and establish a
on the supposition that only ten should pass through each day. monster newspaper plant at the exposition.
This would amount to more than $5,000,000 a year.
The cost of building the Nicaragua canal from the beginning
Three thousand dollars has been appropriated by the Phila-
is estimated at $189,964,062. The cost of finishing the Panama delphia city council to be awarded for the best design for the
canal is estimated at $144,233,358. Already about $300,000,000 soldiers’ monument which it is proposed to build at a cost of
has been spent on the Panama. The Panama route would carry $500,000 in Logan Square. A plan of competition has been
with it little or no commercial development, but would be sim- drawn up by the T Square Club of that city.
ply a means of communication between the two oceans.
+.
A new submarine cable between Horta, Island of Fayal,
The McCormick Harvesting Machinery Company is ship- Azores, and Waterville, Ireland, has been laid by the Commer-
ping 800 car loads of harvesting machinery to ports along the cial Cable Company of New York. This increases to four the
Black sea, later to be distributed in Southern Russia. It will number of cables operated by the same company between
require three steamships to transport the shipment which is Canso and Waterville. New York will be benefitted by the
said to be the largest ever made from an American port. The new line as Waterville is connected by submarine cable with
machinery is from Chicago. Havre.
 January 18, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 2

LATEST IN PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVES. WORLD'S FAIR EMBLEM PRIZE

Queer Looking Monsters in Service on the Central of New Twenty-Five Hundred Dollars Offered for the Right Idea.
Jersey.
A prize competition open to the world for a symbol or em-
Three new passenger locomotives of the Chautauqua type, blem for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, to be held in St.
made by the Brooks works of the American Locomotive Com Louis in 1903, has been set on foot by the Louisiana Purchase
pany, have just been placed in service on the Central Railroad Exposition Company.
of New Jersey. The engines are designed to burn small an- The symbol or emblem is to be used for the seal, the sta
thracite coal. A description of the engines in The Railway tionery, and for publicity material of every description for the
oe Age. contains some interesting figures. Their weight on the Exposition. For the conduct of the competition an appropria
leading wheels in 48,400 pounds; on the driving wheels, 99,400 tion of $5,000 has been made, of which $2,5 00 is to be given for
pounds; on the trailing wheels, 43,200 pounds—total weight, the prize design
191,000 pounds. They have a heating surface of 2,793 square
feet in the tubes and 174 square feet in the firebox. The firebox EXCITEMENT OVER IRON DISCOVERIES IN ENGLAND
is 123 inches long and 97 inches wide. The grate area is 82
square feet. The ratio of adhesive weight to tractive power Considerable excitement prevails in London commercial cit
is 4.33. cles because of the discovery of new beds of a high quality of
The cylinders are 20% in. in diameter; driving wheels 85 in. iron ore near the existing collieries Many of the big firms
in diameter; piston valve 11 in. The boiler is a radial-stayed in the north of England are spending vast sums of money in
wagon-top of the Wooten type, 68 in. tn diameter at the small furthering the search, believing the discovery to be the secret
est ring. It contains 325 tubes, 2 in. in diameter and 16 ft. 6! 4 | meeting the threatened invasion of that country of American

PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE FOR THE CENTRAL OF NEW JERSEY

in. long, and carries a working pressure of 210 lb. The tender iron and steels goods. Up to the present time many of the
is of 6,000 gallons water capacity and will carry 12 tons of largest iron works have had to depend on Spanish and other
coal. extraneous supplies of iron ore.
ptt,
—e >
——
BOY’S AUTOMOBILE.
POINTS FOR AMATEUR CANDY MAKERS.

Mrs. George Jay Gould’s Christmas present to her son

With a little care excellent candy may be made either on a
George Jr., a 9 years lad, was a miniature electric automobile,
stove or in a chafing dish. When making candy the rules for
complete in every particular. Its dimensions are: Length over
boiling’ sugar should be carefully observed When sugar
all, 4 ft.; body, 3 ft. 3 in. by 1 ft. 7 in.; height to seat, 2 ft.;
reaches the candy stage the water has evaporated and the ten-
weight, 200 Ilbs.; wire wheels, 20 in. rear, 16 in. front; tires, 174
dency is to return into the original stage of crystals, or if it is
in. pneumatic; battery, 10 cells, developing 44 horse-power; three-
stirred, a thin line of crystals forms around the pan by the
speed lever, 5 to 7 miles an hour for 20 miles without re-
sugar rising while boiling and, if allowed to remain, the whole
charging.
ww mass will granulate. Such particles can be removed with a
—C>
small brush that has been dipped in water. The success of
BAKERY NO LODGING HOUSE.
candy depends entirely upon boiling the sugar just the right
In London there is a law prohibiting sleeping in a bakehouse. degree. Candy will not harden if boiled too little. Another
This law has been in effect a number of years and its object is stage where it hardens, but sticks to the teeth means the boiling
to keep tramp bakers from using the bakehouse as a sleeping was arrested at the hard boil instead of the crack stage. Un
apartment. The law has been rigidly enforced, but recently a less a thermometer is used a little practice is necessary before
baker was arrested for taking a quiet hour’s sleep in his own the small differences upon which success depends is noted.
>>
shop. He was arraigned and discharged, but it goes to show that -_->

efforts are being made to insure cleanliness and good air in the A recent novelty for sportsmen takes the place of drinking
baking quarters of the London bakers.—Confectioners’ Gazette. cups, which are inconvenient to carry. The device consists of
a small rubber tube two feet long with a nipple at one end and
Please show Popular Mechanics to your friends. a filter at the other. It is very light and fits any pocket.
22 POPULAR MECHANICS January 18, 1902.

THE FIRST STEAM GAUGE. This tool also should be kept clean and smooth. For the
rammer is intended to pack the sand, and if incrusted with rust
In these days a steam boiler without its gauge would indeed and dried sand, it will partly unpack the sand every time it is
be a curiosity. Yet there was a time when the first device for raised after a blow.
recording steam pressure caused great in- The butt end of the rammer should also be kept clean and
terest, and the Mechanical World, Lon- bright for the same reason. And the face of the butt should not
don, gives an illustration of the first be quite flat, but it ought to have a slightly convex surface, so
gauge, which is carefully preserved as that it will pack the sand against the bars of the cope as well as
a most interesting relic. The diameter downward. Less ramming with such a tool will suffice than
of the face is 61% inches; the depth of with a tool having a perfectly flat surface.
the case 6% inches; distance from the
ae
top of the case to the bottom of the
flange 9% inches. With the exception NEW ACETYLENE GENERATOR IN SWEDEN.
of the flange the rest of the case was
made in thick wrought brass. The dial Mr. Erik Cornelius, chemist at the Carbide factory at Troll-
is silver plated. The total length of the hattan, Sweden, has invented a new acetylene gas generator,
instrument, including the %-inch iron called the “Trollhattan,” states the Tradesman.
syphon, is 23 inches. This generator is said to be much simpler in construction than
It is widely known that this first steam former ones, and occupies little space. The falling of the car-
gauge was fixed up and personally super- bide into the water is automatically regulated by a rubber ball,
intended in accordance with instructions which, as soon as it is filled with gas, closes the valve between
received from George Stephenson, by the the carbide and the water. When the volume of gas decreases,
the hollow rubber ball contracts, and the feed valve again per- —_
inventor himself—the late Sydney Smith
—over fifty years ago. mits the carbide to drop. The gas is stored partly in the
The‘ following memorandum has been found of the initial rubber ball and partly in the space between the funnel-shaped
test: carbide magazine and the water. If much gas is generated the
“Early in the morning following the erection of the gauge water is pressed through valves into the water jacket in the
the two nephews of George Stephenson (Messrs. Hindmarsh sides of the apparatus, thus furnishing more room for the gas.
and Langham, who had then the management of the Tapton A separate gas tank is therefore not needed. Should too much
Collieries) came to see gauge at work, and as the pointer was gas be produced, water and gas escape through a safety valve.
moving round the dial, indicating the rise of steam in the boiler, Common carbide is used; no cartridges. The gas is dried by
these two young gentlemen put their ears to the gauge in being allowed to pass through the carbide magazine, where the
order to ascertain if it was ticking, as in the movements of a carbide absorbs the moisture. As there is no gas tank, and the
clock.” quantity of gas stored thus is insignificant, it is considered that
—_———_~-9-——___—_ the fire insurance companies will, without raising the insurance
premiums, approve of the apparatus, even when it is placed in
RECIPE FOR LONGEVITY.
dwelling houses.
ww
Ebenezer Matthews, of Wellsburg,. Erie county, Pa., cele-
brated his hundredth birthday September 23. The occasion was MILITARY OBSERVATION PLATFORM.
honored by a large assemblage of his relatives and friends, to
who the centenarian told how he had managed to live so long. This somewhat unstable looking device is a French invention
He said: for taking field observations where hills, high trees and bal-
“Live according to the Scriptures. loons cannot be found. It consists of an extension ladder with
“Don’t use tobacco. a small platform at the top when raised. There are braces for
“Abstain from the use of all intoxicating drinks.
“Take lots of exercise in the open air.
“Don’t eat too much.
“Go to bed with the chickens and get up with them.”
-ow
-_-?>

THE CARE OF MOLDERS’ TOOLS.

A first-rate mechanic will take the best of care of his tools

if permitted to do so, writes E. H. Putnam in the foundry de-
partment of The Tradesman. A dirty shovel is an expensive
thing to the workman. It more than doubles the labor in using
it. When the edge gets very thin in use it will turn up into a
ragged roll, thus making a very thick edge, difficult to force
through the sand heap. If there is an emery wheel or grind-
stone connected with the factory grind this “roll” or blunt
edge off, holding the shovel blade at right angles to the face of
the stone. Because you do not want a cutting edge upon the
shovel—the blade itself is sufficiently thin, and the ordinary wear
in use will sharpen it only too fast. Then clean the shovel, if
necessary, fifty times a day. Have a well devised steel scraper,
expressly for this purpose. It will not scratch the shovel, and
is the best tool for keeping it clean.
When the keen end of the rammer gets worn thin get a new MILITARY OBSERVATION LADDER.
one, and be in a hurry about it. A thin peen enters the sand
too deeply, does very little good, and adds very greatly to the holding the ladder in position and cranks for raising not shown
work of the molder. I have seen a rammer in use the peen of in the cut. When lowered it occupies a small space on a two-
which was worn down to an edge as thin as that of the shovel! wheeled carriage and can be drawn over rough places by two
A little reflection ought to teach the workman that such a tool horses. When raised the platform is about 50 feet from the
is next to worthless. ground.
 January 18, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

CHEAP RATES TO CHICAGO AUTOMOBILE SHOW. TO MAKE CROSS BELTS RUN SMOOTH.

A rate of fare and a third on the certificate plan to Chicago What are usually known as cross belts are very common in
from all points in the territory of the Central Passenger associa- driving machinery, and it is a well-known fact that they run
tion, has been granted on account of the Chicago automobile best when the two pulleys which they connect are somewhere
show at the Coliseum. The territory embraces Southern near of one size. But sometimes it is almost necessary to use
Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Southern West a cross belt on pulleys of very different diameters, and it does
Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, not seem to be generally known how this may be done and
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida. Passengers will still have the belt run smoothly. If the belt connects two hori-
buy tickets at full rates on the way to Chicago and here will zontal shafts on the same level, and is given the ordinary
obtain a certificate which will enable them to obtain return single turn or twist, it will naturally stand in a vertical posi-
transportation at one-third of the regular fare. tion at a point midway between the two shafts. Now, if the
All exhibit space is already sold. two pulleys are nearly of one size, this midway point is the
natural crossing place for the two parts of the belt and all
>
i

BOER PRISONERS EXPERTS AT MAKING TOYS.

Boer prisoners in the British camp in Burmuda are said to dis

play wonderful mechanical genius in making toys. These are
greatly in demand by the British officers and soldiers, who send
them home to their families and friends as holiday presents.
ed Boer-made toys are now all the fad in London. :
Implements are furnished the prisoners free of cost and those
who are adepts at toy making are given ample time to pursue
their work. Frank H. Vizetelly of New York, when he visited
the camp found one of the prisoners who was engaged in toy
making, standing over a lathe driven by man-power, shaping a
piece of cedar wood into some article that could be sold as a
memento. “The variety of articles of this kind that the burghers
make is almost endless,” Mr. Vizetelly said in the Independent
“and comprises toys of all descriptions, anchors, giraffes, wooden
chains, napkin rings, portrait frames, shoe-boxes from which
serpent heads with pin fangs shoot out as they are opened, goes well. But if one pulley is much larger than the other,
knives and forks, hammocks, miniature Boer houses and furni- then the belt must cross at a point much nearer the small pulley
ture, wagons of all kinds, also in miniature, and ranging from than the larger one, and with the ordinary twist the two parts
a prairie schooner to an ambulance. J. P. Kriel, formerly of of the belt are apt to quarrel, so to speak, at this point. To
Ladybrand, had on exhibition in camp a wonderful working remedy this, in many cases, it is only necessary to give the
model of a modern threshing machine for which he asked f1o. two parts of the belt an extra twist as they pass from one pulley
Each article bears the name of the maker, and after having to the other. The belt then will stand vertical at two points,
passed the censor, it is put on sale at a store in the city of marking the thirds of the distance between the shafts, and if the
Hamilton, known as the Boer of Toy Agency. This is conducted pulleys are of such sizes that the belts cross at or near one of
under the auspices of a society formed to furnish the prisoners these points they will run smoothly again and with very little
an opportunity to make a little money and provide them with friction. The sketch shows the two _ positions—American
pastimes.” Machinist.

SPECIMENS OF TOYS MADE BY BOER PRISONERS.

 : ~an enamel ne A ee a ote pee ee -

24 POPULAR MECHANICS January 18, 1902.

Popular Mechanics
RAN THE FIRST PASSENGER TRAIN.

Edward Entwistle, of Des Moines, Iowa, Enjoys the Dis-

H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher
tinction.
journal Building, - - - Chicago
The engineer who held the throttle on the engine that pulled
SUBSCRIPTION
the world’s first passenger train now resides in Des Moines, Ia.
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
His name is Edward Entwistle and he is 86 years old. The
engine was the “Rockett,” of George Stephenson, and it ran
Faesetgn Commtrias, poet 600d... .. .icccccvcccccccsccsecs 200
between Liverpool and Manchester, a distance of 31 miles. Ent-
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.
wistle was 16 years of age, says the Roadmaster and Foreman,
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan when Stephenson had completed his plans.
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
The Rockett was built to enter a competition for a prize of
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the £500, offered by the government for a high speed engine. When
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac-
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of Stephenson was ready to enter the competition in September,
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our 1830, he found himself without an engineer. Entwistle was
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro
cure from its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date.
Popular Mechanies is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning.

Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.

Address,
POPULAR MECHANICS
Journal Building, - - Chicago

A “SAVINGS BANK ON WHEELS.”

,
An “automobile savings bank,” which has made its appear-
ance in France is said to be one of the most brilliant ideas of
modern times. The vehicle is propelled by electricity.
The car travels about the country making prearranged stops
of an hour or two at the various villages. The passengers are
two clerks of the treasury administration and a cashier. The
third is empowered to receive moneys. The scheme is devised

by the French authorities to encourage thrift among the peas-

antry. They decided to send the savings bank to the country
folk instead of waiting for the latter to find time to come to
the bank offices.
>>
ii

A POINTER ON DRILLING IN IRON.

Sometimes it is necessary to drill a hole in iron when making

repairs to wood-working machines, says the Wood-Worker,
and it is found that the drill is just a little too small for the
size required. If a flat drill is used, it may be made to cut a
hole larger than the width of.-the drill by grinding the center
a little to one side, leaving the radius of one. side longer than
the radius of the other. If a hole is tapped for a bolt and the recommended by the Duke of Bridgewater, the lad being a
bolt is too tight, the threads can be opened by putting a piece machinist in the duke’s machine shops.
of soft metal on one side of the tap and running it through again. Entwistle said: “The Rockett pulled five small coaches, that
Neither method is desirable when one has an outfit of tools, but looked like stage coaches. Thousands of people were lined
either may help out in a pinch. up along the railroad track to witness the strange performance.
_—— The speed maintained was 14 miles an hour.” Entwistle ran
the engine steadily afterward. Later he turned his attention
OIL FUEL FOR SHIPS.
to the sea, and for years he ran a steamship engine on the great
A few days ago the British steamship Clam arrived at Phila- lakes, residing in Chicago.
delphia from London, and earned the distinction of being the —_-?>

first vessel to cross the Atlantic with oil as its only fuel. The LACE EFFECT IN PINKING.
experiment has attracted widespread attention. The oil burning
apparatus consists of a steam generator which atomizes the oil An unique idea in the finish of a large newel post for the
and sprays it into the furnace. Her boilers were of the ordinary Erie railroad is a lace effect in the finish, made by using pink
return tubular type. The run of 3,300 miles was made in ing irons for the ornamenting of the recessed moldings. Some
28 days of stormy weather, but without any stopping of machin- of the irons used were square, others round, and some fluted.
ery. Russian oil was used coming over and Texas oil will take The whole effect is very handsome and one can almost say that
her back. Eighteen tons of oil were used per day where 28 tons a woman had something to do with designing the pattern. The
of coal would have been required. English shipyards are already work of pinking was all done by hand and required the greatest
getting ready to equip other vessels in the same manner. No of care to get the “pinks” of the same depth all over, or the
harder work exists than stoking the ocean greyhounds, in effect would be spoiled, any unevenness of the depressions show-
which occupation the men live only three or four years, and fuel ing plainly when the work was finished in oil—The Wood-
oil will come as a welcome relief to many homes. Worker.

Bi
ne
ne
 >=
January 18, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS —

‘ren 55 ee ee Proctre a block of whitewood, two and one-half inches square,

and one-half inch in thickness. In its center bore a hole just big
:
$
Easy Electrical Experiments 3
enough to receive the case containing the compass already men
tioned, and deep enough to allow the compass to sink in until its
3 FOR BOYS, ; top is even with the upper surface of the block. On one edge of
the block cut two slots, each one-half inch in width and three-
ae eee 2
eighths inch deep. The centers of these slots should be five-
ELEMENTARY STUDIES IN ELECTRICITY.
eighths of an inch from the corners of the block. Do the same
with the edge of the block directly opposite to this one. In these
Part II.
slots wind ten layers of No. 24 double cotton covered magnet
wire, as shown in Fig. 1. These are the coils which are to carry
BY L. P. DICKINSON.
~~
In setting up the battery described in the preceding paper, fill
the tumbler about two-thirds full of the solution, place the zinc
— and carbon rods in the solution, and join the cells in the manner
described—that is, join the zinc pole of the first cell to the car-
bon pole of the next, and so on. Cells joined in this way are
said to be in series. In order to show the effects of the electric
current, two or three simple experiments will be described.
In an ordinary tumbler prepare a very weak solution of salt
in water. Run a piece of bare copper wire from the zinc pole of
the first cell to the tumbler of water, fastening it so that it will
dip into the water a littke way. Run another wire from the car-
bon pole of the fourth cell, and dipping into the tumbler of water,
but not touching the first wire. If the battery has been set up
as directed, there will be seen in the water, bubbles of gas which
rise from around the wires. This may be most plainly seen by
placing the tumbler between the eye and the light. Break the
circuit by disconnecting the end of the wire connected to the zinc
pole of the battery. It will be noticed that the bubbles cease
instantly. Upon touching the wire again to the zinc, the bubbles
again appear. Clearly then, there is some process going on in
the tumbler of water, which is caused by the passage of some
invisible agent from the battery through the wires to the tumbler
ae i a oe.
‘ ! ' i i

That which is flowing in the wire is the electric current. The

bubbles of gas seen rising through the water are hydrogen and FIG |
oxygen, of which the water is composed. the current and which are to act upon the needle, causing it to
The electric current passing through the water decomposes deflect when a current passes through them Seginning with
it—that is, separates the hydrogen and oxygen. We shall learn the left hand coil, wind it over and around the block until the
at some future time how the effect just described is turned to required ten layers is obtained, then cross the wire on the under
good use in the storage battery. side of the block over to the right hand slot, and without break
Another experiment showing the magnetic effect of the current ing it, continue winding in the second slot in the same direction
is very interesting. Procure a small pocket compass such as as the first coil was wound. Some difficulty may be found in
may be bought for about twenty-five cents, consisting of a mag- keeping the layers evenly wound, especially at the middle of
netic needle about one inch long, swinging freely on a pivot at the coil. It may be necessary to bind the turns of each layer
the center of a circular scale. Such a needle if left to itself will together by wrapping a thread around them at this point, before
point nearly north and south. Having placed it upon a piece of winding the next layer. The even winding of each layer is es
board resting on a table, drive two wooden pins into the board sential to the good appearance of the completed instrument.
about six inches apart. When the second coil has its ten layers neatly wound, fasten
Adjust the board and the compass so that a wire stretched be- the beginning of the first coil and the end of the second to two
tween the two pins will be parallel to the needle, and about one- small binding posts. To enable the instrument to stand firmly
half inch about it. Connect the north end of the wire just men- upon a table, glue four cleats one-half inch thick to the under
tioned to the carbon pole of the battery, and the south end to the side of the board, one at each corner. Give the whole board and
zinc pole. the coils two coats of brown shellac, and our instrument is com
Note carefully the position of the compass needle before and plete. Such an instrument is called a galvanometer, and is a
after making the final connection. It will be found that when very useful piece of apparatus. There are many other forms of
the wire is connected so that a current flows through it, the galvanometer, but their consideration must be left for another
needle is deflected so that its north end points to the east of paper.
north. Try the same experiment when the wire connecting the (To be continued.)
pins is lowered so as run beneath the needle. Also try the ~~~
ii
effect of reversing the connection of the wires running to the
battery. Finally wrap a piece of fine insulated wire several times In Russia a person must secure a permit to carry firearms,
around the outside of the compass case, turn the latter until the and also another if he wants to sell the weapon.
needle is parallel to the wires, and try the effect of connecting =

the terminals of this coil to the battery. The nearest approach to perpetual motion may be found at
In all these cases there is an effect produced upon the needle Alma, Mexico, in a silver mine which is very wet. At the
by the current, this effect increasing with the number of turns of mouth of the mine the streaming water falls perpendicularly
the insulated wire around the compass case. The experiments for 100 feet to a turbine wheel which actuates a dynamo of
just described will help the student to understand the action great power. This dynamo generates an electric current which
of the following simple instrument, for the detection of weak in turn is carried back to motors in the mouth of the mine
currents, which operate the pumps.
26 POPULAR MECKANICS January 18, 1902.

PICTORIAL HISTORY OF CAR BUILDING.

(From Locomotive Engineering. )

i)

1829 —Coach Body Car,

RR
England,

———
CE) «ile 1865—A Typical Car of the Period onall the Roads. Length 50feet, weight 35,000 pounds.

ee SSS ee Se ——
~

ut y : lal; alae | :
4

4
bi it | | ry at
et TTbili
|aN
.
ry
:

— —= T =
ifs
Late Sleeping
Car. Length 72feet, weight 100,000 con
FLOATING DRY-DOCK A SUCCESS. PORTLAND CEMENT FOR WALL PLASTER.

The test of the great floating dry-dock, built in Baltimore The value of Portland cement for plastering is not fully appre-
and towed to New Orleans, was made at New Orleans a few ciated by the building public. When properly used with good
days ago and proved a success in all respects. The test was lime putty it makes the best mortar for brick, terra cotta and
made with the man-of-war Illinois, the largest vessel in the wooden walls where I-inch or 1%-inch lath are used. Since it
United States navy, and was under the supervision of a board has been found that the Portland cement is being manufactured
of naval experts, including Capt. Richard Pearson Hobson. The in the United States of as good quality and at much less expense
contract called for the dock to lift the Illinois out of the water than the imported, builders will find it an important factor in
in two hours and 40 minutes. The work was accomplished in making a good wall plaster for business blocks, public buildings
one hour and 57 minutes. The machinery worked well and the and dwellings. It not only adds strength to the wall but makes
vessel was lifted evenly. it more dense and adds much to the value from a sanitary point
—_——-—.§---—————___
of view.
BURNS CRUDE OIL OR TAR. Our modern way of heating and ventilating buildings causes
atmospheric changes which are hard on the plaster, and what
Charles Hughes has devised a novel burner for either crude are known as the hard or patent plasters have proven unsatis- .
oil or tar, a description of which he furnished to the “Wrinkle” factory on account of the heat and moisture they are sub-
department at the meeting of the Pacific Coast Gas Associa- jected to.
tion. Mr. Hughes states: Most of these plasters are manufactured from sulphate of
“Tt is constructed entirely of pipes and fittings, such as are lime which sets from water of crystallization and disintegrates

—
fees
on account of these atmostpheric changes. Where Portland
cement mortar is 70 per cent carbonate of lime it will get
stronger with age. Portland cement mortar will not shrink or
crack on the walls if it is properly troweled and floated. It can
easily be worked so as to be solid and compact, which is impos-
HOME MADE OIL BURNER. sible with lime mortar—H. P. Van Hook in Municipal Engi-
neering.
found around all gas works and machine shops. The larger or -_-?>

outer pipe, being % inch by 18 inches long, is screwed into a
tee. Through the straight opening of the tee, which is bushed
down to required size, a 4-inch pipe is screwed, which enters
into the 4-inch pipe aboat 6 inches, and is capped as shown in
the drawing. This cap has an opening in the form of a cross.
which is filed or sawed through the end to allow of the flow of
oil. The large pipe carries on its furnace end an ell, plugged.
A slot is filed or sawed of the proper size for the size of the
flame desired. The steam is admitted to the large or outside
pipe through the side opening of the tee, as per drawing. The
author of this drawing has had excellent results from the use of
this burner; in fact, much better than were obtained from some
of the expensive burners on the market,
being comparatively nothing.”
ACCIDENTALLY TAP A VOLCANO.
Workmen of the Indio Oil Co. accidentally tapped a volcano
while digging in the Colorado desert in South California, re-
cently. The men had bored 500 feet when suddenly there
was an explosion and a spouting like that which might have
been produced by opening a mammoth bottle of champagne.
The tools were blown from the well and it began to spout hot
mud and steam with tremendous energy. Luckily the men
were enabled to escape from the derrick before the spouting
reached its greatest force. Volcanic substances were showered
about the surrounding country. Later it was discovered that
the cost°of the burner volcanic conditions appear at several places in the vicinity of
the well.
 January 18, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS
27
TIES FROM OLD RAILS. sides it affords fine sport during the noor INTRODUCING SOLVENTS INTO BOIL-
hour, and really requires more skill to ERS.
The consumption of railroad ties in the make a good score than might be imag
course of a year is something enormous. ined. Our illustration shows a simple device,
One firm alone sells enough ties every year Our illustration, taken from the Florist’s which any engineer can easily construct,
to lay a single track line from Boston to Review (florists are famous bowlers) gives for pumping solvents into the boiler with-
San Francisco. While large quantities are a good idea of what the alley looks like. out passing through the pump. Referring
needed for new roads, the greater part go The rules gverning this game are as fol to the illustration, A is a section of big
to replace worn out ties. Several attempts low: The party bowling is to stand in pipe—say 6 inches in diameter and 30
have been made to make metal ties, but what is called the box, with one foot there inches long—which is to serve as a reser-
so far with no great success. The most in, but may change his feet from right to voir. This connects with the feed pipe
running from the pump to the boiler, by
leit, as he may see fit, in order to get cer-
tain pins. The ball should swing around
the pole on the right side and knock the
pins down on the return.
In order that the bowling be perfect the
dimensions have to be very accurate; oth-
erwise some individual pins may be either
taken too readily or not at all. The pin
nearest the ball is the hardest to take;
therefore one-quarter of an inch variation
is a very important matter. The rope goes
through the ball, leaving about three inch-
THE BUHRER TIE. es of rope underneath for the purpose of
handling.
recent is described in the Roadmaster and
Foreman (Nov.), and is the invention of
See
ae
pe C. Buhrer, of the Lake Shore road. An
IRON PAVEMENT IN LONDON.
old :ail weighing 65 pounds to the yard is
cut to desired length and inverted. Under- It is not generally known that it was
neath the rail and clamped to it is a steel once proposed to try iron as a paving ma-
plate %4 inch thick by 8 inches by 8% feet. terial in London. An experiment took
This forms the tie io which the track rail place in Blackfriars’ road in 1816, but th:
is held by clamps. idea of substituting iron for stone in the ARRANGEMENT OF PIPING POR INTRODUCING SOLVENTS
city streets was not carried out. Some
ao
-_-?>
forty years later an iron pavement was
SWINGING BOWLING. laid down at Paddington station, anid means of the pipes B, C and F, which are
—_——— —.
shortly afterward this material was intro- so arranged that they connect with the
Swinging bowling is being introduced duced in the now demolished King St., feed pipe on opposite sides of the stop
from Germany where it is very popular. Westminster. It was durable and clean, valve D. Over the reservoir is a funnel,
The apparatus is inexpensive and can be but it mever made any progress in public K, by’ means of which the reservoir, A,
favor. Its chief defects were two: It did can be filled through the valve H. The
not wear evenly, and if horses fell upon it reservoir, A, is provided with pet-cocks, a
they were certain to be somewhat serious- and b, at the top and bottom, so that it may
ly injured—Municipal Engineering. be readily filled and emptied. A union is
>a > provided at C, to facilitate the assembling
—_—->

«, of the piping. (A right-and-left elbow, of

WHY RATS GNAW LEAD PIPES. course, may be used instead, if it is pre
ferred.) :
A querist in Domestic Engineering sets The device is used as follows: The res
at naught the generally accepted theory of ervoir A being empty, valves E and F, and
writers on sanitary science that rats gnaw pet-cock b, are first closed, and valve H
lead pipe because they are thirsty and want and pet-cock a are opened. The soda ash
to get to the water inside. The writer has solution is then poured into K, until the
discovered, from observation, he claims, reservoir A is filled. The valve H and the
that the rat gnaws the pipe simply because pet-cock a are then closed, as well as the
it is in his way and from the same cause valve D, in the main pipe. Valves E and
that he gnaws a piece of wood or anything F are then opened, and the pump is started.
else that is necessary in digging his little The device is then in the condition shown
tunnel-like passageways. in the engraving, and the water from the
“T have even seen the statement,” says the pump passes through B, C and A, as
writer, “that rats will gnaw supply pipes shown by the arrows, sweeping the con-
to get at the water. I have seen Mr. Rat tents of A out into the boiler.
at work and a more surprised rat you never When the pump has been run long
saw than when he cut through the pipe and enough to thoroughly remove all soda ash
the water gushed out. He scurried away from A, valve D may be opened, and
as though a dozen cats were after him. In valves E and F closed. The reservoir A
all my experience in the plumbing business is then emptied by opening pet-cock b and
easily erected by anyone having a few (and I have been at it over thirty years) either pet-cock a or valve H, and the de-
simple carpenter’s tools, and there is room I have never seen a pipe gnawed except vice is again ready for operation.—The
im nearly every factory yard. By choosing where it goes through floor or ceiling.” Locomotive.
 arR POPULAR MECHANICS January 18, 1902.

A MOVABLE WATER WORKS. The pump is of 500,000 gallons daily capac- REMARKABLE LONGEVITY IN IRE-
ity and was built and installed by the LAND.
One of the strangest water works plants Goulds Manufacturing Co., of Seneca Falls,
to be found may be seen at Monroe, La. and has been in successful operation ever The registrar general for Ireland says
The source of supply is the river, which at since it was put to work. that 20 per cent of the population of the
island die of old age, and it would appea:
~~
= that that is not very rapidly fatal, as there
were living there in 1900 212 men and
women over 100 years old. Taking account
of the emigration; of the drafts on the
young men for military service which has
always been favored by the Irish, and of
this special vitality and longevity, it would
seem that Ireland must be a country of old
people par excellence. Another corrobora-
tive fact as to the general well-being of the
Irish and the comparatively small propor-
tion of young and productive individuals is
the reduced birth rate which is a usual
a" eae
accompaniment of thrift and prosperity,
a and which is said to be lower than in any
oe ee
—-- other portion of the British Isles—Medi-
cal News.
aa
ii
we; J a he oe -
pret Sotae” i ae as,
~~ ;
HOW TO DISTINGUISH HAND-MADE
MOVABLE WATER WORKS-——-LOW WATER.
PAPER.
this point varies 40 feet in height between HOW TO SEW CARPET.
wet and dry seasons of the year. It was To distinguish whether paper is hand or
necessary to take the water from near the machine-made, cut out pieces in a circular
In sewing carpet, says the Furniture
surface, but the surface of the river is very shape about three or four inches in diam-
Journal, it will be found convenient to
uncertain. An ingenious engineer worked eter, and place them in a basin of water
out the following solution of the trouble: stretch a rope tightly across the room at a so that they float on the surface. The ma-
He built a tram line during low water convenient height from the floor and chine-made paper will be found to curl
which extended down to the lowest point stretch a breadth of carpet on each side up on two sides towards the middle,
known, and secured the track to wooden of the rope with the edges, which are to be whereas in the hand-made paper the edge
posts or piles driven several feet into the sewed together, just meeting above it. will turn up all round, like the raised edge
river bottom. On this track a car was Fasten both breadths to the rope at one of a plate—London Linotype Notes.
placed containing a pump driven by an end by means of a small hand clamp, then ao
ai
electric motor and covered by a shed. A stretch them as tight as possible and fasten
A CHIEF’S CURIOUS MISHAP.

a. Chief Kennedy, of Green Bay, Wis., was

nearly drowned while fighting a fire re-
cently, says the Fireman’s Herald. He had
ascended a stairway and forced the door
of an office open. The office floor was cov-
ered with nearly three feet of water. The
flood: swept the chief down the narrow
stairway. The door at the foot of it be-
ing closed, the water rose against it and
held it closed, and the entire stairway space
was filled up. Realizing the desperate po-
sition he was in, he set to work to gain
the head of the stairway. He had to climb
twenty steps. He came to a window, from
which he shouted orders to cut the door
below and allow the water to escape, and
a hole was cut through the heavy door.
ow
iid

REMEDY FOR VITRIOL BURNS.

A Frenchman has discovered a remedy

instantaneous in its effects for the horri-
ble burns caused by the use of oil of vit-
MOVABLE WATER WORKS—SHOWING INCLINE,
riol. It is soft paste of calcined mag-
pipe which can readily be taken apart to with another clamp at the other end. This nesia and water, with which the parts
change its length as desired, leads from the holds the carpet for you and leaves both burned are covered to the thickness of an
pump to a point on the bank far above high hands free, and also prevents pulling one inch. It alleviates the pain almost imme-
water. Wires on poles as shown, conducts breadth more than the other and mismatch- diately, and when the paste is removed no
the electric current to the movable “plant.” ing the figure. scat remains.
 January 18, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 2

A MAMMOTH ENGINE. by the Bethlehem Steel Company. This BUILT FIRST; PLANNED LATER.
shaft is hollow, 29% inches external diam-
We illustrate an engine which is 37% eter, and 10 inches internal diameter at The bridge builder with Stonewall Jack-
feet high, 41 feet across the front, 23 feet the wheel fit and 9 inches at the bearings. son’s army was a rare character, if the
from front to rear; which contains more The total weight of the main shaft is 136,- following story be true
than 15,000 pieces and weighs 1,500,000 000 pounds. The Union soldiers, retreating from the
pounds. It is rated at 6,000 horse power, The eccentrics controlling the valve mo- valley of Virginia, burned a bridge over
but will develop up to 10,000 under emer- tion are mounted on a lay shaft 6 inches the Shenandoah
gency. It drives a 5,000 kw. generator of in diameter, located at the level of the Jackson, who wanted to pursue, sent for
the revolving field type, and goes into the first platform, and driven by a spiral gear. his old bridge builder. “Sir,” he said, “you

power station of the N. Y. Gas, Electric The flywheel is made of five segments must keep men at work all day and all
Light, Heat and Power Co. It is the latest joined with I-links, and travels 5.416 feet night, and finish that bridge by tomorrow
Westinghouse-Corliss cross-compound and per minute. An automatic stop-valve is morning. My engineer shall give you a
is the largest ever built by the Westing- closed by steam admitted through a three- plan.”
house company. way cock. In a pocket in the face of one Old Miles saluted and withdrew
The base consists of three rectangular
pieces weighing 100 tons, upon which are
set the three housings with circular flange
tops. Each housing, consisting of two
"
AONE
LRAT
EN
Ve
parts which bolt together, is very stiffly
ribbed. Bolted on the housings are the
cross-head guide frames of which there is
one for each housing. Each guide frame
is surmounted by its cylinder, there being
one high pressure between two low pres-
sure cylinders. The high-pressure cylinder
is 43% inches in diameter, and the two low-
pressure cylinders each 75% inches in di-
ameter. The stroke is 60 inches and the
speed 75 r. p.m. The high-pressure cylin-
der is not jacketed, and from this cylinder
the steam passes into a receiver 4 feet 6
inches in diameter and 23 feet long, having
a volume of 210 cubic feet and containing
110 tubes with 1,200 square feet of heating
surface.
The valves are all double ported, and as
close together as will allow of proper valve
gear construction. The high-pressure cyl-
inder has balanced poppet valves actuated
by a releasing gear, and the low-pressure
cylinders Corliss valves operated by the
usual wrist plate and tie rods. This unusu-
al combination of valves was substituted
for all Corliss valves because of the high
temperature at which steam enters the high-
pressure cylinder. This steam which is un-
der a pressure of 175 pounds, is super-
heated 200 degrees, making its total tem- SIX THOUSAND H. P. WESTINGHOUSE ENGINE
perature 577 degrees. At this temperature
it is practically impossible to provide the
efficient lubrication necessary to the proper of the high-pressure crank checks is piv- Early the next morning the General sent
working of Corliss valves. oted a short weighted lever, balanced for Miles again. “Well, sir,” said Jack-
Each connecting rod is a steel forging, against centrifugal force at normal speed son, “did the engineer give you the plan for
and is 13 feet 9 inches long between cen- by a helical spring. Should normal speed the bridge?” “General,” said the old man
ters. The top end of each connecting rod be exceeded, the weighted lever flies out, slowly, “the bridge is done; I don't know
is of the ordinary solid type with wedge and engages with a spring lever pivoted on whether the picture is or not.”
adjustment, and the bottom end is of the the engine base. The action turns the
so-called marine type. The crosshead pins ——
three-way cock above mentioned, admitting
are 14 by 14 inches, and the crank pins, steam to a chamber of the angle stop valve A PALMIST WHO COULDN'T PALM.
14 inches in length, are 22 inches in diame- on the steam supply main, and this valve is
ter. The cranks are of cast steel, and are “Do you seriously believe in palmistry,
promptly closed. There is also provision
of the usual type, not as is customary, set Bob?”
at a number of points about the engine
120 degrees apart, but at unequal angles, “I do. A sweet little amateur palmist
for hand control of this same stop valve
selected to give the best possible turning held my hand for half an hour the other
movement, which, owing to the service of ai evening and told me that I was going to
the engines, is a matter of capital in:port- Poet (to friend who has been reading fall in love in about twenty minutes and
ance. his verses) —“Well, do you think my style ask the lady to be mine and be accepted,
The main shaft is of open hearth, fluid- has finish?” and the whole thing came true before I
compressed, hydraulically forged steel, as Friend—“Oh, yes. I think any one can got out of the chair.’—The Record-Her-
are the connecting rods, and was supplied see its finish.” ald.
 30 POPULAR MECHANICS January 18, 1902.

THE DE LAVAL STEAM TURBINE. equal to that of the passing steam—adia- of expansion—the diagram ending in a
batically expands to minimum pressure and point.

The successful operations of steam tur
bines under the crudest conditions, says
the Railway and Engineering Review, prove
their simplicity and durability. The sim
plicity of construction is evident, the wear-
ing parts being the bearing only. They
SHOWING CONSTRUCTION
are well adapted for use in the upper
stories of buildings. As there is no recip-
rocating motion the balance is perfect and
no foundations are necessary except for
carrying the weight of the heavier ma-
chines. The space occupied is very small
and its compactness reduces the cost of
building, transporting and erecting as well
as the weight and cost of repairs. The tur-
bine is particularly well adapted for direct
connection to dynamos, centrifugel pumps,
blowers, fire-engines, etc.
Che principle of the steam turbine was
discovered before the steam engine. It re-
mained for De Laval in 1883, however, to
produce a successful invention. His tur-
bine was used in direct connection with the
shaft of a cream separator. By use of the
diverging nozzle he secured a complete and
adiabatic expansion of the steam and the
conversion of its entire static energy into
kinetic. To overcome the impossibility of
producing a wheel accurately enough bal-
anced to revolve about its center of gravity
at a velocity sometimes as high as 1,350
feet per second, without causing a side
pressure destructive to plain bearings and
a rigid shaft, he produced a flexible shaft.
The De Laval nozzle and flexible shaft,
regarded as among the most remarkable
inventions in steam engineering, have
placed the steam turbine in the foremost
rank among heat motors. Since their ad-
vent thousands of machines, in size from
three horse-power to 300 horse-power have
been built.
as this pressure is that of the surrounding
medium the steam at the point of discharge
issues in a solid jet without tendency of
its particles to divert in any direction.
Prof. Zenner has shown that theoretically
the work of this adiabatic expansion con
OF TURBINE.
verts the entire static energy of the steam
into kinetic, and that the stored energy of
a jet of steam issuing from a De Laval
nozzle is identical to the amount of work
produced if an equal volumne of steam is
allowed to adiabatically expand behind the
piston of a cylinder and at the same ratio
The steam turbine can, as far as me-
chanical results are concernel, be operated
equally well with low pressures and non-
condensing, and even then successfully
compete with the reciprocating engine, but
for the best economy, high pressures and
a condenser should be used, and as the dif-
ference and ga'n in economy in the case
of the steam turbi.e is more marked than
in a reciprocating engine, it will be found
in many cases, even for comparatively small
sizes, of advantage to operate condensing,
even in places where the scarcity of wa-
ter would render the employment of a
cooling tower necessary.
A characteristic feature of the De Laval
steam turbine is that none of its running
parts are subject to the full pressure of
the steam, as the steam is fully expanded
in the nozzles before it reaches the turbine
wheels. This feature is of great value and
promising future in the direction of using
high pressures with resultant increases in
Pintle?
e+
npr
binned
economy of fuel. The restriction as to
the steam pressure that can be used is
found only with the boiler. The turbine
itself has been operated with a pressure as
high as 3,000 pounds per square inch. Fur-
ther and considerable increase in economy
can be obtained by using superheated
steam, for which it is particularly well
adapted, it having no rubbing parts requir-
ing lubrication, or packing glands in con-
tact with the superheated steam, and as in
the case of high pressures, even here the
limit exists alone with the boilers.
3te
a

In a properly constructed nozzle, a volume

of steam of maximum pressure entering
gradually and—as every element of the o

nozzle assumes a temperature constant and TURBINE DRIVING GENERATOR.

cv
 January 18, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 31

CHICAGO - TEXAS
AN IDEAL VACCINATION SHIELD.

Experience of ten thousand vaccinations

has caused Dr. C. P. Franklin, of Philadel-
OL SYNDICATE
phia, to invent what he considers a perfect
Ce”=

yaccination shield. In the Journal of the From Puerco. on

American Medical Association Dr. Frank- Spinone Top.

lin says:
CUTER
—
Rm
OTS
A
SPAS
“The shield is made of aluminum six
centimeters in diameter to the outer edge
of its flange, which latter is curved so
den
that it presents no sharp edges but a broad

cast
tee
Spinich

Capital Stock, $1,000,000.00 in shares of 50 cents each

Fall paid and non-asscssable
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS—President, W. C. Moore, President of the Moore-Cortcs
Canal Co., Houston, Texas; Hon. Wm. E. Mason, United States Senator from Illinois;
Perry A. Hull, Master in Chancery of the Circuit Court, Chicago; Treasurer, 0. C. Drew,
Cashier Planters’ & Mechanics’ National Bank, Houston, Texas: 8. R. Perryman, Attor-
ney, Houston, Texas.
REFERENCES-—Chicago National Bank Ghicago, Hll.: Planters’ and Mechanics
National Bank, Houston, texas; The First National Bank of Beaumont, Texas

WHAT THIS SYNDICATE OFFERS

It owus 437 acres of the choicest oi] lands in Texas. Its first well on Spindle Top
Heights, Beaumont, is now nearly completed. There are one hundred and ten gushers
within a stone's throw of it—on every side. This well would have been completed before
this except for the fact that for four weeks the drill was in the hardest rock yet struck
smooth surface to the arm, and is ex- on Spindle Top, and it took three weeks’ drilling, night and day, to get through this forty-
feot stratum. This was finally penetrated and the drill is now sinking rapidly. A gusher
tended at each end into a tab or projec- may be expected daily. This hard rock is an excellent indication of a big deposit of oil
tion by which it is fastened to the arm beneath it.
a In addition to the Spindle Top Heights property, the Syndicate owns 400 acres at Sour
with short narrow strips of plaster. The Lake (within a few hundred feet of where a gusher has been struck), at Dayton Prairie,
at Saratoga and elsewhere. Gushers are now in at Saratoga and Sour Lake and flowing
central part, or dome, is 4.5 centimeters in perfect lubricating oil, making the proven oil fields of immense value. These lands are
diameter and is raised above its base one all paid for and owned outright by the Syndicate, therefore there are no leases and no
royalties to pay.
centimeter being composed of two ribs, A GUSHER GUARANTEED WITHIN THIRIFY DAYS
crossing at right angles, each rib being This Syndicate guarantees a gusher on Spindle Top Heights within 30 days A limited
amount of treasury stock is offered for sale at 50 cents yer share in lots of 3) shares and
strengthened by a beading or groove, so upwards. Money now subscribed for stock will be refunded directly to the subscriber

| that it will stand an ordinary pressure.” if the Syndicate has not a gusher within 30 days. Out of town subscribers may deposit
aa
subscriptions in their local banks and notify this company at the address below.
=_-?>
MARKETING ARRANGEMENTS MADE
NEW THING IN ACCIDENTS. The demand for Texas oil is world wide and enormous. The only problem is to get the
oil to the market. This problem has been solved by the Syndicate.
This Syndicate has just bought 20 acres of tankage ground, with 1,000 feet frontage
on the railroad (The Texas and New Orleans Branch of the Southern Pacific), only 1%
“Big ’partment-house fire!” piped the miles from Spindle Top. This will give trackage for 30 tank cars that can be loaded at one
wie
newsboy with the armful of papers. “Many time. Tanks and a pipeline from the Syndicate’s wells to its tanks and loading racks will
ons
be built at once. This will give the Syndicate unexcelled facilities for marketing the
lives saved!” products of its wells.
With these arrangements made, as soon as a gusher comes in, the property will be
oe,
ee
The novelty of the thing took. In ten greatly enhanced in value, and
minutes he had sold out. The price of the stock a at Once Advance and will thereafter continue to go up
rapidly ON MEKiT ALON
It is now offered at par—30 cents per share—the ground tloor price. Dividends will be
WHY HE AGREED. paid as soon as earnings begin. That time is not far of—BUY NOW. The company is
- managed by men of recognized ability and known integrity.
No preferred stock—all shareholders on absolutely the same basis. When you buy and
pay for this stock you can never be to any more expense. It can never be assessed.
“I think,” said the old-fashioned mem- Send requests for extended prospectus, remittances for subscription or any informa-
ber of the school board, “that we ought tion to
shee
iia
a7Lene
to pay more attention to writing.” $25
$so0
buys
*“* 100
50 shares
-
Fidelity Trust & Investment Co.,
. “So do I,” said the Harvard graduate | $100 os 200 oe
unexpectedly. “Teach ’em all to write '~@aeo * 500 ” 5uB Stock Exchange Bidg., Chicago
br
aide
5
plain—plain as print.”
“My boy,” said the old-fashioned mem-
ber after the meeting, “what made you CLEANING WITH OIL.
agree with me so enthusiastically?”
SCIENCE GAINS ANOTHER VICTORY
“Why, you see,” said the youth with
The Railway Review, Dec. 14th, de FITS CURED
hesitation, “I—I proposed to a girl last
scribes a new method of cleaning passen- Write for Reference
month, and she sent me her answer in
“*
ger car trucks, which can easily be adapted HOME TREATMERT 1.0, 504 Stevens Building
writing, and—and, hang it, I don’t know
to other similar work. A mixture com-
whether she said no or yes!”"—Washing- Indianapolis, Ind.

ton Times.
posed of
>>
o>
Two parts crude coal oil and
eee “Man wants but little here below’— Three parts Coalinga and crude oil AT LAST
House Lighting by Batteries. Cheapest and
The line’s familiar to us all. is sprayed with a paint atomizer. Then Best Light. No Acid to Handle ‘ve want
A good man wrote it long ago— agents for our table :amps hanging lamps
the object sprayed is wiped with waste. and electrical supplies, Our hanging lamps
He didn’t know Pierp. Morgan, though, The mixture penetrates all parts, leaves the range in prices from $9 00 to $15.00, according
to number of lights wanted. Write at once
Or “Yim Hill of Sant Poll.” surface looking like new, and can be done and we will send sample, express paid at $2.65
@. 8. ELECTRIC C6., 205 Fr nkilin Av. Cleveland.O,
—The Record-Herald. rapidly.
 POPULAR MECHANICS January 18, 1902.

‘‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents per : POSITIONS WANTED. COCCOOOEC COOOOODOEOOOOOOOOCES
line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to
a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
WANTED—Position in hardware
years’ experience; 2 years in tin shop.
store; 5
Prefer
THE
forward.d promptly without extra charge. small town. Any part of country. Address J.
oO. Harney, Lawton, 0. T.

HELP WANTED. SITU ATION WANTED— By “Engineer; steady

and sober; experienced on ice machine; best
WANTED—Stark Nursery pays cash weekly
if you sell Stark trees. Dansville, N. Y.
references; city license. J. E. Riley, 302 Chest-
nut street, Chicago, Ill. FAMOUS
WANTED—Patternmakers (meal). Apply
Chicago Malleable Castings Co., West Pullman,
Ill.
WANTED—A position as tinner at once; have
had 4 years ‘experience at in and outside TRAIN
“WANTED—Agents for a new gaslight burner,
work; can do furnace and bicycle work.
give good references.
Can
Address P. O. Box 131, OF THE
fast seller. Eureka Supply Co., Crookston, Lakefield, Minn.
Minn.
Ww ANTED—Engravers (wood); two good men, SITUATION WANTED—As an apprentice in
WORLD
a jewelry store to learn trade, by a young
two years’ Steady work guaranteed.
graving Co., corner Broadway and
Star En-
Market man of good moral habits
turn.
and mechanical
Address B. O. Carver, Henry, Il.
Chicago---St. acreage cat
streets, St. Louis, Mo.
““WANTED—Diemuker, a first-class man on FIRST-CLASS STBAM ENGINEER, now em-

THE ST. PAUL ROAD

combination dies; wages and references. Ad- ployed, desires — for good reasons; tech-
dress G. A. Crosby & Co., Ltd., Sarnia, Ont. nical education, er tests, indicator work
WAN TED—Harnessmaker, steady work for a and economical o erating of a modern power
sober and good mechanic. E. Bratton, Le Roy, lant. Address 15 days, Engineer, care of (Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)
Tht. tngineer, 10 Paulina place, Chicago, Ill.
WANTED MOLDERS, 25 to 50 bench mold-
EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
ers. The Haven Malleable Castings Co., WANTED—By young married man, position UNEQUALED
Cincinnati, Ohio. in retail hardware; capable of taking entire
charge, experience, best references. Address
CARRIAGE & WAGON WOOD 65 Wickless H. T. Cornell, care C. W. Hackett Hardware Time tables, maps and information
wanted. W. H. Gabriel & Son, 50 Michigan Co., St. Paul, Minn. furnished on application to
street, Cleveland, Ohio. e ‘ =a
WANTED—A gvod wood-working machine WANTED—A man of 18 years’ experience in F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent
hand; must be familiar with variety ma- the hardware line, desires a position either as
chine work. La Kose Mfg. Co., 172 Broad- traveling salesman or manufacturers’ agent for Chicago
way. Aibany, N. Be a general line of stoves and furnaces, or a
WANTE D—Experienced weavers; also learn- general line of hardware. Would like to sell
on commission in Michigan; thoroughly reliable
ers; also learners; young women preferred.
and can furnish best of references. Address
Mayhew Silk Manufacturing Co., J. J. Huck-
ley, Superintendent. Old Silk Mill, Ninth Av. K., 420 McC ullum street, Bay City, Mich.
and Twenty-fifth St., Altoona, Pa.
BUSINESS. CHAN CES.
COLDBUR Is a Salve which
DRAUGHTSMAN—Architectural draughtsman;
must be good
place for right man.
on full
Willlam w. Sabin, 703
size detail; permanent
FOR SAL E—One double saw mill complete if promptly ap.
New England Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. with 60 and 30 saws. Address G, W. Startle, —— plied will cool
Osborn, O.
WANTED EXPERIENCED CANVASSERS— all ordinary burns from fire, hot iron or
Should clear $5 daily. Illustrated mechan- FOR SALE—Second-hand steam, gasoline, hot water, and will absolutely prevent
ical weekly, entirely new idea. Send refer- electric vehicles. Guaranteed. A. L. Dyke, blister. Takes out all the burn in from
ences. @bpular Mechanics, Journal Bldg., Chi- Linmar Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. one to five minutes. Will not cure
cago. everything, but is excellent for reduc-
WANTED Av ONCE-—A first-class tinner; a TANKS WANTED—Anyone having iron “tinks ing inflammation and healing many
man who can do all kinds of inside and outside of 3,500 to 5,000 gallons capacity for sale, is chronic sores, chapped hands or ps.
work; only strictly temperate tinners need ap- requested te eddress X. ¥. Z., Box 72, Albany, etc. Is made of the purest vegetable
ply. W. Reinhardt & Sons, Lincoln, Ill. ase Ae products only, and is perfectly harm-
WANTED—Expert bread and cake baker for less. Excellent for tightness of the
Illinois city. Must have best of referencs. WANTED STOCKS OF GOODS and all kinds throat or chest. Although in use for
Good wages and steady work. All communica- of machinery, tools, store, office fixtures, ete. many years, is now put on the market
tions confidential. State wages wanted and T. P. Westropp & Co., 305 Pearl St., Cleve- for the first time. nce used, always
your age. Address 1905 Broadway, Mt. Ver- land, Ohio. wanted. Sent postpaid anywhere, 25
non, cents. If not as represented money
FOR SALE—The Automobile Storage and Re- cheerfully returned. Address
WANTED—Experienced stove salesman for pair Co., 57 West 66th St.. New York, have
Northern [llinois. Send references; apply by new and second-hand steam, gasoline and elec- COLDBURN, Room 604
letter. Bergstrom Bros. & Co., Neenah,h, Wis. tric carriages constantly on hand and have al-
WANTED—Good, sober, all-around tinner ways some special bargains, 162 Washington Street, - Chicago
and plumber who can put up wind mills and
not afraid to work. Answer, stating wages FOR SALE—One nearly new 5 h. p. gasoline
expected. Newtson & Seaver, Hoopeston, Ill. twin-cylinder automobile motor, water
cooled, for $125.00. One single cylinder, water
WANTED—Good house and sign painter and cooled, automobile motor, for $100.00. No more
paper hanger. Must be sober and _ steady. at this price.
pi H. L. Hoffman Motor Co., Plain-
— salary. Address Anton Popelar, Dodge, e
WANTED—Salesman, to sell our coal-saving, WANTED-—First-class second-hand stereopti- We
device to house owners; can be applied to fur-” con and graphophone, acetylene burner; for Want
naces or steam heaters; selected lists of names cash; must be the best and cheap. Write H.
and attractive proposition. Western Aeolipyle H. Kile, Foss P. O., Il. Someone
Co., 134 Lake street, Chicugo, Ill. In Every
WANTED—To sell, a good live business, sit-
WANTED—Window _ trimmer, first-class;
uated in the mountain town of Divide, 27 CITY
state salary ~~ and experience. G. M.
eperett Co., epartment Store, Milwaukee, miles west of Colorado Springs, and 18 miles TOWN
north of Cripple Creek; stock and fixtures, VILLAGE
; should have a capital of $10,000; pays and COUNTY
WANTED—Agents in every county and town =v. Beater,of $500 per month. Address George
in the United States to sell a harness snap— dler, Divide, Colo. Good reason for sel}- To
“a snap that is a snap.’’. Expense of outfit Show
small, profits large; splendid side line for trav-
eling men to sell to dealers or consumers; an — “SPECU LATORS—60 per ‘cent on your _aeiar Mechanics
opportunity for any one to make money. Ad- money; savings banks pay you 3 per cent or 4
dressC. M. Beard, Elroy, Wis. per cent. Why not investigate to-day? Profits People
WANTED-—Stove salesman. State age, ex- payable ist and 15th of month. Write for in-
side information. C. M. Bragaw & Co., 99 Interested
perience and salary wanted. Danville Stove &
Mfg. Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Nassau street, New York. In Mechanics
WANTED—Competent solicitors, new propo- That’s nearly everyone.
FOR SALE—Exceptional opportunity to pur-
ge Agents are ge $5 a day. Address chase profitable manufacturing business near It’s easy to take Sub-
Washington street, Chicago, III. Chicago; dignified proposition, doing large busi- scriptions
RANT ED Coe No trouble to secure ness; reason for selling, advanced age of direc-
subscriptions to Popular Mechanics. Agents tors. Odlum-Kurtzman Co., Minneapolis, Minn.
are coining money. Write at once. Ponular
Mechanics, Journal Building, Chicago, Ili? TO CLERKS, SALESMEN, RAILROAD Liberal Cash
men, shop and factory hands, ete.—Loans on Commissions
easy terms, quickly and confidentially. R. 840,
POSITIONS WANTED. 125 La Salie, Chicago, Address

ENGINEER, competent on steam and electric FOR SALE—Photograph studio, one of the POPULAR MECHANICS
plants, wants situation. Hunter, 108 Morris best paying in state of Indiana; beautiful coun-
ty seat; ground: floor; | equipped; best lo-
Journal Building
avenue, Newark, N. J.
WANTED-—Situation; goneret all around ma-
$26 ta; business monthly long lease: rent Chicago
a $20 four +> ‘oe ome, furnished
no objection © leaving city. Address complete for housekeeping; everything new; all
. Graham Seabrooke, Dayton, ts oes; snap; $700. Box 58S ‘Monticello, Ind.
 POPULAR MECHANICS
An Illustrated Weekly Review of the Mechanical Press of the World

VoL. 1, No. 3. 3 CHICAGO, JANUARY 25, 1902. Price 5 CENnrTs.

WHERE SKELETONS OF THE LIVING ARE PHOTOGRAPHED

Interior of an X-Ray Laboratory

yet -

FOR FULL DESCRIPTION SEE PAGE 34.

 34 POPULAR MECHANICS January 25, 1902.

THE X-RAY A WONDERFUL AID TO

SCIENCE.

How the Photographs Are Taken—New

Method of Illuminating the Body.

The ordinary light that we are accus-

tomed to, makes glass, water and air cee
ee
ee
ae

transparent. But there is another light

which does not make glass transparent, but
which renders diaphanous every other sub-
stance except lead This is the X-ray.
It has been a wonderful revelation to sur-
gical science in that it makes the human
body pervious to light, enabling the sur-
geon to see and locate any foreign sub-
stance. We give herewith the picture of
a little girl showing a hat pin she had
swallowed. She resides in Indiana and
her life was saved by means of the X-ray.
It is easier to take the picture of a
thin person than a fleshy one with an X-
ray machine. To take the picture the neg-
ative plate is placed under the patient in-
stead of in the camera. The plate, which
in size corresponds to the portion of the
body to be photographed, is laid flat on a
board and the board rests on a common
surgical chair. The person whose interior
is to be photographed is laid flat on the
negative plate, the board being placed be-
tween the plate and the chair cushion to
keep the former from breaking. An X-
ray tube is then placed over the part. of
the body to be photographed. From this
is extended the leading-in wires, which ae ee

connect the tube with the static machine,

X-RAY PHOTOGRAPH OF 6-INCH HAT PIN IN STOMACH.
the source of electrical energy. Thus the
X-ray light is produced in the X-ray tube
and to this light the patient is exposed
cal operations are made with the aid of the anchor fouled on the cable and instead of
from one-half to three minutes according
X-ray photograph. The patient is sent to freeing it in the usual way, which would
to the density of the part of the body to
the X-ray laboratory, where a photograph have required less than five minutes, more
be photographed. After the exposure the
is taken locating the source of ailment. than an hour was sepnt in sawing apart
negative plate is developed by the ordinary
The surgeon keeps this photograph in front the cable with a meat saw. The use of the
ee
photographic process.
of him while performing the operation. meat saw points to the cook as the culprit.
Looking into the interior of a person
Before the discovery of the ntw ray sur- As the vessel was mulcted in the substan-
with the eye, aided by a spy-glass, was
geons often cut into wrong portions of the tial damages of $1,500, one can see that the
made possible by the invention of W. C.
body several times before locating the ail- ill-starred sea cook’s reputation is not un-
Fuchs, manager of the Chicago X-ray lab-
ment, and needless death from the knife deserved.
oratory. This is accomplished with the aid
frequently resulted. a
of salts, which when taken internally has
—— oe |
TO MAKE GILT MOULDINGS.
a peculiar effect on the X-ray, causing it
wer
to brightly illuminate the stomach. The CAN MAKE MUMMIES. -
(Requested by C. L., South Bend.)
salts are by scientists called tongstate of How gilt mouldings are made: The
calcium, barium platinum cyanide and A fluid which it is claimed petrifies the
timber (pine is preferred) is run through
uranium. The patient is made to drink a body and keeps it in a state of preservation
far surpassing the mummies of ancient
the whitening machine, which coats it with
full glass ‘of these salts dissolved in water.
white enamel. This forms a body for the
An X-ray machine is so placed as to cast Egypt, is said to have been discovered by
Charles B. Lewis, of Memphis, Tenn. Mr. leaf or other gilding material, which is
its rays on the stomach. This causes the
applied when the enamel is dry.
liquid to light up the interior of the stom- Lewis declares that the fluid converts the
For an ornamental moulding the pro-
ach. An instrument called a cystoscope, body into a solid rock and makes it proof
cess is the same until after the whitening
which is a sort of telescope, fitted with a against the ravages of time. “No swathings
is applied. The ornamenting is usually
small mirror so that a person can see and bandages such as were used in the days
of old Rameses are required. made of glue, rosin and whitening and is
out at right angles to the end, is then
put on the enamel before the gilding. It
pushed down the patient’s throat into his -ow™~
may be run on “direct” by machine or
stomach and the physician makes his ex- THIS HAND SAW COST $1,500. placed ot >y hand. “Direct” ornament
amination. Formerly the cystoscope was
moulding is put through a machine placed
used with a small electric light attached to The schooner William H. Bailey was in contact with a brass roller on which a
its end, but the light grew so hot that the libeled for damages inflicted on a Euro- reverse of the ornament required has been
patient suffered great torture. pean cable of the Commercial Cable com- engraved. Into this machine the compo-
In many of the leading hospitals surgi- pany in New York harbor. The vessel’s sition is fed while hot.

a
 January 25, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 3 uw

DADDY ASKS FOR HIS BOY.

I wisht ‘at I c’d see th’ little chap, jes’ once

ag’in,
Rhie
ott
Wisht I c’d look out at th’ gate an’ see him
comin’ in,
Wisht I c’d hear him say “Hey, dad, what
kind o’ bugs is these?
Found ’em down t’ th’ river in th’ holler o° th’
trees?’’

;
I wisht he’d clamber up an’ wipe his muddy
feet on me,
I wouldn't care at all for that, if I c’d only see
His face for jes’ a minute, like a lightnin’
lash in rain,
Th’ rain o’ my hot tears, an’ then I'd let him
go again.

Sometimes I think I hear his feet, a-patterin’

in th’ hall,
Ag’in I'm almost certain I can hear his child-
ish call
In glee at some new treasure, some new kind
o’ worm he's found,
I got up sort o’ quiet an’ I jes’ peer all around,
Thinkin’ mebbe I'd been dreamin’—that he
wasn't dead at all
Pore ol’ daddy, broken-hearted; but th’ evenin
shadows fall,
Th’ daylight fades an’ flickers, an’ I can’t keep
back th’ moan,
For I know my boy has gone, an’ me, his
daddy, lef’ alone

ot
eh
A Lord, I wisht ye'd le’ me see him, jes’ a
minute, Lord, that’s all,
In th’ dream or in th’ daylight, I don’ keer—
jes’ hear him call;
Le’ me think I’m listenin’ to him, in th’ fire-
light’s rosy gleam,
Out o’
all-ye'r wealth o’ treasures ye can
surely spare a dream.
Lord, ye got so many children, ye won't miss
him for a while,
If ye let him come on angel's wings, t’ speak,
X-RAY PHOTO OF BULLET IN HEAD t’ soothe, t’ smile,
Won't ye let him come an’ whisper, ‘‘Daddy,
here’s yer boy an’ then,
RED IS DANGER EVERYWHERE. FLOATING LAUNDRIES ON THE LAKES.
After jes’ that little visit, ye can call him
back again
Even in the far-away Society Islands, Laundries replete with every equipment American Thresherman
red is used as a danger signal. It is made and convenience are to ply the waters of, ~~

from burning a dried sea weed which the great lakes. They are being built by BEATS RECORD OF LIQUID AIR.
gives forth a bright cherry red, somewhat the Empire Laundry Machinery Co., of
: like Bengal’s fire. The moment any im- Boston, for the Great Northern Steamship Petroleum Ether Discovered that Will
Freeze at 205 Below Zero.
Not
mergency arises a heap of the weed is set company. The vessels are now being built
e on fire and every native in sight of the in New London, Conn., and are the first
signal is in duty bound to rush to the merchant vessels ever equipped with plants A liquid that will not freeze at a tempera-
rescue, of this kind, says the National Laundry ture of 205 degrees below zero is said to
OQ
Journal. Each ship is equipped with two have been discovered by Dr. Arsene d’Ar-
CATCH FISH BY USE OF ELECTRIC large metallic and brass washing machines, sonval, of the French Academy of Sciences.
LIGHT. extractors, mangles, starch kettles, Tyler The liquid is extracted from ordinary pe-
ironers, electric irons, soap tanks, truck troleum. Its record of unfreezability beats
W. E. Cole, of Norfolk, Va., has just
tubs, wash tray sets, ironing boards, starch- that hitherto held by liquid air. The in-
completed a vessel ‘especially designed for ventor says the “petroleum ether” is
ing and ironing tables, and large dry
catching fish by the use of an electric light.
rooms. destined to be of the greatest importance
SE
Stee
Cae
«aa
aida
Sai
1¥
Fish are attracted by the light, it is claimed, -——
iin to scientists, especially in chemical re-
and can be scooped up in mammoth quan- search, permitting the construction of
Prof. Small of Columbia university, says
tities. The General Electric company has thermometers of a precision not yet at
that it is not necessary to wait for more
constructed an are light of high power, tained.
developments before equipping every light- ———_3-____
which is carried over the bow oi the ves-
house with apparatus for sending wireless
sel. The fish which congregate under the VEILED SARCASM
messages to sea as a means of notifying
light are caught in nets attached to the ves-
sel, ships of their proximity to rocks and
“Have you chosen the text for your first
breakers
sermon?” asked Miss Quizem of the em-
“Here’s a good one,” said the man from bryo minister.
Denver. “What’s the difference between a No matter how you toll and strive
“IT have,” answered the ce m. “It is
To make this thankless world your debtor,
pen and a pencil? Give it up? A pen has Revelation 12::—‘And there appeared a
Some man who never tried at all
to be driven, but a pencil has to be lead Will vow he could have done it better. great wonder in heaven: a woman——’”
See?” —Washington Star. —Chicago News
 30 POPULAR MECHANICS January 25, 1902.

FLAT SPOTS ON DRIVING WHEELS.

Features of Next Week's Issue ENGINEER ASCRIBES THE CAUSE TO SPEED AND COUNTERBALANCE.
aie

What will they do next? A man in Europe has invented a Speed and counterbalance combined cause all the troubles of
real talking machine--not a phonograph--but a machine that
flat spots on driving wheels, according to the belief of I. F.
utters vowel sounds without their having been spoken before.
A machine that works algebra problems has been perfected Wallace, a locomotive engineer, who explains his theories in
by a Spaniard. Read «bout them in next week’s Popular detail in the Railway Age of December 27. He suggests as a
Mechanics. remedy a heavier rimmed wheel constructed on the same prin-
Would you like to make your own exp riments in electricity?
That's the way Edison, Marconi, blake and Roentgen began.
ciple as the fly-wheel of the stationary engine. Mr. Wallace
Read Popular Mechanics and yvu will learn how. says:
In Wisconsin there is a summer school for artisans--the only “Twenty-five years ago the speed of freight trains was from
one in the world. Read about it next week.
The next issue of Popular Mechanics will also teli about a
12 to 20 miles an hour; of passenger trains from 20 to 30, and
locomotive that runs by compressed air ; the oldest fire engine in just as soon as the railways commenced to increase the speed
.
Illinois ; the moving of tne great statue of Vercingetorix on an of their trains these flat spots commenced to develop on the q
automobile from the Sculptor’s shop; how to build small tele-
same engines that were pulling the trains before, and the .
phone exchanges and make them pay and num<rous other things
greater the speed the quicker the flat spots would develop, 4
of interest to people who want to learn and the mechanical world 3
in general. everything else being equal. No up-to-date mechanical engineer 4
would think of designing a high speed stationary engine with
a counterweight opposite the crank-shaft and expect a smooth
BIG FISH IN A WATER TANK. running engine. He would simply put on a fly-wheel and the
heavier the rim the smoother the engine would run. This same
When the tender of an engine on the Louisville & Nashville principle applies to locomotive practice to-day. In Fig. 1 you
had been filled at Queen's Lake, Ill, a few days ago, a great will note a modern driving wheel with the pin on the lower quar-
splashing was heard in the water tank. Looking down the ter and the center of counterbalance on the top quarter. Im-
engine crew saw a large buffalo fish struggling on the nearly agine this is the right main wheel on a locomotive going at the
dry bottom. After a lively scuffle the fish was captured. It rate of 60 miles per hour, the weight and angularity of the
Gee
PNlag
8
weighed 25 pounds. As the pipe used for pumping purposes
is only 4 in. in diameter, there was considerable guessing as to
how the fish got into the tank. The final conclusion was that
it entered through the pipe when a minnow and grew to be a
twenty-five-pounder.
—__—_»-e—___
SEWING MACHINE MOTOR.

An electric motor for running a sewing machine is illustrated

below. The motor is attached to the table and a starting rod
connects with the treadle, allowing the machine to be controlled main rod on the downward thrust, the steam exerting its great-
by the feet of the operator. Various speeds are secttred accord- est power on the piston and the counterbalance coming over at
the same time. What is the result? A hammer blow and slip.
As I look at it, it cannot be otherwise. At such a high rate of
speed the centrifugal force of the wheels throws the engine out
of balance by having counterbalance in the wheel opposite the
pin.
“My idea of a remedy is explained in Fig. 2. Take out the
counterbalance or place in the outside rim of the wheel center
all that is possible—the more the better. Follow out stationary
practice as far as possible, and I believe it will save thousands
of dollars to railways annually.”
-
>>>
iid
wi
NEW ELECTRIC FREIGHT LINE IN THE COAL REGIONS OF
< ILLINOIS.

Freight traffic is to be the principal source of revenue of the

Coal Belt Electric Railway, now in course of construction in
ae
southern Illinois. It is to extend from Johnson City around
by Spillertown, Marion, Carterville, Herin and back to Johnson
City forming a loop. Seventeen miles—from Spillertown to
Herin—have already been built.
The company proposes an extension of 10 miles, from Carter-
ville to Carbondale, to meet a 70 miles extension of the St.
SEWING MACHINE MOTOR,
Louis & Illinois Suburban Electric Line. The latter road does
ing to the position of the foot treadle. The motor and at- an extensive freight business between East St. Louis and Belle-
taching device are made by the Diehl Mfg. Co., Elizabethport,
ville. The company owns two coal mines, the machinery of
N. J. Where a residence is not wired for electric light, power which is operated by the electric current from the trolley wire.
can be had from a storage battery. Four 50-ton locomotives are now in use. Each is equipped
with four G. E. 160-horsepower motors. The road operates
—_>--e—___ 400 coal cars of 80,000 pounds capacity. Twelve loaded coal
An all night shoe store, recently established in Herald cars constitute an average train for one locomotive. Six hun-
square, New York, is the latest departure in the shoe trade. dred new cars are to be put in service without delay.
 January 25, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

BURGLAR CHLOROFORMED.

ae
The story comes from Connecticut, says the Journal of the
American Medical Association, that a promient dentist of the
state got his start in the following manner: Returning to his
office one evening for a book he found there a rough looking
tN
BARBIES
roel fellow with a bag in his hand. The dentist immediately insisted
upon his taking a seat in the chair, giving the burglar to sup-
pose that he thought his call was for professional services, and
RSet
oF

before the amazed malefactor could make up his mind to fight

or run the dentist had him chloroformed, gagged, bound and
in the police station. When the story came out people thought
A
Seer>
re that a man with such nerve must be competent in his profession,
so a lucrative practice followed.
ee es
THE CHIMES OF ST. GERMAIN L’AUXERROIS.

i As a result of the recent return to popular favor of church

i
: chimes the city of Paris has just spent 5,0co francs in the
$
restoration to musical power of the chimes of Saint Germain-
l’Auxerrois. This set of bells took fifteen years to construct and
place in position, the whole installation costing in the neighbor-
hood of 200,000 francs, exclusive of the tower which contains it.
This is a high price for sound. It was completed in 1878, but
had scarcely been played upon a year when the set was abandoned
and for 20 years remained dumb.
Now it is restored to its pristine glory. It is the first set of
chimes to be operated entirely by mechanism. The whole system
occupies 200 cubic meters of space. The largest bell, giving the
Pat
patent
oath
RCA
ha note C, weighs 2,000 kilograms. There are 38 bells in all. Each
note is furnished with four clappers and with an_ individual
movement. The biggest bell is used for sounding the hours
A steel cylinder covered all over with spikes, after the order
THE BELL TOWER
of the well-known musical-box, operates the chimes. These
spikes, in turning, release levers directly connected with the ing them to suit the exigencies of another piec« cylinder
clappers of the various notes. As there are four clappers to each is pierced for this purpose with 29,184 holes. A key board similar
bell, one may be employed in striking the note, two more are to that of a piano is also provided, enabling the chimes to be
getting ready for use and the fourth is at rest. So accurate is played by hand response to touch of

AN
AV
«

.tr =.

Se Si 4

1iets
Pride
a

.
<>
Se
——

PR
ns
eee
ice)

THE AUTOMATIC PLAYER AND

this adjustment that the same note may be played five times in the operator, though the pressure is required a trifle
one second. The airs may be changed at will by unscrewing the heavier than for the keyboard Illustrations from La
spikes from their places on the surface of the cylinder and plac- Nature, Paris.
 38 POPULAR MECHANICS January 25, 1902.

TO DRAW A PATTERN OF A HORSE. BURN GREAT PILES OF LAUNDRY.

How to draw a pattern of horse——For one of little experience Careless Public Loses Thousands of Dollars Monthly in Uncalled-
in drawing I would resort to the process known as blocking, for Linen.
says Bunyan E, Anderson in the American Artisan. First ob-
tain a profile picture of the object desired. Second, decide upon Thousands of dollars worth of laundried shirts, collars and
either the length or width of pattern. Divide this into any cuffs, that have not been called for, are burned or otherwise
convenient number of parts (the more parts the easier the draw- disposed of by the laundry establishments of large cities every
ing); 42 inches can be easily divided into seven equal parts (6 month.
inches each). Next divide the length of the picture into as To successfully put them on the market, says the National
Laundry Journal, the collars would have to be assorted in sizes
e and styles, and this would be impracticable as they would be
4 sold at a price that would not justify the trouble. In conse-
quence they are taken out and burned and in a short time the
shelves are again filled with unclaimed packages. The value
of these packages usually range from 30 cents to $5. In Bir-
mingham, Ala., $3,500 worth of collars and cuffs are destroyed
every year. At this rate the enormous sum of $231,000 is repre-
sented in similar linen that is burned in Chicago cach year and
nearly twice that amount in New York.
The remarkable number of collars and cuffs left at laundries
can be accounted for in several ways. Frequently strangers
come to the city, send their soiled clothes to the laundry and
hastily leave without calling for them. They rarely ever go to
the trouble of sending back for them and the package is conse-
quently burned. Another reason is gross carelessness. Men
often start down town with a bundle of soiled clothes and leave
them at the first laundry they happen to see. They forget where
they left them and some poor laundryman is frequently the
victim of abuse from some irate citizen who had never before
been in his establishment.”
many corresponding equal parts. Then mark off the picture >

into squares corresponding to these parts in size. Subdivide SAW A LOCOMOTIVE BLOW UP.
any squares having irregular short crooked lines of outline of
object. Next divide pattern into same number of squares as
“T am one of the very few persons who ever saw a locomotive
picture, transferring subdivided squares to corresponding square
blow up,” remarked an old railroad man to a reporter of the
of pattern. Then fill in outline of object, only one square at
Baltimore Sun the other day. “Generally the men who witness
the time, noting carefully where line of object crosses line of
the explosion of a steam engine are so dead when the smoke has
square. Be careful to mark in right square, corresponding to
cleared away that they are never able to give an account of the
picture. With a little patience any school boy can draw the
disaster.
pattern.
>>
>
“Like many other accidents, the one I saw was the result of
carelessness—low water in the boiler, for the engine had just
GREAT DANGER OF “SMOKE EXPLOSIONS.” come from the shops and was in complete repair. It was on
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in West Virginia a number of
Interesting Demonstration in Philadelphia with Aid of Miniature years ago. I was on a locomotive some distance behind the one
House. which exploded, and was looking ahead out of the cab window,
~~
so that the ill-fated engine was immediately before my eyes.
“The Explosion of Smoke” was the subject of a recent talk Suddenly I saw the machine rise in the air; it seemed to me
made by William: McDevitt, inspector of the Fire Underwriters’ to be about as high as the telegraph poles beside the track,
Association of Philadelphia. By the aid of a miniature house which, as you doubtless know, are not so high as telegraph
he gave en illustration of the dangerous nature of smoke when poles in the city. Then came a cloud of dense black smoke
confined in a burning building. The house was filled with smoke and dust, which hid the engine from view, and almost simul-
which was soon converted into a gaseous substance, and then it taneously I heard the roar of the explosion.
exploded with a loud report. “Both the engineer and the fireman were killed, and the loco-
“Burning buildings,” said Inspector McDevitt, “can be made motive was fit for nothing much but the scrap heap when it
and are often converted into gas retorts by the confinement of fell to the ground. The crown sheet over the fire box had
gases given off from the products of either the burning contents blown out.
meee
ee
or the material of the building itself. When smoke is confined “The strange thing about the explosion was that no white
and kept heated and then mixed with a certain amount of at- steam was seen. You know that perfectly dry steam is invisible,
mospheric air, a highly inflammable and explosive mixture is being like the air, and before it had time to condense it was
formed, producing a gaseous flame of a temperature exceeding probably smothered by the cloud of smoke and dust raised
that given off at the point where the fire is burning.” by the bursting of the boiler.”
He advocated as the best remedy a system of sprinklers, says ——o

the Fireman’s Herald, which begin to operate at a certain tem- Large quantities of platinum, not recognized by the miners,
perature, dampening the air and thus killing the explosive effect has been thrown away by Yukon gold miners. The dominion
by changing the proportion of gases necessary to cause ¢x- government metallurgist at Vancouver says that among the
ae
ee
plosion. millions of dollars worth of gold brought to him during the
at
oo
season was an abundance of the platinum unknown to the min-
We want some one in every shop and factory to canvass for ers. It is believed that hundreds of thousands of dollars worth
“Popular Mechanics.” Write for terms. of the metal has been thrown away in this manner.
January 25, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

REMARKABLE WORK OF REPLACEMENT. LIGHT FROM STOCK YARDS SMELL

Progress and Plans of the St. Paul’s New Bridge at Minneapolis.

Chicago Professor Says It Could Be Made to Illuminate the City.

One of the most important pieces of replacement work under

taken in the last few years, says The Railway Age, is that of the Working along the same lines as Prof. Frederick P. Gorham,
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul bridge over the Mississippi at of Brown University, who has been producing light from ok

Minneapolis, Minn. The new bridge will be a modern double- beefsteaks and pork chops, Prof. Frank Yount, of Chicago, pro
track structure. It was made necessary because of the increased poses to Jight Chicago from the odors from the stock yards dis-
weight of traffic and the company’s plans to have its lines made trict. Prof. Gorham found in a piece of over-ripe meat a source
double-track all the way between Chicago and Minneapolis. They of illumination with the minimum degree of heat The meat,
he said, contained organism which, when fed on common salt,
are already double-tracked from Chicago to the Mississippi
nitrogen and another substance, which he refuses to make
river at Savannah, III.
known, yielded light from oxidation. Thus he produced an
The new bridge consists of three river spans and four bear-
illuminant sufficient to light his house, and he declared it is
ings at one end of the span; whole instead of segmental rollers good as magnesium powder for taking photographs.
being used. When completed the bridge will be 1,060 feet long, Prof. Yount contends that these same organisms are contained
weighing approximately 3,200 tons. It is designed to carry on in the odor that emits from the stock yards, and that by the
the double tracks two 177.5-ton engines followed by a uniform proper process the animal phosphorescence could be made to

BRIDGE FULLY TRUSSED FOR REPLACEMENT

weight of 5,000 pounds per linear foot of track. The struss illuminate Chicago from one end to the other and that there
spans have all been completed and work is fastly progressing would be but little further use of gas and electric plants
on the approaches. It is expected that the structure will be euinatiiamntdlippigig vicimentasn
ready for service early in the spring. If you like “Popular Mechanics,” show it to your friends
 40 POPULAR MECHANICS January 25, 1902.

MEXICO'S EXCELLENT COFFEE AND TOBACCO. SIGNS AND MODES OF DEATH.

ie sae POPS
aeShem

Cigars Equal to Finest Havana—Mocha Coffee Is No Better Che coldness of the feet; the picking at the bed clothes and
playing with flowers; the hands feel clamy; the voice grows
Mexican coffee and tobacco is destined to take first rank for weak and is difficult; husky or piping; the eyes begin to hold
quality in the markets of the world, according to the opinions of an assumed position; the heart the central organ of circula-
many experts. tion, comes to a full stop, and this stop means forever in this
world. When one is summoned to inspect a body supposed to
be dead, he has no easy task before him. There are three
modes of death, speaking from a physiological standpoint: First,
death by syncope: The heart’s action may be arrested either
by a deficient nerve supply, or deficient supply of blood, or by
defective quality of the blood. Second, death by como: The
brain centers are usually those first incapacitated. In apoplexy
we have an example of a natural death by como. The blood
escaping from the ruptured vessels compresses the brain and
unconsciousness follows. Third, asphyxia is that condition
found in cases strangled, smothered or drowned or die from
some poisonous gases, charcoal gas, etc
Results of death: Changes in the skin. As soon as _ the
vital function of life has ceased, the surface of the entire body ‘a
PRA
Spee
e
a
ee
8aee

becomes of an ashen hue. This is due partly to the settling of

blood in the deeper parts, and also by the putrefactive changes
tel
ee

THE HORSELESS CARRIAGE—ANOTHER OPPORTUNITY FOR CAPITAI

“In certain districts the tobacco leaves are fine and silky,”
—
says Dixie, “and even more aromatic than those of the famous
Buelta Abajo in Cuba. Indeed, its crops show that Mexico can
produce tobacco equal to the finest grown in any part of the
oe
ree
world. The managers of the Paris exposition of 1889 were of ie
led
ii

this opinion and classified Mexican tobacco as fully equal, if not

superior, to the best Havana product, and awarded it gold, silver
and bronze medals.”’
Dixie, the brightest and handsomest of Southern ‘journals of
its class, is published in Atlanta, Ga. It contains an interesting
account of Mexican resources in its Christmas issue. Regard-
ing coffee it states:

ated
e

COFFEE YARD NEAR JALAPA, MEXICO.

occurring in cellular parts of the skin. Rigor mortis takes

place soon after death; commonly known as stiffening of the
body. Then changes will take place in the body. You will
notice greenish discolorations which makes its first appearance
over the abdominal cavity, accompanying these putrefactions
aw.
Mr
weet
2
in the body is a peculiar odor and offensive to the smell caused
by the gases.—Western Undertaker.
a
ii

HOW TO AVOID “SWEATY” PIPES.

“The cause of so-called sweaty pipes is very simple and the

remedy equally simple. Perhaps it is hardly necessary to ex-
plain that the pipes are not sweaty in the sense that the moisture
comes through the pores from the inside, though this is a not
uncommon belief among those who do not understand the cause.

MAGUEY PLANT, EROM WHICH PULQUE IS EXTRACTED.

The moisture on the pipe is, of course, caused by the con-
densation of the moisture in the air, the difference in tem-
“Excepting only Brazil, Mexico has coffee lands enough if perature between the air and the pipe causing the condensation
cultivated to supply all the markets of the world. While the of the natural moisture in the air and depositing it on the pipes.
coffee grown in Colina and Uruapam is classed with Mocha, all The difference in temperature between the air and the pipe is
Mexican coffee is of excellent quality and carries a surpassing caused by the water flowing through the pipes. Water at rest
flavor and aroma.” in the pipes soon takes nearly the same temperature as the
oo oe room. Even an occasional flow of water through the pipes will
Paris is the center of an international telephone wire net, its not cool them sufficiently to make them sweat, but even a slight
extreme ends are London, Hamburg. Berlin, and (in connection constant dropping will cause the trouble. That being the case,
with the French-Italian line about to be opened) Turin and it is only necessary to make tight all faucets and cocks on sup-
Milan. The Paris Hamburg line is about the same. The dis- ply and flush pipes in order to put a stop to the trouble. Pack-
tance from Paris to Turin, measured by an air line, is about 375 ing the pipes will of course help matters, but this is expensive
miles, and that between Paris and Milan 470 miles. and unnecessary.”—Domestic Engineering.
 January 25, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 41

’ MACHINE TO SHARPEN TWIST DRILLS. fastened on with a small stud bolt with a pointed end. After
having the pulley fastened on, put one of the 1'4 ins, by in
Small Emery Wheel and Sewing Machine Frame About All That washers next the first nut, the emery wheel comes next, then the
Is Needed.
other washer and nut, and screw up tight—not too tight, or the
emery wheel may be crushed. When choosing the emery wheel
To rig up a machine to sharpen twist drills, a small emery
be sure and don’t get one that is very coarse; an emery wheel
wheel is second to none, says the Model Engineer and Amateur
of the size suitable for small work is about 6 ins. diameter and
Electrician. An old sewing machine stand with treadle and
¥% in. or 4 in. thick, with a leaded center for arbor rhe hol
driving wheel, two pieces of 1 in. and % in. bar iron, a few bolts,
must be same size as shaft. It will be noted that emery wheels
nuts and washers, and a shaft of iron or soft steel is about all
do not always have a lead center Lhe ize described can be
—
2eee
a that is necessary except the emery wheel. The stand can be
bought for 50 cents The emery wheel, with arbor, can now
bought in nearly any second-hand store or “junkyard” for a
be fitted in between the centers, with pulley n¢ irest to stare }lard
trifle. There is generally a square hole in the top of these stands
and the hole, of course, must be closed up by fastening a piece A; screw up bolt until it enters the conical arbor, enough to let
of board in it fitting snug all round. Next it will be necessary it run free without binding, and lock it with the wheel ¢ he
to get two pieces of bar iron, each about 8% ins., long, 1 in. wide belt may be a 3-16th in. or % in. round leather strap, or a stout
and % in. thick. These are marked A and AA on Fig 1. Bend cord. Care will have to be taken to see that everything is in
es
ae
these at right-angles 2 ins. from one end by heating red hot, so line, and the pulley must be placed directly over the flywheel
they will not break. Now drill in the short bend two % in. holes also holes must be made, or, if they are already there, arranged
for two % in. bolts. In the long ends drill a hole ™% in. from the to clear the belt. The rest must be next made out of in
end and have them tapped with thread to fit the % in. by 2 in board (Fig. 2), cutting one piece 514 ins. by 3 ins. (K), and one

TAY } * 7 ere
4 } r 4 )
~ af -_
. FIG. 2
fab ——~J Hp
| } j Z a ri Ma .
, > mr Ty
rea Hi] © rl
Rael N ee 7
{4-1 —_—y _.., FS
—— ) . Bs
i ——TT a r

END vitw % di
T 4 <=

, Jp }
INCHES O ¢ eas b
Litut Fant a
FIG. 3

bolts. Taper the ends of these bolts to a cone point by filing or piece 4 ins. by 3 ins., and fitting a wooden brace in the angle to
turning, and make them as smooth as possible, but do not make make it stiff; screw these three pieces together, and screw the
them too stubby. One of these bolts can be fastened permanently rest thus made in front of emery wheel as Fig. 1 Che finished
in AA with a lock nut, as shown, letting the point protrude machine should look like Fig. 3 when completed
through AA, say % in. The other bolt, B, ought to be made so
——-~4-
oP —-—™”
that it can be adjusted as the case may require. Instead of hav
ing it permanently locked, get a small wheel off an old steam MUSIC OF FEMALE MOSQUITOES
valve (C) or an iron disc % in. about 3 ins. diameter. This
Sir Hiram S. Maxim has discovered that female mosquitoes
must be tapped to file thread on the bolt. It will be necessary
have a voice which is particularly attractive to the males. With
before final fitting up to see that the cone points are of equal
a dynamo machine under an electric light he accidentally pro
height, and, if not, a thin piece of cardboard will have to be put
duced a sound which was so good an imitation of the music
under the lower of the two standards A or AA when bolting
made by female mosquitoes that the males mistook it for a femal
them down,
mosquito concert and many perished in their efforts to get nearer
Attention must be now paid to the spindle, and for this get an
to the source of the music.
iron or soft steel shaft, 4 in. diameter and 6 ins. long. In each
The Electrical Review says: “One evening while examining
end, exactly in the center, drill a % in. hole % in. deep. Now
the lamp he found that everything in the immediate vicinity was
Seat
3aa
ae
Oe
ca
aes
er counter-sink these holes enough to conform with the points of
covered with male mosquitoes. Although there were 200 times
cone-pointed bolts. On one end cut a thread about 2™% ins. long
as many female mosquitoes on the ground as males, not a single
to fit two hexagon nuts. File or turn three or four of the
female mosquito was found to have been attracted in the least
threads off one end of the shaft, which operation will make it
by the sound. As the pitch of tie note produced by the dynamo
4
handier to get emery wheels on and off, and looks neater. The
nuts must have their flat faces perfectly at right angles with was almost identical with buzzing of the female mosquito, the
male took the music to be the buzzing of the female.”
shaft when screwed on, or emery wheel will wobble Screw one
of these nuts on shaft as far as it will go quite tight with its a -——_—_

flat face, as shown, facing its emery wheel. Before putting on The open-air treatment of consumption at Berlin resulted in
emery wheel, however, the pulley ought to be fastened on. This 87 per cent of cures. Sixty establishments with 5,000 beds are
pulley, or grooved wheel, is made of cast iron, or hardwood, and being erected now in Germany.
 42 POPULAR MECHANICS January 25, 1902.

Popular Mechanics ELECTRIC SIGN TO DISPLACE CARRIAGE CALLS. |

H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher
Journal Building, - - ~ Chicago

SUBSCRIPTION
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
I 6 isx:5 dca ease asael a ak ded iar a Br Sere bent reine eo aCe $1 00
Py Ge, EE IGS ao.oie oes cide e erences svcceess 2 00 O oll
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue. OA
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan-
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the FOlON
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac-
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue Is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro-
cure from its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date.
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning.
An illuminated carriage call system has been installed at the
Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter. Metropolitan Opera House, New York, and the man with the
Address, fog-horn voice and the megaphone has been dispensed with. The
POPULAR MECHANICS plan is proving a success and may be introduced in other leading
ee.
=eee
+
theatres of the country.
journal Building, - - Chicago
The numbers are flashed from a conspicuous place. Calling
one’s carriage amounts merely to the silent manipulation of a
BURIAL ALIVE TO PLACATE THE EVIL DEITY. series of levers arranged after the fashion of a typewriter board.
Figures from 0 to 9 can be shown so that carriage calls may be
eeert
ete
oeeee
Dr. Paul Carus in his interesting work, “The History of the numbered up into the hundreds and changed every two seconds.
Devil,” describes the practice of human sacrifices by burial alive
iti
ii ae
to placate the Devil. Nor was this confined to one continent or
time, but seems to have been of quite general observance. Fre- FABULOUS EXPENDITURE FOR RAILWAYS.
quently it was regarded as necessary to entomb within the founda-
tion of a building living creatures and even men, an act which An expenditure of $200,000,000 is being made for railway
was regarded as a sacrifice to the soil which had to endure the equipment for the coming year. The railroad companies have
weight of the structure. By this cruel custom people hoped to taken steps to increase their freight hauling facilities by the
attain permanence and stability for great buildings. There can addition of 193,439 freight cars and 4,340 locomotives, says the
be no doubt that many of these stories are historical and that Railway Age, and passenger equipment is to be increased by the
the practice continued until a comparatively recent time. addition of 2,879 cars. The carrying capacity of American roads
We read in Thiele that the walls of Copenhagen always sank will have been increased by at least 8,000,000 tons. Of this
down again and again, although they were constantly rebuilt, un- probably less than 25 per cent should be deducted to cover cars
til the people took an innocent little girl, placed her on a chair used for replacement. Two hundred thousand cars make 4,000
before a table, gave her toys and sweets, and while she merrily trains of 50 cars each, each train capable of handling 2,000 tons
played, twelve masons covered the vault and finished the wall, of paying freight.
wwe
— >
which since that time remained stable. Scutari is said to have
been built in a similar way. A ghost appeared while the fortress MAKING BARRELS BY ELECTRICITY.
was in the process of building, and demanded that the wife of
one of the three Kings, who should bring the food to the A German firm is making barrels out of steel sheets. A
masons on the next day, should be entombed in the foundation. longitudinal seam is welded electrically by the Bernados process.
Being a young mother, she was permitted to nurse her baby, and The bent sheet is clamped with its two opposing edges some
a hole was left in the wall for that purpose, which was closed quarter or three-eighths of an inch apart; a small fragment of
as soon as the child was weaned. steel is placed over the opening by one man and welded by means
Incredible as it may seem, the superstition existed in Europe of the electric arc, while another man stands by to hammer it
as late as the nineteenth century, although we have no evidence as soon as it is ready. After welding on successive fragments in
that it was actually put into execution. In 1813 when the ice the manner named the whole joint is finally completed and the
broke the dam of the river Elbe and the engineers had great cask is finished by adding its heads and its bung bosses, which are
trouble in repairing it, an old man addressed the dyke inspector, also welded on electrically. Coppered carbons are used except in
ee
e saying: “You will never repair the dyke unless you bury in it corners, where plain carbons are employed.
an innocent little child.” In 1843 when the new bridge in Halle Botte
“eo
was built the people talked of a child which should be buried in
its foundations. INVENTED A “FOG AND SMOKE DESTROYER.”
Nor were churches and cathedrals exempt from this horrible
necessity, and in cases where the sanctity of the place demanded Fog and smoke-smothered cities will soon be of the past if
a specially devoted offering a priest would be entombed alive.
the invention of an engineer of Dusseldorf, Germany, is all that
It is stated that in the erection of the Strassburg Cathedral a the inventor claims for it. The device is what the engineer terms
double offering was required, and that two brothers lie buried a “fog and smoke destroyer,” and consists of a mechanical
beneath its massive foundations. apparatus capable of consuming the particles that produce
clouded air. It is claimed that the device has been so far per- a
>
oy
fected as to rob fogs of all their blinding effects. The engineer
S. M. Nicholson, president of the File Company of Providence, has brought his discovery to the notice of the British embassy
R. I., has announced the intended consolidation of several file at Berlin with a view of giving a practical demonstration in a
works with the Arcade works of Anderson, Ind. typical London fog.
 | January 25, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

the final connection. Repeat this with the same strips when
immersed in the other solutions. Try also as many different
43

Easy Electrical Experiments taht

Rata
ahah
combinations of metals as you have at your disposal. It will be
noticed that the effect produced upon the needle is stronger in
FOR BOYS, some cases than in others. The combination of zinc, carbon, and
Pia
Via
tvis
AliAl
ial
aed
Lal
iA
Al Aes
testesmestes®

ELEMENTARY STUDIES IN ELECTRICITY.

L. P. DICKINSON.

Chapter III. Various Types of Cells.

If the student has experimented with the form of battery de-
scribed in Chapter I, he has probably noticed a violent action go-
ing on in the neighborhood of the zinc rods. Bubbles of gas are
constantly coming from the solution, whose odor is extremely
irritating. This gas is hydrogen, and it is set free from the
acid of which it forms a part, when the latter dissolves the zinc.
If the zinc rod were perfectly pure, there would be no such ac-
tion as has been described, if the solution used were of proper
strength. We could remedy the trouble by using zinc rods which
are pure, but they are very expensive, and we can secure the
same result in another way.
Remove the zinc rods from the solution after they have been
immersed for three or four minutes, rinse them in clear water, Fic. I.

and touch the end of one of them to a drop of me:cury. Some

of the latter will adhere to the zinc. Take a piece of cloth, sulphuric acid will probably be found to produce the most marked
and rub the mercury over the lower half of the rod. It will effect. But for some purposes other combinations are used. For
spread easily and rapidly, if the zinc be perfectly clean, until the instance, if we wished to make a battery to ring an electric bell,
lower part of the rod is covered with a bright, shiny layer of we would use zinc and carbon rods, and a solution of sal-
mercury. This process is called amalgamating the zinc. If ammoniac.
there are black spots where the mercury does not flow easily, im- Each different combination has received a special name, gen-
merse again in the acid, and repeat the process. erally that of the man who invented it. A few of these are
After all the zincs have been thus amalgamated, replace them given in the following table. It will be noticed that many of
in the cells. There should be hardly any escape of gas now. the cells use two liquids. This is for the purpose of keeping the
When no current is being taken from a battery, we say that current constant, as it is found that the strength of the current
is on open circuit. In this condition with zinc rods well amal- falls off after a little, when only a single liquid is used. The
gamated, there should be hardly any action between the acid abbreviation E. M. F. stands for electro motive force
and the zinc. It is usually the case, however, that the zinc will Name of Materials Solutions
slowly dissolve, even with the precaution just described. So the Cell. Used. Used. E. M. F.
Zine Zine Sul.
zinc and carbon rods should be removed from the solution when Daniell Copper Copper Sul 1.08
Zine Zine Sul.
the battery is not in use. Gravity Copper Copper Sul. 1.08
Zine
The neatest way of accomplishing this result is to use the ar- Leclanche Carbon Sal-Ammoniac 1.4)
rangement shown in Fig. 1. The tumblers containing the solu- Zine Sul. Acid
Grove Platinum Nitric Acid 1.80
tion are held in a trough made of pine. boards thoroughly boiled Zine Bul. Acid
Bunsen Carbon Nitric Acid 1.89
in hot paraffine. At the ends of this trough are two upright Zine Chromic Acid
pieces about one foot high, which support a horizontal shaft pro- Poggendorf Carbon 2.00
Zine Salt
vided with a crank, by means of which the rods may be raised Fuller Carbon Pot. Bi-Chromate 2.00
Zine Caustic potash 0.80
from the solution. Fasten a light strip of pine along each side Edison-Lalande Copper
of the square pieces of board which hold the rods, so that the (To be continued.)
latter are rigidly fastened together at the proper distance apart hat
>
to easily fit into the tumblers when they are in the trough.
Attach the frame work carrying the rods to the horizontal FIRST MONUMENT TO M’KINLEY IN CHINA.
shaft above mentioned by cords, so that when the crank is turned
the rods will be raised from the solution. A ratchet on the The first monument to President McKinley will be erected
crank shaft, with a retaining pawl on the upright will enable us by the Chinese. It will be located in Shanghai, and money is
to leave the rods at any desired height. already being subscribed to the fund. The secret leaked out a
The student must not think that the form of battery which few days ago when the Rev. Poon Chew, a Chinese minister of
has been described is the only kind that could be made. As a San Francisco, visited New York. He said:
matter of fact almost any two metals placed in a liquid capable “The Chinese feel that America is a friend to China, notwith-
of dissolving one of the metals more than the other, would give standing the exclusion laws. When President McKinley was
us an electric current. To prove this statement and to investi- shot it sent a thrill through all China, and they are going to
gate the relative values of the different metals for use in gal- show their grief in something more substantial than words of
vanic batteries, the following experiments are interesting: condolence.”
Procure small strips or rods of copper, zinc, iron, carbon, a
lead, and tin. Prepare also solutions of salt, sulphuric acid (see An American syndicate has been formed to supply Paris with
directions in Chapter I), and sal-ammoniac. gas. The syndicate is represented by A. Brady, @ gas expert.
Take any two of the above metals, and immerse them in the It is preparing to finance a French company to the amount of
salt solution. Run wires from the strips to the galvanometer 10,000,000 francs. The amount will be increased if necessary to
just constructed, and notice if the needle moves when you make 50,000,000 francs.
 44 POPULAR MECHANICS January 25, 1902.

OIL SPRINKLING A GREAT SUCCESS.

One Thousand Miles of Roadbed Made

Dustless by the Process—How
it is Done.

More than 1,000 miles of roadbed in

the United States are being sprinkled with
oil. So successful has the system proven
and so inexpensive has oil become because
of the recent immense discoveries that it
is considered a question of gnly a short
time when every road in the United States
will be adopting this method of sprink-
ling. The accompanying illustration, tak-
en from the Roadmaster and Foreman,
shows the sprinkling machinery, attached
to an ordinary flat car, in operation
The oil sprinkler car ?3 simply for car-
rying and manipulating the machinery,
j
says the Scientific American, the oil be-
ing stored in ordinary commercial tank
cars. A four-inch pipe extends the length
of the car with provisions at either end
by means of rubber hose, for making con
nection with the oil supply. The main
pipe is connected near the middle of the
car with a branch pipe, which in turn car-
ries the oti to three sections of two-inch
pipe which constitute the sprinkling de
vice. One of the two-inch pipes is suspend-
ed transversely below the car and extends
the full length of the cross ties. Swing-
ing from either side is one of the other
sections of two-inch pipe. When in ex
tended position they reach out on either
A green house with the flower beds all ist’s Review. This is a decided departure
side over the slight embankment upon
on the ground instead of on benches has from the accepted methods of growing for
which a railroad roabed is usually placed;
been erected at Edgely, Pa., by the Floral cut flowers, but the promoters claim for it
whereas when the car is in a cut they
Exchange of Philadelphia, says The Flor- many advantages over the old system.
reach up the slope. om either side to a
oo
An astronomer, earnest but rash,
Went out on a lot to view Mars,
Then a William goat came with a —
And then he saw all kinds of * * *

ind SPVSSCSCOSCOCSSOCOON

e We
Want
Someone
In Every

:
3 and COUNTY
eere
|
enern
-em
=
7 To
Show ’
2 — Mechanics
o
* People
¢ Interested
* In Mechanics
7 That’s nearly goneeene.
It’s easy to take tk 7

VIEW OF COMPLETE OIL SPRINKLING TRAIN. ; scriptions

— ———E — —
¢
height of three or four feet. The oil raised or lowered to conform with the ¢ Liberal Cash
escapes through slits, each about three character of the roadbed. Commissions
inche in length by one inch wide, cut in —_——»-—______-
Address
the under sides of the three pipes compris- He kissed her and she screamed— aPOPULAR MECHANICS
ing the sprinkling mechanism. The side This cannot be denied; journal Building
arms of the sprinkler are each supported Next time he did not kiss her— Chicago
:
at the outer end by a chain controlled by a Then of course she cried.
hand wheel so that they can be readily —Daily News. as rFeee2rweers ~

ntnae
Fits
January 25, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 4 uw

AMERICA’S “STRUCTURAL UNDERTAKER.” of toil were required to build this wonderful white city, but
it was wiped away by the house-wrecking company in a few
months and the grounds made perfectly clean. The Chicago
An Institution That Takes Charge of the Remains of Cities
postoffice, built at a cost of $7,000,000, was bought for $15,519
and Palaces.
The buildings of the Trans-Mississippi exposition cost $2,750,
Its mission is to destroy. Men build cities of palaces, spend 000, and were bought for $50,000. The Pan-American exposi
years and fortunes in proud triumphs of architectural and tion was purchased for $132,000. In building the latter exposi-
structural grandeur. Then comes this giant with its army of tion there were used 33,000,000 feet of lumber; 125,000 square
destroyers and soon all that remains is the phantom-like mem- feet of windows; 40,000 square feet of doors; 2,000,000 pounds
”
ory. It is a “structural undertaker,” that deals in the corpses of iron pipe 200,000; pounds of structural iron; 200,000 in
candescent lights; 600,000 square feet of roofing tile; millions
of brick; 9,000 flag poles; 15,000 flags; 1,500 sculptural groups
and countless other items, all of which went for $132,000
Besides the endless amount of building materials, furnishings,
and machinery, acquired in the purchase of buildings and fac-
tories, the company handles everything in the line of merchan
dise that can be bought at sacrifice sales. The proprietcrs call
it the World’s Bargain House. There can scarcely be mentioned
anything that it doesn’t handle. The company has a paid up
capital stock of $300,000. The establishment covers more than
1,000,000 square feet of ground
———_»-+e
MODE OF TRAFFIC IN INDIA

The Ancient Araba Being Supplanted by Modern Conveyances,

New methods of transportation are working great innovations

in India. Besides the new railroads there is the substitution of
the post cart for the naked runner and that of wheeled traffic
for the pack-bullock.
The engraving shows an araba, which is a heavy springless

WRECKING DEPOT. VAN BUREN STREET.

of human achievements. When their mission of life is over the

remains are hauled away to a grave-yard which is strewn
with the bones of the most magnificent efforts of the artificer
This grave-yard is conducted by the undertaking firm itself.
The Chicago World’s Fair, which people called the “White
City” and the “Dream City,” the Pan-American Exposition,
which from its fanciful coloring earned the name of “Rainbow
City,” and the bewildering beauties of the Trans-Mississippi
Exposition, after their death, were taken in charge by this
same “undertaker.” Already it has its eye on the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition, and its remains, too, will doubtless find
a resting place with those of its sister cities of fancy in this
“exposition cemetery.”
Aside from the exposition cities, other buildings galore, many
of them veritable palaces, have been hauled away to the ceme-
tery. When the life of a structure is over and there is money
THE ARABA,
enough in its remains to pay the funeral expenses, it is pretty
wagon covered with a screen as shelter from the rays of the sun.
sure to go the way of those that have gone before. The Ar-
It is usually drawn by oxen or cows. It is used throughout
mour Stock Yards plant, the Four Seasons Hotel of Harrogate,
northwestern and Central Asia, India, Turkey and Russia.
Tenn., and the Chicago Custom House and Postoffice have all
been laid away in the same place. The funeral of the Van
———-_ po P-—

Buren street depot of Chicago is now in progress. REMARKABLE FEAT OF FILLING IN BY THE “0.”
The home of the “Structural Undertaker” is in Chicago, and
in Chicago is its cemetery. Commercially it is known as the At Sugar Creek, near Ottumwa, Ia., the Chicago, Burlington
Chicago House Wrecking company, which has its immense es- & Quincy has under way the greatest feat of prairie land “filling”
tablishment at 35th and Iron streets. Here may be seen the known to Western railroads. The entire valley between the
wreckings of architectural feats once admired by all the world crest of two hills, 2,600 feet apart, is being filled up. The work
But these structural bones are not buried and allowed to re- will require 328,000 cubic yards of grading. It was begun June
turn to dust as are human bones. They are rejuvenated and
t and will not be completed for another year. At the top of
made like new and in a short time may serve in the building
one of the hills three steam shovels dump clay in the cars, which
of some other structure. Thus it will be seen that this “de-
a dummy engine pushes out upon the high, portable iron bridge,
stroyer” is also a benefactor, for it saves valuable material from
where they deposit their loads into the valley. With one end
going to ruin and being thrown away. While it wrecks it
supported upon the hill and the other on the trestle work the
preserves. The buildings are torn down, but the’ materials
bridge is moved along as the work advances. When the grading
are carefully kept and while generally as good as new, they are
is completed it will be 275 fset wide at the base. To provide
sold at greatly reduced prices, which helps many builders to save
for the spring flood waters, which rush along Sugar Creek, two
money.
35-foot arches have been constructed. In their construction 150
The world’s fair, which cost $33,000,000 to erect, was pur- men were employed. The arch work contains 660,000 bricks be-
chased by the house-wrecking company for $80,000 cash. Years sides the stone.
 40 POPULAR MECHANICS January 25, 1902.

A RECIPE FOR ACID PICKLE FOR

CHICAGO - TEXAS OIL SYNDICATE

BRASS CASTINGS.

If greasy, the castings should be cleaned

by boiling in lye or potash. The first pickle
is composed of nitric acid, one quart;
water, six to eight quarts. After pickling From Puoro. on

in this mixture the castings should be Spinoie Top.

washed in clear warm or hot water, and
the following pickle be then used: Sul-
phuric acid, one quart; nitric acid, two
quarts; muriatic acid, a few drops. The
first pickle will remove the discolorations
due to iron, if present. The muriatic acid
of the second pickle will darken the color
of the castings to an extent depending on
the amount used.—American Machinist.
an

EXPLAINS “LODGE LANGUAGE.” Capital Stock, $1,000,000.00 in shares of 50 cents each

Full paid and non-assrssable
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS—President, W. C. Moore, President of the Moore-Cortes
“Where were you last night?” Mrs. Hul- Canal Co., Houston, Texas; Hon. Wm. E. Mason, United States Senator from Illinois;
da Hellson asked of her husband Knute, Perry A. Hull, Master in Chancery of the Circuit Court, Chicago; Treasurer, O. C. Drew,
Cashier Planters’ & Mechanics’ National Bank, Houston, Texas: S. R. Perryman, Attor-
in a before breakfast tone of voice. ney, Houston, Texas.
KEFERENCFES-Chicago National Bank Ghicago, I111.; Planters’ and Mechanics
Knute, who arrived home at 2 o'clock a. Nations! Bank, Houston, texas; The tirst Natioual Bank of Beaumont, Texas
m.—“Ve haf a special meetin’ of te lodge, WHAT THIS SYNDICATE OFFERS
Huldah, and I var dar, you bet yur boots.” It owns 437 acres of the choicest oi] lands in Texas. Its first well on Spindle Top
Heights, Beaumont, is now nearly completed. There are one hundred and ten gushers
“What did you do at the lodge?” within a stone’s throw of it—on every side. This well would have been completed before
“Yust eferyting for te gute of te order.” this except for the fact that for four weeks the drill was in the hardest rock yet struck
on Spindle Top, and it took three weeks’ drilling, night and day, to get through this forty-
“Last night you were talking in your fcot stratum. This was finally penetrated and the drill is now sink ng rapidly. A gusher
may be expected daily. This hard rock is an excellent indication of a big deposit of oil
sleep and you said something about ‘25 cent beneath it.
limit.” What did you mean?” In addition to the Spindle Top Heights property, the Syndicate owns 400 acres at Sour
Lake (within a few hundred feet of where a gusher has been struck), at Dayton Prairie,
“O dat vas a nodder faller’s fault. He at Saratoga and elsewhere. Gushers are now in at Saratoga and Sour Lake and flowing
vas talkin’ about raisin’ te assessment and perfect lubricating oil, making the proven oil fields of immense value. ‘ffhese lands are
all paid for and owned outright by the Syndicate, therefore there are no leases and no
das made me hot.” royalties to pay.

“And you said you ‘was in.’ What did A GUSHER GUARANTEED WITHIN THIRIY DAYS
This Syndicate guarantees a gusher on Spindle Top Heights within 30 days. A limited
that mean?” amount of treasury stock is offered for sale at 50 cents per share in lots of 50 shares and
“Wail, et maint det I var member an upwards. Money now subscribed for stock will be refunded directly to the subscriber
if the Syndicate has not a gusher within 30 days. Out of town subscribers may deposit
haf youst so much to say as anybody.” subscriptions in their local banks and notify this company at the address below.
“When you said, ‘I’ll open it,’ what did MARKETING ARRANGEMENTS MADE
The demand for Texas oil is world wide and enormous. The only problem is to get the
you mean?” oll to the market. This problem has been solved by the Syndicate.
“Some feller could not get onto do door, This Syndicate has just bought 20 acres of tankage ground, with 1,000 feet frontage
on the railroad (The Texas and New Orleans Branch of the Southern Pacific), only 1%
I taink. You see, mae dear vife, et is miles from Spindle Top. This will give trackage for 30 tank cars that can be loaded at one
time. Tanks and a pipeline from the Syndicate’s wells to its tanks and loading racks will
lock all tem.” be built at once. his will give the Syndicate unexcelled facilities for marketing the
“Once or twice I heard you say “It’s a products of its wells.
With these arrangements made, as soon as a gusher comes in, the property will be
show-down.’ What did you mean?” greatly enhanced in value, and
The price of the stock haa at Once Advance and will thereafter continue to go up
“Hulda, Aye haf no right to tal yo tengs rapidly UN MEKiT ALUN
— outside of te lodge, but Aye will tal ye dis. It is now offered at par—50 cents per share—the ground floor price. Dividends will be
paid as soon as earnings begin. That time is not far of—BUY NOW. The company is
Das means in lodge language, ‘God bless managed by men of ee ability and known integrity.
mae home.’”’—Clinton Age. No preferred stock— shareholders on absolutely the same basis. When you buy and
pay for this stock you can never be to any more expense. It can never be assessed.
_—
——o
joe requests for extended prospectus, remittances for subscription or any informa-

An old colored woman threw all the

odds and ends of medicine left after her
Fidelity Trust & Investment Co.,
husband’s death into the fire. There was 51 B Stock Exchange Bldg., Chicago

COLDBU Is a Salve which TO CONTROL THE WORLD'S TOOL

ona
a
pr
ee
erene
am
a if promptly ap
a sudden explosion which upset everything
TRADE.
—___—_————— plied will cool in the house, threw the stove out of the
all ordinary burns from fire, hot iron or window and smashed the roof. The old
A combination of pneumatic tool com-
hot water, and will absolutely prevent woman, when she had sufficiently recov-
blister. Takes out all the burn in from panies which is to control the tool output
one to five minutes. Will not cure ered, exclaimed: “Mos’ pow’ful movin’
of the world has been effected. The new
everything, but Is excellent for reduc- medcin I evad sawd. No wondah’ de ole
ing inflammation and healing many organization is organized under the laws
chronic sores, chapped hands or lips, man died.”—National Laundry Journal.
etc. Is made of the purest vegetable of New Jersey and is known as the Chica-
roducts only, and is perfectly harm-
on
ess. Excellent for tightness of the go Pneumatic Tool company. It includes
throat or chest. Although in use for Reuben—‘Say, Steuben, I bet yeou my the Chicago Pneumatic Tool company,
many years, is now put on the market
for the first time. Once used, always barlow against your pipe that I know a Boyer Machine company of Detroit, Chis-
wanted. Sent postpaid anywhere, 25 place where they raise and ship grain all holm & Moore Manufacturing company of
cents. If not as represented money
cheerfully returned. Address in one day.’” Cleveland, New York Air Compresser
COLDBURN, Room 604 Steuben—“I go yeecu. Now where is company of New York and the New Taite-
162 Washington Street, - Chicago it?” Howard Pneumatic Tool company of Lon-
Reuben—“The grain elevator.” don.
 January 25, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 47

ENGLISH TELEPHONE. ROUGH ON THE ENGINEERS.

Jim Kennedy is a passenger engineer on

$1,95 UNION SUIT $1.95
The telephone in general use in England
the ’Frisco, and Dennis Malone is a sec- Workingmen's Union Suits. Every Gar
a
oe

ment made to actual measure Send

| tion foreman on the same line. The men for directions for self-measurement
live neighbors in Shelby and are good We sell direct from the factory to the
consumer and save all intermediate ex
friends. pense of handling. You get this. Write
for catalog or call.
Not long ago Malone approached Ken-
UNION SUIT MFG. CO.
nedy in all seriousness and said: “Jim,
154 PIFTH AVE. (4th Floor) CHICAGO
ye know me b’y, Tim, don’c ye?” Mention Popular Mechanics
“Yes, sure!” relied Kennedy, quickly
taking in mind the freckled, red-headed
and overgrown boy in question. “Sure I
know Tim. What’s he doin’? Anything?” SCIENCE GAINS ANOTHER VICTORY
“No. That’s what I want to talk to ye FITS CURED
about. Ye see, Jim,” said Malone, jam- Write for Reference
ming both fists deep into his trousers pock- HOME TREATMENT .0., 504 Stevens Building
ets and squaring his broad shoulders. Indianapolis, Ind.
)me,

Wi
HY
“Tim’s a bit over sixteen now, an’ I want
the b’y to git to wurruk an’ git started well.
i a | He’s big enough an’ old enough to go to

Chrisman’s Paraffine Paint

: ‘
wurruk. Don’t ye t’ink so, Jim?”
“Sure! He is—big—enough—and—old
For iron bridges, fences and structural
—enough,” replied Kennedy, slowly and de- work; tin, steel, iron, felt or cotton
;A! liberately, the doubt meanwhile growing duck roofs. None better and few as
good. Cotton duck the coming roof
j | in his mind whether Tim had brains PARAFFINE PAINT WORKS, ELORED, PA.
enough to pound sand or to even come in
is like that shown in the above picture. The
out of the wet. “He looks big enough and
British think their way of having the ear
husky enough to eat hay.” 50 YEARS’
and mouthpiece so they can be held in one EXPERIENCE
“Yis, th’ b’y’s sthrong as anny bull. But
hand is much more sensible than the Ameri-
this is what I want ye to do, Jim. Take
can custom.
oo
Tim on yer injun over to the shops at
Gumbo. Git’ im a job wipin’ foorst, then
THE GOAL.
git ’im on to fire for ye later, and let the
kid wurruk up to a job running’ like Trave Marts
James Smith was a mau
yerself hds got. Will ye do it, Jim?” DESIGNS
On the steam-engine plan, Copyvricuts &c.
Kennedy hesitated before accepting Anyone sending a sketch and description may
Ile worked forty miles to the hour ; quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an
sponsorship of a doubtful bumpkin like invention is probably patentable. Communica.
His head, like a hive, tions strictly confidential. Handbook on Patents
Tim. Finally a bright thought struck him.
With plans was alive sent free. Oldest agency for securing patents.
Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive
“Say, Denny, why don’t you give Tim a
Of railroads, and money, and power. special notice, without charge, in the

One stroke of his pen

job in your gang on the section; let him
tamp ties awhile, and work his way up to Scientific American.
A handsomely filustrated weekly. Largest cir-
foreman of a gang later on—maybe up to

UN C02» ew York
enlation of any scientific journal, Terms, $3 a
Enriched many men, year ; four months, $1. Sold byall newsdealers.
road master.”
Or else plunged them all in despair;
“T’ll tell ye why I don’t, Jim,” said Ma-
The market stood still Washington, D. C.
lone, seriously and confidingly. “To be
To determine his will,
candid wid ye, Jim. th’ b’y’s not overly COCOOOCGCT

THE
While he waxed many times millionaire.
bright.”—Locomotive Engineering.
———_3---—_____ \
Yet often he sighed,
As his wealth multiplied,
TROLLEY LINES IN THE HOLY LAND. PIONEER
For leisure, and travel, and ease
Trolley cars are to displace the patient
LIMITED
And he planned for the day
When, retired, he could say,
ass as a means of locomotion in the Holy FAMOUS
Land. Cleveland and Chicago capitalists
“At last I can do as I please.”
have secured concession for electric lines TRAIN
Now at length came the time,
from Cairo, Egypt, to Mount Sinai and OF THE
When he’d long passed his prime,
thence
through
along the coast
Syria and Arabia to Mecca,
of the Red Sea
with
WORLD
For which he had struggled and sighed;
The world was his own,
a branch running to Damascus. Already :Chicago---St. Paul---Minneapolis

;THE ST. PAUL ROAD

trolley cars are running from Jerusalem to
And he sat on the throne—
But it happened just then that he died. Galilee, and the progress of the Zionistic
movement with Jerusalem as a_ center,
promises a net work of trolley lines center- ; (Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)
_The government of New Zealand has de- ing there. EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
cided to order all steel bridges from the ——__—.§---——__
UNEQUALED
United States in future. The decision A colored man whose insured household Ww
comes as a result of the recent experience personel was burned, being asked how he Tine tables, maps and information
of the Manawatu Railroad company, wher got along with the settlement, said: “I
furnished on application to
the bid of an American firm on a big F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent
jes tole de "Juster dat I didn’t knowed
steel viaduct was one-fourth the price bid Chicago
nothin’ ’bout ‘surance and trowed myself
by the English firms. plum on his ignerence.” 0000000000
48 POPULAR MECHANICS January 25, 1902.

‘“‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents per BUSINESS CHANCES. POSITIONS WANTED.
line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to
a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
FOR SALE
A mantel, tile and manufactur- WwW ANTED- Hustling y«young man, 10 years
ing business, established fifteen years, having experience, desires good position where hard
orward.<d promptly without extra charge. a large and prosperous trade; the business is work with proper results means money; gilt-
free from incumbrance; sickness the only rea- edged references. Address Eulow, General
son for selling; a first-class opportunity to get Delivery, Keokuk, Iowa.
SPX:CIAL. a paying business; favorable terms can be
made. Address Denver Mantel and Tile Co., w ANTED—Position as agent; can sell any-
ENGINEER'S LICENSE—Mechanics, Engi
1652 Tremont St., Denver, Colo. thing. Albert Durr, Palestine, Texas.
A COMPANY just completing its organiza-
neers,
pamphlet
firemen,
containing
electricians, ete.,
questions
40
asked by
page
Ex tion for manufacturing one of the most staple WANTED—By first-cl
first-class laundress; 1; cancan do
aming Board of Engineers; sent free. Geo articles on the market solicits subscription to fine lace curtains; or cleaning by the day; ref-
A. Zeller, Publisher, Room 592, 18 8. 4th St., a portion of its unplaced stock; an investiga- erences.. 3759 Vincennes Ave., Chicago, Il.
St. Louis, Mo. tion will prove this the most inviting proposi-
tion ever presented, showing large dividends POSITION W: WANTED—By young man 23
FOR SALE—Job lot new electrical goods upon the investment, with absolute certainty years of age to finish learning tinner’s trade;
given us to sell; list for stamp. We handle of security. Call or write. Suite 218 Reaper sober and steady habits, and willing to do
everything electrical and at lowest prices. Block, Chicago. anything around store and shop. Address
Stamp for catalogue. Dept. N., T. Binford Lock Box 368, Estherville, Iowa.
PARTNER with $1,000 to develop estab-
Electric Works, 994 Washington Blvd., Chi- lished paying engraving business; experienced
cago, Ill. WANTED—Position as salesman for manu-
solicitor preferred. Address The Printiag facturing establishment. Bert McKinnon,
Plate Co., Cincinnati, O General Delivery, Kansas City, Kan.
HELP WAN TED. ~~ WANTED—To buy a good paying hardware
business, from $2,000 to $3,500. In town of WANTED—By man of 12 years’ experience
WANTED Pattern makers, molders and from 500 or more inhabitants, with good ter- in the hardware and stove line; position with
machinists, first-class, to work in new shops ritory. Give amount of business, size of stock either wholesale or retail bouse; Al builders’
with new tools. Apply to Quincy Engine and class of people, size of store and rent. hardware and stove salesman; can furnish best
Works, Quincy, Th. Enclose stamped envelope for reply. Address of references. Address A. R., Station D., De-
WANTED-— Boiler makers. Standard Ol! B. A. H., Rockwell City, lowa. troit, Mich.
Co., Whiting, Ind. WANT ACTIVE PARTNER—South Side 18- WANTED—Engineer, ~ competent on steam
WANTED—Competent solicitors, new propo- can milk business. Inquire Smith, 2314 Wa- and electric plants, wants situation. Hunter,
sition: agents are making $5 a day. Address bash Ave., Chicago. 108 Morris Ave., Newark, N.
R. 604, 160 Washington St., Chicago, Ill. FOR SALE—Tin shop in good town of 1,000 WANTED-Situation; generral ‘all-around ma-
WANTED—Good house and sign painter and inhabitants in northern Indiana; only shop in chinist; no objection to leaving city. Address
paper hanger; must be sober and steady; state town. Will sell cheap for cash if taken at dq. M. Graham Seabrooke, Dayton, Ohio.
salary. Address Anton Popelar., Dodge, Neb. once. Address 8. L. Prickett, Milford, Ind. WANTED—A position as tinner at once;
WANTED—A tinner, must be a ‘mechaule: FOR SALE--My stock of hardware and im- have had 4 years’ experience at in and out-
wages $2.50 per day; steady work. Address plements; will invoice about 4,000; it is all side work; can do furnace and bicycle work;
Fowler & Wolfe, 216 Court St., Paducah, Ky. new and in good condition. Good reason for ean give good references. Address P. O. Box
WANTED-—Stove salesman; state age, exper- se lling. Addre ss E. W. Putnam, Henning, Ill. 131, Lakefield, Minn.
ience and salary wanted. Danville Stove & WANTED—A young, active, capable business SITUATION WANTED—As an apprentice
Mfg. Co., Pittsburg, Pa. man to keep books and take active part in in a jewelry store to learn trade, by a young
WANTED—Pattern makers, eight first-class; a live manufacturing business (wood). Will- man of good moral habits and mechanical
steady employment. Apply Peru Steel Casting ing to invest at least five thousand dollars. turn. Address E. 0. Carver, Henry, Il.
Co., Peru, Ind,
P. O. Box 598, Charleston, 8. C. WANTED—Position in hardware store; 5
““WANTED—Lady agents, intelligent, persist- FOR SALE—One double saw mill ~
complete years’ experience; 2 years in the shop. Pref-
ent; city or country; to sell article of apparei; with 60 and 30 saws. AddressG. W. Startle, erence small town; any part of country. Ad-
samples free. 194 E. Van Buren St., Chicago, Osborn, O. dress J. O. Harney, | Lawton, O. T.
Ill. FOR SALE—Second-hand steam, gasoline, WANTED—Position as solicitor for some
WANTED—Plate punchers. Chicago Ship electric vehicles. Guaranteed. A. L. Dyke, new up-to-date and useful invention. S. H.
Building Co., 10ist St. and Calumet River. Linmar Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. King, 6730 South Halsted St., Chicago.
South Chicago, Til.
WANTED—An all-around man for our shop;

THE BACKUS
one thoroughly capable of making cornices,
sky-lights and setting of furnaces; must also
be a practical gravel roofer, and capable of
making any —~ rns necessary for all kinds None better built
of work coming into a tin shop. Barnes &
Vuss Co., Grand Forks, N. D. Slow Speed 2 @
~ WANTED—Carriage body maker on all Safe and Sure 2
kinds of work. Add.ess O’Brien & O’Connell,
>
319 and 321 Cherry St., Terre Haute, Ind.
WANTED AGENTS—Big money for agenis
selling new gas light burner for all kerosene
lamps. 200 per cent profit; sales; no

GAS AND
risk; sample sent free; write at once. Luther
Mfg. Co., D. 36, Cineinpati, Ohio.
WANTED AGENTS—Ne Plus Ultra charcoal!
flat iron, entirely new; different from all otb-
ers; irons without cooling. Geo. Finn, New-

GASOLINE
ark, N. J.
WANTED—Ruler, first-class; steady work to
the oe party union seale. Address at once
Saml. fyerson Printing Co., Third and
Vine ste, St. Louis, Mo.
WANTED—Lithographic
for commercial work.
transferer,
Address, stating age,
length of experience and wages required, Cal-
vert Lithographing Co., Detroit. Mich.
good,

ENGINES ¥
WANTED—Clerk, one experienced in clerk-
ing in dye house; must be thoroughly compe-
tent. Address Hornung, 242 Nicollet Ave.,
Minneapolis, Minn.
WANTED—At once a good, live young Have replaced a large number of Otto Engines on
man; one who can work in tin shop, and
good salesman in store, one who is not afraid account of the Backus Engine doing the same
to work. Address Lock Box 1516, Anita, Iowa:
WANTED-—Salesman, who is visiting the work with smaller gas bills. If you want a high
Pacific coast trade in the hardware and kind-
red lines, for the sale of incandescent man-
tles on a commission basis. Address W. S.,
grade economical Engine, write for prices and
P. O. Box 1592, Philadelphia, Pa. terms.
WANTED—Men, for janitors’ assistant for
neW school and hospital; free fare; very good
position. Address Capable 200, care A. O.
Steffens, P.. ©. Box 968. New York.
WANTED—We
all-around tinner and
are in need of a good, sober.
plumber at once; good
wages and steady weak the year around. 3
CHICAGO WATER MOTOR AND FAN CO.
Manley Bros. _Harvard, Ill,
“WANTED HELP--$9 to $15 weekly work- 216 Lake Street
ing for us at honie; no canvassing; if now em-
ployed an hour or two evenings will add $5
to $6 in your weekly Income; work mailed on CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
apeticaticn. Address 20th Century Mfg. Co.,
Oo
 POPULAR MECHANICS
An Illustrated Weekly Review of the Mechanical Press of the World

Voit. 1. No. 4. CHICAGO, FEBRUARY 1, 1902. PRICE 5 CENTS.

Passengers Ride 2,000 Feet in Air.

: ist rem

|
|
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— ty WRB ime).

Ta
| ominn:
|
sARY
ar OF COnen™
OnGRe ~

. JAN 81 1909
q Ay .

THSeniaN acres
 50 POPULAR MECHANICS February I, 1902.

A RAILWAY IN THE AIR. a number of grips which clamp the rope tightly and afford the
means to control the speed of the tramway when in operation.
Passengers Can Look Down 2,000 Feet. To this wheel are attached the brake-bands for stopping the
tramway or controlling it.
\ railway reaching up 2,000 feet in the air, with steel ropes The buckets are attached and detached automatically to and
for tracks and strong iron buckets for cars, constitutes the
only means of transportation to many mountain heights. On
this slender support and suspended in mid-air above a canyon
through which rushes a torrent, freight and passengers are car-
ried daily. The parting of the rope or the accidental overturn
ing of the bucket would dash the victim to distant death

SUPPORTING TOWER.
Perilous as such travel is, so strongly constructed is the line
al nd so carefully operated the machinery, that accidents are few. WHERE PASSENGERS RIDE,

Che person who would venture the trip, however, must have a from the traction cable by means of patent clips, button-shaped,
cool head and steady nerve. which are attached permanently to the cable. Each of the buck-
We illustrate one of the many systems of aerial tramway, ets has a capacity of 6% cubic feet and they are so placed in the
ne shown being Deep Gulch, in the Rocky Muntains, of
pendent as to swing freely, thus allowing them to be dumped
Colorado. The line is 4,200 feet long extending from the works
at the lower station of the line as described later.
of the American Gold Mining Co., in the vailey, up 2,000 feet
to the mouth of the mine. Any other mode of communication
impossible. The line was built by Leschen & Sons Co., of
St. Louis, and consists of two stationary sustaining cables se-

ns
me
RTE
rtm
Se
Ae,

aS
Si

ee PE
Ln
ai

=~

Mike

TENSION STATION.
PASSING OVER A HILL.
curely anchored at each end. The loaded buckets run on a
rope 1% inch in diameter, while the empties return on a I-inch The difference in elevation between the two terminals of the
rope. The buckets are propelled by an endless steel wire rope tramway is about 2,000 feet, and the weight of the loaded
¥%4 inch in diameter. This rope passes around one 8-ft. sheave buckets traveling down is sufficient by far to operate the tram-
at both the terminals of the line, the one at the mine having way by gravity and in addition has sufficient force to bring sup-
February I, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS St

plies up to the mine. About midway of this tramway is placed For removing rust from iron the following is given: Iron
what is known as an intermediate station, so designed that may be quickly and easily cleaned by dipping in or washing with
later on it can be used for loading ore from another mine lo- nitric acid, one (1) part; muriatic acid, one (1) part; water
cated near by. This intermediate station is situated in a posi- twelve (12) parts After using, wash with clean water
tion where snow falls very heavy, and for that reason the en- ——_)--—_

tire length of the terminal for a considerable distance on each

NEW SAFEGUARDS FOR VESSELS
side is covered with a snow shed.
\t the lower terminal of the line the tramway consists of a
When a collision occurs at sea, or fire breaks out on board
single span 2,100 feet in length withovt any means of support
ship the first effort is to close the bulkheads hese bulk
between. This is the most remarkable feature of this tramway,
heads are steel partitions cxtending across the boat and from
and is illustrated by the photo mentioned above. Owing to the
bottom to deck, are made of steel with doorways cut through
automatic levers with which this tramway is furnished, very
A vessel might fill with water and sink before all the doors
little labor is required in the entire operation, and breakings
could be shut. The latest improvement, says the American
are reduced to a minimum. As a bucket enters the upper termi-
Shipbuilder, is a system by which the watch officer on thi
nal it is automatically detached from the traction rope and its
bridge is able to close all open compartment doors by the move
momentum is overcome gradually when it is placed in the load
ment of a small lever. When the lever is thrown an alarm bell
ing position. After it is loaded it receives an acceleration to
sounds at each door for 20 seconds and a light is turned on to
overcome its inertia, and is then again attached to the line
give sailors a chance to escape who might otherwise be shut in
automatically and travels to the lower terminal. At ‘his sta-
The closing of each door is reported to the officer in charge by
tion the same operation occurs. In addition, how« er, the
the showing of a lighted number Electricity and hydrauli
bucket is automatically dumped by means of a frame connected
power do all the work after “the button is pushed
with the terminal shaft. As soon as the bucket enters this
terminal and before it is discharged it is weighed automatically —_———$§_9--9——_
by a specially designed scale. The ore brought down in this OLDEST FIRE ENGINE IN ILLINOIS
tramway is of two classes; one which is loaded into the
buckets in bulk, and the other of a higher class, which is loaded
rhe oldest fire engine in Illinois is the Phoenix at Quincy
into the carriers in sacks.
It is a hand engine and was placed in use by the volunteer fir
————-e— department in 1835. It did service for forty years and several
TO DISPATCH TRAINS BY ELECTRICITY times was instrumental in saving the town from destruction
by fire.
Radical Change of System Inaugurated by the Illinois Central. The engine has long been kept by the Firemen’s Benevolent
Association of Quincy as a relic. The association has recently

lhe decision of the Illinois Central railroad to equip its road

with telephone apparatus for the transmission of train orders is
looked upon as a most important victory for the telephone over
the telegraph.
[he promotefs of the new system say that it will completely
revolutionize the service; that officers of the company will be
placed in quick, constant and personal communication with every
point on the line; that with slight improvements, already pro-
vided fer, the telephone will furnish greater safety for train
orders; that it will greatly reduce the cost of operation and re-
sult in a higher grade of service generally. The installation of
the new system will cost about $100 per mile, or, approximately
$540,000 to equip the entire road.
After continued experiments on big eastern roads the tele-
phone has been declared a failure in railroading. The method
has been experimented with by the Delaware, Lackawanna &
Western, and the New York, New Haven & Hartford roads for
years, but neither has had the temerity to adopt the system in
OLDEST FIRE ENGINE IN ILLINOIS,
lieu of the telegraph.
ee been offered $1,000 for it and the proposition was debated with
REMOVING RUST FROM POLISHED STEEL. out final action at a recent meeting. Several of the old-timers
present said that they “ran with the old engine” forty-odd years
In the Journal of the United States Artillery instructions are ago and they were loth to see it go fie engine is a quaint
given for caring for ordinance. The treatment recommended for contrivance and in striking contrast to those used at the pres
rust on polished steel is as follows: Cyanide of potash is most ent day.
excellent for removing rust and should be made use of. In ——_-+e
struments of polished steel may be cleaned as follows: First, A great electric bell 50 feet under water hung below a buoy
soak, if possible, in a solution of cyanide of potassium in the constitutes the latest things in fog signals, now being tested
proportion of one (1) ounce of cyanide to four (4) ounces of on the New England shore. Water being a good conductor
water. Allow this to act till all loose rust is removed, and then vf sound, a person placing his ear against the hold of a ves
polish with cyanide soap. sel, it is said, can hear the bell ten or twelve miles away. At
The cyanide soap referred to*is made as follows: Potassium the same time it cannot be objectionable to residents alone
cyanide, precipitated chalk, white castile soap. the nearby sea shore
Make a saturated solution of the cyanide, and add chalk suf ~————- <em> |

ficient to make a creamy paste. Add the soap cut in fine shav- Salmon skins are to be used in the manufacture of glue. An
ings, and thoroughly incorporate in a mortar. When the mixture American has closed negotiations with leading salmon canners.
is stiff, cease to add soap. It may be well to state that potassium and two factories are to be built on the big runs in British
cyanide is a violent poison. Columbia.
 52° POPULAR MECHANICS February 1, 1902.

MACHINE THAT MAY REALLY TALK. HOW TO TEMPER AND HARDEN TAPS.

Already Utters the Vowel Sounds and Remarkable Results Are A successful method of tempering and hardening taps is de
Expected. scribed by W. B. Allen in the American Blacksmith:
The completed tap is first brought to a blood red and even
A machine that can really talk is expected to result from heat. Dissolve a handful of salt in a bucket of clean water, set
an invention of Dr. Marage of London. He has succeeded in the water to whirling by stirring in it a stick and thrust the
constructing an apparatus that can utter plainly and distinctly heated tap vertically into the vortex of the whirlpool.
The tap is to be drawn to a straw color. Heat a peice of
cast iron tube to a dull red heat. The tap is then to be held in
dMMAE the center of the tube and carefully turned until the props
color is produced. Quenching will fix the color and finish th
tap. ¥

a 2+
<

COMPRESSED AIR FOR LOCOMOTIVES.

Locomotives to haul trains hundreds of feet under ground

must be very different from those we are accustomed to see on
our steam railroads. One of the greatest dangers the coal mine
has to guard against is an explosion of fire-damp, which can b
MACHINE FOR UTTERING VOWELS.
set off by a single tiny spark. In the coal mines of Pennsyl-
the five vowels, a, e, i, 0, u. This remarkable result is achieved vania are hundreds of miles of railway tracks on which the coal
by -passing currents of air through a series of receptacles, the in- is hauled to the hoisting shaft. In one of these mines the mulé
terior shapes of which ahe exactly like those of the human mouth will now be displaced by a locomotive capable of drawing long
when it pronounces the vowels. The first illustration shows the trains and at much faster speed.
machine and the second the waves of vibrations of various vowel To avoid all danger these locomotives are run by compressed
sounds. air instead of steam, Six of them have been built at the Bald-
Of course the phonograph is not a talking machine, because it win works and are described in the Practical Engineer as
merely gives off a record that has already been made upon a follows:
cylinder by an actual human voice. Dr. Marage’s machine The engines used are of the usual compound type, having re-
creates the vowel sounds at first hand. These false mouths, as spective piston diameters of five, eight and twelve inches. The
aa
it were, are made of plaster of Paris and are fitted to sirens drivers are 24 inches in diameter, with a total wheel base of
giving the appropriate combinations of sounds. . Dr. Marage 4 feet 6 inches, the track gauge being 4 feet. The air supply is
then sets his machine to operation and the vowels are produced gained from two great tanks, which may be noticed in the ac-
uci
olina
Areb
synthetically. The inventor purposes to modify the steam companying illustration, set side by side. These tanks are of
sirens used on shipboard, so that they will imitate the vowel 30 inch inside diameter and average 14 feet in length, the stor-
sounds. Thus different phonetic syllables may be obtained age-pressure capacity of each being 600 pounds per square inch,
which may be used as an international alphabet. Another im- from which 200 pounds working pressure is maintained upon
portant application of the synthetic process can be made in the the engine cylinders. The supply of air can readily be replen- :;
construction of ear trumpets that will not fatigue the ear, be- ished in these tanks from nozzles connected with high-pressure
cause they will not modify the grouping of oscillation adapted pneumatic tubes, which can be placed at points convenient for
to the ear. Dr. Marage has also constructed the “acouometer,” this purpose. The total weight of driver and tanks is only
giving a typical sound of the vowel “a,” for example, which 22,000 pounds. This shows how compact and complete this
may be used as a standard to which certain other sounds may be motor is, while combined with that is the strength of the average
referred. steam locomotive of equal cylinder area.

:
|
‘THE CONSOLIDATION COAL Co.
J 2

ne
9ee
ee
A
5
4
"

LOCOMOTIVE DRIVEN BY COMPRESSED AIR FOR COAL MINES.

February I, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 53
THE STEEL INDUSTRY OF SCOTLAND. plate mills and a cogging mill, has a capacity of 65,000 tons of
ship-plates per annum; the Clydesdale Steel Works, of A. &
Important Changes Worked by Growing Scarcity of Hematic J. Stewart & Menzies, Limited, nine 40-ton Siemens-Martin
Ores. smelting furnaces, 26 puddling furnaces and six rolling mills,
produces ship plates, boiler plates, bridge plates, strips and hoops
Growing scarcity of hematic ores is one of the principal factors for tube-making and ingots and slabs for forgings; the« Lanka
that is working radical changes in the character of the steel shire Steel company, near Glasgow, established in 1890, five
industry in Scotland. Also there are the necessities of competi- 50-ton and five 25-ton furnaces, large cogging mill; the Colt
tion, calling for a continuous process of production from the na- ness Iron company, founded in 1837, output steel ca tings for
tive ore to the finished steel plate. locomotive wheels, etc.; the Calderbank Steel works of J. Dun
The Scotch steel industry really dates from 1871, says the Age lop & Co., Limited, two 50-ton, one 40-ton and two 25-ton fur
of Steel in an exhaustive review of the rise and progress of the naces, output boiler and ship plates; the Springfield Steel Works
Scotch steel industry appearing in its issue of Dec. 21. In Glasgow, one 17-ton furnace, specially devoted to casting tor
that year the Steel Company of Scotland, Limited, was formed, electrical, marine and mill engines. —The Acme, the Mount Vert
in order to utilize the “purple ore” residue in the “wet” pro non and the Dumbarton works, all near Glasgow, are smaller
cess of the Tharsis Copper company, whose chief extracting concerns.
vorks were then at Glasgow. It was not until 1873 that the first Practically all the steel making in Scotland is by the Sie
ingots were cast and a month later the first steel rails were mens acid open-hearth process There are 115 Siemens- Martin
made in Scotland. This company was successful in founding a furnaces, the producing capacity of which is about 1,200,000 tons
mild steel industry in Scotland and also in inaugurating a revo- per annum. The Bessemer plant at Glengarnock produces about
lution in shipbuilding. 60,000 tons additional. In 1880 there were less than 20,000 tons
Che largest steel works in Scotland at present are the Dalzell of steel ship built on the Clyde; in 1901 the tonnage was about
works of David Colville & Sons at Motherwell, started in 1872. 500,000 tons
It has 20 open-hearth Siemen’s furnaces of from 20 to 50 tons —
capacity, and produces 6,000 tons of ingots per week. SMOKY FLUES--OPEN GRATE DRAFTS
Wm. Denny & Bros., of Dumbarton, were the first shipbuild-
ers to recognize the advantages of mild steel. Their success Cold drafts dangerous to health are caused by open hearth
that followed induced them to erect new works at Newton and fireplaces, says “Old Rasinhead” in the Metal Worker of Jan
to devote themselves to the manufacture of plates instead of 11. If you must have these ornamental pneumonia breeders
rails. avoid a bad construction.
Steel rails are no longer manufactured in Scotland, as there Some grate flues are supposed to have a down draft when

a
aa
A
7K >

'

HEARTH

Construction that Produces @ Down Draft

HEARTH

A Better Construction. The Correct

HEARTH

Construction. Connection
AA of Fire Piece Flue.
© A
>.———

is a more profitable demand for other material. The Newton they have not, and the first example shows how this can be
works now have five furnaces of 40 tons capacity, nine of 25 I have remedied this defect, as shown by the dotted line, by
tons and two of 23 tons. slipping a heavy curved piece of sheet iron in on the shelf
The Blackhairn works in the northern district of Glasgow, behind, and on the top of the grate back. The construction
have four 50-ton, six 40-ton, and six 25-ton furnaces producing shown in the next view, is better, but I believe that shown in
250,000 tons of ingot steel per annum. the third is best, although it is not apt to radiate as much
Until 1879 the Steel Company of Scotland remained as the heat. The throat should be narrow in order not to admit more
only makers of open-hearth steel in the country. In that year air than the flue can carry up. The gases. dodge around the
William Beardmore & Co., Parkhead, Forge, Glasgow, entered point of the throat rapidly, but after they are past they move
the field. As a forge this company dates. back to the 19th cen- more sluggishly. Yet there is no danger of their coming back,
tury. From a very small concern it has in the course of two as the gases imediately behind push them on. Openings into
or three generations grown to be one of the biggest in Scot- the flue should not be narrowed up, as shown by the dotted line,
land. It covers nearly 50 acres of ground and is now both a but by the slanting solid lines, as indicated in the fourth example
forge, a steel works and an armor plate factory. The furnaces The great trouble with grates and fire places is that the
range in capacity from 20 to 30 tons. The firm has acquired opening permits so much air other than that whi ch is re
the shipbuilding and engineering business of the historic firm quired for combustion of the fuel, to crowd itself into the flue,
of Robert Napier & Sons, and are at present laying down a that the space required to carry off the gases is limited to less
new shipyard and marine engine shop at Dalmuir, near Glasgow. than that which is required for the purpose unless the construc-
Other leading companies in Scotland. are: tion makes it easier for the gas to escape than for the air to
The Summerlee & Mossend Iron company, founded by J. B. rush in. This is the warm air of the room, which is needed for
Neilson, inventor of the hot-blast, has twelve furnaces of from comfort, and its escape to the end of ventilation is
20 to 40 tons capacity; the Merry & Cunninghame’ works at people call “healthy.”
Glenar Glengarnock, three 30-ton open-hearth furnaces, four 8- aa eee
ton Bessemer converts and a girder mill; the Clyde-Bridge Steel The total fire loss of the United States and Car
works of Glasgow, erected in 1888, nine 35-ton furnaces, two was $164,347,450.
 54 POPULAR MECHANICS February I, 1902.
:
estes
estes nahhartg!
strips of whitewood % inches wide, % inch thick, and 11 inches
long. These should be fastened so that their upper edges pass
La)
ah
Al Easy Electrical Experiments exactly through the center of the ring.
Procure an ordinary pocket compass about 114 inches in diam-
FOR BOYS, eter and cut grooves in the middle of the last mentioned strips,
sins
teh?
te!
tel
alter
eaP
es
testes
Sadar
so that the compass
tastns*es*rceaPraPhaP will be supported as shown in the figure,
Fe
eeeal Veh et nd esas tes nates
with the center of the needle exactly at the center of the coil.
ELEMENTARY STUDIES IN ELECTRICITY. Its zero mark should lie half way between the two strips
Now place the ring supporting the compass at its center, into
L. P. DICKINSON. the slot in the base board, connect the two ends of the wire to
two binding posts, give the whole a coat of brown shellac, and
CHAPTER 4: How to Make a Tangent Galvanometer. the instrument is ready for service. All dimensions given are
In chapter two, directions were given for making a galvanom- very important. Any deviation from them will introduce errors
eter for the detection of electric currents. While an instrument in the results obtained by its use.
such as was there described is very useful for general testing To use the instrument, first remove from its neighborhood all
purposes, it is not at all suitable for the measurement of cur- pieces of iron or steel, especially any magnets that may be in
rents Che tangent galvanometer, on the other hand, is an in- the vicinity. At this point it may be mentioned that all screws
strument in which the parts are so related that we can readily used in the instrument should be made of brass. Set the gal-
calculate the strength of the current flowing through it. vanometer upon a level table, and turn it until the needle,
lo make such an instrument, take a piece of whitewood pointing north and south, and swinging freely, lies exactly in the
inch thick, and saw out of it a ring whose outer diameter is plane of the coil. If the directions regarding the mounting of
10% inches, and whose inner diameter is 9 inches. the needle have been followed, it will then point to zero. Send
Cut two similar rings from a piece of whitewood % inch the current from one cell of battery through the coils. The
thick, the rings in this case being 11 inches in outer diameter, needle will be deflected to the one side of the other, and will
and 9 inches in inner diameter. Glue these pieces together so finally come to rest at a certain angle,—let us say 45 degrees.
that the thicker ring is between the two thinner ones, forming a The dimensions of the instrument have been so chosen that
ring with a channel on its outer surface which is 14 inch deep when the deflection 1s 45 degrees, the current flowing through the
and ™% inch wide. coils upon the ring is one-half an ampere. The ampere is the
From another piece of whitewood 34 inch thick cut a cir- unit chosen to designate the strength of an electric current
cular piece Ir inches in diameter. In the center of this cut a For other angles, the value of the current may be found from th«
hole 6 5-16 inches in length, and 1 inch wide. This last piece following table:
is to serve as a base upon which the ring is to be supported ver- (Angle Current.
ee
a
Ne
I
ee

tically. Three cleats % inch spare should be glued to the bot- ee oe ee .o88 amp.
tom of the board to servé as supports for the instrument. 20 QEerTrirerTt ts cc, er 182 “
The arrangement is clearly shown in the accompanying figure. 20 T “Seb pe ad he CMRRNO Meee 289
40 wearer ree ee re ee .420
45 ee re eee eT I ey 500 “
50 > qaaieagitae ere esopaseewnet 00 “
55 (pe Seeseeedeuteeeds beeen a
Me CORT ver oT eee ee 865 “
y°
on “
(Ti eivekdeeSsa
es Cae 1.375 “cs

ee
ee
eee Since the force with which the earth acts upon a magnetic
needle varies for different places, the values just given for the
current will not be true for all parts of the country. The table
gives correct values for the immediate vicinity of Chicago, and
for that section of the United States lying east of Chicago, and
north of the Ohio River. For places south of the Ohio, and
east of the Mississippi, the results given in the table for the
values of current should be multiplied by 1.3.
West of Chicago, and east of the Rocky Mountains, they should
be multiplied by 1.16. Finally for the Pacific Coast, the values
given should be multiplied by 1.3.
(To be continued.)
>
=_-?>

“FALLING THE FALLS” IS THE LATEST.

Falling the falls is destined to become a popular sport among

women who have passed the meridian in life since the know!l-
edge of the offers of marriage that were showered on the last
piece of femininity that went over the Niagara cataract in a
TANGENT GALVANOMETER barrel. Scarcely had the news of her daring deed been flashed
The ring should fit into the slot in the base so that its inner . over the wire and she had changed her clothes and applied lini
surface is just even with the upper surface of the base board, and ment to her bruises than she received a proposal by wire from a
is secured by a small strip screwed to the base board as shown. professor of physical culture. She that had ridden the cataract
The cutting of these circular pieces is not at all difficult if was .wooed by lightning. Then the offers came by telephone,
a band saw driven by power be used, such as almost every fair registered and special delivery letters and by the regular mail.
sized carpenter shop should possess. It can be done, however, Thus the perplexing problem of how a woman of 50 without
by means of an ordinary key-hole saw. dowry can secure a husband is solved and _ barrels specially
Before mounting the ring upon its base, wind in the groove adapted to “falling the falls” will doubtless soon be in demand.
upon its circumference eight turns of No. 16 double cotton cov- First, it was “sliding the slides” on a common toboggan: then
ered magnet wire. Fasten the loose ends together with a string it was to “shoot the chutes,” followed by the nerve-racking
temporarily. Across the two flat sides of the ring fasten two “loop the loops,” and now it is “fall the falls.” What next?
February 1, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

WORKING RAILROAD SWITCHES BY ELECTRICITY. AVOID CRUELTY TO WATCHES

Switches Miles Distant as Instantly and Easily Turned as One Wind Them in the Morning, and See That They Have Regular
Rings a Door Bell. Habits.

[he movement of 1,100 trains

daily on a network of tracks I he watch, in its sensitive mechanism, seen Iper
extending from Council to Gilmore, Neb., including
Bluffs, Ia., forms of animal life, when you come to think
the union depot yards at Omaha, are now operated from two it is of greater service to man than ar
towers with one man in charge of each. Electricity is the agent should be treated more like a friend than
which carries the message from the operator to a small electric chinery.
motor placed at each switch, instantly setting the rails in the Always wind your watch in the morning
right position and at the same time showing the proper signal avoid all jerky movements When a watch is wound at
to the engineer. At night the signals are with electric lights has only the weakened spring to offer resistancs
[he switch motor is of one horse-power and does its work in and jolts of the daytime Che morning winding
two seconds. At the operator’s tower are storage batteries, which danger of breaking the main spring, which being

OPERATOR TURNING TRACK SWITCHES MILES DISTANT

¢ kept supplied by two gasoline engines of five horse-power full tension at night can stand the cold bette:
each better time as the result of better habits. Don
One gallon of gasoline, costing 1t cents, furnishes power to night and hang it up the next Keep it in the
generate sufhcient electricity to make 2,845 switch movements nearly as possible. In second class watches tl
lhe Railway Age of Jan. 17 fully describes the system The between the horizontal and vertical position
perator by the slight movement of a small lever can instantly nificant. Nor should you hang your watch
turn a switch miles away. Our illustration shows some of can swing to and fro like a pendulum. It will
ese controlling levers, with the operator at work. a great deal while in that position
een ee
\ watch should neve! he suspended
PASTE FOR MOUNTING PURPOSES
surface Che difference in temperature
or waistcoat pocket, and a wall, that may
|O prepare a paste for mounting purposes.—Mix 4% ounces
point, is about 75 or So de grees Suddet
ot starch with a little water to form a smooth cream, and pour
n it sufficient boiling water to make 10 fluid ounces Take ture is the cause of most main spring
wearer should clean his watch pocket frequ
unce of glue, allow it to soak in cold water till quite soft,
' off the excess of water, melt the glue down by gentle heat. was a joining made tight enough to keep out
and stir into the paste previously made Now add 1 dr. of gets into the oil which thickens in time
1
wun and a few drops of oil of cloves and stir well until dis irregularities of rate \ watch should
solved. If the material should dry too hard add 1 or 2 dm By this time the oil dries up and mix

f glycerine —H. B. S grinds away on th works like emery

—— --o—— a watch ticks 388,000 times in one day
Old sardine boxes are to be manufactured into toys in France. gantic task it performs in one year
\fter the sardines are eaten the empty box may be sold at a and.it will appreciate it and will
lair compensation to the toy factory. friend
 wm
6- POPULAR MECHANICS February 1, 1902.

Popular Mechanics HEROIC STATUE OF VERCINGETORIX.

H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher Bertholdi’s great statue of Vercingetorix, to be exhibited for

Journal Building, - ~ - Chicago a time under the central dome of the Grand Palais of the Champs
Elysees, Paris, has just issued from the casting shop, says the
SUBSCRIPTION Illustrated London News. A huge motor-car conveyed the work
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions, to the Grand Palais. The illustration shows the statute as it
I oh eta Ge ECE wd Sa cud seat che Peibectew $1 00
Pee CI: UN I nos ins case cancer sioede 2 00
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.

Vopular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan-

cal and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
ame only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac-
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro-
ure from its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date,
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
ountry by Saturday morning.

Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.

Address,
POPULAR MECHANICS
Journal Building, - - Chicago

THE WORLD'S FIRST OIL REFINER.

Weston Howland After Having Nearly Despaired Came by the

Discovery Through Chance.

Weston Howland, who died recently in Fairhaven, Mass., was

the first man in the world to refine petroleum oil. In this same
town was born Henry H. Rogers, the man who has amassed
many millions through his connection with the Standard Oil
company.
Just before the rebellion Howland made his successful experi-
ment on oil taken from the wells in Pennsylvania.
left the foundry. Round it are grouped the chief workmen who
The oil had at this period had never been refined. In the
co-operated in the casting, and in the very center stands the
early days the Indians had collected petroleum from the Alle-
eminent sculptor, M. Bartholdi.
ghany river, says the Western Oil News, by spreading their
The work represents Vercingetorix waving his sword, reining
blankets on the water and wringing them when saturated. To
in his charger and cheering his warriors to attack the Roman
some people it was known as medicine and called Seneca oil.
With a kitchen kettle as a condenser Howland succeeded in legions. The statue is to be stationed permanently in the squares
of Clermont-Ferrand.
distilling the liquid but the oil was both muddy and thick and
pee >
>
ave forth an exceedingly bad odor. He improvised an aparatus
from a milk pan and with the aid of alkalis and water suc- DEEPEST HOLE IN THE WORLD.
ceeded in getting an admixture of oil and water. Disappointed
ind sick at heart he left the pan with the alkalis and water in Probably the deepest hole in the world has just been dug n
em
<RRENT
SRN
+ee
Eye his barn. The big doors were open, the beams of a hot sun
South Africa, near Johannesburg. It is 4,800 feet deep. If 15
worked upon the oil and when Howland saw the result he knew
buildings the height of the Masonic temple in Chicago, which
that his problem was solved. Purchasing the old works on is 21 stories high, were piled upon top of each other, making an
Fish Island, between New Bedford and Fairhaven, he procured
enormous structure of 315 stories, and a pole should be ex-
stills and began to manufacture oil for the market. suying
tended from the bottom to the top of this structure, such a pole
1,500 barrels at 25 cents a gallon, he refined and sold it at 75 would littlke more than reach to the bottom of this hole in
cents. Soon there were more orders on his books than he could
South Africa.
fill lhe last men to abandon the manufacture of oil in Fair
“It demonstrates what man will dare for gold,” said a travel-
haven was Weston Howland
er when he viewed the seeming impossible feat. “No climate,
ti
distance over land or water, or depth of earth seems impenetrable
WANT TECHNICAL SCHOOLS IN THE SOUTH. to him in his mad desire for gold.
ar
nn
ee
Ue
en
tet
NE
er
Re

The hole was started early in January, 1899, and despite wars
\ movement to establish technical schools for white boys in
and reefs, encountered in the drilling, it has been pursued until
the South, launched by Richard H. Edmonds, of Baltimore,
the main reef has been struck. The actual time of drilling re
editor of the Manufacturer's Record, is meeting with the hearty
quired 10% months. Brazilian carbons which today are worth
endorsement of many of the other leading Southern journals.
about $45 per caret were used in the drilling
Mr. Edmonds’ plan is that 1,co0 or more Southern business con-
cerns contribute $125 or more a year for four years, to give a —__—_~+-e_____
technical education to 1,000 poor boys, the boys binding them- To harden small tools or articles that are likely to warp in
selves to repay the money after graduation, so that the same hardening, says Shop Talk, heat very carefully, and insert in
fund could be used for aiding others. Thus every contributor, a raw potato, then draw the temper as usual. A bar of hard
in effect, founds a perpetual scholarship. At present there are soap is also good, but will not make the tool as hard as the
training schools for the blacks but few for whites potato will.
 l-ebruary I, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

HANDY WAY TO REPAIR A BROKEN BOX VISE SCREW. ELECTRA HOLDS THE STAGE (AND THE AGE.)

An easy and effective way of repairing a broken box vise

Youthful Electra, neatly clad and radiant amid glowing lights,
screw is described by W. D. Boettler in The American Black
dances with the Twentieth Century; while puffing, noisy steam,
smith. The sketch shows the screw that was broken.
aged and blackened, is forced to retire from the Stage under the
“I could not obtain another one to replace it,” says Mr
Boettler, “without delaying my work too long, so I drilled
3g inch hole in each broken end about one inch deep. I then

ests

1eated the ends and drove in a 7-16 iron pin of the proper
length to allow the two broken ends to come together. I put
the screw in a clean fire and took a good welding heat .on the
broken parts and welded them together by striking light blows
with a small hammer on the ends. Then with a small filler in
hetween the thread I welded in the pin. The thread did not
waste away in the least. Since that time I have had no trouble
with the screw whatever.”
es Se

MADE A BALLAST OF CEMENT AND IRON.

\ contributor to the Rudder tells of an interesting method

which he has solved the problem of putting ballast in a
small boat. His boat was a 16-foot cat. He says:
“T had four inches between the bottom of flooring and the
planking next the trunk and only 1% inches on the outer edge
I nailed strips to the timbers to make them wider and put in
' tloor timbers. This gave me a ™%-inch lip or rabbet to support
the ballast free from the planking. I procured some cigar box
wood and laid it in between the timbers and lined the whole
with heavy glazed paper.
“Portland cement and sand were mixed half and half and influence of her electrical wand. She looks at him with piteous
poured in between the timbers to the depth of an inch. Old eye, for his magic long made him a favorite of the world, but
, iron, broken in small pieces, was then put in and more cement his powers to please are unable to cope with those of the new
and sand poured on. Wire, with brass rings attached, was set star of the present age. The cartoon of Linley Sanbourne,
deep in the cement. This gave me a handle, which when hard, which so well illustrates the superior attractiveness of elec-
enabled me to lift it out. I numbered the blocks on one side, tricity, appears as a supplement in the Electrical Times
I, 2, 3, ete., and on the other, A, B, C, etc. The next day they +e
fe were hard, and I had a solid hard brick weighing between 50 Tests made by F. W. Wilcox for the National Electric Light
ind 60 pounds, that would not shift, that was clean and that Association are illustrated in the Electrical Review. The upper
salt water would not affect. The whole weight was on the row of lamps show a side view, the lower row as looked at from
timbers, as the cigar box wood had kept the bottom of block the end of the lamps. The figures indicate the number of candle
ust that far away from the planking.” power of lights as thrown in a horizontal and in other directions
 58 POPULAR MECHANICS February 1, 1902.

NEW AUTOMATIC RECORDING SHIP of a vessel in miles or knots per hour, on WHISTLE FOR GAS ENGINE.
LOG. a dial, and registers the same on a coun-
ter, also on a paper chart, with the day Invention that Breaks the Record for Un-
The principle formerly followed by near- of the week and hour of the day, thus keep- earthly Shrieks.
ly all inventors of nautical measuring de- ing a perfect record which shows mo- oe
ee
ee

vices was that of towing a heavy float or
propelling wheel on a line, in some cases
as long as 450 feet. This line requires im-
mediate attention when the ship stops or
it is in great danger of being
mentarily every variation of speed, whether The most strenuous thing yet in the way
going or at rest. of an alarm horn for automobiles has been
This log is operated by means of two discovered by S. W. Rushmore, of Jersey
pipes which extend through the bottom of City. Beside it the shriek of the fire boat
lost with its the vessel and cause a circulation of water is like a child’s whistle and, the fog horn
would be inaudible if they were blown
simultaneously. Mr. Rushmore thus tells
the Automobile Magazine how he came by
the invention:
“T blew up the muffler of my Winton ma
chine and noticed that a considerable in
crease of power accompanied the exhaust,
and decided to see what gain there would
be in cutting out the muffler of my 12
horse power Packard. I placed a T in thi
exhaust pipe and to this connected a 1
inch brass blow-off valve with lever con
nected to a foot button. I also coupled on
an elbow so that the blast is directed

ee eae
f
| CYLINOER
hotel
_ ~
in

,
wm

“TT - a, —

{39 _—
se a ss JH MUFFLER

| = a ~
| wesree L\-+ f
| Pp

backward and does not stir up a dust

Just as I got the thing finished I noticed
in the shop a tug-boat whistle with a dell
5 inches diameter and 12 inches long, that
exactly fitted on the pipe. I screwed it on,
as per sketch herewith.
“When the relief valve was opened th
whistle let out the most unearthly shrieks,
showing that as the whistle was set for 100
pounds steam the initial pressure of the
exhaust in the pipe leading to the muffler
peng
AP
TD
Ase
exceeded that amount. Each shriek was ap
parently of shorter duration than the
a length of a stroke and I thus argue that
the excessive intial back pressure is not
due to any defect in the muffler but to the
inertia of the gas in the pipe leading to it
“The thing is a great success in waking
up truck farmers that I meet on the road,
NICHOLSON SHIP LOG, before they know what they are up
against.”
PE
ee
ee
ee
attachments. Every time the ship starts CONCRETE TIES ON THE PERE MAR-
the line must be cast overboard, care being QUETTE. e+e — i
taken that it does not foul the vessel ONLY WOMAN HARNESS MAKER IN
wheel. Heavy seas and driftwood also Concrete ties are being laid on the Pere THE WORLD.
interfere with the accuracy of this class of
Marquette railroad. The company claims
log that they are of great economy in the re- What is said by the National Harness
The Nicholson ship log, used in the Review to be the only shop in the United
newal of ties and a saving in roadbed and
famous race between the Erie and Tash- States owned, run and operated entirely
track labor.
moo on Lake Erie, does away with quite by a woman, is that belonging to Mrs.
Only moderate pressure is used to com-
all of these difficulties. The log operates M. D. Lydick in a country town in Ne
entirely automatically and does not require press the concrete in the molds. Wooden
braska. From making waxed threads and
attention when the ship stops. The water blocks about 1 foot 6 inches wide are laid
hame-straps she progressed to a_ full-
always acts the same on the float pipes, re- on top of the concrete and fastened by fledged harness maker, and is said to be
gardless of the weather or surface of the bolts imbedded in concrete. These blocks one of the most skillful “workmen” in the
sea. It automatically indicates the speed are used as a cushion and to permit spiking. state.
February 1, 19092. POPULAR MECHANICS 5

PROPELLER FOR FLAT BOTTOMED BOAT. POINTS ABOUT SMALL TELEPHONE EXCHANGES

It is possible to drive a flat-bottomed boat by a propeller by How to Build Them, the Cost, and the Way to Make Them Pay.
having a trunk A near the stern in the shape of a box with an
inclined plank at each end to allow water to flow to, and get
In the construction of small telephone exchanges there ar
away readily from, the propeller B. The after end of the plank
many things pointed out by The Electrical Review of Jan. 4
that are worth remembering. Among them are noted these facts
To build a respectable line of 25-foot poles with, say, one
circuit upon it, requires an expenditure of from $75 to $100 per
mile, including instruments fo make this line remunerative
ws
requires an income of $100 a year for each five milk f it
i.wd
- — 2 —
n >? —
length.
= a
SS The greatest cost of building a small line consists in the set
=<
sss ee — ting up of the poles and cross-arms, after which the cost of
new circuits is but little greater than that of the wir l
instruments. In order to reduce the first cost of building farm
at the stern should be just below the water-line (L. W. L.),
ers will, in he winter time, frequently cut and haul poles to tl
say about 112 in. For a boat 25 ft. by 6 ft. a simple high-pressurs
road free of expense to the company, and in some cas¢ even
engine 3 in. by 3% in., with suitable propeller, should give a
go so far as to furnish the labor necessary for setting them w
speed of five miles an hour and leave no wash Work
the telephone company, of course, superintending the work and
——__—o~-e-— — -
retaining control after the line is built
TO PREVENT TROUBLE WITH HOUSE FURNACES When the line has to leave the main road to rea
scriber’s premises the expense of building to the house should
\ querist to the American Artisan asks regarding furnact
always be borne by the subscriber who, if he wishes, may fut
which he found to smoke badly and which would not furnish
nish his own poles In communities that will not likely require
heat for two rooms, 16 by 16, with 10-foot ceiling. “I found
iong distance service and which are not vexed by trolley road
the furnace properly installed so far as I could see,” he said,
grounded lines will furnish a satisfactory means of communica
“but the chimney was choked with soot from top to bottom and
tion Some grounded country lines, as a fact, are quieter than
the pipe from furnace to chimney. The pipe was 10 feet, 8
most metallic circuits in a city As to long distance service the
inches diameter, height of chimney 40 feet, inside dimension
proper use of repeating coils will allow a very fair service from
3%
314 byby 1212 inches
l [ }1erewithtl inclose
l 1pencil | plplan off smokeke ffrom
i grounded line up to 100 or 200 miles, which is about the
furnace.
limit for an ordinary instrument anyway It is generally ad
“The chimney is not large enough for the size firepot in the
visable to use only No. 12 iron wire for line of this characte
furnace. As we have only been told that the firepot is 24 inches
on account of its strength and cheapness
in diameter and nothing is said about diameter of grate, we \s to the remuneration the best plar for the solicit to
will assume that the grate is also 24 inches in diameter, because
visit a group of farmers and propose to put six telephones in
it is from the area of the grate in the furnace that we must build
that neighborhood at a cost of $18 per year for each instru
the capacity of the chimney on. A grate 24 inches in diameter
ment, in consideration of a three years’ contract, the company
would be considered just about the capacity of three hors«
agreeing to put in bridging instruments and metallic circuit
power in boiler rating, the fire of which is practically the same
The number of telephones on one line ought to be limited to
six. It is better to have two five party; lines than
one ten-party metallic-circuit line
All poles should measure not less than 20 inch 5 around thi
top, and should be set in the ground as though intended to stay
there 20 years They should also be roofed and gained, and
roof, as well as gains, filled with a good oil paint If there are

CHIMNEY only two wires to string on the line, brackets may be used, but
if there are more cross-arms should be put on len-pin cross
yo CHECK DRAFT arms cost about $9 a mile more than brackets but are more
permanent and reduce the cost of future. construction
~
All poles should be guyed where angles occur in the line and
as that in hot-air furnaces, and with the height of chimney 40 should not be set further than from 140 to 150 feet apart, and
feet it would require a round, smooth chimney 9 inches in diam 132 feet is better still, for if poles are set too far apart it

eter if made of pipe, or brick chimney 9 inches squate The almost impossible to keep the wires tight enough to keep out
chimney in question is 3% by 12 inches, and even if it were clean of trouble. With poles set forty to the mile and the wires
and smooth, which is doubtful, there would be only 42 square properly pulled up there is no reasonable excuse for crosses o1
inches of area in the chimney, while 81 is required if constructed other line trouble even though the pins are placed ten inch:
of brick, and the smoke pipe should be 9 inches in diameter from apart

furnace to chimney and frequently cleaned to keep the capacity, As to the rate of $12 a year made by some rural communi
as soft coal makes soot fast. The insufficient capacity of the ties, it cannot be made remunerative unless it be possible to
present chimney and smoke pipe is, in our opinion, the special place about ten or twelve parties on one line and the line so
cause of the smoke which escapes through the house With the arranged that they will not ring the exchange except for an ex
proper size chimney there should be a great deal more heat change connection, which can be arranged by means of a

than it is possible to get from the furnace in its present condi- grounded line so connected that they can ring the exchange by

tion. Flat o: narrow brick chimneys are bad, as they choke pushing a button
quickly and are hard to clean, and long or even short sections
of smoke pipe in a horizontal position should be provided with The new order that department surgeons go to all big fires in
cleanouts, so that the soot can be removed easily without taking New York to attend injured firemen is proving successful. One
down the smoke pipe to do it, and we therefore suggest that a surgeon must respond to every second alarm and take with hin
cleanout be fixed on the end of elbow as indicated by the dotted the necessary dressings to treat the injuries the firemen may
lines in sketch.” sustain
 60 POPULAR MECHANICS February I, 1902.

ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES FOR SHOP has been appropriated to build a lobster

WORK. hatchery and the station will be finished
next year. The industry brings to ma-
Great Improvement on Old System of
turity a much larger proportion of the
Handling Heavy Materials.
young, says the Fishing Gazette, in that
fhe electric locomotive is rapidly win- during the hatching and immature period
ning itself into favoritism in many fields of the individual existence it is protected
where steam and manual power were for- from all its natural enemies, to which it is
merly employed. Where overhead wires a pray in natural conditions.
are undesirable, the storage battery loco- ———_>-+—_-
motive solves the problem of moving CITY OF EDINBURGH IS WELL PAVED.
heavy material in factories, foundries and
lumber yards on narrow gauge cars. It With an area of 1614 square miles, the
enables one man to handle all the material
city of Edinburgh has 82 miles of granite
of a large manufacturing § establishment,
streets, two miles of wood pavement, and
runs with perfect freedom around curves
about 80 miles of the best macadam. No
of twelve feet radius, and is able to ascend TWO MECHANICAL EXPOSITIONS IN
asphalt has been laid, chiefly because of
grades. The C. W. Hunt Company, of BRUSSELS.
the broken, hilly nature of almost the
West New Brighton, N. Y., which is ex-
Two international exhibitions of auto- whole area covered by the city requiring
mobiles, cycles, etc., will be held in Brus- street gradients which, it is thought, would
sels in March. They are the International render asphalt unsafe for traffic during
Exhibition of Mechanical Locomotion, in most of the year.
the Park Cinquantenaire, March 8 to 17, The present wood pavements are con-
and the Tenth International Exhibition of structed of Australian hard wood which
New Locomotion, at the Pole Nord, contains a natural oil that does away with
March 15 to 23. In the former there is to the use of creosote, formerly infused into
be a section devoted to aerostatics, organ- the wood blocks as a preservative. Blocks
ized by the Aero Club of Belgium. The 9 by 5 inches and 3 inches thick are laid
exhibition will include every kind of known on a 6-inch concrete bottom with smooth
mechanical locomotion. Fifty per cent of surface and joined with cement grout or
the eventual profits of the exhibition will asphalt. This paving costs about $4.10 per
be returned to exhibitors. square yard. Nine by 7 by 4 inches gran-
4+ ite blocks laid on a 6-inch concrete bed and
MAINE'S ENORMOUS OCEAN FARM. joined with gravel, cost $3.60 per square
a
yard.
tensively engaged in the manufacture of aee
Lobsters to Be Hatched by Machinery
these locomotives, reports that there is a Fisheries Yield $3,000,000 Yearly. A minister’s little daughter and two little
great demand for them in all the leading boys, the sons of commercial travelers,
manufacturing establishments of Europe No other state in the Union contributes were talking about their respective papas,
and America. so bountifully to the deep-water delicacies and what they did. One little lad said,
The storage battery is recharged at night that supply the tables of the east and west “My papa sells shoes,” and the other said,
or at intervals during the day when the lo- as Maine. In one year the sea fisheries “Mine sells paper,” and turning to the little
comotive is idle The battery is divided of that state yielded a total of more than girl, “What does your papa sell?” For a
into sections, which are connected through 152,000 pounds. The value was nearly moment the child hesitated, but not to be
the controller with the motor armatures $3,000,000, To conduct this enormous outdone by the boys, she replied, with the
ae
imate
te
and fields in various combinations of ocean farm required the labors of nearly air of a duchess, “My papa sells talk.”
series-parallel connections, thus obtaining 17,000 persons. Steamers, vessels and boats -_>--?>

the different variations of draw-bar pull of all kinds. to the number of 7,154, were Mrs. Manning—“John, I believe you are
and speed required for general shop work. employed. the biggest liar in the world. The fact is
The approximate weight of the locomo- The lobster fishery is the most important you don’t care a fig for me, or you wouldn't
try to deceive me all the time. There was
a time when you said I was the best and
sweetest woman on earth.”
Mr. Manning—‘And you believed it.
Then’ why can’t you believe the little fibs
I tell you now?”’—Boston Transcript.
uit
“_-?

Mr. Kelly—‘‘An’ how are ye this mornin’,

Mistress Flyn? Is yer rheumatiz any
better?”
er
ee
—
Mrs. Flyn—‘“Well, yis, I think it is, I
thank ye koindly. The new doctor’s treat-
ment is doin’ me a’ worl’ av good, I be-
lave. He advoises me to take queen ann
eternally, and to rub anarchy on me j’ints.
So I’m doin’ it, an’ I think it’s helpin’ me
tive in running order is five tons. The in the state. The value of the lobsters wonderfully.”
orewan
eee
ee
og —_———_3--——__—_
speed per hour varies from one to four taken in 1900 was $1,038,000. Because of
miles. On the level it will pull 50 tons the growing importance of this enterprise “IT lost me $5,000 in Wall street.” “Vas
Pere and on a § per cent grade 6 tons. We illus- the government is taking steps to have the you a bull or a bear?” “Nider; I vas a
trate several types of locomotives. lobsters hatched out by machine. Money big-eared jackass.”
 February 1, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS A1

PLANS FOR A CORN MEAL MILL.

In the January American Miller is given
plans for a short-system corn meal mill, Ferst
as follows: fZoor fecond £ fee
\$7eca =
Buildings One and one-half stories; Morr te

height, 36 feet from ground floor to peak of

|
the roof; ground space 20 by 24 feet;
height from first to second floor, 12 feet;
grinding floor, 14'2 feet high; pit under- |
| ,
neath ground floor to accommodate boot of
grain elevators, 5 feet below ground level. « ; é
Cisterns—Three gradual and continuous s

reductions without immediate separations; BC 30. P

~ Son MIA s| L
one separation of meal and bran. , = : 4 3 CLLANER
Machinery—One three-high roller mill, - ' *j

9x18; first reduction rolls corrugated, 8 cut = I ;

to the inch; moderate spiral cut, running > — }
iN ; ? T T
sharp to dull, with a differential of 3% to iP J ™ $ \ ; ° °
1; speed of fast roll, 450. Second reduction . ws 440 MAL BRAN
LAND J A \
rolls corrugated 12 cuts to the inch; mod- ELEVATION / wo <
erate spiral cut, running sharp to dull;
differential, 3% to 1; speed, 600. Third ‘

reduction rolls, corrugated, 16 cuts to the

inch; moderate spiral cut, running sharp < 4 sur
to dull; differential, 312 to 1; speed, 700. -— r—"4
Ci £ANER

=
c - q
One sieve bolter, with eccentric motion;
oS — —— =
size of sieve, 3 by 6 feet, clothed with No. SIDE
20 wire. £1 E VAIN

One grain elevator, 28 feet between pul-

ley centers, with buckets 414 by 6 inches; ‘

one grain elevator, 24 feet between pulley = _

centers, with buckets 3% by 5 inches; one =~ =

ery pe »

meal elevator, 24 feet between centers, with 4b ah

buckets 3% by 5 inches; one corn cleaner,

with suction and blast. a yo=4
r . 4
Quality of Meal—Clear, granular and r - 4

bright.
—]_ #7 recuse G& |
= Pe
moe =a
Capacity—Eight hundred pounds per
PLANS FOR CORN MEAL MILL.
hour.
Yield—Two bushels of corn per 100
pounds of meal. builder, which saves two feet in space and SAYS TOO MUCH SALT PRODUCES
——+-e three tons in weight, and which will steam CANCER
WATER WALL MARINE BOILER. with salt water. The usual outside steel
casing is done away with, the water walls Too much salt in food is the chief cause
A water wall horizontal boiler for steam- becoming the legs for the boiler. The in of cancer, according to Dr. James Braith-
ships is described in the American Ship- ventor is Capt. Linnekin. waite, of London. He says that four chief
>>>
> factors enter into cancer production Over
COMPANY TO MAKE PETROLEUM nutrition, non-oxidation of ingested food,
BRIQUETTES. local irritations and excess of salt in the
diet, the last of which he considers the
A company has been formed in France most important and always present. He
for the manufacture of petroleum bri- arrived at the theoryregarding salt through
quettes. It claims to have so far perfected noticing that uterine cancer rarely afflicted
this substitute for coal that the former ob- Jewesses, whose religion excludes salt pork
jection of its injuring boilers by reason of from their diet
some chemical action produced by com pn ee
bustion, have been obviated The bri “Billson is from the « ountry said
quettes have been manufactured in various Tylers, “but he kept the fact pretty well
ways in the United States. Russia and concealed until the other night, when he
France as a combustible for steamships was at a party the hostess asked him if
and certain industries where rapid produc- he liked Welsh rarebits, and he said no,
tion of heat was desirable. These objec- that for his part he preferred Belgian
tions, however, detracted from its utility. hares.” R.. Ba, Ln
The method of manufacture is very simple ——_+e-__
and requires but little machinery.
A new cult has been born in the city of
SS eer St. Louis. Its followers are known as
A Boston man has invented a tricycle earth-eaters, and believe it conducive to
which works as a street sweeper. It may their health to eat a teaspoonful of a dirt
be run by foot power or by motor. each day.
 62 POPULAR MECHANICS February I, 1902.

A GRINDSTONE SCORCHER.

\ new
covered.
them.
use for bicycles has been dis-
It is to run grindstones with
John Arrowood, the first to trans-
CHICAGO - TEXAS OIL SYNDICATE
form the wheel in this useful piece of
mechanism, tells the American Blacksmith \Extassait niclTop.
teh
Spinone
how it is done:
“T had the frame of an old bicycle and
used it in connection with the stone.
first cut out the middle brace of the bicycle
ind with a 2 by 4 timber made the rear
I
=
support Next I stapled the front of the
bicycle to a stout post and then made the

a
Capital Stock, $1,000,000.00 in shares of 50 cents each
Full paid and non-assessable
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS—President, W. C. Moore, President of the Moore-Cortes
Canal Co., Houston, Texas; Hon. Wm. E. Mason, United States Senator from Illinois;
Perry A. Hull, Master in pm erage A of the Circuit Court, Chicago; Treasurer, O. C. Drew,
Cashier Planters’ & Mechanics’ National Bank, Houston, Texas: 8S. R. Perryman, Attor-
ney, Houston, Texas.
REFERENCES-—Chicago National Bank Ghicago, I11.: Planters’ and Mechanics
National Bank , Houston, texas; The first Natioval Bank of Beaumont, Texas.

WHAT THIS SYNDICATE OFFERS

It owns 437 acres of the choicest oil lands in Texas. Its first well on Spindle Top
Heights, Beaumont, is now nearly completed. There are one hundred and ten gushers
within a stone’s throw of it—on every side. This well would have been completed before
this except for the fact that for four weeks the drill was in the hardest rock yet struck
on Spindle Top, and it took three weeks’ drilling, night and day, to get through this forty-
fcot stratum. This was finally penetrated and the drill is now sinking saphdty. A gusher
med 4 eapestes daily. This hard rock is an excellent indication of a big deposit of oil
eneath °
In addition to the Spindle Top Heights property, the Syndicate owns 400 acres at Sour
Lake (within a few hundred feet of where a gusher has been struck), at Dayton Prairie,
at Saratoga and elsewhere. Gushers are now in at Saratoga and Sour Lake and flowing
frame of the grindstone. I braced the perfect lubricating oil, making the proven oil fields of immense value. ‘fhese lands are
bicycle frame underneath. By cutting the all paid for and owned outright by the Syndicate, therefore there are no leases and no
royalties to pay.
spokes out of the rear wheels I secured A GUSHER GUARANTEED WITHIN THIRTY DAYS
the small sprocket. I then fitted a small This Syndicate guarantees a gusher on Spindle Top Heights within 30 days. A limited
amount of treasury stock is offered for sale at 5@ cents per share in lots of 50 shares and
piece of wood into the square hole of the upwards. Money now subscribed for stock will be refunded directly to the subscriber
grindstone, bored a hole in the wood the if the Syndicate has not a gusher within 30 days. Out of town subscribers may deposit
subscriptions in their local banks and notify this company at the address below.
size of the sprocket axle and fitted the MARKETING ARRANGEMENTS MADE
axle to the stone. I cut notches in a piece The demand for Texas oil is world wide and enormous. The only problem is to get the
nailed
oil to the market. This problem has been solved by the Syndicate.
of iron for the axle to rest in and
This Syndicate has just bought 20 acres of tankage ground, with 1,000 feet frontage
the iron to the frame. As the stone was on the railroad (The Texas and New Orleans Branch of the Southern Pacific), only 1%
miles from Spindle Top. This will give trackage for 30 tank cars that can be loaded at one
—
quite high, it was necessary to obtain two time. Tanks and a pipeline from the Syndicate’s wells to its tanks and loading racks will
be built at once. This will give the Syndicate unexcelled facilities for marketing the
chains and put them together products of its wells.
“The machine is now a handy ball-bear- With these arrangements made, as soon as a gusher comes in, the property will be
greatly enhanced in value, and
ing grindstone, which runs at lightning The price of the stock Will at Once Advance and will thereafter continue to go up
—
speed and cost but little to make.” rapidly UN MERiT ALONE
>> It is now offered at par—50 cents per share—the ground floor price. Dividends will be
paid as soon as earnings begin. That time is not far of—BUY NOW. ‘The company is
managed by men of recognized ability and known integrity.
Montevidio, Uruguay, is to hold an ex- No preferred stock—all shareholders on absolutely the same basis. When you buy and
position of goods manufactured exclusively pay for this stock you can never be to any more expense. It can never be assessed.
~~ i Send requests for extended prospectus, remittances for subscription or any informa-
in the United States. It will be called “The ion oO

First North American Exhibition on the $25 buys 50 shares Fidelity Trust & Investment Co.,
“ 300 “s
River Platte.” $100 os 200 *
$200 “* 500 ee 51 B Stock Exchange Bldg., Chicago

COLDBURN § 3s,"
——- -- — plied will cool INQUEST OVER A MUMMY. not show any recent crime in this coun-
Probably the first coroner’s inquest over try and that deceased was unknown and
all ordinary burns from fire, hot iron or
hot water, and will absolutely prevent a mummy has just been held in London. about 25 years of age.”
blister. Takes out all the burn in from A man who opened a case containing a ~~
one to five minutes. Will not cure
everything, but is excellent for reduc- Peruvian mummy intended for a museum William Livingstone, of Detroit, who
ing inflammation and healing many
chronic sores, chapped hands or ape. became frightened and notified the authori- years before was president of the Lake
etc. Is made of the purest vegetable ties. The following verdict was returned: Carriers’ Association, has again been
products only, and is perfectly harm-
less. Excellent for tightness of the “That this woman was found dead at elected to that office.
throat or chest. Although in use for the Railway Goods Station and did die on ++
many years, is now put on the market
for the first time. nee used, always some date unknown and in some foreign The Kearsage, to be sent to Venezuela
wanted. Sent postpaid anywhere, 25
cents. If not as represented money country, from cause unknown. No proofs to protect American interests, is a sister
cheerfully returned. Address of violent death found and the body has ship of the Illinois, the Kentucky and the
xnnsndnanteedis
COLDBURN, Room 604 been dried and buried in some foreign Wisconsin. She has a displacement of
162 Washington Street, - Chicago land, probably sundried and cave buried. 11,525 tons, carries four 13-inch guns and
The jurors are satisfied that this body does a whole arsenal of smaller arms.
February I, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

PORTABLE FOG HORN.

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VALUABLE MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL
AND OTHER TECHNICAL BOOKS.

TECHNICAI BROOKS FURNISHED ON A five-year-old child can work the fog

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VERY SUBJECT. born invented by a Massachusetts sea cap- ment made to actual measure Send
tain, and can sound a danger signal which for directions for self-measurement
sa 2. C.. Electricity, 50 ¢ ts. We sell direct from the factory to the
Made Easy, 75 ct ;
Algebra consumer and save all intermediate ex
and Pacing Horses, 150
Ame te"aL Trotting pense of handling. You get this. Write
pages, 75 cts. for catalog or call.
Art and Science of Stair Building, $1.
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Architectural
Blue Print Making, 25 cts. 154 PIFTH AVE. (4th FPloor CHICAGO
Brick Laying, 86 pages, $2. Mention Popular Mechanics.
Bicycle Repairing, 208 pages, $1.
‘ar Builder’s Dictionary, $9.
‘arpentry Made Easy, 144 pages, $1.
‘ottage Designs, $1.
Llee tricity Made Simple, 233 pages, 50 cts.
Mp
A ‘verybody’s
penn Handbook of Electricity, 25 cts. SCIENCE GAINS ANOTHER VICTORY
and 50 cts.
3lectric Railway Engineering, $2. 2 FITS CURED
“lectrie Measurements for Amateurs, $1.
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How to Do Business, 200 pages, $2.
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Green House Construction, 219 pages, $1.50. For iron bridges, fences and structural
Harness Maker's Complete Guide, 240 pages work; tin, steel, iron, felt or cotton
$2.50. duck roofs. None better and few as
How to Build Poultry Houses, 50 cts. good. Cotton duck the coming roof
Handbook of Corliss Steam Engines, 244 pages, PARAFFINE PAINT WORKS, ELORED, PA.
$1
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How to Build Dynamo Electric Machinery.
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Inexpensive Country Homes, 88 pages, $2.
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nternational
Linear Drawing and Practical Geometry, 115
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One
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Punctuation, 50 cts. will be heard five miles away. Our illus missioner of Educ Yong assisted by a large corps
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trations show the exterior and interior of of competent specialists and ] editor ‘

Ropp’s Commercial Calculator, 50 cts. New Pilates Throughout Rich Bindings.

Something About X-Rays for Everybody, 50 the horn, which is portable. The bellows 2364 Pages. 5000 Illustrations
ects. and
25 cts. ‘
are worked with a small lever, by hand, te The lnternational was first issued in 1890,
Stair Building Made Easy, 127 pages, $1. succeeding the™ Unabridged Vew Edition
Suburban and Country Homes, $1. producing a loud noise when the air rushes of the International wa ~
lreatise on Hydraulics, $4. October, 1900. Get latesta C3
Text Book on Roofs and Bridges, 4 parts, through a reed.
$2.50 each. Also Webster's Collegiate/ WEBSTER’S
Trevert’s Tricks with Electricity, 50 cts.
=_eo> Dictionary. INTERNATIONAL
The Train Wire, $1.25. PUZZLING LINES. Specimen pages, el of bot \ A
Telephone Handbook, $1. woks sent m app lication a vi
The Universal Carpenter and Joiner, 144 G. &. C. Merriam Co. ’ Seringfield, "Mase
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The horizontal line appears to be the
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Warwic :k’s How to Make and Run a Gas En- COCOOOOEE COOCOOOOOE
THE
gine, 75 cts.
Why Poultry Pays and How to Make it Pay.
HH) cts,
;
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Address POPULAR
Building, Chicago.
MECHANICs, Journal FAMOUS
+> ' TRAIN
WATER A GOOD MEDICINE.
OF THE
WORLD
Pure water, a teakettle and a fire con-
stitute the best remedy for many ills , Says shorter of the two in this picture. Meas-
Chicago---St. Paul---Minneapolis

THE ST. PAUL ROAD

Medical Talk, and in many cases is far ure them and you will find they are of
more effective than drugs. If your liver is identical length.
out of order, drink hot water, drink plenty ————~+-o____
(Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)
of it, drink it morning, noon and night.
The icy winter weather without sug-
Don’t be afraid of drinking too much of EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
gested to the teacher of the banner class UNEQUALED
it. If your kidneys are out of order, drink
that it was a good time to imprint a deep
water, drink much water; get the purest lesson on the children’s minds. Time tables, maps and information
water you can, but drink, drink, drink, furnished on application to
“Now,. Johnny,” she said, “tell me the
until you have flushed out the sewers
of name of the hot place where bad people F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent
the body and made clean the excretory
who steal money go to?” Chicago
channels of the whole glandular system.
“Florida,” said Jimmy.—Tribune.
 POPULAR MECHANICS February 1, 1902.
‘‘Want"’ and “For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents per BUSINESS CHANCES. POSITIONS WANTED.
line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to
a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be FOR SALE--Steam auto truck; cost $5,000; SITUATION—Wanted by engineer; under
sell for $300. 3454 Dayton St., Chicago, Ill. stand running dynamo, high-speed Corliss en
forwarded promptly without extra charge. gines; do all repairs; best references. Address
WANTED—Manager; responsible; to take W. E. Young, 3800 Lake Ave., Chicago, ILL.
charge of warerooms and office to be opened SITUATION—Wanted by bookbinder as for
SPECIAL. in Springfield, Ill., to further business Tater warder or finisher, or foreman; in small city,
ests of old established manufacturing concern. Illinois preferred. Address Lock Box 284,
FOR SALE Five sets of 1-12 h. p. electric
Salary $125 per month and extra profits. Ap- Mattoon, Ill.
motor Castings, for $1.00 per set. Photo for
plicants must furnish good references and have
$800 cash. Address Manager, P. O. Box 1421, WANTED—Experienced French lady teache:
stamp. Roy A. Crihfield, Lincoln, Ill wants home in exchange for lessons. For ref
Philadelphia, Pa.
erences apply to Mlle, Villere, 578 E. Division
ENGINEER'S LICENSE—Mechanics, Engl. ESTABLISH a business. With our help you St., Chicago, Ill.
neers, firemen, electricians, etc., 40 page
can become a dealer in a line of goods that WANTED—The address of F. D. Siebeld,
pamphlet containing questions asked by Ex- are necessities in life; a business that will! harness maker; reward paid. John Siebold.
uming Board of Engineers; sent free. Geo. give you a steady and increasing income; a Pearl City,
A. Zeller, Publisher, Room 592, 18 8. 4th St., splendid opportunity for an honest, ambitious
St. Louis, Mo. WANTED—Hustling young man with ten
person; only one in each locality can secure years’ experience would like position in retail!
it. Full particulars free. Write today. Deca- hardware and stove store; thoroughly familiar
FOR SALE—Job lot new electrical goods tur Extract Co., Decatur, Ill.
given us to sell; list for stamp. We handle with prices; Al references. Box 341, Taun
AUTOMOBILES—Gasoline motors, 14 to 5 ton, Mass.
everything electrical and at lowest prices.
h. p. copper flues, float feed carburetors, mix- POSITION—By a practical, energetic, up to
Stamp for catalogue. Dept. N., T. Binford ing and pin valves, steam fittings, auto bells,
wong 3 Works, 994 Washington Blvd., Chi- odometers, caps, steam and air gauges, Dow date cornice and skylight maker as working
cago, Ill. foreman with reliable firm. Thomas Mack,
spark coils, plugs, batteries, apple igniting dy 180 South Second St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
namos, radiating coils, lamps, gradometers,
HELP WANTED. chains, injectors, band brakes, channel iron POSITION—As foreman, by a first-class, up
frames, springs, wheels, bodies, etc.; get cat- to date steel range maker, with all the latest
alogue. Dasey Co., 19 La Salle St., Chicago, Ll. idea of tools for the construction of cooks
WHY NOT TRY SIGN PAINTING? No ex- and ranges; strictly temperate and references
perience required; no fraud; samples, instruc- PATENTS—H. W. T. Jenner, patent attor- Al. Box 1, 1205 Fisher Bldg., Chicago, Hl.
tions, ete., 1c, City Sign Co., Springfield, O.
ney and mechanical expert, 608 F. St., Wash-
ington, D. ©. Established 1883. I ‘make ap POSITION—As salesman in any line of met-
examination free of charge, and report if a al work; good address, tact and energy, thor
TOOLMAKERS—Two. Address, stating ex- patent can be had and exactly how much it ough knowledge of gg | first-class
perience and wages expected. Sterling fee. references from reliable firm. ‘“‘Salem,’’ 117-
tric Co., Lafayette, Ind. will cost. Send for cireular.
119 South Fourth St., Philadelphia, Pa.
FOR SALE—One Diacksmith shop, wagon
PATTERN makers—First-class men familiar shop, paint shop, barn, shed and dwelling; un- POSITION—By salesman for steam, hot water
with car and car casting work preferred; first- excelled for pump and farm machinery bus!- and hot air heaters, having a wide acquaint
class wages, steady work. Apply to Superin- ness. Cheap. Address P. W. Peters, Wood- ance with New England trade; is open to en-
tendent Ilinois Car and Equipment Co., Hege- land, Wis. gagement for 1902; expert engineer, good bus-
wisch, Ill. Take Erie, Ft. Wayne, Monon or INFORMATION WANTED.—Subscriber has ness ability; references furnished; state ter-
Nickel-Plate road, a small machine shop he is anxious to estab- ritory and other requirements. ‘“S. and
lish in a small, thriving town; good equipment W.,”’ 70 Kilby St., Boston, Mass.
AGENTS—We have what you want, self- for doing work; is a first-class machinist and POSITION—By a young married man with
lighting pocket lamp, size of lead pencil, burns draughtsman, also expert bicycle maker and three years’ experience at the tinner’s trade;
perfectly; rapid seller; seeing is believing; fine gunsmith. Suggestions of a favorable lo- can do slate roofing; would like chance to fin
sample free to agents. Fountain Pocket Lamp cality acknowledged with grateful thanks and ish trade in Ohio or Illinois; can furnish ref
Co., 127 Duane 8t., New York. postage paid. W. BE. Piper, 343 E. 48rd St., erences; state wages. E. W. Hiatt, 520 Penn
Chicago, Ill. St., Muncie, Ind.
LATEST hit. ‘‘Mirror-in-your-hat,”’ with FOR SALE—My stock of harness and sad- POSITION—As plumber and gas fitter; nine
your name on. Sticks in any hat. Entirely dlery; also the lot and building; located in years’ practical experience in a general line
new; 12,000 sold first week. Sample free. one of the best towns in eastern Nebraska. of plumbing work; temperate and reliable:
Bryan Co., mfrs., C. 113, Cincinnati, O. Poor health cause of selling. W. R. Christ- reference; no tin work. John J. McMullen, 188
man, Hooper, Dodge Co., Nebraska. Straight St., Paterson, N. J
CIVIL Service Government Positions—9,889
appointments made last year; probably 10,00u
this year. Only common school education re-
a quired for examination. Catalogue of informa-
a free. Columb. Corr, Coll., Washington,

THE BACKUS
go
None better built
SALESMAN—To
Tourist Shirt
carry
Waists,”’
as side
patented.
line “The
Address
Slow Speed 2 2
Steppacher & Stern, Baltimore, Md. Safe and Sure 2
DRUGGIST—Must speak German; perma-
nent position to capable man. Address Jas.
M. Kenty, Gretna, Manitoba.

AGENTS—We have what people want; lamp

GAS AND
that makes its own gas at cost of 1 cent a
day; sells for $1; will send small model free to
those wishing to work for us. Write our De-
martment B today. Empire Gaslight Co., 90
Vest Broadway, New York.

GASOLINE
POPULAR MECHANICS—Pays best percent-
age to agents; easy to make $5 a day. Write
for particulars.
WANTED—Man in every city where artificial
gas is used to sell our Magic Gas Igniters. No

ENGINES ¥
more matches needed. Lasts forever. Magic
Gas Igniter Co., Indianapolis, Ind.
AGENTS—Newly patented household neces-
sity; just out; entirely new article; immense
seller; large profits; stamp for particulars.
Sims Mfg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y.
AGENTS—Wanted; cheaper than brooms;
sells everywhere; agents are making $3,000 to
$5,000 per year; write for territory at once.
The Gleaner Brush Co., Haverhill, Mass. Have replaced a large number of Otto Engines on
RULER—Union
Kennedy
man; no strike. Skinner &
Stationery Co., 410 N. 4th St., St. account of the Backus Engine doing the same
Louis, Mo.
BIG seller this time of year; everybody will work with smaller gas bills. If you want a high
use one or more
sample and terms.
boxes; good profits; send for
G. O. Myers Co., Atchison, grade economical Engine, write for prices and
Kas. i? iets
WANTED—An all round harness man for terms.
light and heavy work; must understand the
business and know the cutting; also another
man to do good and medium grade of light
work. Ed. Struensee Co., Grand Rapids, Mich.

“Who are you, that you come here and CHICAGO WATER MOTOR AND FAN CO.
talk to me like that?” asked one of the offi-
cers of the corporation. “Are you a stock- 216 Lake Street
holder?”
“No, sir,” he thundered; “I’m one of the CHICAGO, - ILLINOIS
strapholders.
 POPULAR MECHANICS
An Illustrated Weekly Review of the Mechanical Press of the World

Vol. 1. No. 5. CHICAGO, FEBRUARY 8, 1902. Price 5 CENTS.

Fighting Fires From Lofty Ladders

LATEST AMERICAN LADDER. DUBLIN, IRELAND, / FIRE LADDER.

 POPULAR MECHANICS February 8, 1902.
THE FIRST AND THE LATEST FIRE ENGINES. Miles Greenwood, the hero of the first fire engine, had the
machine built at the shops of A. B. & A. E. Latta. The engine
Half Century’s Progress Has Brought About Wonderful Improve- was named for Alderman Joe Ross of Cincinnati, who intro-
ments—The Aerial Truck. duced the order for its construction. Greenwood was afterward
made chief of the fire department with a salary of $1,000 per
“IT drove the team that
hauled the first steam fire engine ever
built; drove it to the first fire on which streams driven by steam
power ever played. It was in Cincinatti The ‘Uncle Joe Re as,

the first fire engine, had just been built by Miles Greenwood, and
all the town was anxious to see what it would do. My brother
and I were on our way to church Sunday morning rhe fire
bells started their clanging and we headed for Greenwood's
shop here the engine stood, steam up, four large horses
hitched to it, a crowd looking at it and Greenwood as mad as the
devil because he couldn't get a man to drive the horses
“You see all the firemen were opposed to this new invention
because they believed it would put thm out of business and spoil
1eir fun and nobody wanted to be stoned by them. They had
threateed all kinds of vengeance. Besides, the horses were kick
ing about furiously. I jumped on the back of a wheel horse,
BOSTON SELF-PROPELLER.
seized the reins and out we went kiting. When we got to th
conflagration we took suction from the canal, played two annum. He hired a man to look after his other business and
streams on the burning building and put the fire out. That was paid him a salary of $1,500 a year. Besides he presented his first
the biggest crowd I ever saw in my life and people yelled and year’s salary to the Mechanic's Institute. An eastern committee
shouted, while the firemen, standing around the piano machines visited Cincinnati to inspect the engine. In telling of its merits,
(the hand engines), jeered and groaned. The city hired me to Chief Greenwood said:
drive the four horses and paid me $75 a month. The engine “First, it never gets drunk; second, it never throws brick-
was a great long, wide affair, with a heavy boiler and ran on bats, and the only drawback connected with it is, it cannot
vote.”
three wheels, two behind and one in front to guide it by
“After two weeks a fellow offered to do my work for $50 a Our illustration is made from an old deguerrotype. The
month and they turned me off and hired him. The second fire Lattas, who built the first fire engine, are still engaged in the
he drove to he was run over and killed.” business in Cincinnati.
hus spoke an Iowan when telling of his experiences in Cin The “Uncle Joe Ross” marked a new era in fire service. Since
cinnati in the early days. then there has been a steady and rapid improvement all over the
lhe “Uncle Joe Ross” was sure enough the first fire engine world, until now in many cities may be found “self-propellers”
ever built. It went into service April 1, 1853. The half-century running by their own steam and faster than horses could draw
anniversary of the event will probably be observed in Cincinnati them. We illustrate one of these in service in Boston. It
on April I, 1903 weighs 17,coo pounds, will pump 1,350 gallons of water per min-

ee
ere
eee
POT
er
OS
RED
RR
oes
ee

THE FIRST STEAM FIRE ENGINE.

At that time, says the Fireman’s Herald, the hand engine or- ute, and will travel forward or backward at the control of the
ganizations of Cincinnati had fallen into a low state of exist- engineer.
ence. Fights between companies were almost as frequent as fires Another late invention which would have amazed the natives
and the fire station scenes of carousals atid debauchéty had in the days of the “Uncle Joe Ross” is the aerial truck, now used
driven all the better element out of the department. im all large cities. The two latest types we illustrate. One is
February 8, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 67

that built abroad and recently adopted by the fire department at of telephone and telegraph wires which make it possible to com-
Dublin, Ireland. The other was built by the Seagrave company municate with every department instantly and without fail. The
at Columbus, O., for New York City and has an extension of mine throughout is brightly lighted with electric lamps
85 feet. In the operation one man can raise the ladders, two The mine is that of the Thiederhall company in Thiede. The
men extend the upper section to 85 feet and two men turn it mining machinery is operated entirely by a direct current system
to the wall of a building, the whole work being done by three or of electricity. The electrically operated windlass is driven by
five men and requiring but 19 seconds two direct 500-volt motors of 150 horse-power each. The motors
~ieaanceeniiaailiied are shunt-wound and are capable of elevating a load of material
GLASS-BOTTOMED PLEASURE LAUNCH. at the ‘rate of 400 feet a second.—Western Electrician, Jan. 25

tre
H. E. Bemis, manager of the Victoria and Colonial hotels,
TO CROSS THE OCEAN IN A BALLOON.
belonging to the East Coast Hotel Company at Nassau, is having
built at Palm Beach a launch forty-eight feet in length, with
twenty-eight feet of plate glass bottom. This will be used for Drag Rope Makes It Possible, Says Aeronaut King, and Marks
trips to the sea gardens, says the Marine Journal. Prior to this a New Era.
innovation, the only way for the tourists to see the wonders of
marine plant life was through buckets with glass bottoms and Che invention and use of the drag rope has introduced a new
small rowboats with small glasses. Mr. Bemis conceived the era for the balloon, according to Aeronaut Samuel A. King, in
idea of a large boat with power and a large space with plate the Century. He says that this simple appendage makes the ocean
glass bottom, which would enable the tourists to get a better voyage a possibility
view of plant life, which is very rare in many of the bays sur- “Such an undertaking,” says King, “should have a clearly de-
rounding the island. This is the only boat of its kind ever built. fined motive, namely, nothing less than that complete demon-
Rowboats with glass bottoms are already in use on the Pacific stration of the latent possibilities of navigation by balloons in-
coast. stead of the impossible flying machine for which the world has
——_—_»--e——— been waiting so long. If a balloon capable of retaining its
ELECTRIC HOISTER IN THE BOWELS OF THE EARTH. buoyant gas in a marked degree were to ascend from any point
on the American coast line, and be kept poised at a given height
Lifts Material from a Depth of 1,700 Feet—Electric Lights and by means of a rope or ropes trailing loosely over the waves it
Signals. would be more or less speedily wafted across the Atlantic ocean.
West winds, of course, could not be expected always to pre-
Deep down in the mountain in a chamber dug from the solid vail, but as it is known that the general drift is eastward, it
rock in a mine near Brunswick, Germany, is an electric hoisting surely follows that the passage could be made

ELECTRICAL HOISTING MACHINE IN ROCK CHAMBER.

machine, which with the aid of tributary machinery lifts loads
of material from a depth of 1,700 feet in the bowels of the earth.
Probably there is not another mine extant so admirably equipped
with electrical signaling apparatus and other conveniences as
this one. Throughout the enormous depth there is a net work
The velocity of steam does not vary directly with the pres-
sure. The velocity of steam at 180 pounds gauge pressure is
1,969 feet per second, and at 100 pounds 1,876 feet per second,
The theoretical velocity of water at 100 pounds pressure is 122
feet per second.
 68 POPULAR MECHANICS February 8, 1902.

DRIVEN WELLS FOR FIRE PURPOSES. In his exhibition Mr. Hewitt employed a long glass tube,
charged with mercury gas. Through this the electrical current
Janesville, Wis., has a driven well for fire purposes which was passed and at once a cylindrical shaft of light appeared
has proven to be a great improvement on cisterns. It con- in the vessel, corresponding in its position with the tube’s axis.
sists of two twelve-inch water pipes connected so as to extend From the tubes emanated a steady, constant violet light, shading
in a line and a five-inch wrought iron pipe all connected to a off to a blue green. The lamp over the street door sent its rays
central T, the wrought iron pipe extending to the surface, and over a wide area. Even the blackness which prevailed about the
on both sides of the water main, or reservoir, points put down top of the high buildings directly opposite the club house was
at irregular depths, from 10 to 20 feet. The points are driven penetrated by the light. The mercury gas caused the violet
from four to six feet from the main and in line with the nipple tone of the light. Roughly epitomizing, Mr. Hewitt’s discovery
to which they have to be coupled. is somewhat similar in its working to the common Edison globe
with a gas or vapor as the conductor in the place of the film
usually employed.
a

LARGEST FIRE BOAT EVER BUILT.

Powerful Steel Vessel Made to Crush Its Way Through the Ice
and Dodge Other Craft.

Milwaukee is to have the largest and one of the most efficient

PLAN. and powerful fireboats ever built. It is now in progress of con-
struction under the supervision of W. J. Wood, naval architect,
Before laying the apparatus the earth should be excavated to of Chicago, who made the plans.
the level of the water, where the excavation should be not less In her duties of crushing her way through the ice gorges,
than 28 feet long by 14 feet wide. This kind of water supply, darting about among the many vessels that line the busy Mil-
says Municipal Engineering, cannot be obtained in all locali- waukee harbor, the new boat must necessarily be something more
ties. The water line must be within reach of the suction of the
engine, and the points no matter how deep they are must rest
in a gravel formation. The placing of the twelve-inch water

; >
ZG gY V/eeu
7. n oa 1], fe
“VW BR’
yy ¢
JY, ty
s

a
a le

be G ra ¥.-e Z fs >
[ < ocr : - i x
< a+ @ c e . . a" S Crewing coprrightet ty Ws Wet

SEES"a
yr
a oanermans
= =
es
2 ae, ee A — 4
se

SS << ee than a mere floating pumping station. Built of open-hearth

-
-@- = ak
“A
}
-
<i Be
dial a
<f7 steel, she is almost proof against damage when bumped against
~| ae 8-8

: % > rf “Hell : |
wharves or other vessels. The rudder is wider than that of any
g | th : al vessel of her size on the great lakes. It is 8% feet wide fore-
and-aft.
| TELA ALL. On deck will be a continuous steel house 72 feet 6 inches long,
ys ‘ | J 14 feet wide, and 6 feet 9 inches high. The length of the boat
ty
Se
AD
A
wm
7: TTALEUT 4. over all is 118 feet; length between perpendiculars, 107 feet;
.. # ‘ ie -\°
Bie L ; “fl - a beam, molded, 24 feet; breadth, extreme, 26 feet; depth of hold,
12 feet 9 inches; depth, molded, 13 feet 6 inches; draught, aft,
. ; : ‘ 6
10 feet 6 inches; draught, forward, 10 feet. The two boilers,
12 feet diameter by 11 feet long, are of 60,000 pounds marine
Esl an 1. ¥ EL |
et “7 © 7 ‘AO x |
steel to withstand a working pressure of 140 pounds. The two
°7 cs a ‘ = ee =" pumps with which the boat is equipped will throw 10,000 gallons
of water per minute.
. : | a>
| G a a ¥ ©& Z os eo in
: , Fao
= : rf THE IRISHMAN’S REPLY.
js 7 =o
ELEVATOR. A returning tourist says that when in Ireland on one occa-
sion he met an Irish drover with a number of cattle proceeding
pipe, to which the points are all connected two fee. below the
water line, gives a free flow of water in the pipe under an 18- to a fair in the south, and stopped him.
inch head, faster than any steam fire engine can take it out. “Where are you going to?” he asked.
_—
— o> “To Waterford Fair, yer hanner.”
“Indeed! How much do you expect to get for your cattle?”
SHINES LIKE THE SUN. said the inquisitive tourist.
“Shure, an’ av I get £8 the head I shall not do so badly,”
ees
eh
eee
ae
aad Peter Cooper Hewitt, of New York, proclaims to the world a replied Pat.
discovery which he promises will make a new era in electric “Ah, that’s a sample of your country,” said the visitor. “Now
illumination. At the Engineers’ Club, where Mr. Hewitt lectured take these heifers to England, and you could average £14 a
on the discovery a few nights ago, one of his lights hung over head.”
wees
wwe
= the entrance of the building, shining like a miniature sun, and “Just so, yer hanner, an’ av yez were to take the Lakes of
another in the lecture room made the interior seem like day. Killarney to purgathery yez would get a guinea a dhrop.”
February 8, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 69

;
3% inches long and 134 inches in external diameter. There

: Easy Electrical Experiments 3

should be a hole through the center of each spool, % inch in
diameter, so that they will slip on the arms of the iron bar just
; FOR BOYS,
described These spools are, of course, best made in a lathe,

but the writer has made them with no tools but a % inch bit, and
brace, and a sharp jack knife. In the latter case it is better to
cut out the shank of the spool separate from the ends of the
ELEMENTARY STUDIES IN ELECTRICITY. spool, and to glue the parts together with the aid of a few small
brads. The shank of the spool should be as thin as 15 consistent
L. P. DICKINSON. with mechanical strength

CHAPTER V. MAGNETISM.

Nearly every one is familiar with the effects produced by the

small steel “horse-shoe’”’ magnets, so common in the amateur
experimenter’s laboratory. They have the property of attracting
to themselves pieces of iron and steel when small bits of these
metals are placed near them. Indeed, a magnet has the power of
communicating its magnetism permanently to other bodies, such
as needles and tools made of steel. Many a boy has magnetized
his knife by rubbing it over a magnet, so that it will pick up
needles and pins and other small articles. The strangest part of
it is that from one magnet we can make a thousand other mag-
nets by rubbing bits of steel over it, without in the least weaken
ing the original magnet. What is this force which we call mag
netism? Clearly it is not a fluid, as was formerly supposed, for
a magnetized bar weighs no more than an unmagnetized one
And how could a magnet communicate some of its magretism to
another body, without losing some of its own properties, if the
magnetic effects were dependent upon some fluid residing within
the metal? Clearly the only difference between a magnetized and
an unmagnetized body must be a difference in their internal con-
ditions.
Every magnet has two poles, usually at its ends. Around these
poles there is a region where the magnetism is especially notice-
able. Pieces of steel placed there will be attracted or repelled. A
straight bar of magnetized steel, if hung up by a thread at its
center so as to hang horizontally, will turn so as to point north On each spool wind nine layers of No. 18 double cotton cov-
and south. The same end always points to the north, and is ered magnet wire. Be sure and wind each layer evenly and
called the north pole of the magnet, the opposite end being called tightly, as this adds much to the appearance of the finished coil,
the south pole. If two magnets be brought close together, so that When wound, slip the two spools of wire upon the iron core, and
their north poles are near each other, they will repel. But if the
wedge them tightly in place. Connect one end of the first coil
south pole of one be presented to the north pole of the other, to one end of the second coil. 'Be sure, however, that they are
they will attract. The student may easily verify these statements
connected in the following manner. Holding the magnet with
by using magnetized sewing needles, suspended by fine silk
its ends toward you, imagine a current to be flowing into one
threads.
terminal of the left hand coil and out at the other, so as to go
A very pretty experiment is as follows
:— around the magnet core in the same direction as the hands of
Procure a small horse shoe magnet, about six inches long.
a clock move. Connect the terminal of the first coil by which
Place it horizontally upon a sunny window sill, and having low- the current leaves the coil to one terminal of the second coil, in
ered the window shade, cover the magnet with a piece of blue
such a manner that the current will go around the second coil
print paper such as amateur photographers commonly use.
in a direction opposite to that in which the hands of a clock
Sprinkle upon this some very fine iron filings, holding the hand
move. Looking at the end of the magnet, the current will seem
some distance above the magnet, and sifting the filings slowly
to trace a figure 8 in going around the coils. Connect the two
through the fingers. Tap the paper gently to make the filings loose terminals to a powerful battery, and it will be found that
arrange themselves in regular lines. Now raise the shade, and
the iron core becomes strongly magnetized whenever a current
allow the sun to shine upon the blueprint paper for about five
flows through the coils, but that it loses nearly all its magnetism
minutes. Then shake off the filings, and place the paper in a
as soon as the current ceases.
dish of water. A beautiful picture of the magnetic field around (To be continued. )
the magnet will be obtained. The experiment may be varied by
using a photographic plate, exposing it to lamplight instead of — >sS

daylight, thus obtaining a negative from which a fine print may CARE IN BURNING OIL.
be made
Electric currents may be made to produce magnets. Many per- In firing with petroleum, if the fire should go out, as it some-
sons for this reason confuse magnetism and electricity, supposing times does when water is mixed with it, the oil continues to
them to be one and the same thing, dut they are not. A power- spray onto the hot furnace, generating a gas. If you attempt to
ful magnet operated by an electric current may be made as fol- light the fire the gas will explode with violence, says the Mining
lows: and Scientific Press. First shut off the flow of oil, then blow
Have a blacksmith cut for you a rod of soft iron or steel, 12 the gas up the smokestack, then you can light the fire with safety.
inches, long, and % inch in diameter. After being cut it should Never venture near a barrel or other vessel which has the
be bent into the form of the letter U, with the parallel arms of petroleum in it, with a naked light, as it is liable to have gas
the bar about 174 inches apart. Make two wooden spools, each in it, and is more dangerous than when full of petroleum.
 70 POPULAR MECHANICS February 8, 1902.

Popular Mechanics
“Alcohol can be made from fruits, grains, vegetables, from
straw. M. Sartiaux gives its lowest cost of production at I5
cents a gallon, equivalent to 7% cents a gallon for petroleum,
H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher
which has but half its fuel value At this rate the new fuel is
Journal Building, - - + Chicago cheaper than kerosene in Paris, and should be here when its
manufacture is perfected. The use of alcohol, whose materials
SUBSCRIPTION are grown by any farmer and cannot be monopolized, would free
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions, industry from the trusts which control both coal and oil. It
se tL Oks fs ass weds eee kenwe bene $1 00 may prove of great value to humanity everywhere.”
Foreign Countries, post paid.......................0005: 2 00 >>

Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.

LARGEST WAGON EVER BUILT.
Popular Mechanics jis an illustrated weekly review of the mechan-
ileal and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub- Colossal Thornycraft Wins Gold Medal at Liverpool Trials.
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac-
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of The Thornycroft steam lorry, which won a gold medal at the
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our Liverpool Trials, is said to be the largest- wagon ever built. It
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro-
eure from its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of is designed exclusively for heavy traffic. The frame is of chan-
that date. nel section steel, says the Moteur Age. The boiler is fixed to
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning.

Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.

Address,
POPULAR MECHANICS
journal Building, — ~ ~ Chicago
Application made for entry as second class mail matter.

ROD THAT ACTUALLY LOCATES METALS.

Earth’s Secrets Revealed by a Remarkable Electrical Appliance.

The “electric metal locator,” a scientific divining rod, which LARGEST WAGON EVER MADE.
may be relied upon to divulge earth’s secrets, has been invented
by Fred H. Brown of Chicago. Already it has revealed gold the frame work just behind the front axle. It is made entirely
mines in Idaho, Oregon, Missouri and Canada and a company of steel and is fired centrally through a shoot on top.
incorporated for $1,000,000 under the laws of Oregon, has pur- The driver’s seat is behind the boiler. The throttle valve is
chased the invention. on the right side and is provided with a spindle and a hand wheel
The device is based on the principle that an electric current will in easy reach of the driver. The coke bunkers are on either side
make a ground circuit along the lines of least resistance. It of the boiler and hold sufficient for a 50-mile run. Two water
being known that a metallic streak in the earth is a better con- tanks are used, one beneath the frame at the back and the other
ductor for the current than the ground on the earth side of the
metal makes it possible to take readings with the instrument and
to accurately locate ledges of metal.
The rods are stuck into the ground on a claim where metal
is superficially traced. Wires are strung between the rods and
as the rods are moved along on parallel lines, the resistance
given the electric current is read on the instruments. Where : © 2@ ee
‘ Cy
the least resistance is found it is generally the occasion for the eo
eo (*7)
o Y

operators to throw their hats into the air and order a _ hole i
<2 _2_¢ Weer:

dug instanter.
H °° 3°
The claims for the electric locator are that it will show the $ J

exact location of a vein or ledge of metal; give the depth of

@ © © )- ooo 3 o

the metal from the surface within a few feet; approximately

/
give the width of the vein; tell if no metal is present on a
claim. It will not indicate the kind of metal.
>>
ANOTHER TYPE OF STEAM WAGON,
a
ii

ALCOHOL AS FUEL. at a higher level. The engine is of the two-cylinder compound

type, having cylinders 4 inches and 7 inches in diameter by a
5-inch stroke. It is fixed horizontally beneath the framework.
Discussing fuels of the future, the New York World makes
The lubrication is of the splash principle, and the bearings per-
some curious statements concerning alcohol. It can be made
mit of a speed of 800 revolutions per minute, and develop as
anywhere, burns without smoke, is cheap to transport because it
much as 35 horse power.
is highly concentrated. The emperor of Germany is encouraging ~~
-_-?>
the growing of potatoes as raw material for the manufacture of
fuel alcohol. “An exhibition in Paris of appliances for burning Harley Smith of Jay county, Indiana, has a farm of 400 acres
it industrially attracted visitors from all Europe, and practicable which is to be given over entirely to the raising of quail. It
alcohol engines up to twenty-five horse-power were shown. In will be the only regularly conducted quail farm in the world.
a
ee
ewe
ee
eer
aere
our own state the Cornell University School of Forestry is mak- As the result of experiments, Mr. Smith says the quail can be
ing cheap alcohol from the hard timbér left uncut by Adirondack domesticated and can be made decidedly more profitable than
a
Jumbermen because it would not float down to their saw mills. any other kind of fowl.
February 8, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

AN ENGLISH POWER STATION of 450 ihp running under the same conditions as the larger m
chine
The street railway system of Portsmouth, England, has re “In the two larger sizes the diameter of the high pre
cently been changed from horses to the trolley system, and 1s cylinder is 18 ins., low pressure 36 ins., stroke 42 1 diameter
crank shaft 17 , ind
the largest municipally owned and operated road in the south of of piston rods 42 1ns., diameter of

England. There are about 30 miles of track upon which are run diameter and length of main journals, 14 11 by 2 |
80 cars of the double-deck type, the upper deck of seats being diameter of the fly-wheel of the large sets is 18 feet and weig
open and reached by a winding stairway at each end of the car approximately 25 tons
The Street Railway Journal in an interesting illustrated arti “The diameter of the high pressure cylinder of the smallet
cle of Jan. 4, gives a thorough and comprehensive account of engine is 15 ins., the low pressure 30 ins., the stroke being 3¢
this road. The power station is described as follows: ins The diameter of fly whee f , A

“The steam plant comprises three boilers of the water tube mately 22 tons

ELECTRIC RAILWAY POWER STATION, PORTSMOUTH, ENGLAND,

type, each of which is capable of evaporating 12,000 pounds of “The fly-wheel is provided with a flange for coupling to a
water per hour at a working pressure of 160 pounds per square corresponding flange on the armature spider of the generator, the
inch. Two of the engines are horizontal cross-compound type object being to take the heavy, sudden strains of overload off
with Corliss valve gear, each developing 640 ihp under normal the shaft and keys.”
conditions and at the most economical load, and 900 ihp at —
their maximum load, when running at a speed of 90-to 100 r. p.
m., and with a pressure at stop valve of 150 pounds per square Head of a Foreign Missionary Bureau—Where would you
inch, and working condensing. The third engine is of the hori- prefer to locate as a young missionary?
zontal tandem-compound type with Corliss valve gear and de- Young Missionary—Well, if possible, where the natives are
velops 320 ihp under normal conditions with an overload capacity vegetarians.-—Brooklyn Eagle.
 tc POPULAR MECHANICS February 8, 1902.

PROPER INSTALLATION OF THE BLOW-OFF. may act as a minature chimney to carry a supply of cool air
in and around the blow-off pipe. This is accomplished by cut-
Danger and Waste Result from Its Neglect and Wrongful Ap-
plication.

It is very hard to impress on the mind of the average engineer

the importance of the blow-off as a scale remover, says the
Practical Engineer. When the blow-off of a boiler is w rongly
rranged or improperly handled, it is likely to give rise to a

et
Le

FIG. 3.
—

ting the jacket, as shown, three inches short of the boiler, and
blocking it .in at, say, three places, to ensure rigidity.

STRONGEST ARTIFICIAL LIGHT EVER PRODUCED.

All Who Looked at It Were Blinded for Days—Physicians

Astounded.
never-ending source of trouble. It is a simple looking con
trivance, yet there is no other attachment except the safety
What is believed to have been the most powerful artificial
valve and water gauge, that is worthy of more attention and
light ever known was produced at Buffalo in removing a “sala-
thought.
mander” from a furnace of the Buffalo Union Furnace company.
Blow-off pipes are frequently so arranged that they enter the
A salamander is a mass of iron and refuse in a blast furnace
front or back head, as indicated in Fig. 1, This is exceedingly
that accumulates until it becomes necessary to clean it out and
incorrect. The idea in placing the pipe in such a position is
reline the furnace with firebrick. Drilling proved so slow that
oe
ee
Coe that it will not burn off by having sediment lay in it in suffi-
it was decided to burn holes in the mass by means of an electric
cient quantity to allow it to become overheated. But by placing
arc. The carbon, which was made especially for the work, was
it this way you destroy its efficiency in removing the sludge,
72 inches long and two inches in diameter. It required all the
the boiler can never be drained dry without siphoning, and it 1s
power of two dynamos that supply the electricity for the entire
impossible to “wash” the bottom successfully owing to the poor
works and for operating an electric crane. Frederick D. Gat-
method of drainage.
chell, chief electrician of the company, said:
Che proper place of attachment for the blow-off is about four
“We had a current of 350 amperes and a voltage of 220, which
inches from the rear head, immediately in the bottom of the
represents about 100 horse-power. I connected the positive side
as
~- of the circuit to the furnace, using a water pipe for a binding
TMA
ey
TTen post, and the negative side to the carbon. When the current
was turned on a light was produced that equalled about 308,000
candle-power. It was equal to about 160 of the are lights used
for street lighting. This produced a heat of nearly 5,000 degrees.
We burned a hole with this apparatus, 4 inches in diameter and
25 inches deep, in four hours. Into this dynamite was placed
and the mass was broken up into small pieces.
“All who looked at the light suffered from severe inflam-
mation of the eyes. The only exceptions were two men who
wore plain white glasses. Before I reached- home I was nearly
blind and in terrible agony. My physician was completely. puz-
zled. My eyes were bloodshot and the lids so inflamed that
they were completely closed. The ailment continued for four
days. The skin on my face peeled off. The doctor could not
account for the trouble unless it were that the light was of too
great a volume for the optical nerves to accommodate. He was
entirely at a loss to account for the manner in which my face
we
eee was affected.
FIG. 2.
=_-?S

shell, as shown in Fig. 2. A careful study of Fig. 3 will show The star boarder who was reading his paper at breakfast
the correct method of placing the pipe and the proper jacketing. suddenly gave a low shriek and fell to the floor. Kind hands
Se: The upright pipe should be run, as shown, beneath the flooring lifted him to a couch, and somebody went for a doctor. The
and then out through the brickwork. This being done a com- more curious among those present picked up the paper and
er plete jacket should be. put over all, of such diameter as to en- saw what had shocked him. It was an item reading:
sure quite a space between the jacket and pipe. The outer end “California will ship sixty million pounds of prunes to the
——— of the jacket should be exposed to the air in such shape that it Eastern markets this year.”—Baltimore American.
February 8, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

ODDEST BRIDGE IN THE WORLD. MAIL CAR THAT.RUNS FOUR HUNDRED to the lamp and the switch lever. The light
MILES AN HOUR. may be turned off or on at pleasure Che
Unlike any other bridge in the world is inventor is William W. Me ormick, of
the new structure across the Lehigh river, A mail car which the inventor claims Santa Rosa, Cal
the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co.’s canal may attain a speed of 400 miles an hour
->-s
and the tracks of the Lehigh Valley rail has been built by Edward A. Kelly, of
road at Easton, Pa. It is a suspension Norfolk, Va. He expects it to be adopted A SAW HORSE FOR TINNERS.
foot bridge, 804 feet long and only ten by the United States government for the
feet wide. Its north approach is 90 feet mail service. The car is made of metal
“The ‘tinner’s saw horse’ is a model of con
higher than its south approach; it has two and operated by electricity
venience,” says a contributor to the Amet
river spans instead of one, each 279 feet The vehicle is shaped like a ship lhe
ican artisan. It is made by fastening th
long; and it has a star span that is 110 feet power used comes under the magnet system
rolls, folders, etc., to a wooden horse. like
in length and conveys the current to the car from
those of the carpenter's saw horse Phe
large tapering iron plates. Mr Kelly says
top and back of the horse should be as
the car will go from New York to Wash
wide as the base of the machine, and th
ington in an hour
legs made of 2x6 timbers, tapering toward
—-
CIRCULAR MIL.

A Circular Mil, as the term is employed

to measure the cross-sectional areas of
wires used in electrical work, is .7854
square mil, the mil being .oor inch Che
electrical resistance of a wire 1 foot long
and having one circular mil cross-section
area, being known as the result of experi-
ment, the electrical resistance of another
|
en wire of the same metal and different cross
So
a
section is readily calculated
SoA]

TESTING STRENGTH OF GLUE.

To overcome the unequal elevation of

the bridge, the floor is run down on a 7 In making tests of the quality of glue and
per cent grade from the north bank to the the adhesive strength of joints made with
rivei tower. From this point to the low the glue at different states of fluidity, a
end are four runs of stairs, the whole being good test is to take two pieces of the wood the bottom. Che inventor claims that they
suspended from the cables. It was neces- being worked, 1x4 inches in size, and glue are convenient to approach with large and
Sary to resist wind pressure by running them together with a lap of 4 inches. When odd-shaped work; when wanted they can
guy ropes from the center of the two main “set” and dry, stand the block on end and be brought out into a convenient place, and
spans to shore. The bridge has steel tow- try to break the joint by striking with a when not in use may be set aside in a cor
ers resting on stone piers, which are built heavy hammer, says the Wood-Worker ner or other small spa
up to extreme high water level. The height The fracture produced will determine if it
of the center tower from low water to the — +s
is the glue or the wood that has let go and
top of the saddle is 108 feet. It has two will give a fairly correct idea’ of the BABBITTING PULLEY SLEEVES
steel wire cables, each 2% inches in diam- strength of the glue used
eter, and ¥%-inch suspenders. The steel a i —
A correspondent of Steam Engineering
stiffening trusses are 5 feet 3 inches deep.
ELECTRIC LIGHT ATTACHMENT TO A gives the following method of babbitting
They are broad laterally at panel points to
TRAVELER S GRIP. pulley sleeves, which he says is a good one,
the floor beams. The bridge has wooden
joists, a plank floor and wooden handrails. if the sleeves are turned on the outside
A California traveling man who has
It was designed by H. G. Tyrrell, of probably had difficulty in groping his way
Take a piece of shaft the size of the
Boston. shaft on which the pulley runs, or, say 1-64
in the dark in small towns, has invented a
—— inch larger. Take two collars and bore
grip which contains a complete electric
OYSTERS IN KANSAS. them the size of this arbor. Countersink
one end of each and put one collar on the
The people of Kansas are not one whit arbor with the countersunk side up Place
behind the times. The claims of bigger the two halves of the sleeve on the arbor
grasshoppers, largest pumpkins and fiercest resting on the countersunk part of the col
cyclones will be forgotten when she raises lar, then slide the other collar down on the
her own oysters. sleeve, catching the sleeve the same way
There are immense salt wells in the Have two holes drilled through the top
State. An enterprising man who owns collar, one on each side, to pour the bab
some of these wells has had an immense bitt through; separate the two halves with
lake made, and turned a flow of “fresh” strips of tin well coated with white lead,
salt water into it. The pond is from 3 to lighting apparatus. The lamp is located in or something of that kind. It will be seen
30 feet deep and 14 miles long. He is a glass case in the side of the grip and that the collars will bring the sleeve cen-
planting the lake with living oysters, the may be turned on by shifting a switch lever tral with the arbor. When the rig is ad-
finest he can secure, shipped by “fast ex- under the handle at the top. A dry plate justed one side can be poured and then the
press from the Atlantic coast. The suc- battery of tabular form is contained in the other. All that is required to hold them
cess of the novel undertaking remains to bottom. Conducting wires lead through in place is something to press down on
be seen. the lining of the satchel from the battery the top collar.
 74 POPULAR MECHANICS February 8, 1902.

TOILS WITHIN THE GRASP OF DEATH. Sut the shooter, sitting above the concen- TERRIBLE RESULTS OF BOILER EX-
But the shooter, sitting above the concen- PLOSION
Most Perilous of Occupations Is That of trated extract of annihilation, complacently
the Oil Well Shooter. Cause Is Attributed to Turning Cold Feed
guides his team as the wagon bumps along
Water Into the Boilers.
over rough roads. It is generally claimed
“Risking one’s life from one to a hun- that ordinary concussions will not explode Four known dead and 30 injured are
dred times a day, never knowing when he nitro-glycerine, but the shooter always among the disastrous results of the ter-
leaves home whether he will return alive looks after the spring of his wagon, because rible boiler explosion at Park Brothers’
or whether the earth will be strewn with the history of nitro-glycerine explosions mills of the Crucible Steel Company of
his fragmental remains, is not the most has more weight with him than any theo- America at Pittsburgh, Pa. Three return
pleasant life in the world,” said the old oil- ries as to the nature of the death-dealing tubular boilers exploded almost simul-
shooter, “but such an occupation is neces- substance. He knows full well if the taneously, scattering fragments all over
sary that people may have oil to saturate wagon load of the dangerous stuff does the neighborhood. Of the eight boilers in
the wick of their parlor lamps. ‘go off’ while he is driving it, the chances the plant only two escaped serious injury.
“Nitro glycerine, which is death in con- of his escape are not worth considering. Two flew into an adjoining plant, one burst
crete and bottled up form, and the ‘go- “The last shell, called the ‘firing head,’ into a hundred pieces, two were driven
devil’ are the two principal foes to leng- is filled with nitro-glycerine and sunk into against a wall of tangled iron stacks, a
evity with which the oil well shooter is in the well. [he cord is unhooked and piece of another crashed clear through a
constant companionship ‘Toying with reeled up. Here is where the ‘go-devil’ brick house a square away, and other
death,’ the phrase commonly used in de- comes in. It is a piece of casting, about heavy pieces passed entirely over the build-
scribing the shooter’s occupation, is erro- 15 inches long with wings extending out ing, burying themselves in the earth when

ew:
2ST

errr

CR
ne
ERI
te
A

RESULT OF BOILER EXPLOSION, PITTSBURG.

neous. He avoids as many as possible of about two inches on each side and painted they fell. Just how many were actually
the thousand chances of being blown into at one end. The ‘go-devil’ is dropped into killed and injured may never be known, as
atoms that might present themselves in a the well. Long before this all but the the company refuses to give out any in-
lay. The shooter's -return for shaking shooter have fled to safe grounds. The formation. ‘There were 100 men working
eSOr
eeEET
hands with death every day of his life is shooter promptly but not hurriedly re- in the building at the time, and it seems
a fairly remunerative salary, possibly $100 tires. Thirty or fifty seconds elapse, a jar miraculous that the list of dead and in-
a month. It is a business that has no fixed is felt and a column of dirt and water jured is no greater.
hours or union scale of wages. Its duties spurts high above the derrick. If oil has Taking all points into’ consideration,
are calculated to keep untrained nerves been struck it will follow up afterward. says the Practical Engineer, it seems that
continually on edge. “As soon as it appears that the attempt the explosion was caused through turning
“The stock wagons used in transferring has been successful, the shooter may hitch cold feed water into the boilers, which
nitro-glycerine from the factory to the dif- up his team and drive home. If not, if had too little water in them at the time.
ferent magazines hold 90 cans, enough to some of the thousand and one possible ac- ———--
~ +e
wipe out a whole town. The _ shooter’s cidents happen the victim’s friends sorrow
wagon is smaller, having a capacity of fully gather up such portions of his anat- A company has been organized to con-
from 12 to 28 cans. There is something omy as can be found and hold a funeral struct a suspension bridge for railway and
uncanny in the very sight of one of these over them. A cigar box is usually sufficient other purposes to span the Strait of Canso,
wagons, with a sign painted on the sides to contain the remains of the man who re- between Nova Scotia and Cape Breton
and back in yellow letters, large enough to ceives the full force of a charge of nitro- Island. It will be the highest suspension
read a quarter of a mile away, glycerine.” bridge in the world.
 February 8, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 75

PIGEONS CARRIED IN METAL CASES. ELECTRIC SIGNALS TO RECORD MAIL MELON KING NOW BUYS FISH AND
COLLECTING. GAME.
Veteran Birds of the South African War
Exhibited in London. An electrical appliance to record collec First to Place the Deliciously Flavored
tions from mail boxes will be established Texas Frog on the Market.
A new machine for transporting pigeons by the postoffice department in Toledo, O., Nat Wetzel,. “the melon king,” who
consists of metal covers, made to fit the as an experiment. The object is to prevent earned his title by cornering the melon
pigeons, and so constructed that the bird collectors from skipping boxes. The de market of the country several years ago, 1s
can be fed without letting it loose. The vice is so constructed that whenever a box now in Beaumont, Texas, and has his eye
accompanying cuts show the contrivance, is opened a record of the opening is sig on the fish and game market. He has been
both open and closed. naled to the postoffice. there for some time, presumably. making
Homing pigeons took a conspicuous posi- oe that city his headquarters while engaged
tion in the sixth annual display of the COLD STORAGE DOES NOT PRESERVE in hunting expeditions. It is learned,
London North Road Federation at the FOODS. however, that while doing his “hunting,”
Royal Acquarium Some of the birds were he has made arrangements for a mammoth
veterans of the South African war. having Cold storage does not save meats and cold storage to be stocked with fish and
other edibles from deteriorating in a tan- game. He has bargained with rural resi
gible way, according to the Sanitary Rec dents for $30,000 worth of frogs, almost
ord. Those who eat them for any length an equal amount of ducks, squirrels and
of time develop diarrhoeal disorders, lose quail as many as can be tendered him,
in weight and would eventually starve to fish in wholesale quantities, all of which
death unless a change in diet were made he will ship to northern markets through
The same applies to tinned fruits and vege- previous arrangement
tables. They should not be eaten after a Millions of frogs, the finest known, in
certain period has elapsed. Especially habit the Neches river and its tributaries
should people be warned against eating in the vicinity of Beaumont, but this is
stale eggs and old milk and cream. All the first step that has ever been taken to
food, especially cold storage food, is dam- place them on the market The native
——
yy 7 4 aged by long keeping and will not properly
nourish the body.
Texans do not consider them proper food
for the table
—_——__~--e—___— +e
SAYS THE CHINESE INVENTED THE LIFE PRESERVER THAT MAY BE
COMPASS. PROPELLED
ee
carried dispatches from Ladysmith. Alto-
It has been proposed by the Italian jour-
gether there were 1,002 birds on exhibi- Lorenzo Genta, chief officer of the Italian
nals, says the Coast Seaman's Journal, to
tion, 927 being of the competitive class. ship Narcissus, has invented a life pre-
celebrate next year as the sixth century of
Carrier pigeons released from Milwau- server which will not only keep the wearer
the mariner’s compass. It is to be in
kee, Wis., not long ago, made a new record afloat in the roughest sea, but will en
honor of Flavo Gioia, who, according to
in flight, traveling 81 miles in an hour able him to propel himself to a place of
tradition, invented the compass in 1302.
In transporting .the pigeon from the safety. The inventor will cross the En-
Gioia is supposed to have been a resident
place to which it is to fly back, the bird is glish Channel in his new device to prove
of Amalfi, near Florence. A careful te
kept in a dark cage. On arriving at des- its efficacy.
search «fails to reveal any such name
tination, the message is attached to one The preserver is in the form of that part
among the residents of that city, and the
leg or about the néck, and. the bird, re- of a life-boat forward of the beam It is
recotds make no ‘mention of the compass
leased. It rises to.a height of several hun- attached to the back of a person’s head,
in the inventories of vessels. .Father Ber-
dred feet, circles about once or. twice to shoulders arid body, leaving the arms free.
“telli, of the “Unita Cattolica,” Florence; has
get its bearings, and then darts, swiftly The wearer, when in the water, lies pros
furnished q contribution in which he de-
away in the right direction. Whatever in- trate on‘his back, and the apparatus is kept
clares ‘that thet Chinese were thé-first to afloat by. several air-tight compartment:
stinct it is which enables the pigeon to do
discover the valuable directive property of
this, it is ¢ertainly a wondérful power. A propeller beneath the body is operated
the magnetized needle, and that: its .ase
——_
+e
by means of a lever and produces a speed
was introduced into -Italy nine centuriés
of.three miles an hour,
LONG DISTANCE FOG HORN. ago instead of six centuries ago.
= >>
i

A ‘foghorn to be heard twelve miles away MUTE VIOLIN FOR PRACTICE. USELESSNESS OF LIGHTING RODS
is being placed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
It is4 feet in-diameter at the outer end and To_render a violin mute,:make a bridge~ How Real Protection May Be Obtained By
12 feet long, the sound being produced by Cheaper and More Convenient Methods.
of “bone or ivory,*of the sajne pattern, as
driving compiessed air through a double the ordinary one, but omitting the perfora- The avhole matter of lightning rods was
set of valves carrying revolving discs with tions. .Make the feet rather. wider ‘than conceived im ignorance and has been ex
holes cut in them. One set of discs pro- usual; and glue a, piece 6t,kid. under. them ploited in folly, says the Electrical Review.
duceS a deep roar and the other a shrill to protect the soft wood of the violin belly, No’man can tell whether a lightning rod
shri¢k. Clockwork controls the valves,.and Use in addition te this a-rather heavy métat does’ more good than harm or more harm
every two minutes there is’a roar and ten mute, and if this does-not suffice, farther than good. If a house has a tin roof, it is
seconds later a shriek. The horn is oper- kill. the sound by. pasting pieces of paper absolutely.safe, anyway. If it has a steel
ated -by compressed air contained in three over the sound holes or by stuffing them frame construction or is full of water
tanks, each 6 feet in diameter and 12 feet with cotton-wool. If these plans , are pipes, itis still safer. If it is a frame house
long, and the compressors are worked by carried out there will be but very little with a. shingle roof, entire safety for it
three oil engines. The sound can be heard sound, and the violin can be restored to may be secured by building a copper house
at a’distance of even 15 niile on a favor-+ its former power in a few minutes if re- outside of it. This we believe is the only
able day. quired. absolutely efficient lightning protection
‘
 aG POPULAR MECHANICS February 8, 1902.
ments is a revelation to old -time craftsmen as to what regular
course study will do in educating the hand and eye
“The name ‘Manual Training School’ is frequently misunder-
stood,” said William H. Odenatt, principal of the school.
“Many who are not familiar with educational progress still be
lieve that a manual training school teaches trades and is thus
intended only for those who wish to become artisans This
narrow interpretation, however, ‘s gradually disappearing. The
system which the Northeast Manual Training School represents
is based upon the principal that the training of the eye and
the hand is an essential part of the training of the mind. It is eg
n2
e

now generally recognized that stch courses as are offered_ by

pA! aT the Northeast Manual Training School are the best preparation

4 yN& RAINING for the successful pursuit of all branches of profession and
business life.”

~ SCHOOL The course of study covers three vears

curriculum is the usual
The basis of the
high school course in mathematics, sci
ence, English literature, history. civics, econcmics, French, Ger
man and Spanish. To these studies of the ordinary high school
are added courses in drawing, and in the use of tools for work
Great Advantages of Educating the Hand and Eye Demonstrated ing wood and metal.
by Pupils. Each pupil in the freshman class in the course of economic
forestry is taught to recognize at sight 20 or 25 of the common
Wonderful results of the education of the hand and eye as lumber producing forest trees The timber of ‘the tree is
well as the mind is demonstrated in the achievement of pupils studied, its use, its elasticity, its loss in weight by seasoning and
of the Northeast Manual Training school of Philadelphia. Here its use and value as a commercial product
ifter three years’ training young men are able to turn out Department of Manual Training.—In the metal department the
specimens of work equal to that of many of the leading machine course in the freshman class is begun with moulding and cast
shops of the country. Even at the end of one and two years ing in various forms from pig lead. also a course in core making
the student's prowess in handling tools is often a surprise t9 svitable for the castings made during the moulding period
men of life-long experience. In the illustration heading this Chen follows a course in tinsmithiig, consisting of soldering,
article is shown a specimen of ornamental iron work executed seaming, flanging, wiring and forming of projects into plane,
by the class of 1902. Another illustration shows ornamental conical and cylindrical surfaces. During the second term ele-
iron work made by a third-year man. The forging work, wosd mentary lessons in vise work are given comprised of chipping
work, drawing, tinsmithing, clay modeling, exneriments in chem and filing projects of cast iron into plane, angular and curved
istry and electricity and the work of numerous other depart- surfaces

CN
ES
Le
et

ere
ee
wo

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT. =

 February 8, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 77

Elementary tool instruction is given, such as plain, cylindrical 5,000 MILES OF RAILROAD BUILT LAST YEAR
and taper turning, right and left-hand V and square thread
screw cutting; boring with lathe tools and boring bar. Ex ALL RECORDS BROKEN SINCE I8Q0—TEXAS LEADS THE OTHER STATES
ternal and internal chuck work and fitting closes with orna
mental iron work from designs by the pupil. All records of railway building in the United States since 1890
In the course there is the making and assembling of the sev were broken by the year 1901. During the year 5,057 miles of
new track were built, making the total mileage of the country
at the present time 199,370 miles. It is believed that the record
of 1890, which was 5,670 miles, would have been surpassed but
for the scarcity of labor and the inability of steel mulls to tur
nish rails
Texas leads all the other states of the Union, 583 miles of
‘ ; : s
new road having been built in that state during the year. Okla
homa is second with 428 miles. Next is New Mexico with 275
miles; Georgia, 203 miles; Wisconsin, 196 miles; Missouri, 189
miles; Indiana, 174 miles; Minnesota, 171 miles; Lllinois, 164
miles; Michigan, 164 miles; Louisiana, 150 miles; Indian Jet
ritory, 157 miles; Arkansas, 156 miles; Pennsylvania, 153 miles
There has been very little building in the eastern and New Eng
land states excepting Pennsylvania. The longest single line built
during the year was by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific from
Liberal, Kan., to Santa Rosa, N. M., 265 miles
Se Oe

FOUGHT AND KILLED A SHARK IN WATER

A remarkable battle with a shark in the shark's native element

resulted in a victory for Benjamin F. Baker, sailmaker’s mat
of Brockton, Mass., and for his bravery he has been recom
| mended by the officers of the United States Training Ship Al
Fi liance for a medal of honor
When the vessel was at St. Thomas, D. W. I., says the Marine
Journal, the crew was ordered to refrain from swimming, as the
harbor was full of sharks. One night three of the crew stole
IRON WORK—CLASS 1903. overboard, taking the ship’s dog with them The dog was
seized by a monster shark. Terror-stricken the three men swam
eral parts of an engine, pump, dynamo, physical apparatus, or
for the ship, but the shark gained upon them. Baker dived over
any project, best calculated to illustrate the more important prin-
the rail and armed only with a dirk, swam directly toward the
ciples of modern machinery. The various forms and construc-
approaching shark, and diving beneath it thrust his knife into
tion of modern boilers and engines are explained by lectures
its belly, ripping it open from throat to tail. The shark measured
and drawings and practical examples. The several fuels used
14 ft. 9 in. The dog had been swallowed whole. Baker has al
for steam making and those best adapted to this purpose are
ready been awarded one medal for personal bravery, as he as
considered.
sisted in cutting the cable at Guantanimo under fir:
In the wood-working department the instruction is in ad-
. 2.
vanced joinery, pattern making, wood-turning and wood-carv-
ing. In joinery the principles previously learned are applied CAPILLARY ATTRACTION OF SOILS.

Useful lessons in the capillary attraction of soils may be

De
obtained with the aid of a half dozen or more glass cylinders
from one to two inches in diameter and two or three feet long
Fill them with soil of different descriptions and of varying
degrees of fineness and stand them in a vessel containing a few
inches of water. By this you may determine the quantity of
water a given bulk of each kind of soil will take and also s¢
how the height of water in soil is determined by its compact
ness.
“Free water in soil,” says the Gardener's Magazine, “is that
which by the laws of gravity passes through it. Free water is
not used directly by plants, but it becomes of great service to
them when a proper distance below the surface because it forms
a reservoir from which plants may obtain supplies of moisture
by capillary attraction. Capillary water is that which is held
TRON WORK—CLASS 1902.
by adhesion to the soil particles. It is not influenced by grav
to the making of some articles of furniture which is to be ity, but passes from one part of the soil to another and tends
carved. The instruction in pattern making in wood is preceded to maintain an equal @egree of moisture. Capillary water is
by moulding in the metal department, these two branches being directly utilized by plants, and its importance in the economy of
so closely allied that one is made dependent on the other. cropping is very great. Hydroscopic water is that which sur
>> rounds the soil particles and is not influenced by either capillary
or gravity.”
The mathematician who figured out how much water to ‘a liemnaiicaiigaliaintiait
quart passes over Niagara Falls in a year, after much mental out-
A promoter is trying to organize a trust among the oakum
lay officially announces that it is two pints.
manufacturers. Would be a calking affair.
 8 POPULAR MECHANICS February 8, 1902.
WIND MILLS TO LIGHT GREAT CITIES. by condensing quickly noise is produced. There may be no
traps in the pipes, and still the noise takes place, and again the
New Storage Battery Invented by Edison Holds Out Wonderful pipes may be perfectly free and clear and the noise exist. Some-
Possibilities. times such heaters are placed too deep in the fire box, so that they
become too hot for the work they have to perform and the size
Through the use of the new storage battery invented by Edi- connections they have between the heater and boiler. It is al-
son, the lighting of Chicago and other large cities by means ways a good plan in the pipe work of such hot water attach-
of a system of windmills, was suggested by Franklin H. Head ments to form a pocket or dip, as shown in the accompanying
in a recent lecture before the students of the University of sketch at D, so that the return water will have to rise as it
Chicago. enters the heater. Evidently there. must be some obstruction in
“A belt of windmills around Chicago for forty miles,” he the pipe connections, which should be carefully examined, and,
said, “would supply storage batteries with enough electricity to anyway, it would be better to use 1-inch pipes in place of 44-inch
light the whole city of Chicago constantly and possibly to heat between heater and boiler, without reducing same at any point.
it too. If what Mr. Edison thinks is true, he has made a most >
-_>-?>
valuable storage battery for electricity. The lead storage bat-
tery in use on one street car line today is too expensive; it weighs
SIMPLE HOT WATER SYSTEM.
seven tons, and has to be recharged after every eight-mile trip.
In towns where there are no local water works to furnish
The new battery Mr. Edison has invented weighs in proportion
pressure, the providing of a hot water outfit for sink and bath-
one-fourth and seems indestructible. He has had batteries in his
room is something of a problem. The Metal Worker, Jan. 4,
laboratory a year and a half, and they have kept their charge of
illustrates a plan of piping which almost anyone can install.
electricity. His invention is of enormous value to the world.
Water is pumped from a well or cistern as desired, into a small
“There are endless sources of power about us if the power
tank placed near the ceiling, but with elevation sufficient to
they afford could only be stored up. Take the windmill—it is
furnish the necessary flow.
not constant. But with the new Edison storage battery the
The bottom of this tank should be at least two feet above the
windmill could run a dynamo when the wind blows and the
top of the boiler. The water should be taken from the bottom
power generated could be saved in a storage battery.
“For manufacturing purposes the storage battery would prove
of great value. Take a factory where the manufacturer has 100
horse-power provided constantly. At noon when the plant is
shut down there is a great waste. With the use of a storage
battery the manufacturer could save all the power.
“The farmer’s wind mill would mean much more to him. By the
use of a dynamo and a storage battery he could have his wind-
=
LO mill do the thrashing and cut the corn for fodder, while his wife
could have it heat the flat-irons and do the churning. He might
put up three windmills and heat his house without the use of
fuel.”
Mr. Head explained that Edison had developed a new oxide
of iron, an oxide which never occurs in nature, and an unknown CISTERN

composition of nickel, which were used as the new battery, and

ene
emt
ee explained that steel was used in the cell because of jts elasticity.
HO Tz Meta, WorKER

TO CURE POUNDING IN PIPES. of the tank to the boiler, and a small pipe should be run from
the tank near the top to the bathtub, so that when the tank is
A reader of the American Artisan asks for a remedy for sufficienly full water flowing into the bathtub will give notice
thumping or pounding of hot water in his pipes which connect of it. A much larger pipe should lead from the tank at the
a furnace heater with the kitchen tank. The remedy suggested same level out of doors, so that in case of overflow the surplus
was as follows: water can be discharged where it will do no harm. The pipe
—— supplying cold water to the bathtub should be taken out of the
ad COLD
side of the tank several inches above the bottom. The pipe
which is to bring hot water from the boiler to the bathtub
should run up to a height equal to that of the cold water supply
KITCHEN to the bathtub. This will make it impossible for all the water
mts
te
to be drawn from the tank, and to leave the boiler without a
++ water supply. Where the tank is so slightly above the top of
Coss
the boiler, very little water pressure will be exerted, and in case
of heavy firing, steam is likely to be generated. In conse-

£ quence, a small pipe should be carried

in the hot water pipe and run above
from the highest point
the top of the tank, and
the end turned down over it. This is to allow for the escape
of steam and air.
wwe

wee
me
Lee,
neafer As a train was moving out of a Scotch station, a man in
one of the compartments noticed that the porter in whose charge
=@
he had left his baggage had not put it into the van, and shouted
out to him:
ee
ee
ee
ap
ennepg “Hi! you old fool! What do you mean by not putting my
luggage into your van?”
Where a hot water system gives a thumping noise, as de- The porter replied: “Ah, man, your luggage is ne'er such a
scribed by our subscriber, the cause is always due to defective fool as yourself. You're on the wrong train."—New York
circulation, which results in generating steam in the heater, and Tribune.
 8, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS
February

ELECTRICAL TERMS.
MACHINERY, ENGINES, $1.95 UNION SUIT $y,
SHAFTING, »# »* » PIPE. Workingmen'’s Union Suits. Every Gar
Everything in wood and iron used in con- ment made to actual measure Send
structing and operating; new and second- for directions for self-measurement
and (rebuilt), cheaper than you can buy We sell direct from the factory to the
anywhere else. Write us first. consumer and save all intermediate ex
pense of handling. You get this. Write
CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO., CHICAGO for catalog or call.
UNION SUIT MFG. CO.
54 FIFTH AVE. (4thFloor) CHICAGO
«rp icp Fopular Mechanics.
Is a Salve which
if promptly ap.
heal — plied will cool
all ordinary burns from fire, hot iron or SCIENCE GAINS ANOTHER VICTORY
hot water, and will absolutely prevent
blister. Takes out all the burn in from FITS CURED
one to five minutes. Will not cure Write for Reference
everything, but is excellent for reduc-
ing inflammation and healing many HOME TREATMENT (0., - 504 Stevens Bullding
chronic sores, chapped hands or lips, Indianapolis, Ind.
ete. Is made of the purest vegetable
products only, and is perfectly harm-
less. Excellent for tightness of the
throat or chest. Although in use for (1) A sensitive receiver. (2) A multi-
many years, is now put on the market
for the first time. Once used, always ple-contact switch—London Elec. Times.
wanted.
cents.
Sent postpaid anywhere,
If not as represented money
25
Chrisman’s Paraffine Paint
cheerfully returned. Address amount of iron that can be heated and For iron bridges, fences and structural
COLDBURN, Room 604 handled for it. work; tin, steel, iron, felt or cotton
duck roofs. None better and few as
162 Washington Street, - Chicago It is claimed that 85 per cent of loco- good. Cotton duck the coming roof.

motive forgings and nearly every job on a PARAFFINE PAINT WORKS, ELORED, PA.
car can be turned out without the aid of
MECHANICAL BLACKSMITH. the blacksmith’s hammer, while the ter-
rific blow it strikes has an advantage over
a squeeze of the power machine, making
Iwo pneumatic forging machines, “Me-
a more perfect job. Straps, draw-bar
chanical Blacksmiths,” now in operation at
pockets, frame buckles, pipe clamps, valve
the Burnside shops of the Illinois Central
yokes, and the like, of any dimensions,
railroad, are the first of this design ever
may be made from the same dies by mere-
constructed. So successful did the inven-
ly applying plates to the faces of the dies 25,000 NEW WORDS, ETC.
tion prove that six more are now being Prepared under the direct supervision of W. T.
of such thickness as will furnish the de- HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D., United States Com-
built. They are to be of three different
sired sizes. By placing liners over the missioner of Education, assisted by a large corps
sizes, says the Railway and Engineering of competent specialists and editors. ‘
face of the dic used in forming pipe New Plates Throughout. Rich Bindings.
Review of Dec. 28, two of each size, the 2364 Pages. 5000 Illustrations.
clamps it is possible to forge 30 to 40 dif-
largest having cylinders 24 by 31 inches G2 The International was first issued in 18q0]
ferent sizes of clamps in one minute, while succeeding the’ Unabridged.” The New Edition
and weighing 15 tons, the next having of the International was issued in ~
a locomotive main rod strap, weighing 236 Ictober, 1900. Get latest and best.
cylinders 20 by 26 inches and weighing 9
pounds, has been forged in 47 seconds, and Also Webster’s Collegiate! wesster’s
tons and two small machines with cylin- Dictionary. INTERNATIONAL /
a valve yoke forged complete in five min-
der of 16 by 22 inches estimated to weigh Specimen pages, etc., of both
utes. Turnbuckles are forged and welded books sent on application. ‘ -
5 tons. G.&G. C. Merriam Co., Springfield, Mass.
in two operations, smoke arch braces in
The “Mechanical Blacksmith” consists one blow, while the thimble or eyelet for
of a T-shaped frame or bed plate and is rope hoists is bent and grooved in a single
operated by two cylinders, one plunger operation. From one to three minutes
and one adjrstable die. On the longer arm only is required to change the dies neces-
of the bed plate is mounted the 24 by 31 sary in the most complicated jobs, and in
inch air cylinder, the piston of which fur- every case this can be done before the
nishes the power movement to the bull- metal in the furnace can be brought to the
Peer:
dozing plunger. On top, at either side of proper heat for working. The machine was FAMOUS
the shorter arms, are the die-holding designed and perfected by Martin Ken-
forms, which can be set to open and close nedy, foreman blacksmith.
TRAIN
at any desired distance between them, and ——_<0e@-—- OF THE
one side of which is operated by a lever
connecting with the plunger of a 24 by 31
The obliging shopman sent
WORLD
The cheap present she had meant
inch air cylinder below. This machine is To look like something costly, as it ought, Chicago---St. Paul---Minneapolis
designed for a working air pressure of 125 But she learned to her despair

THE ST. PAUL ROAD

pounds and some idea of its power will be That the price mark still was there,
gained when it is seen that it exerts a And we really couldn’t print the things she
Static pressure of 57,000 pounds. The thought. (Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)
rapidity with which the blows can be —Philadelphia Press. EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
struck is limited only by the speed with wwe
—_—->
UNEQUALED
which a man can operate an angle-cock, John I. Sabin, president of the Chicago
as the return of the plunger is effected by Telephone Company, said: “I think the Time tables, maps and information
means of compressed air instead of the furnished on application to
time is near when the telephone will sup-
usual spring, present in other machines, plant the telegraph, not only in railroad- F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent
while the capacity of the mechanism for ing, but in many other branches of busi- Chicago
turning out work is restricted only by the ness.” 0000000000
 si) POPULAR MECHANICS February 8, 1902.
HOW THE HINDOO CLARIFIES WATER. ‘‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents per
line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to
__.POSITIONS WANTED. |
a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be PLUMBER—First class, temperate, best of
references. P. Kelly, 194 Concord street,
\lum has been used in Asia for the forward.d promptly without extra charge. Brooklyn, N. Y.
clarification of water from time immemor- _TINSMITH AND SHEET IRON WORKER—
SPECIAL. Can do anything in the line of roofing, range
able. On the borders of the Ganges, says heater and furnace work. E. Burger, 1376
FOR SALE—Five sets of 1-12 h. p. electric Third ave., New York.
the Water and Gas Review, it is usual to
motur castings, for $1.00 per set. Photo for SHIPPER OR TRAVELING SALESMAN—
fill large earthenware pots with water at stump. Roy A. Crihfield, Lincoln, Ill. Industrious young man, understands stove
range business. 47 Milford st.. Brooklyn, N. Y.
night. A bamboo stick is split open at ENGINEER'S LICENSE—Mechanics, Engl- MECHANICS, engineers, firemen, electricians
one end. A piece of alum is introduced neers, firemen, electricians, etc., 40 page etc., 40-page pamphlet containing questions
pamphlet containing questions asked by Ex- asked by examining board of engineers; George
in the slit and the Hindoo stirs up the amiug Board of Emgineers; sent free. Geo. A. Zeller, publisher, room 80, 18 South Fourth
A. Zeller, Publisher, Room 592, 18 S. 4th St., street, St. Louis.
water with the end that holds the alum St. Louis, Mo.
SALESMAN for farm implements, Michigau
In the morning the water is found clear. preferred territory; years of experience; refer
FOR SALE—Job lot new electrical goods
given us to sell; list for stamp. We handle ences gilt edged. Address box 75, Grand
everything electrical and at lowest prices. Junction, Mich.
HE TUMBLED. Stamp for catalogue. Dept. N., T. Binford TINNER—Understands plumbing and furnace
ong > Works, 994 Washington Blvd., Chi- work, have had experience in hardware and
cago, : furniture business, speaks four langauges.
Lawrence Marchetti, Weston, Pa.
HELP WANTED. HOUSEKEEPER OR COMPANION—Woman
with one child. References. P. O. Box 76,
Hamilton, Ia.
WANTED—Superintendent of Construction
for quarrying and masonry, using compressed IMPLEMENT AND VEHICLE SALESMAN
air drills, engines and heavy derricks—salary
—12 years eagereemee, Barnum, 295 Lincoln
ave., Chicago, Il.
$100 per month. Only Al men, sober and well
recommended need apply. John W. Hays Co., SALESMAN—In any line of metal work.
Cc. E., Petersburg, Va. thorough knowledge of manufacturing, 117-119
South Fourth street, Philadelphia, Penn.
WANTED—By March Ist, a good tinner and SALESMAN—For steam, hot water and hoi
furnace man; would like a man that has some air heaters; wide acquaintance with New Eng-
knowledge of nae and bicycle work. Rod- land trade. “S. and H. W.,”’ 70 Kilby street,
ney & Monk, Humeston, Ia. Boston, Mass.
WANTED—A first class salesman for the BOOKBINDER—Forwarder or finisher, or
foreman, in small city of Illinois preferred.
stove and house furnishing trade in Wisconsin
and Minnesota. All correspondence confidential. Lock Box 284, Matttoon, III.
&.>- Lindemann & Hoverson Co., Milwaukee, LAUNDRY MANAGER—Up to date, Wes:
3. — Address Manager Dalton Steam
“John, slip on something and come zaundry, Dalton, Ga.
CORNICE MAKER—Competent to cut on
down-stairs quick!” work, make drawings and estimates also com- WANTED~—Side line; for my men to handle
on commission; I have men traveling all over
petent galvanized iron stock tankmaker. Gedge
the state. O. A: Rudolpb, Canton, S, D.
Bros. Iron Roofing Company, Anderson, Ind.
SALESMEN—To introduce Williams Patent BUSINESS CHANCES.
Adjustable Stove Pipe fastener. Lawrence
Stamping Works, North Lawrence, N. Y. FOR RENT—Fine store for hardware bual-
ness. S. Scott, White Plains, N. Y.
PLUMBER AND TINNER—At once; steady FOR SALE—Paying tin business; reasons:
work to good man. Jos Netzer, Laredo, Tex. a Address 710 Maryland av., Butte,
Mont.
ASSISTANT FOREMAN in Cornice Shop, PARTNEK to manufacture new patented hy-
Johnston Mfg. Co., Greensboro, N. C. draulic ram of great merit; J. M. Kline, Beay-
ertown, Pa.
EXPERIENCED MARKER AND BUNDLER
wanted; lady preferred; state wages and expe- WANTED—Farm machines of kill kinds to
rience; contract for one year given. Address manufacture cheap. All work guaranteed.
Troy Laundry Co., Helena, Mont. Small orders as well as large ones given special
avtention. Address Livingston Agricultural
WANTED—An all around machine man ex- Foundry & Machine Works, Albia, Ia.
perienced in wind mill and pump work. Good WANTED—One 12 to 20-h. p. vertical boiler
mages to good man. Mummert & O'Neal, Au- and engine for laundry, one 100-shirt washer;
john slipped on the rug—Chicago Tri- relia, Ia. one 20 to 40-inch centrifugal wringer; one hign
beard combined ironer; one blower and gas ma-
bune. PATTERN MAKER who understands mold- chine; shafting, hangers, pulleys, belts, ete.;
= > ing, can make drawings for house, heating and must be new or nearly so; good and a bargain.
hot water boilers, and design a new boiler to Address Box 265, Siloam Springs, Ark.
WHAT EACH OF US IS WORTH. put on the market—M. N. Hedges, Chatta- FOR SALE—One blacksmith shop, wagon
nooga, Tenn. , shop, paint shop, barn, shed and dwelling un-
excelled for pump and farm machinery busi-
I HAVE A NICE SIDE LINE—Undertakers’ ness, Cheap. Address P. W. Peters, Wood-
The human body of average weight con- necessity; no ten-cent job; more than expenses
land, Wis.
in it; men of high order only need apply; whole
tains three pounds thirteen ounces of cal- United States to work on. J. T. McKein, WANTED—Second hand, first <class, plain
Thorntown, Ind. Corliss engine, about 18x36. State make, condi-
cium, says the American Analyst. Cal- tion, length service, delivery, price. E. D.
cium, at present market rates, is worth $300 WANTED —First-class wind mill man for [Il- Willis, Box 419, Aurora, I).
inois territory. Address, seating experience, FOR SALE—Wagon shop, fully equipped
an ounce, so that the amount of it- con- Wolcott Wind Mill Co., Saginaw, W. 8., Mich. with all necessary machinery, in one of the
tained in one human body has a money best towns in Iowa. For particulars write to
WANTED—Salesmen to handle an easy, Lock Box 21, Waukon, Ia. :
value of $18,300. Few of our fellow-citi- quick seller; good commission; no competition,
WANTED—To buy a good paying hardware
no sample needed. Write Hirsch Brothers, business, from $2,000 to $3,500. In town of
zens realize that they are worth so much Milwaukee, Wis. from 500 or more inhabitants, with good terri-
intrinsically. WANTED bright, first-class mechanical drafts-
tory. Enclose stamped envelope for reply. Ad-
ee Re man familiar with gasoline engine construc-
dress B. A. H., Rockwell City, Ia.
tion; one who has a knowledge of air compres- FOR SALE—One beading machine with
Beneath the spreading chestnut tree the sors preferred. Opening for a bright, energetic stand, takes No. 10 work, aud 1 pair No. 2 O.
man. State age, experience and salary ex- G. Rollers, good as new, has not done 10 days
village blacksmith stood, a-shoeing Hig- — Address ££. F. Link, Frankersmith,
_—_ Address Compressed Air, 415 Lincoln
gin’s old brown mule the best way that he rust Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. Mich.
could. ™
DEVICE FOR HOLDING vice used by him for 30 years, by which
A PLUMB BOB
Beneath the spreading chestnut tree the
LINE. the plumb bob line may, be easily length-
mule, with smile divine, still stood, the
ened or shortened. The slide is of bone or
while the blacksmith soared beyond the
A correspondent from Victoria, B. C., hard wood about 2% inches long, % inch
county line.
>> illustrates in the Engineering News, a de- wide and 1-16 inch thick.
The Milaska, Japan’s new battleship,
owe which has just been built at Portsmouth,
England, is said to be the most powerful
war vessel afloat.
 “WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT

POPULAR MECHANICS
An Illustrated Weekly Review of the Mechanical Press of the World

Vol. 1. No. 6. CHICAGO, FEBRUARY 15, 1902. Price 5 Cents.

THE OIL WONDER OF THE WORLD

Great Geysers which Spout 70,000 Barrels Daily

Copyright, 1901, by Trast, Bedimont, Texas.

 POPULAR MECHANICS February 15, 1902.

GREATEST OIL WELLS IN THE WORLD.

History of the Texas Oil Field—Present Capacity 5,000,000

Barrels Daily.

Ever since the white man invaded Texas he has observed in

different parts of the State little pools of water on which floated
a thin scum of oil. In some places this scum thickened into a
paste which was used for axle grease. About six years ago some
wells were sunk at Corsicana, which were increased to nearly
500. These wells produce about 12 barrels each per day when
pumped.
In the spring of 1890 a stranger drifted into Beaumont, Texas,
which is in Jefferson county, the southeast corner of the State;
and about 150 miles southeast of Corsicana. This man was
Capt. Lucas. He brought with him a steam drilling outfit and
commenced work two miles from town on a little rise of ground.
He was the laughing stock of the country for miles about, and
when some three months later he gave up the undertaking as a
bad job he had plenty to remind him they “had told you so.”
He left his “well” and shipped his outfit away and was quickly
forgotten.
Several months later two strangers arrived and began buying
land “for a rice farm,” paying from $3 to $6 per acre for the un-
improved land. They did not have much money, but it hap-
pened that what they did buy was adjoining the little piece
where the Lucas folly had been. The land secured, to the sur-
prise of every one, Capt. Lucas again appeared, bringing back
the drilling outfit, and determined to try it once more. The drill
had been running only a few days when, on January roth, 1901,
oil was struck, the derrick blown to pieces by the discharge, and
Capt. Lucas in an instant became the biggest man in Texas.
He dipped his drill in oil and wrote it indellibly in history along-
side that of Fremont, the gold finder. Incidentally his three
and six-dollar land in a few months was selling for $250,000
an acre.
But to return to the well. After doing all the damage pos-
siblé it continued to spout its solid stream of oil nearly 200 feet
into the air, and discharged something like 50,000 barrels every *
24 hours. The whole country was threatened with the oil deluge.
People from town and country joined hands in a fruitless effort
to stop or even control the flow. Still it spouted on with un-
diminished power. An artificial lake was formed covering sev-
eral acres, and men and teams worked night and day raising
earth banks to restrain it. Finally after 10 days of perilous work,
the well was capped, the valve closed and the monster was a
captive. And not a moment too soon. The next day the lake
containing half a million barrels of oil took fire, the flames
rising 500 feet in the air, while the smoke was carried up thou-
sands of feet and was visible for miles. Such is the thrilling
story of the greatest oil discovery in the world’s history.
The story of the few following months is one of almost un-
paralleled activity. Prospectors and investors by thousands
swarmed into Beaumont. For want of other accommodations
business was transacted in the streets, where for weeks, thou-
sands surged from 4 a. m. until the next morning at two o'clock,
: buying and selling lands. Owners of lands previously worth
only a few dollars per acre found ready buyers at as many
thousand dollars an acre.
As fast as money and men could do the work, other oil geysers
were “brought in” until now, in less than 13 months from the
first strike there are some 130 of them capable of producing from
30,000 to 70,000 barrels each per day. If all the wells were al-
lowed to flow the total output is estimated at not less than
5,000,000 barrels per day. There have been no “dusters” (dry
wells) in the proven field, which is about half a mile wide and
a mile long.
To sink a well a strong derrick 69 feet high is first erected.
A portable boiler and two small steam engines are set. One
engine does the hoisting, the other pumps water, for the Beau-
February 15, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 83

mont wells are bored with a rotary drill and not as so many
eastern wells were sunk, by lifting and dropping a sharp pointed
weight. Two sets of heavy pipe are used. The outer one for
the casing usually six or eight inches in diameter, and a smaller
one which is suspended inside. The smaller pipe has an augur
device at the bottom end, and is turned from left to right; at
the same time water at 40 pounds pressure is pumped through
it, washing the borings up through the larger pipe and flowing
away at the mouth of the well. At a depth of about 1,000 feet
oil commences to flow out with the water. Strong valves are
then attached at the top and work continued with care. Finally
the “cap rock” is pierced and the great underground lake of oil
struggles to escape under a pressure of 400 pounds to the square
inch. The supply seems inexhaustible and the pressure is as
great today as a year ago.
As in every such discovery many companies were formed
more for the purpose of selling stock, than for legitimate pro-
duction. This has been unfortunate and a great injury to those
concerns which are actually engaged in oil business and not
mere stock jobbers. A marvelous amount of work has been ac
complished, nearly 200 miles of pipe lines have been laid, several
reaching to tide water where great ocean vessels load in a few
hours with a cargo of 50,000 barrels at a time, for Europe.
Thousands of tons of well piping have been required; great
iron tanks erected with an aggregate capacity of millions of
barrels storage; and hundreds of tank cars built. A refinery is
now being erected with a capacity of 30,000 barrels a day.
While the oil refines into the usual petroleum products, the
greatest output will be for fuel. One railroad alone in the
South will save $500,000 a year by burning oil instead of coal.
Three barrels ct oil equal one ton of good soft coal. It is only
a question of time necessary to construct the transporting tank
cars and tank ships to make Texas oil a condition certain to
revolutionize the fuel question of the South, and to a large ex-
tent that of the entire country ast of the Rocky mountains
It already has created great excitement in Europe.
Our front page illustration shows a well flowing an 8-inch
stream a distance of 175 feet; the other spouting straight up in
the air 210 feet: Both are 70,000 barrel daily wells. We are
indebted to Geo. M. McKinney, Chicago, of the Southern Pacific
Railroad for the photographs. Texas oil has already made
hundreds rich, and is destined to enrich thousands more.
ow
>
TO PUMP AIR FROM THE SKY.
It is proposed to try an interesting experiment in the way of
cooling the air at the international exposition to be held next
year in St. Louis, says Age of Steel. The idea is to reduce the
high temperature of the grounds during the summer months by
drawing downward cool currents from an altitude of 800 to 1,000
feet above the ground and. distributing over the fair grounds air
from 10 to 15 degrees cooler than the surface temperature. The
plan, according to a published description, comprehends the con-
struction of an aerial tower or stand pipe of the aforesaid height.
with lower termination about 50 feet above the ground, where
large fans or blowers are attached that will draw a current down-
COST AND HANDLING OF GLUE.
Cheaper and Better Grades Compared—Useful Figures About the
Preparation.
More than $7,000,000 annually is spent in the United States
for glue and yet few people know how to buy or use it Made
up properly the better grade requires 39 pounds of glue plus
61 pounds of water to give 100 pounds of liquid glue ready in
the pot for joining hard wood, says the Wood-Worker. From
the cheap glue we must take 42 pounds of glue plus 58 pounds
of water to get our 100 pounds of glue liquid. The better glue
requires 10 per cent less glue, but 10 per cent more water in
order to get the same quantity of liquid from both, namely 100
pounds of exactly the same fluidity of body.
The difference between the two glues in regard to strength is
fully as large as the difference in spread. The better grade car
ries a stram of at least 47 pounds, while the other only resists
39 pounds.
To get the cost multiply the required number of pounds of
dry glue with the price, and we have the cost of 100 pounds
of liquid. For the joint glue we need 39 pounds of glue (and
61 pounds of water) costing 12 cents per pound dry glue, or
$4.68 for 100 pounds liquid glue. For the lower grade we must
take 44 pounds glue (and 56 pounds of water) at 9 cents per
pound dry glue, at a cost of $3.96 for the 100 pounds in the pot.
Both glues give the same quantity, namely 100 pounds of
liquid of exactly the same body, and the 100 pounds glue liquid
from either will, of course, cover exactly the same surface. To
use the better grade costs $4.68; to use the lower grade, $3.96, or
72 cents less. The cost is in favor of the lower glue if the
strength of the dork done is to be ignored, but for the general
use of the wood-worker the better grade will, in the long run,
be found the cheaper.
a ee
TO TELL THE POWER OF YOUR AUTOMOBILE.
Rational Basis for Comparison of Motors Suggested—C. P. In-
stead of H. P.
When we see two carriages of about the same weight driven
by motors of the same rated horse-power, and one makes the
other an “also ran” in a five-mile race, says Frank C Hudson
in the Automobile Magazine, we think of three possible ex
planations—supposing the motors to be working well. These are
Better handling by operator, less loss in transmission of power
to wheels, or larger horses in the power rating
A rational basis for the comparison of motors is suggested
The quickest method is to consider cylinder volume as the diam
eter squared multiplied by stroke, which, while not accurate as
to the volume, would do well for comparison as cylinder wol
umes vary by the squares of their diameter.
Take two earriages, one with a 6 by 6 cylinder, 800 revolutions,
weight 1,800 pounds; the other a double cylinder 4 by 4 moter,
1,200 revolutions, 1,200 pounds weight
The first is

ward at the rate of 20 or 30 miles an hour, equivalent to a pump- x«+6xX 6 >* 800
ing capacity of 500,000 cubic feet of air per minute. This volume -- 9.6 Rated Power
of air will cover an acre 10 feet deep—in an hour 60 acres and
10 < 1,800
in six hours 360 acres. After sundown the temperature, it is
claimed, can be held below 80 degrees F. The fans are to be The second is:
started at 4 a. m., when the air is coolest. By 10 o’clock the 2 (4 X 4 X 4) X 1,200
buildings and grounds would be filled with fresh air and so main- 12.8 Rated Power.
tained during the day. 10 X 1,200
Bt»
ii
Increasing the weight of the second carriage to 1,600 pounds
General Palmer, who presented Colorado Springs with Austin would bring them both to the same rated power.
Bluff park for public use, did so with the proviso that no horse- As this is not really the H. P. it might avoid confusion to
less carriages be allowed within the park. designate it as the C. P. or comparative power instead.
 S-+4 POPULAR MECHANICS February 15, 1902.

FIGHTING SNOW IN THE ROCKIES. rection care must be taken not to pass the belt on the wrong
side of the spindle when the belt is put on.
Where the American Railroad Man Proves His Supremacy Above —__-e—___—
All. ONLY SALVAGE GRAIN DRIER IN THE WORLD.

Heavy snow storms that have prevailed throughout the north- While It Has a Vociferous Smell; It Is a Boon to the Under-
west of late have brought into use all of the latest inventions in writer.
snow plows. Many railways have beeen completely submerged
for hundreds of miles. In the drifts from mountains and hills Chicago is the home of the only salvage grain drier in the
the snow has been so deep that even the giant plows are almost United States and probably in the world, operated for grain own-
completely submerged. ers and underwriters. There are other grain driers, but they will
The annual battle of snow in the Rockies is regarded as the not handle this kind of grain because of its offensive odors. But
Chicago, the city of the stock yards and packing houses, does not
mind malodorous smells. Beside this grain drier, however,
Armour’s Packing House would smell like a perfume factory.
The drier seems to work wonders. Wheat spoiled to such an
extent.that it could scarcely be given away, undergoes a treat-
ment as a result of which it has sold for as high as 58 cents. It
will dry any kind of grain, no matter how wet or soft. The
grain, after going through the process, will keep perfectly and
may be stored or shipped anywhere. The dried grain still re
tains a degree of its smell, though, and for this reason is only
fit for feeding.
The grain shipped to the drier, is shoveled out of the car over
an oscillating screw, which separates from it all the pieces of
charcoal, sticks, etc. It drops from there into an elevator leg
(a wide rubber belt fitted with cups and buckets) and this car-
ries it up to the top of the brick structure, 42 feet high, to the
drier. The drier consists of a series of racks into which the
grain drops by gravity, and disposes itself into vertical columns
Hot air blown by a fan through steam coils is forced through
the layers of grain, which causes it to dry. Then the operator
by throwing a lever drops all the grain into a lower section
of racks, where it is submitted to a similar treatment of cold
air. Then the grain is dropped out of the drier into a hori-
zontal conveying belt which carries it into an elevator proper
and delivers it into a second elevator leg. This carries it up
and deposits it in a storage bin. From here it is carriéd to a
separating bin where it goes over a series of screens. In its
passage a constant blast of air takes out all the dust. chaft
supreme test of American railroading and the successful issue and light grains. From this it goes into the scourer (a hori-
every year is the best proof that the yankee railroad man is the zontal iron drum), which revolves in a body of grain.
Railroad
It re-
ora pluckiest as well as the most scientific in the world. moves all the mould and foreign substances adhering to the
men of today wonder how they ever got along without the rotary grain. Then the process is over and the grain goes into storage
snow plow, just as up-to-date mining men wonder how they ever or is loaded into cars for shipment.
made any headway without the air drill. There are certain
It requires just 1% hours for the grain to be transformed
passes in Colorado and Wyoming that are the bane of the from the wet state in the car to the finished. dry, hard, but
hardest snow fighters in the world. Among them might be men- still bad-smelling grain in the storage bin.
tioned Alpine Pass, Boreas and Sherman hill. The accompany- >
oS
ing cut from the Railway Review, shows a snow plow at work, NORTHWESTERN ADOPTS NEW SIGNAL CODE.
pushed by two locomotives.
iid
Red Displayed in Any Way Means Instant Stop. Green for
TO MAKE THE BELT DRIVE THE SPINDLE.
Special Trains Abolished.

The accompanying cut from the Wood-Worker illustrates how

The standard code of railway signals, known as the American
a belt may be made to drive the spindle by passing over two
Railway association code, has been adopted by the Chicago &
Northwestern Railway. The object of the railway association in
deciding on a standard code was to make it possible for a rail-
way man to work on any road in the country without the neces
—_——
sity of learning new rules when he changes his service. The sys-
tem, it is believed, will materially lessen the probability of acci-
dent.
The change on the Northwestern will be gradual and will be
made so that the men will become accustomed to the new rules
in sections, Green signals have been abolished in so far as their
use indicated a special train, and white signals have been sub-
stituted therefor. When the code is in full operation a display
of red
a signal will indicate an instant stop. The color red will
pulleys and one idler. The arrows indicate the direction of the be eliminated except to indicate danger. The next change will
pulleys and the belt. To make the spindle run in the right di- be in the character of the light to indicate sections of trains.
 February 15, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 2
85

THE HOHENZOLLERN, THE FINEST YACHT AFLOAT.

Splendid Furnishings Include Silver Service Weighing Two Tons

and Valued at $1,250,000.

None of the famous yachts owned by American millionaires

can compare with Emperor William’s Hohenzollern, which
brings Prince Henry to this country. She is the finest yacht
afloat. She is a big, broad, bark-rigged double funnelled ship,
flanked fore and aft with lifeboats. She has blind ports where
deadly guns lurk in their locked carriages ready for action. She
has the same cliff-like look along the bulwarks as the Atlantic
liners, the same deep-sea rake to her funnels, the same wide
sweep to her saloon decks. From the port or starboard bow
may be seen the Hohenzollern’s teeth. Chere is the forward
curve of the sub-marine ram, the warship appearance around the
dead-eyes.
i
N s The Hollenzollern is built entirely of steel. She was laid

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registered capacity of 9,460 horse-power. Her speed capacity
a Allert 4
ee is 20 knots an hour.
tmwe| |i aij! (ee LT
dN
Lod mn The splendid furnishings of the interior include a silver serv-

| ice valued at $1,250,000, the most magnificent the world has

i,Wid
ever seen. The entire weight of the service is more than two
~~ tons. On the middle deck amidships are Kaiser Wilhelm’s pri-

EHeaNS
a.
Th
.»
vate cabins which Prince Henry now occupies. They are bril-

Co
>|
liantly lighted with electricity and fitted with telephones com-
“Y municating with every part of the ship. The dining room on
the main deck, is wide and spacious, seating 30 or more. The
pretty family saloon in blue and silver is a favorite haunt of
the empress when voyaging on the yacht. Close by is the
Kaiser’s council roam. Adjoining is Prince Henry’s private
office. Directly opposite the kaiser’s sleeping apartments is the
luxurious boudoir formerly occupied by the empress
 POPULAR MECHANICS February 15, 1902.

Popular Mechanics
EAR OF CORN SEVEN FEET LONG.

H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher An ear of corn seven feet long was exhibited by the Camp-
bell Corn Drill Company, of Harrison, O., at the Cincinnati
Journal Building, - - - Chicago
Vehicle and Implement show. The ear was not grown of earth’s
soil, however, but was made by the pasting of 49,462 grains of
SUBSCRIPTICN
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
NS 655s cua 6 EAA eee ek be Rkweesin Seen ss wien $1 00
Foreign Countries, post paid......................00005- 2 00
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan-
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac-
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
readers who desire to study ali the details of the subject should pro-
ure from its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date.
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning.

Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.

Address,
POPULAR MECHANICS
Journal Building, - - Chicago
Application made for entry as second class mail matter.

CAUGHT 1,500 TERRAPIN IN ONE DAY.

Several years ago Carll Newcomb, a farmer and trapper of

Cedarville, N, J., started a terrapin farm on meadow land which
he owned, and at much expense and labor he gathered together
nearly 1,500 small diamond-back terrapin. The New Jersey laws
prohibit any person having in his possession terrapin less than
four inches long. Nearly all of Newcomb’s terrapin came within
that limit. Although not of a marketable size they were worth
more than $2,000. The game wardens learned of Newcomb’s
novel farm, and they arrested him and confiscated the terrapin.
Newcomb declares that he bought the terrapin from fishermen
who caught them on the Delaware side of the bay, and that they
were not a product of Jersey waters. He has begun suit for
$10,000 damages for false arrest and the loss of his terrapin.
ee-
CAMPBELL’S BIG EAR OF CORN.
DETACHABLE LINK. corn on a huge wooden cob. All the grains were counted when
the ear was made and a prize was offered for the nearest guess
We illustrate a recent invention showing a detachable link, to the correct number. The prize was won by Collier Bros.,
of Millersburg, Ky., who guessed 49,463. Beside the ear stands
James Campbell, inventor of the Campbell corn drill.
6 ee EEE, S
7.€ oon wa
>>

tO
—_—-?S

AMERICA THE GREATEST GOLD NATION.

: . 7 :i j na aa is Ser

All Records of All Countries Shattered by the Output of Last

by means of which a chain may be broken apart without cutting Year.
any of the links. The detachable link is as strong as the others.
>> The records of all the gold producing countries of the earth
were broken by the Unted States last year, when the country’s
SOME LITTLE THINGS. product amounted to more than $80,000,000. The Union's clos-
est rivals, Australia and the Transvaal, were left ,behind by
It is a habit with most folk to discuss the biggest things of several millions.
earth, yet the littlest things are quite as amusing. Here are a The greatest output of the Transvaal was in 1898 when the
few little things: Ourselves and the alphabet on a pinhead. The gold amounted to $78,070,761. In that year the United States
littlest church is in the village of St. Lawrence, Isle of Wight. produced $65,082,430 worth and the value of Australia and New
It originally had sittings for 12 people. The littlest kingdom in Zealand’s product was $62,294,481. The two latter countries ae
~
the world is Monaco. The littlest man on record was Philetas reached the high water mark in 1889, when their gold output
of Cos, who had to carry weights in his clothes to prevent his amounted to $78,755.372. In that same. year the Transvaal’s
being blown away. The littlest navy in proportion to population production amounted to $72,961,501, while that of the United
is Mexico's. Twelve million people are “protected” by a “fleet” States was $70,096,021. In 1900 the United States resumed first
of two dispatch vessels, two unarmored gun vessels carrying one place a position she had often held in the more remote past.
four-ton muzzle loading cannon and four small breech loaders, The production of that year was: United States, $78,159,674;
and five second class torpedo boats. This “fleet” is manned by Australasia, $73,467,110; Transvaal, $7,208,869. The low output
90 officers and 500 men. of the Transvaal was because of the war.
February 15, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 87

SCHLEY A STUDENT OF MECHANICS. BEATS ALL KNOWN RECORDS OF FAST TIME.

Knowledge that Aided Him in Relieving Greeley and Punish- Fournier’s Automobile Shoots Along Country Road at 80 Miles
ing Korea. an Hour.

Admiral Winfield Scott Schley, who is a student of mechanics, sped over rails; faster than
Faster than the fastest train ever
is ever careful to see that every piece of machinery on his ves
any vehicle on wheels ever traveled, was the time made by Four
sel is in perfect working order. To this is attributed the greater
nier in his winning race between Paris and Berlin, if Fournier's
part of his success in relieving the Greely expedition of arctic ex-
claims be true. Eighty miles an hour is the speed he is said to
plorers in 1884. After two well equipped expeditions had failed The average time from Paris to
have made on the best roads
to rescue Lieut. Greely and his companions, Schley accomplished Walter Wellman says
Berlin, 745 miles, was 43 miles an hour
the difficult feat of making his way through the ice-packs to the Can you understand what that is? A
“Eighty miles an hour!
missing explorers and saved them from their intense suffering The fastest single mile ever made by a loco
mile in 45 seconds
and impending death.
motive was in 32 seconds and that was on the best of steel
When Schley was at the head of the assaulting column that But here is a mile in 45 sec
tracks with a sharp down grade.
inflicted the severe punishment on Korea for outrages on Ameri-
onds on a country road.
can sailors, he first looked to the machinery of his ships and “Imagine yourself in the seat with Fournier At forty miles
saw that it was in first class working order. Thus the same in- an hour your eyes, if unprotected by goggles, weep like Niobe
vincible Schley, then (in 1871) a lieutenant commander, boldly
and the tears, instead of coursing down your cheeks, run back
attacked and destroyed the forts of the Sulee river. This, too, upon your temples. At fifty miles an hour unprotected eyes go
was years before the United States had a standing in the east as At sixty miles an hour a pebble in the path may cause the
blind.
a world’s power and after France had failed ingloriously in at-
great racer to leap like a panther. At seventy miles an hour
tempts to impose a similar lesson on Korea. one cannot hold to his seat without seizing and gripping some
heonaiiiaditiinmeantiae
thing. At eighty miles an hour only the hardiest of chaffeurs,
NOVEL BOAT PROPELLER. like Fournier, can keep breath in body without the use of a
face mask that covers nostrils and mouth
Our cut shows a recent invention for boats Instead of the “At eighty miles an hour you travel the length of an Ameri
usttal marine engine fur turning the propeller shaft, a rotary en- can passenger train while turning your head for the swiftest sort
gine is provided which consists of. flanges mounted on the shaft. of glance at the fleeting landscape. At eighty miles an hour one
These flanges increase in size toward the stern to take advantage would travel from New York to Chicago in eleven and a half
hours.”
—_—_—9-o—__
TO MAKE A BELT ENDLESS ON PULLEYS.

It often happens that both pulleys over which a belt must

pass are on shafting which is supported on pulley blocks. This
necessitates the joining of the ends of the belt in place. To do
of the utmost expansion of the steam. As there is no reciprocat- this a belt clamp is generally used, in the following manner:
ing motion the movement is continuous like a top or electric Place each end of the belt in the clamps, as shown in the
motor. Steam is admitted at the smaller (forward) end and cut. Be careful to place the ends of the belt in the clamps
escapes into the water at the propeller. Any type of boiler will with a square; screw down the nuts tight so the clamps cannot
answer, and a small steam pump to supply the boiler completes slip on the belt. In drawing the ends together draw both sides
the machinery. equally so as to make a straight joint. Draw the belt taut, and
—_—__>-e____
INCREASES THE POWER OF STEAM ONE-THIRD.

Sulphur-Dioxide Engine May Permit the Earth’s Heat to Be

Used for Power.

The sulphur-dioxide engine invented in Germany has suc-

ceeded, without increasing expenditure, in securing one-third
more power from a given amount of steam, according to
the claims of the inventor. This engine is used as a sup- don't be afraid of breaking it, and when partly taut, turn the
plemental engine, using sulphur dioxide as a motive power. pulleys to get the belt on the pulley taut also; then draw the belt
The sulphur dioxide which volatilizes at a much lower up taut again, taking out any stretch in it, and if the belt is too
temperature than water does, is turned to vapor by the heat of long cut off the ends of laps and prepare them the same as be
the exhaust from a condensing engine and accomplishes the ad- fore cutting.
ditional work. It is believed by some engineers that the new in- The best clamps for cementing are made of two pieces of 4 or
vention may in time enable man to obtain from the hot center of 5-inch scantling, with a bolt through each end; cement the width
the earth a source of supply for all the power that may be of the clamps; slip the clamps over the part cemented, and draw
needed for heat, light and mechanical work on the surface of the them down by the bolts in the ends and let them remain a few
globe. How this may be accomplished, according to opinions, minutes, then cement as much more, moving the clamps over the
will be told in a succeeding issue. new cement and draw down as before, and so on till all is
>< cemented. It is best to have the clamps crowned in the middle
The United States output of coal now exceeds that of Great so as to make equal pressure across the joint.
Britain, which country up to two years ago was the largest Warm the glue or cement in any ordinary glue pot, and apply
producer in the world, and the total of all grades will be =~,
2 >>" very hot with a brush. If the proper cement is used no rivets
000,000 net tons this year. will be necessary.
 POPULAR MECHANICS February 15, 1902.
PPI IIE LEE LE LININGAGE PI GI AI IMI I IIIS II aI ral af atral Ores,
¢
long and 7-16 inch in external diameter, and solder it smoothly.
It should slip easily into the space between the iron core and

Easy Electrical Experiments

Ah 4cen

the spool. The soldering is very important for the proper work-
ing of the coil. Perhaps some of those who read this may be
FOR BOYS, so fortunate as to secure a thin piece of brass tubing at a hard
ware store, of the proper dimensions. If so, this is much thx
alss Pret Natta ade ed Estes Rah eaP hahah tal NaF Mal tal Mal Mestad ad Es Raha Nal Nal Ral Val Val Val Tal Sat Mad Med as estas ha Ral Naltal taltal MassRIEL
te
Rah
RaFReP
Ptah
tafe
PraP
Ral eee
atA
TLD
7
best plan. Fit to one end of the tube a wooden handle, and
8 P, Dickinson. adjust the tube until it slides in and out freely in the space
provided.
Upon the spool wind three layers of No. 18 double-cotton cov-
CHAPTER VI. HOW TO MAKE AN INDUCTION COIL ered magnet wire. The ends should project through small holes
in the head of the spool. This forms the primary coil. Wind
\ most interesting piece of apparatus and one that is quite two layers of stiff writing paper outside this, gluing-it in place,
easily made, is an induction coil. The present chapter deals with and paying special attention to the ends of the spool where the
the construction of such a coil which may be used for medical paper should fit tightly against the heads. Outside this wind
purposes, or for general experiments. 5 oz. of No. 36 double silk covered magnet wire. This ought
An induction coil consists of four essential parts. These are. to make a secondary coil of a depth of about 3 inch. Con
(1) a core of soft iron; (2) a primary coil of a few turns, wound nect its terminals to two binding posts “B” as shown. Be very
close to the core; (3) a secondary coil of many turns wound careful in handling this wire, as it breaks very easily. Do not
outside the primary coil, but separated from it and (4) a device try to wind it from a loose coil, as it is sure to snarl and break.
for rapidly making and breaking the current which flows through Support it upon a reel or spool from which it may be directly
the primary coil. An inspection of the accompanying figure wound to the coil. The inside terminal of this secondary coil
will show the relation of these four parts. The core “C” is should pass through a small hole in the end of the spool. This
made up of a bundle of soft iron wires, very straight, and ac is necessary to prevent short circuiting the coil,,
curately cut to a length of 4 % inches. The wires should be The circuit breaker shown at “H” is made of a piece of soft
bound together very tightly, forming a core, when completed, iron attached to the very thin spring “S”, which is screwed to
whose diameter is 14 inch, measured just outside the iron. The the baseboard... Pressing against this is the screw “P”, made of
brass, and supported as shown. Connect one terminal “Y” of
the primary coil to this spring. Connect one pole of a strong
battery to “P” and the other to “W”.and the hammer “H” will
SECONDARY WINDINGS begin to fly back and forth very rapidly, making and breaking
the cireuit between “S” and “P” at every movement. It may
be necessary to turn “S” so as to secure the proper relation be-
tween the different parts. The hammer “H” should be about
1g inch from the end of the core.
On connecting two wires to the binding posts marked “B”, a
current will be obtained capable of giving shocks to the persons
holding the wires. The strength of these shocks may be varied
wrapping should be done with stout linen thread, wound very
by sliding the tube “T” in and out, the shocks being the weak-
tightly and close together, leaving however a bare space at one
est when it is pushed in as far as it will go.
end of core fora distance of 3% inch from the end.
(To be continued.)
For the shank of the spool which is to support the coil, make wow
“SS
a wooden cylinder, 4 inch outside diameter, and 4 ™% inches
long, with a % inch hole through its entire length. This leaves DESPERATE FIGHT WITH A PIANO.
a thickness of only 1-16 inch for the material forming the spool,
and is in consequence a little difficult to make. The best way Paderewski Has a Narrow Escape in His State Room During
is t » bore a % inch hole lengthwise through a block of wood a Storm.
of considerable size, and then turn or whittle the block down
until it is of the required outside diameter. For the heads of the A fight with a piano that came near proving disastrous to the
spool take two pieces of whitewood, % inch thick and 2 inches greatest of pianists, occurred on shipboard while Paderewski was
square, and bore in the center of each a % inch hole. The shank on his way to New York a short time ago. Paderewski in his
just constructed should fit tightly in these holes and be glued state room had a small upright piano on which to practice. It
in place, forming a spool with square heads and a round shank, was fastened to the floor by means of bolts. On the opposite
with a % inch hole running throughout its entire length. side of the room was the bed. In a heavy storm the piano was
The iron core first made, is‘ supported from one end only, loosened by the rolling of the vessel. Straight it made for the
in the figure the right hand end. Make a pliag, slightly pianist and-crashed into his bed, nearly pinning him to the wall.
tapering, which will just fit the ™% inch hole in the end of the Paderewski on reaching the floor rushed to the opposite side of
spool. Bore through its center a hole which will fit tightly the room. Instantly the piano followed, coming at him with
around the iron core. Drive the core into the plug, and drive great force. He dodged it, but it came at him again, being hurled
the latter into the hole in the end of the spool, making a tight about in the room by the rolling of the boat. The pianist tried
fit in each case. The core will then be supported by the plug, to get out the door, but could not loosen the bolt and he was
and should project % inch from the.end of the spool. thus hemmed in with the tumbling piano which threatened to
We are now all ready for making a device for varying the crush him to death every second. There was nothing to do but
a
strength of the “shock” obtained from the coil. This consists wrestle with the instrument. He grasped it as it came toward
of a tube shown at “T”, which is made of metal and slips over him again and after a lengthy struggle in which he was nearly
the iron core, and into the inside of the hole in the wooden spool. exhausted, succeeded in binding it to the wall.
his is why we supported the iron core from only one end, ee

so that we could leave the other end free for the insertion of this Féw occidental cooks.are aware that in discarding water in
tube. Procure some very thin sheet copper or brass, or even which rice is boiled, they are wasting what is regarded by the
tin, and bend some of it into the form of a tube 4 ™% inches Oriental as the most nutritious part of the food.
February 15, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 89

LOCOMOTIVE THAT IS A MODEL OF GRACE. SHOP DRAWINGS AVERAGE $14 PER SHEET.

Handsome New Engine Built By the Baldwin Works.

Interesting figures on the cost of shop drawing are given by
In striking contrast to some of the clumsy locomotives that Mr. H. G. Tyrrell in the Iron Age. During the 40 weeks in
have recently been turned out by several European and American which the record was kept, 1,093 drawings were made at a cost

shops is the new engine that has just been built for the Washburn of $23,815, making the average cost $14 per sheet. This cost in-
& Great Falls Railway by the Baldwin Works. With its ex cludes the making and completing of shop drawings only, and
tremely graceful appearance it combines durability and speed that is exclusive of outdoor measurements, strain sheets, general de-
at once proclaim it a formidable rival to the greatest locomotive signs and estimates. Mr. Tyrrell says
inventions of the day. “Further investigation of the records showed that drawings
It is a compound, eight-coupled, double-truck locomotive, made by the more experienced men, who were paid from $90 to
weighing 166,910 pounds. Of this total weight 128,010 pounds $125 per month, cost much less than those made by younger and
rest on the driving wheels, 16,900 pounds on the front truck and less experienced draftsmen. While the average cost of drawings
22,000 pounds on the back truck. for the whole office was about $14 per sheet, the cost of those
The cylinders are 14 by 26 inches diameter, says Locomotive made by some of the more experienced men went down to from
Engineering. Balanced piston valves are used. The driving $8 to $10 per sheet. This quite disproved the theory that cheap
wheels are 50 inches outside diameter, and the main journals and men meant cheap work. On the contrary, the cheapest work was
others are 8 by 9 inches. The driving wheel base is 13 feet 3 done by men who knew their business best and consequently

al
a Sa
. GREAT FALLS “ST. PAUL” TYPE.

inches, and the total engine wheel-base is 26 feet 11 inches. At were paid the most. The reason for this is largely due to the
the front course the boiler is 6834 inches diameter. It carries a fact that drawings properly made at first require but very little
working pressure of 200 pounds to the square inch. checking.”
This engine has been designed to burn lignite coal, and the —— Sn
firebox is made to burn this kind of fuel to the best advantage SCHWAB’S POWER IS GREATER THAN A KING'S.
It is 96% inches long and 84 inches wide. In the front it is 6714
inches deep, and in the back 64% inches. There are 270 2-inch Regal Sway Wielded by the Head of the World’s Greatest
tubes, 16 feet 6 inches long. The firebox has 174 square feet of Enterprise.
heating surface, and the tubes 2,322 square feet, making a total
of 2,496 square feet of heating surface. The grate area is 56 Greater than a king’s is the power and suzerainty of President
square feet, which will provide a liberal surface for the combus- Schwab of the million-dollar United States Steel Corporation,
tion of inferior fuel. The tank capacity is 5,000 gallons. and he rose from a day laborer—a stake-driver. Under him is
—_—_—_»--e—___- an army of employes numbering more than 400,000, These men
with their families make up a community of four million persons,
BLOOD POISON IS CURED BY ELECTRICITY.
dependent directly or indirectly on this mighty steel magnate
Only four states in the Union have so great a population as this
A case is described in the Lancet where a surgeon accidentally They are: New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois and Ohio. It ts
pricked his finger during an operation, and became infected. greater than the combined population of fifteen states of our
The hand and arm began to swell and the surgeon became de- country; thus he has under his jurisdiction a greater number of
lirious. A needle attached to the negative pole of a fifty-cell people than have the governors of fifteen states combined. But
galvanic battery was thrust deeply into the finger at the point of this is not all. He is the master of a fleet of more than 250
inoculation. Electrolysis, with the full capacity of the fifty-cell ships, nearly twice as many as comprised the Invincible Armada
battery, followed for about one minute. After this treatment sent against England by Spain. He is at the head of three great
the pain and swelling subsided. Then strong galvanic currents railways; he controls 500 distinct plants, three of the greatest
were passed through the inflamed lymphatics by means of sur- mineral ranges of the world, hundreds of mines, 30,000 coke
face electrodes. Other electrical treatment followed and effected ovens, thousands of gas mains, hundreds of gas wells, and so
a cure. on, almosi 2d infinitum, says the Saturday Evening Post, until
ne eee we the array makes one dizzy to think of it
The Colorado Cliff Dweller’s association has been formed to >

preserve the cliff dwellings in the mountains of that state which John W. Gates has bought the painting of “St. Paul” by Rem
are rapidly being destroyed by curiosity seekers. brandt for $75,000
90 POPULAR MECRMARNRICS February 15, 1902.
SMALL REFINING FURNACE. hours; gray iron, one and a half hours, TO MEASURE TAPERING LOG.
and steel, six hours. The company’s office
\ small melting and refining furnace for is in the Marquette building, Chicago. As to the number of board feet in a stick
the melting of copper, brass, bronze, of timber 4x4 inches at one end and 8x8
— a a
‘namel, glass and similar substances has inches at the other, the stick being 24 feet
heen built. It is known as the Schwartz TO TEST SOLDER.
long, there are two ways of arriving at a
furnace In appearance and operation it correct answer, says Mining and Scientific
is quite similar to the immense converters Good solder is easier bought than made, Press. Add the areas of the two ends to
used in steel works, only this one holds 400 but if some distance from base of supplies four times the area of the center section
and multiply by one-sixth of the length;
se
we # 5
or,
extract
multiply the areas of the ends
the square root; to this add the
and

areas of the two ends, and multiply by one-

third of the length. The answer by either
process is 74 2-3 feet.
a
ELECTROCUTED THE CAT.

A cat climbed a trolley pole between Buf

falo and Lockport, and tried to walk on
the feed wire that brings the power from
Niagara Falls. Her tail touched the
parallel wire that carried the current back
to Niagara Falls. There was a flash that
could be seen for miles as the twenty-four
thousand volts of electricity passed through
her body, which fell across both wires and
didn’t drop to the ground.
This short-circuited the current and
caused a fuse at the Niagara Falls power
house to be burned out. The power was
immediately cut off from all the lines run-
Reseneseunasstome
See
ning out of the power house. It was two
IN POSITION TO FIRE. hours before the cause of the trouble was
pounds while the others contain many tons. located and the charred remains of the cat
buy block tin and cut it up into about one
Heat is produced by oil which enters the removed from the wire. In the meantime
pound pieces, weigh it and put in an equal
almost all the electric railways and street-
furnace mixed with necessary amount of weight of lead. Melt in a ladle, stir it and
lighting plants in Western New York were
air which comes from a blower with a run it off into a mold to cool. To test
without power. wcotrerte
pressure of 100 pounds. Three hundred solder and find out whether it is of good
a ae
meltings may be made before the furnace quality, hold it up near your ear and bend
lining of fire brick and clay must be re- it. If you can hear it cringe or a crack- ELECTRICITY IN THE MACHINE SHOP.
newed. To melt copper, brass or bronze ling noise it is good, and if not it is poor—
requires one hour; malleable iron, three too much lead and not enough tin in it. In any machine shop, the absence of belts
and of the necessity for having all ma-
ao ae
chines in one line is a great advantage.
Absence of belts enables the whole of ma-
chine shop to be swept by an overhead
crane without inconvenience, and the ab-
sence of the necessity for having all ma-
chines exactly in one line practically in-
creases the space at the disposal of the
works manager. He can fit machines ac-
cording to convenience, writes Sydney F.
Walker, in the Engineering Magazine for
February. There is a limit below which
it is not wise to multiply motors in electric
driving, and this |i:mit will vary with each
individual works; but it may safely be
stated that, except in special cases, ma-
chines taking more than 4 horse power to
drive will pay for separate motors, while
there are cases where it pays even to divide
up considerably more than this. Groups
of machines turning out the same parts may
usually be driven together, but the di-
vision in these cases should be such that
the stoppage of one motor does not stop
the works for the want of the particular
IN POSITION TO POUR,
parts.
 February 15, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 91

A WINTER VELOCIPEDE. WORK IS HONORABLE. EFFECT OF GASES ON CANDLE

FLAMES
We illustrate a recent invention which an
A writer in the North American Review
examination of the cut will readily explain. Candies are used to considerable advan
asserts that manual training is almost as
The usual bicycle frame and pedals are the pres
good a preventitive of crime as vaccination tage by miners in determining
is of smallpox.
“What per cent of the prisoners under
your care have received any manual train h
}

.
ing beyond some acquaintance with farm j(

ing?’ a Northern man asked the warden

of a Southern penitentiary.
“Not one per cent,” replied the warden Yelluem flame Q Blue Plame

“Have you no mechanics in prison?” | |

f

“Only one mechanic; that is, one man

who claims to be a house-painter.”
+ | |
Blue F lame
employed and gearing transmits the power “Have you any shoemakers?” asked the
to contact wheels in which are sharp visitor.
spikes for catching in the snow or ice. In- “Never had a shoemaker.”
stead of wheels, the machine is carried on “Have you any tailors?’ ence of inflammable gas. The accompany
runners. “Never had a tailor.” ing illustrations are by Phil Rearden in
ee “Any printers?” the Mining Press. Fig. 1 shows how a
HOW TO CUT THE TOE NAIL. “Never had a printer.” candle flame will appear when no inflam
“Any carpenters?” mable gas exists Fig. 2 shows the ap
“Never had a man in this prison t’ peorance of the flame in the presence of
Cutting the toe nail to the quick has
could draw a straight line.” inflammable gas, and Fig. 3 illustrates how
caused lockjaw and death, says the Shoe
Trade Journal. The shape of the nail
ee the flame is affected by carbonic acid gas
should follow the natural curve of the $+
AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN STEAM
toe. If it be allowed to grow longer, WHEAT RUST IN FLOUR
ENGINEERING.
it is liable to be forced back by the
pressure of the shoe and grow into the Rust is an occasional cause of variation
In comparing the new station of the Met
flesh. Be careful, also, not to cut the nails in flour, says the American Miller. Whil
ropolitan Street Railway of New York as
of the toes too short, as in such cases the it is true that rust is only communicated to
a whole with similar installations in Great
toes lose their natural support. the wheat berry in thrashing, yet the pres
Britain and on the Continent, say with the
aoe ence of rust has been detected in flour by
=_-?S Glasgow Corporation Tramways or Liver
means of the microscope The cut shows
aR
RBS
i An agreement has been signed whereby pool stations, or with the Berlin or Ham
wheat flour magnified 420 times The let
rates between this country and England on burg plants, it cannot be said that, taken as
ter a indicates the starchy parts and b the
three of the most important articles of a whole, the comparison is entirely favora-
sporules of rust. While the damage by the
export, grain, flour and produce, will be ble to the 96th street plant. The individual
presence of the rust is not particularly
increased 50 per cent. items, such as engines, boilers, steam
serious, the fact that the rust is com
>
>
piping, dynamos, switchboards, transform-
municated only through contact in thrash
sal
ae ers, are beyond criticism; but the putting
PENDULUM CHURN. ing and that rust sporules may be found in
together seems in many instances to have
been not as carefully thought and drawn
ee
eS
A Texas inventor has designed a churn out -beforehand as is generally the case with
the motion of which is like the pendulum a European plant. No pipe, however small
—no individual wire—is put into a Euro-
pean installation without a drawing being
got out beforehand, says the Engineering
Magazine. Great trouble is constantly be-
ing experienced with American goods
owing to the drawings, which the makers
have supplied and which have been ap-
proved by the customer, differing widely
from the real article when it comes over.
It seems impossible to convince the Ameri-
can that, n6 matter how small the detail, it
has been carefully laid out on the plans be
fore construction commences, and that a
difference in the goods he supplies from
the drawings approved will throw out the flour from grain after the latter has gone
whole system. Indeed in some cases, par- through the whole cleaning, grinding and
of a clock. Power is secured by the run- ticularly on the Continent, working draw- bolting apparatus of the mill, emphasizes
ning down of & weight which is first wound ings have to be approved by the police the value of thorough cleaning
up by hand. One winding is intended to authorities, and the slightest deviation from —_—_ ~9<+e
be sufficient for each churning. them may-entail the throwing out of the French savants have crificised Marconi,
jeianctcnisllapaitliialctitiaatacic whole plant. claiming that in warm weather and warm
ww
In Syracuse, N. Y., the abandoned horse
_-?S climates the wireless messages will be
cars are sold and used for coal offices, Kubelik, the violinist, cleared $22,000 for greatly disturbed by atmospheric condi
lunch stands and children’s play-houses. his four concerts in Chicago. tions.
 92 , POPULAR MECHANICS February 15, 1902.
A LARGE BUSINESS IN IRON. DOGS VS. COOKS. A SUMMER SCHOOL FOR ARTISANS.

rhe Pittsburg correspondent of the New Through the efforts of Miss Helen Gould Only One of Its Kind in the World.
York Journal of Commerce says: a dog kennel costing $50,000, erected by In the college town of Madison, Wis.,
he events of this month in the iron her brother, will be converted into a build where there are few factories or machine
trade strongly suggest that the present un- ing for cooking schools Che Hotel World shops, may be found the home of the first
paralleled prosperity is going to last not very wisely says of this transformation: Summer School for Apprentices and Arti
only through the first six months, but pos
sibly all through this year. The oldest
iron-masters in this city, notably B. F.
Jones, Sr., Henry W. Oliver and others,
lave stated within the last few days that
never in a single period during their long
career in the iron trade were conditions
as satisfactory and outlook as bright as it
is at the present time. There is not a cloud
in the business horizon anywhere, but
everything points, in their opinion, to 1902
as being probably the best year the iron
business has ever known.
a
The New York Central has decided to
operate its trains through the tunnel with
electricity. This will render impossible a
repetition of the recent disaster.
_—w™
_-?S

A bill is to be introduced in the lowa

legislature providing for a standard for
monuments and tombstones, so that they
may not be over specified dimensions and
cost.

> MACHINE SHOP.

Senator Hanna is in favor of the estab-
lishment of a government department of “The supply of high bred and low bred sans to be established in the world. It is
commerce, dogs far exceeds the demand. We are long under the supervision of the College of
Oe
on useless canines but short on ‘cooks’ that Engineering of the State University. So
“To be sure,” said the kindly minister to know how to cook. Indeed, we could great is the need of such an institution in
the man who lost both legs in a railway worry along very well if not another litter inventive and industrial America and so
promising are the opportunities to the
aspiring student of mechanics-that the un-
“a
yu dertaking has attracted widespread interest
throughout the country.
The first session of the school was held
last year, lasting six weeks, July 1 to
August 9. This year the session will prob-
ably begin and close at about the same
dates. From present indications this is
the beginning of a very great work in in-
dustrial education in America, and it is
probable that ultimately special schools will
be established for this purpose to be con-
——
tinued throughout the year in short terms
of six or eight weeks each. It is now time
for some rich man to endow such a school,
for surely there is no class of education
that could be of greater advantage to the
American youth or to the American people.
Such a school for Wisconsin should be
located.in Milwaukee, as the manufacturing
center of the state. This is hardly the
work for a state university, which can best
devote itself to the fields of higher educa-
Woop SHop. tion. ‘
This school was started purely as an ex-
accident, “you have been seriously injured, of fancy pups came into the world for ten periment in industrial education. Dean
but you must be grateful that your life is years. But the supply f cooks grows Johnson and his engineering faculty felt
spared.” smaller every year, and what little cook- that they could render a service to station-
“Yes,” said the sufferer, trying to lock ery we have has a tendency to drive men ary engineers, superintendents of power
cheerful. “I can’t kick.” to drink.” stations, machinists and artisans of various Perc:
February 15, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 93

CHICAGO-TEXAS EXPORT OIL CO

Men Who Have Been Leading Factors in

Developing the Great Spindle
Top Field.

Your attention is directed to the advert

tisement of the Chicago-lexas Export Oil
company, which appears on the last page
of this issue This company have made
one of the greatest records in the develop
ment of property yet shown in that won
derful field, Spindle Top Heights rhey
have succeeded in bringing in a_ splendid
gusher which has a capacity of about 75,000
barrels a day
The company expect during February to
complete pipe-line connections pure hase ot

tank cars, contract tor storage reservoirs,

etc. In view of storing one barrel of oil

for every share of stock sold, each reset
voir holds from 100,000 to 150,000 barrels
DyNAMO LABORATORY
of oil. They also expect to complete con
tracts for another well on Spindle Top
laboratories would have required additional Heights, also to close present negotiations
trades in the way of teaching mechanical
drawing, the use of simple mathematical instructors. r the sale of oil which will pay April
formulae, the scientific use of steam and The departments of instruction in opera dividends and to negotiate for the shipment
electric power machinery, and of machine tion last summer were: Elementary Math of oil to Europe
tools. The proposition to do the work of ematics and Mechanical Power Transmis In the history of the development of

this character under the direction of a part sion; Steam Engineering; Applied Electric Spindle lop Heights, no company make

of the faculty of the College of Engineering ity; Mechanical Drawing and Manual a better showing than this one in the lim

during six weeks of the summer vacation, Training Methods; Forge Work; Machine ited time they have had for operations
was approved by the board of regents, and Work and Wood Work. The school is rhe success of their efforts is in a large

$1,000 was appropriated to pay part of the equipped with complete electric dynamo part due to the fact that the officers are

expenses. A fee of $15 was charged, and and motor laboratories, steam laboratories, experienced oil men, giving them every ad
laboratory and shop fees of five cents per testing materials laboratories,’ shops and vantage in their negotiations and saving
hour for all work taken in the shops and mechanical drawing departments, all of the company large amounts in furnishing
laboratories. The _ total income proved which are fully equipped with the latest its equipments, and in giving assurance that
nearly sufficient to cover the cost of! in- and best forms of apparatus and machinery the affairs of the company will be wisely
struction and of material consumed. The for instruction purposes. A _ descriptive managed and early returns had for all
number in attendance was _ sufficient to bulletin can be obtained by applying to J stockholders.

keep the teaching staff fully employed B. Johnson, Dean of the College of Engin Read the papers and keep in touch with
Larger sections in the steam and electrical eering, Madison, Wis the wonderful developments coming from
that field. You will then see that shrewd
investors from every part of the country
are now picking up these stocks, as the
next oO days should witness the greatest
development our country has ever known
in that section. Only transportation fa
cilities are necessary to make it the great
est wealth producing section in the world
and this will soon be provided as ship
yards and car factories are crowded
‘months inadvance, with orders for boats
and cars 49 handle the mammoth output
of oil

The Chicago and Eastern Illinois Rail

road is preparing to install a svstem of
electric signals to prevent accidents The
device displavs a signal in the cab of the
Iecomotive. The track is wired in blocks,
the rail being wsed as the conductor
When there is only one train in a_ block
the signal in the cob will burn white
Shonld another train touch the same block
the light is instantly changed to red

Barking Town is the noisy name of a vil

E.Lectro-CHEMICAL LARORATORY. lage in England.
 o4 POPULAR MECHANICS February 15, 1902.
TWINE HOLDER AND KNIFE. HOW TO ASCERTAIN RADIATION. face, and, according to this, 514 square feet
of grate would be ample for this boiler,
(he American Miller describes a home although six square feet of grate surface
made device, easy for any one to construct, Here is a sketch of a steel boiler which would be satisfactory, and therefore, the
which saves labor where much ticing is to be brick encased, the idea being to
is boiler in question, having a grate surface
done with string. The writer says: have the flames pass
“For through the flues cimetidine
handle use a piece of hardwood 4 inches around the boiler to front, passing down —amoocrvrrsrsssocao=— ?

si ae ee
va so
and then back again, to the rear of the
long, I inch wide and % inch thick, and hy
round off the corners. For the knife I boiler and out through the chimney. The
used a piece of an old table knife and dimensions are as follows: Height of shell,
|
drilled holes through the handle and blade 58 inches; diameter of fire pot, 46 inches; — -/6'— +
diameter of shell, 51 inches; number of | T+ va

tubes, 48 three-inch tubes, 30 inches long, | “

tubes measuring on the outside. The 9

height of fire-pot from grate is 28 inches.
The combustion chamber is 15 x 18 inches i
ae ee
i oe
Reet |

in diameter. Kindly advise us how many Bar

feet of radiating surface this boiler will
supply with steam at three pounds pressure.
ae
ea.
Also how many square feet radiating sur-
2 | |
face boiler will supply with water at 185
J Twine Ball,
| |
degrees of temperature. This is the ques-
tion asked by a subscriber of the American
| | | {|
AANDLE AND BLADE
Artisan, and the following was the reply:
a eee eAbe ety|
ee 5/ eine + anemnnltl
for rivets. In about the center of the A boiler constructed as shown in the
of about 11 square feet is just about one-
length of the handle I bored a hole in line sketch herewith, as per measurements
half too large for its heating surface, for
with the blade, and then another hole from given, counting all exposed surfaces, would
economy in the consumption of fuel.
the end of handle until it connected with contain just about 200 square feet of heat-
The following has been adopted by the
the cross hole. ing surface. According to the custom of
Carbon Club:
To thread the knife I bent up a wire ascertaining the heating capacity of house-
Ratings of steam boilers are based on
hook This I inserted in the hole B,
heating steam boilers, 15 square feet of a standard of two pounds steam pressure
passed the end of twine up hole A and boiler surface is called one horse-power,
at the boiler and a standard of water 180
and under favorable conditions, such as
degrees temperature at the boiler. If boil-
using a good grade of coal with a proper ers in operation come up to the set stand-
draft, as well as the necessary grate sur-
ards, the guarantee of the manufacturer
face, the one horse power is known by
is fulfilled, and any further difficulties
practical tests to supply 100 square feet of
must be settled by the contractor. The
direct radiation with a pressure from two
ratings also include the surface exposed in
to four pounds per square inch. And as
supply and return pipes. So that if a job
this boiler has a surface of 200 square feet
requires 1,000 feet of direct radiation, the
divided by 15, gives us 1333, which is the
ew
mt
amount of surface exposed in the piping
amount of direct steam radiation the boil-
must be added to determine the size of
er should supply. boiler required. In an average job of
To determine the capacity of the boiler steam or hot water, the piping will expose
for hot-water radiation at 185 degrees tem- about 25 per cent of the surface in the ra-
perature—Knowing that steam at four
diators, or in a job that requires 1,000 feet
pounds pressure gives a temperature of of radiation, 250 feet, making a total of
225 degrees, which is 40 degrees higher 1,250 the boiler must carry, hence a boiler
than water at 185 degrees and which is of that capacity must be purchased. Then,
leaving out a small fraction, 1-6 less than if the job, when completed, shows the two
the steam in degrees of heat, we now di- pounds steam pressure, or 180 degrees wa-
vide the steam capacity of the boiler, 1333 ter temperature at the boiler, it has ful-
feet, by 6, which gives us 222, and this is filled the purpose for which it was sold,
the amount of extra radiation for water and the manufacturer’s responsibility
over that of the steam which the boiler ceases.
will supply, and which is direct water ra- Gade
>> \
diation at 185 degrees, 1555 square feet.
An Irishman who had been having some
It is the custom among boiler men and it
experience with cheap furniture from an
holds good, to allow one-third more ra-
installment house was called to the witness
drew it out at B by means of the hook. diation for water over the steam rating of
stand in a suit for the balance of a bill due
then passed the twine around to A and a boiler, and when we calculate on steam
on a purchase similar to one he had made.
drew it out at C, when it is ready for use. at 5 pounds pressure and on water at 180
One of the questions in dispute was the
[ use 4-ply ball twine, and after getting degrees, this allowance of one-third extra
quality of the goods, says the Wood-
the tool threaded can use the whole ball surface for water will be found practically
Worker. . The lawyer asked him if he knew
without cutting off more twine than is correct. An important feature in propor-
what quartered oak was. “Yis, sor, I do;
needed for each sack as it is tied. To use, tioning boilers is to have the grate area
‘tis three-quarters poine.”
.take the knife in the left hand, with twine to correspond with the heating surface,
from ball end between the second and and this, too, has been ascertained by many Seal

third fingers, and proceed to tie the cus- practical tests, safe enough to follow, Denmark has formally agreed to sell her
tomary knot, which every miller should which is to allow one square foot of grate three West Indian islands to the United
know how to make. for 36 square feet of boiler heating sur- States.
February 15, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 95

BALLOON OBSERVATORY.
MACHINERY, ENGINES, $1.95 UNION SUIT $4,
SHAFTING, » » #* PIPE. An inventor in New York state has de-
Workingmen's Union Suits. Every Gar-
Everything in wood and iron used in con- vised a novelty which he thinks will be ment made to actual measure Send
structing and operating: new and second- for directions for self-measurement.
uand (rebuilt), cheaper than you can buy useful in military operations, expositions
We sell direct from the factory to the
anywhere else. Write us first. or other places of outdoor amusement consumer and save all intermediate ex
CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO., CHICAGO pense of handling. You get this. Write
Instead of being obliged to draw the ob for catalog or call.
servation balloon to earth each time the UNION SUIT MFG. CO.
54 FIFTH AVE. (4th Floor) CHICAGO
«1 jon Topular Me banics.

COLDER
Is a Salve which
if promptly ap.
plied will cool
all ordinary burns from fire, hot iron or SCIENCE GAINS ANOTHER VICTORY
hot water, and will absolutely prevent
blister. Takes out all the burn in from FITS CURED
one to five minutes. Will not cure
Write for Reference
everything, but is excellent for reduc-
ing inflammation and healing many HOME TREATMENT (0, 504 Stevens Building
chronic sores, chapped hands or lips.
Indianapolis, Ind.
etc. Is made of the purest vegetable
products only, and is perfectly harm-
less. Excellent for tightness of the
throat or chest. Although in use for
many years, is now put on the market
for the first time. Once used, always
wanted.
cents.
Sent postpaid anywhere,
If not as represented
cheerfully returned. Address
money
25
Chrisman’s Paraffine Paint
For iron bridges, fences and structural
COLDBURN, Room 604 work; tin, steel, iron, felt or cotton
162 Washington Street, - Chicago duck
good.
roofs. None
Cotton
better
duck
and
the coming
few as
roof.
a
PARAFFINE PAINT WORKS, ELORED, PA.

TO PREVENT FROST ON SHOW WIN-

DOWS.

Frost on show windows in which gas

lights are burned may be prevented by the
following construction, according to a con-
tributor to the Metal Worker: The sketch
represents a_ vertical section through the
25,000 NEW WORDS, ETC.
show window indicating the method of Prepared under the direct supervision of W. T.
HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D., United States Com-
ventilation. An 8 by 10 inch iron ven- missioner of Education, assisted by a large corps
tilator was inserted under the show win- of competent specialists and editors. €
New Pilates Throughout. Rich Bindings.
dow facing the street and ventilator of the observations are through, he anchors the 2364 Pages. 5000 Illustrations.
same size was placed in the floor of the balloon and uses an elevator cage for the C2" The International was first issued in 1890,
wucceedingthe™ Unabridged.” The New Edition
ascent and descent. rhe usual elevator of the International was issued in
Yi Vitti itititG features are employed in the construction October, 1900. Get latest and best.
LA lid
and operation of the cage, the principal dif Also Webster's Collegiate! wesster's
a _ Dictionary. INTERNATIONAL
ference being that wire ropes are used as Specimen pages, etc., of both DICTIONARY
‘ books sent on application.#
guides for the cage. On reaching the
G.&. C. Merriam ©., Springfield, Mass.
balloon the party can leave the cage and
walk about on the observation platform.
—_—_—_-_»--e———_——_.

Popular Mechanics contains the best of

the best things published in the mechanical
papers of the world.
<<
_ a

THE REWARD OF PATIENCE. FAMOUS

TRAIN
wae g
Old
He
Bill
used
Jones,
to kick,
OF THE
An’ never worked WORLD
‘ A single lick.

show window. The arrows indicate the

Chicago---St. Paul---Minneapolis
An’ Hiram Smith

=
THE ST. PAUL ROAD
direction of the currents, the fresh air en- Worked night an’ aay,
An’ never had
tering at the bottom and the hot air escap-
A word to say.
ing at the top through holes made in the
(Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)
window sash. The holes indicated by the When workin’ Bill
letter A, were one inch in diameter and Seemed at a loss, EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
An’ so they had UNEQUALED
were placed every six inches across the
To make him boss,
top of the window. The ventilator might Time tables, maps and information
be made with closing shutters so as to regu- An’ Hiram, he furnished on application to
late the draft. The store in question is Works with a will, F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent
A tryin” hard
occupied by a dealer in Japanese fancy
To please ol’ Bill,
goods and the window has four gas lights. —Washington Star. 90000009 0000000000
 96 POPULAR MECHANICS February 15, 1902.
WANTED—At once, a good A No. 1 tinner:
CONGRATULATIONS can do furnace, bicycle and pump work, and
any work that-comes along in a country
TO ALL STOCKHOLDERS OF
tin shop; work all year, winter and summer.
Write to Columbus Hardware Co.; Columbus,

CHIGAGO-TEXAS EXPORT OIL CO.

Ww is.

WANTED—Japanner, first-class in all de

tails, for tinware work; state salary and ex-
The bringing in of our Gusher was announced in the Tribune of Feb. 7th. perience. C. B. Emrich, 1053 St. Louis Ave.,
Kansas City, Mo.
READ THESE TELEGRAMS:
WANTED—Wood Dette rnmaker, good. Gale
Beaumont, Texas, Feb 6, 1902. Manufac turing Co. Albion, Mic h.
Beaumont, Texas, Feb. 6, 1yo2.
Ghicago-T. xas Export Oil co ,
Chicago-Texas Export Oi! Co., First Gusher is in and proves as strong Ww AN T ED—Bute sher, steady man, that can
Your Gusher No. 1 in block 32 is in, as any one on Spindle Top; daily capacity kill and work in sausage-room; regular work
and shows splendid strength. easily 6,000 to 75,000 barrels. Congratu- for right
for man. Henry Butler, Goodland, Ind.
R. OLIVER, tations. R. L. COX & GO.,
Pres, The Citizens’ Nat, Bank. Drilling Contra tors. "WANTED At once, tinner and all- round
man; one who can do pump and windmill
In accordance with the previous notice, a limited amount of stock is now offered at work. References required. Address BP.
Edwards, Alta, Iowa.

50 CENTS PER SHARE WANTED—First-class

can sell hardware,
retail salesman
stoves, vehicles,
who
imple-

NEX TO SELL OUR OIL. We can produce about 60,000 to 75,00 bbis every 2

/
ments, furnaces, etc. Address J. W. Lingo,
hours, or on the minimum basis of 11 cents per bbl. at the well with minimum Lebanon, O.
capacity of 60,000 bbis , $6.600 worth.f OIL DAILY.
WANTED-—Salesman_ to hangle— an easy,
READ THIS: AND NEXT---TO PAY DIVIDEND quick seller; good commission; ne competition,
no sample needed. Write Hirseh Brothers,
Beaumont, Texas, February TY 6, 19 Milw aukee, Wis.
Ohicag *-Texas Expo:t Oil Co.
Write us immediate authority to co1t act for sale of oil. WwW AN 3 ED- Experienced ‘and compe: ent stove
Sign Presideat and Secretary Cai Sell enough for «pr. r—_— and range traveling salesman to sell the
aenjis ' R. vc. COX
“Eclipse” line in Nebraska. Stock carried at
Omaha. Address Eclipse Stove Co., Mans
SANFORD MAKEEVER, Fiscal Agent, field, O.
84 Adams »t., Chicaxeo, Ii).
Long Distance Phone. Harrison 1540 SALESMAN—For stenm? fot water and bot
air heaters; wide acquaintance with New Eng-
land trade. “‘S; and H. W;” 70 Kilby street,
Boston, Mass.
The steamer Grover Cleveland, plying POSITIONS WANTED. SAL ESMAN—In. any line of metal work
between New Orleans and towns on the thorough knowledge of manufacturing, 117-119
SITU ATION Ww ANTED Mechanical draft- Southh Fourth street, P hiladelphia, Penn.
Louisiana coast, has been fitted with oil- ing and devices. 1705 Marquette Bldg., Chi-
;00KBINDEI 2—Forwarder or finisher, or
burning apparatus, including oil-tanks eago, Ill.
foreman, in small- city of Lllineis preferred
liolding 10,000 gallons. Her first trip Lock Box 284, Matttoon, Il.
WANTED—An energetic, capable and ex-
marked a saving of more than 40 per cent perienced traveling salesman, having a large LAUNDRY MANAGER—Up to date, Wesr
acquaintance, with hardware and implement preferred. Address Manager Dalton Steam
in the cost of fuel. trade in ten states, desires position with re Laundry, Dalton, Ga.
sponsible manufacturers. Address Box 33,
. —_—»>-e ——__ Archer, O. WANTED-—Side line; for my men to handle
on commission; I have men traveling all over
Firemen of Harrisburg, Pa., have dis- SITUATION WANTED-—By a reliable young the state. O. A. Rudolph, Canton, S. D.
covered that fire will melt ice. During a tinner with 12 years’ experience at tinnirg
recent conflagration there a fire engine was
and plumbing. Can plan and put up furnaces.
First-class mechanic. Situation wanted west
+na BUSINESS CHANCES.
stationed on the ice in the canal. The ice of Mississippi river. A. B. Curtis, care of
Gen. Del., Sioux City, Ia. ° NIGHT HAWK ‘mining shares of the Win.
melted and the engine went through to the nacut Lake Mining District, Washington; an
WANTED—Position as traveling salesman interesting proposition for investigation. Ad-
bottom. It required hours of laborious dress Lock Box 970, Milwaukee, Wis.
with an implement, wagon or harvester com-
work to dig it out. pany, by young man of strictly temperaie SAL MON RIVER mines booming. In “deep-
habits. Address Morgan, Box 34, West ening shaft, struck immense ledge of rich
ee
eee
I
Oeos Bra neh, la. ore, Miners say that there are millions in it.
Salmon River Mining Co., Bank of Commerce,
The cuts used in this issue WANTED —Position to sell to the farm im- Minneapolis, Minn.
plement trade in south New Jersey by ex
perienced business man, well acquainted with FOR SALE—Owing to an unexpected change
are for sale at very reason- the territory. Very highest references. Want in our business affairs, and to enable us to
a first-class line. Jos. Alexander, Haddon- give our entire time to other lines, we have
able prices. Address POPU- field, N. J. - decided to sell our earriage and harness busi-
ness and rent our repositofy, which is con-
LAR MECHANICS, Journal SITUATION WANTED—By competent jani- sidered one of the fineS= in the west. Wilcox
tor, well recommended. Le Duc, 6050 Wash- Bros., Joliet, Il.
Building, Chicago. ington Ave., Chicago, Il.
FOR SALE—My stock of hardware, stoves,
buggies and implements, in a good town, in
Ww ANTED By young married man, position one of the finest farming sections in Indiana.
in retail hardware; capable of taking entire W. V. Britton, Hudson, Ind.
““Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads, 10 cents per charge. Address H. T. Cornell, care C. W.
line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to Hackett Hardware Co., St. Paul, Minn. FOR SALE—A nice, clean stock of hard-
a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be ware, stoves, tinware, wagons, buggi har-
WANTED—Position in hardware store; 5 ness and farm implements; situated the
forwarded promptly without extra charge.
years’ experience; 2 years in tin shop. Prefer northwestern part of Ohio, town of feu
small town. Any part of country. Address in Fulton county. Stock will invo about
J. O. Harney, Lawton, O. T. 36,500. Address the owners, Brindley Dren-
SPECIAL. nan, Swanton,
- —
WANTED—A boilermaker. Address the Re-
WANTED-—-A second-hand pipe. tapping ma-
FOR SALE—Five sets of 1-12 h. p. electric liance Steam Boiler Works, La Crosse, Wis.
chine. Send me price and description. S A.
motor —= for $1.00 per set. Photo for Bergh, Mondovi, Wis.
stamp. RoyA. Crihfield, Lincoln; Ill. ~ WANTED—Patternmaker. Chiergo Bldg. &
. Iron Co., Washington Heights, IIL. FOR SALE OR TRADE—Full or part, set
ENGINEER'S LICENSE—Mechanics, Englt- of tinner’s.teols and macltines, aH in very fair
neers. firemen, electricians, etc., 40 page WANTED—Lady agents to sell an article condition. bom Tracy, Irving Park Sta., Chi
pamphlet containing questions asked by Ex- needed by every lady; quick sales; good prof- eago, Ill. . : ,
aming Board of Engineers; sent free. Geo. its. The Como Supply Co., Lock Box 535,
A. Zeller, Publisher, Room 592, i8 8S. 4th St., Minneapolis, Minn. FOR SALE—A No. 4% Barnes’ screw cutting
St. Louls, Mo. lathe, complete with tools and chuck, ec,
WANTED—Young man, experienced, ‘to file $35 (thirty-five) cash buys this machine. Wun.
FOR SALE—Job lot new electrical goods metal. Sahlin Corset Co., 258 Franklin St., Matt, Fort Dodge, Ia..
given us to sell; list for stamp. We handle Chicago, Il.
everything electrical and at lowest prices. FOR SALE— Tin ‘shop, furnace and plumb-
Stamp for catalogue. Dept. N., T.: Binford WANTED Copper plate engraver. Address, ing business; only ene in town of 1,800—-about
Electric Works, 994 Washington Blvd., Chi- stating age, a erences and salary wanted. 35. miles from Chicago, in Indiang. . Address
cago, Ill. ‘ Mermod & Jaccard's, St. Louis, Mo. Box 158, Hobart, Ind.
 “WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT.”

POPULAR MECHANICS
An Illustrated Weekly Review of the Mechanical Press of the World

Vor. 1. No. 7. CHICAGO, FEBRUARY 22, 1902. Price 5 CENTS.

LATEST PHOTOGRAPH OF THE MOON

BY THE LARGEST TELESCOPE IN THE WORLD
 98 POPULAR MECHANICS February 22, 1902.

THE MOON AND ITS GIANT VOLCANOES. The photographer whose subjects are other worlds thousands
and millions of miles away has a far more difficult task than the
Objects Revealed by the Most Remarkable Picture Ever Ob- one who photographs human faces and objects of this world.
tained—Description of the Process of Photographing In describing the process of taking photographs with the aid
Other Worlds. of this wonderful telescope, Prof. Hale said:
“The 40-inch telescope was origianlly intended for visual
Probably the most remarkable photograph of the moon ever work only, but it has only recently been adapted by Mr. W. R.
obtained has just been taken with the 40-inch telescope of the Ritchey so that it can be used as a photographic telescope as
Yerkes observatory, at Williams Bay, Wis., the largest telescope well. When used in this way the telescope tube becomes the
in the world. More vividly than it has ever before been depicted camera box. A plate-holder is placed at the lower end. Just in
front of the sensitive plate is placed a yellow screen to cut off
the enormous volcanic crater, Theophilus, appears in such plain
all rays except those that the lens is corrected for—the visual
view that one might almost fancy it the mouth of an extinct
voleano of the earth, viewed from a balloon through a telescope. rays. The exposure given is about one-half second. The
3ut when it is realized that this crater is 64 miles in diameter brightest parts of the moon are partially screened off so as to
give a chance for the less bright parts to be fully exposed. A
and three miles deep it is somewhat easier to comprehend that
the photograph is of an object 238,840 miles distant from the favorable moment, when the image of the moon appears to be
in the lower left-hand corner of steady, is watched for, and several exposures are made of the
camera. The crater is shown
same phase so as to insure at least one perfect negative.”
the picture on the front page.
Prof. Ritchey said: “The results obtained in this work dem
The picture shows that the whole surface of the muon is spot-
ted with these craters and that the satellite was once the scene onstrate the effectiveness and importance of telescopes of given
of wonderful disturbances. It appears to have been a boiling local length for the photography of objects requiring great scale
mass of volcanoes unlike anything known to our world. It is and separating power.
almost impossible for one of earth’s inhabitants to imagine a “It seemed highly desirable to find, if possible, some way to
volcanic crater with a diameter that would extend across Lake utilize for such photographic work, the great power of the 40-
Michigan between Chicago and St. Joe. These remarkable dis- inch visual telescope. In November, 1900, a number of thin,
plane-parallel plates of glass were prepared and coated with col-
turbances are probably due to the differences of attractions of
the two surfaces. A man on the moon would weigh one-sixth
lodion of a delicate greenish-yellow tint, which, when tested with
of what he does on the earth. This important fact, says the the spectroscope, was found to effectually shut out the blue end
of the spectrum, while transmitting the green, yellow and red
Astrophysical Journal, should be borne in mind while studying
the surface formation of the moon, occasioned probably by vol- without appreciable diminution of intensity. Several very perfect
canic force of surprising magnitude, in some very remote time
color screens of excellent quality and of different densities were
in past lunar history.
thus secured for preliminary trials. A special plate-holder was
These remarkable things are seen on the earth’s side of the constructed, the color-screen being mounted in the plate-holder,
moon. What is on the other side has never been determined. It in contact with the sensitive plate. Cramer’s isochromatic plates
has never been seen by astronomers and is constantly hidden were used, these being extremely sensitive to yellow light, while
from view. Will some Roentgen of 1,000 years hence devise their sensitiveness falls off rapidly in the orange and red, on the
some kind of an astronomical X-Ray machine that will reveal to one side, and the green on the other, increasing again in the blue.
us the mysteries on the other side of this most interesting of The full aperture of the telescope was used and the time of
celestial objects?
exposure was about one-half second.
ow
oS
The region of the moon shown in the photograph, of which
we give an accurate reproduction, is in the southwestern quarter HEAT FROM THE EARTH AS A SOURCE OF POWER.
of the circumference.
The ragged white specks and streaks fringing the picture on Wonderful Possibilities Follow the Invention of the Sulphur
the left and resembling sunlit islands in an inken ocean, are the Dioxide Engine.
high-reaching peaks of great mountains. The black intervening
is the shadows in yawning valleys. All about may be noticed The invention of the sulphur dioxide engine, which is said to
the huge shadows bordering the mountains and in the craters of increase the power of steam, as told of in a previous issue of
voleanoes. They are, of course, more distinct toward the left Popular Mechanics, has led to discussion on the possibility of
because of the greater obliquity of the sun’s rays, occasioned utilizing the heat of the earth’s interior as a source of power.
by the curvature of the surface, which gradually disappears. The earth is 8,000 miles in diameter and except for a thin
“The dark part,” says Prof. Geo. E. Hale, who has charge of shell is probably hotter than any furnace yet devised by human
the great observatory, “is toward the west and has been recently skill. Estimates differ as to the thickness of this crust. Tem-
overcast; that is to say, the night is creeping over the face ofthe perature increases with descent in mines and oil wells at an av-
moon and will soon creep over Theophilus. Along the termin- erage of one degree for every 50 or 60 feet. Assuming that the
ator can be seen particularly high peaks with a sunlight still mean for the earth’s surface is something like 50 degrees above
illuminating them.” zero, the boiling point of water, 212 degrees would be reached
The picture shows no sign of any habitation of creatures like at a depth of about 8,00 feet Between 30 and 60 miles
or unlike those that dwell on the earth. The orb has practically down the heat is sufficient to melt the hardest known substances,
no atmosphere; no water; no clouds; no storms. It is a change- clay, lime, carbon and the like. At this distance temperatures
less solitude. of 5,000 and 6,000 degrees probably exist.
The telescope with which this photograph was taken is by far Prof. Thos. C. Mendenhall in Cassier’s Magazine says that the
the largest ever devised by human ingenuity and mechanism, and heat of the earth’s interior is a matter of the greatest interest
has caused all the world to wonder at its magnitude and conse- and opens infinite possibilities. It is claimed that a sulphur-
quent achievements. It was constructed by Alvan Clark & Son, dioxide engine might be run successfully at a depth of a mile
the famous American firm. The diameter of the object glass of which has more than once been attained by oil wells.
the refractor spans 40 inches. Its nearest rival is the Lick
telescope with a 36-inch refractor; next is the Lowell 24-inch. A new train which has been started between Paris and Calai
One great advantage it possesses is permitting micrometrical is said to be the fastest in the world. It covers the distance in
measurements with great ease and absolute certainty. three hours, including a four-minute stop at Amiens.

1|
February 22, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

CARBORUNDUM. is ready to fire the electric current enters one end through th
wires and carbons and finds its way through the core to the car-
What It Is—How Made—For What Used. bons at the other end so back to the generator. In doing so an
enormous amount of heat is created because the core is a poor
Carborundum is not found in nature. It is an artificial product conductor of electricity and like a man fighting his way through
discovered by Acheson in 1891. It is made of ground coke, sand a crowd—gets hot Che furnace is in reality a tremendous ar«
and salt burned in an electric furnace of great power. It is used light, only the light is concealed by the brick covering. If a
for grinding and polishing and has taken the place of emery to person should look at it many moments it would blind him
a large extent. It is slightly heavier than sand, is almost as hard The workmen wear colored glasses when they must look in
as diamond, but not as tough. through the small peep hole
Che first carborundum produced was very expensive, the pro lo fill a furnace the side walls are built up four feet, and
duct of the small furnaces being but one-quarter pound per day. the mixture thrown in until the furnace is half full. Next a
Now the Carborundum Company, of Niag-
ara Falls, to whom we are indebted for
much information, turns out 25 tons daily.
he crude materials are clean sand, saw-
dust, salt and coke. The coke is ground,

®Pawn

THE GRINDER.
CORBORUNDUM FURNACE BURNING.
some of it to kernels to be used in making the “core,” the rest trench is made in the mixture about 10 inches wide and deep
to a fine powder. This powder is weighed into a mixer, with from one set of carbons to the other. In this is placed the core
proper proportions of the sand, salt and sawdust, and mixed by 1,100 pounds if new, 850 pounds if previously used. This core
machinery. is the kernels of coke already mentioned. It is then rounded
In the furnace room are 14 furnaces built of brick, oblong in by hand until it lays, lengthways like a round post, 21 inches in
shape, and each 16 feet long, 5 feet high and 5 feet wide. The diameter. More mixture is now heaped on until the furnace
ends are two feet thick and are not often disturbed. The rest is full and containing about 8 feet deep of mixture. The side
of the furnace is built up for each firing. Each end supports the walls are then finished. The wires are connected and the cur
“terminals” consisting of 60 pieces of carbon 30 inches long and rent turned on.
3 inches diameter. These carbons are connected with copper Che electric current is generated by power from Niagara Falls,
rods to which electric wire can be attached. When the furnace which comes to the works at 2,200 volts. This is too strong and
it is passed through a transformer and re-
duced to 185 volts. Of the 1,000 horse
power which enters the transformer 40
horse-power is lost in the transform-
ing. Water is constantly pumped
——
.
aoa
eas

Fe
ia
SS

She.
ete
Rati
aoe.
-

WHERE CARBORUNDUM RECEIVES ITS

CARBORUNDUM FURNACE AFTER BURNING. CHEMICAL TREATMENT...

 pee

100 POPULAR MECHANICS February 22, 1902.

through coils of pipe to keep it cool. In the furnace a new core Experiments with the furnaces in which carborundum is
takes longer to heat up than an old one on account of its im burned lead electricians to expect they will soon build furnaces
purities which soon burn out. As the furnace becomes heated, in which the heat will be but little less than that in the sun
gases escape through the loose walls. Five and a half tons of itself
acai
gas must escape before the process ends. Sometimes the gas
generates faster than it can escape; then there are explosions.
MUMMY CATCHES FIRE AND CREATES BEDLAM.
The purpose of the sawdust in the mixture is to give. the gas
chance to escape, as the sawdust quickly burns out and leaves
Final End of the Eventful Career of a Priest’s Daughter Who
Died Centuries Ago.

Great excitement was caused in the divinity school of the

University of Chicago last week by an Egyptian mummy which
had remained harmlessly in its encasements for centuries. The
mummy was that of the daughter of a priest, who is said to
have led an eventful career in ancient Eygpt during her life
time, but whose power to create excitement was thought to have
terminated some time during the reign of the Ptolemies. The
mummy caught fire, and before it could be extinguished the
whole divinity school was turned into pandemonium. How the
fire started is a mystery. The mummy was lying seemingly harm
less in a pile of other curiosities in the basement of the Haskell
Oriental Museum. ‘The first intimation was a strangely pungent
and stiffling odor, that filled the rooms above, where the students
were at work, and drove the occupants into the halls. The
mummy was discovered blazing merrily on top of the other cu- Mya
A
ag

rios. A cry for help went up and after hard work for nearly hali
A SECTION OF THE KILN ROOM.
an hour, in which all the fire apparatus of the institution was
the mixture porous. For 36 hours the electric current of 1,000 brought to play, the fire was extinguished. The mummy, how-
horsepower passes through the furnace. Then it is cut off, the ever, was left a wreck and nothing but ashes remain to mark
furnace cooled, the side walls and top removed. A strong crust the end of the once noted daughter of an Egyptian priest
must be broken with big steel bars. Within, surrounding the ~~
core, are great lumps of crystals of most brilliant colors, chiefly
TAKES BRAINS TO FIRE.
blue and green. These are carborundum crystals, which are re
moved, taken to a crusher and ground, then to tanks where a
treatment with diluted sulphuric acid lasts several days. They Professor W. F. M. Goss, of Purdue, has recently reported a
are then washed, dried and graded to size by sieves. Some art case which shows how great may be the difference in the effi-
ciency of different firemen, says Electrical Review. In a test of
a pumping engine extending over seventy-two hours, the boilers

THE 1500-TON HYDRAULIC PRESS. CARBORUNDUM WHEELS.

ground to extreme fineness and called flour; this is used for were fired by different firemen, each working a “watch” of eight
delicate polishing. The coarser is made up like sand paper, and hours. The load on the engine and other conditions were prac-
used in many other ways. tically constant through the run, yet the worst fireman used
The chief use of carborundum, however, is for the heavier twenty-five per cent more fuel during his watches than the best
one did.
work of grinding and polishing iron, steel, stone, etc., for which
eee eee
purpose it is made into bricks or wheels of an infinite variety of
sizes and shapes. The wheels range all the way from one a A guest at a Vienna hotel where he had stopped for weeks,
dentist uses in smoothing out the cavity of a tooth to large gave a gratuity of six florins to the head porter. The latter
wheels for truing car wheels and the rolls of rolling mills. To demanded ten and locked up the guest’s baggage when it was
make wheels the carborundum is mixed with kaolin and feldspar, refused. The court decided that the guest must pay in order
moulded in hydraulic presses into shape, then baked like pottery to recover his baggage as the hotel did not allow wages to its
in a kiln. porters or waiters.
 February 22, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 101

REMARKABLE HOTEL BEING BUILT IN INDIANA. LAKE SUPERIOR IRON SOON TO BE EXHAUSTED

Different From Anything Ever Attempted Before—Great Glass Warning Sounded Against the Policy of Wasting Low Grade
Dome on Top. Ores.

Unlike any other hotel ever attempted in any land is the new According to the argument of C. R. Van Hise of the United
hostelry now in progress of erection at West Baden, Ind. It States Geological Survey the ore-supply of the Lake Superior
is a multi-sided structure of oval interior and is to be crowned Iron region, will be exhausted in the first half of the Twentieth
by an enormous glass dome, 200 feet in diameter. The dimen- Century. He deplores the policy of wasting the low grade ores
sions of the building on the ground are, 634 by 343 feet for, he says, they are a resource which will certainly have a
Contrary to the natural supposition, says the Hotel World. value in the future. “All of these things,” says the Iron Age
the rooms in the hotel will be square or oblong of regular form “are of very great interest to the South, and indicate that the
[his is accomplished by employing the wedge-shaped space that advantages of that section are to become more and more pro
naturally results from the circular form, for bath rooms, closets nounced as compared with other iron-making districts.”’
and washbowls. This will mean a great advantage, not only in Mr. Van Hise says that the ore bodies of the Lake Superior

ee
see

Fy)
SRE
IP

ODDEST HOTEL IN THE WORLD

the symmetry of the rooms, but convenience in furnishing and region cannot be expected to extend beyond the depth to which
laying carpets. the descending waters may bear oxygen and percipitate iron
The photograph from which the accompanying illustration is oxide. “Up to the present time,” he says, “all but an insigni
made, was taken when 500 men were at work on the building. ficant fraction of the ore has been taken above the 1,000-foot
The hotel is being built for Lee W. Sinclair on the site of his level. Many ore deposits, before reaching the depth of 1,000
hotel that was recently burned. He suggested the plans and the feet, have become smaller and poorer, and a number have been
design was drawn by Architect Harrison Albright of Charles- worked out.
ton, W. Va.
“Thirteen years ago practically all of the material shipped
—_———»@--9—___
from the Lake Superior region contained more than 60 per
A London company which insures against smallpox is doing cent metalic iron. For the last five years considerable quan-
a land-office business. Policies of £1,000 and £2,000 are fre tities have been shipped containing from 40 to 50 per cent
quently written.
“The policy of mining only the richest ores which can be
a
marketed today, and frequently in handling this material in
It is said that the Kaiser would have sent his eldest son, such a manner as to make it difficult to recover the somewhat
the crown prince, to America, instead of Prince Henry, but for lower grade material at a later date, is very short-sighted policy,
fear he would fall in love with an American girl. even from the point of view of the mining men, and, and ignor-
—
Sua

ww
ii ing the future of the nation. The exhaustion within a few
Che regular reader of Popular Mechanics need never be at a decades of the high grade ores of the Lake Superior region
loss for entertaining things to talk about. , now discovered is little short of a certainty.
 102 POPULAR MECHANICS February 22, 1902.

HOW TO MAKE AN ICE BOAT. learn where there are air holes or open water. To stop the boat
throw the head around into the wind, same as you would with a
sail boat. If the wind is strong the occupants of the boat
Simple Device That a Child May Ccnstruct and Operate.
should lie flat on their stomachs.
>>
ow
With the aid of old skates, pieces of board, and an old sheet
NEW YORK’S FLOATING POSTOFFICE.
or a small bit of canvass, a boy possessed of ordinary mechan-
ical genius may make an ice boat for himself that will afford a
An Equipment to the City’s Mail Service Unknown to But
great amount of sport. The frame of the boat should be made
Few.
something in the form of a kite. The center board should be
four or five feet long, six inches wide and two inches thick
For five years New York has had in its harbor a fully equipped
"he cross board may be of a piece of 1 by 6 inch plank 3 feet
floating United States postoffice, yet few residents of the met-
ong. Fasten these with braces of small, stout strip, as shown
ropolis are aware of this fact, save those who are employed in
the distribution of incoming European mail. It is a steamboat
8
Bice named the “Postmaster General”, and was placed in service in
1897 by Postmaster Cornelius Van Cott. Mr. H. L. Joyce in
a paper read before the New York Railroad Club said:
“This steamer meets all the incoming European mail steamers
down the lower bay, takes the foreign mail from them during
Wy ee, the trip to Quarantine, and, as fast as it is landed on the
Postmaster General, a corps of clerks on board assort it. By
I DETAIL °F RUDDER the time that this boat reaches her pier in this city all the foreign
mail for other cities has been assorted, as well that for the dif
i ferent sub-stations in New York City. Mail wagons are wait
ing the arrival of the Postmaster General at her pier, the assorted
" mail is quickly loaded, the local mail being rushed to the post
office and mail for other cities sent direct to the railroads with-
out going through the General Postoffice as formerly; in the
majority of cases the mail for New York City is in the hands
of its consignees and read, and mail for different cities is in
transit by the various railroads before the steamer that brought
Mnalese — _— i __t _f it to this country is docked at her pier.”
‘ > f 2 >z > SKATE
FIRST DISPATCHER OF TRAINS BY TELEGRAPH.

A. W. Copeland of Chenoa, IIL, claims to be the first dis-

patcher of trains by telegraph. He transmitted an order for the
movement of a train in 1852. Previous to that time train dis-
—,
PLANK SS
| Of
nowe
Masr patchers were not considered necessary and the telegraph was 96983
Phas

used for commercial purposes only.

Copeland was employed at the postoffice at Rutland, Vt., which
was also a telegraph office. There was a snow blockade on the
Rutland & Burlington, one of the first roads constructed in New
England.- Copeland learned that the south bound train was
delayed and was told that the conductor of the north bound
train was waiting at a siding for its arrival. He suggested
n the picture, and screw the cross piece securely to the center
that he could: wire the waiting conductor for a new meeting
board. Bore a hole in the center of the intersection for the mast
point and the suggestion was carried out. This was the begin-
pole. The seat may be made of a piece of strong cloth or
ning of train dispatching. Afterward conductors, by means
leather. Three skates are fastened one to either side of the cross-
of the telegraph, arranged meeting points to suit the exigencies
board and one to the rear end of the center-board, the latter of
of traffic. Several years later dispatchers were employed to
which is to operate as a rudder. In attaching the skates first
relieve the conductors of this duty. Copeland was born in
make a couple of runner blocks, each 6 inches long and 3 inches
Middleburg, Vt., June 7, 1830.
wide. Bore holes in them for the straps of the skates to pass
———
ee —
through and fasten them securely. Nail the runner blocks
firmly to the cross-board about 1% inches from each end. ABOUT LOOSE PULLEYS.
In making the rudder hew down a piece of scantling, one foot
| long, until it assumes the shape of a club with a flat base. Nail A contributor to the Wood Worker has this to say regarding
a strip of wood- firmly to this base and to the strip fasten the the loose pulley: Put the tight pulley on the end of the shaft.
skate. Run the top of the club through a hole bored in the
stern of the center board. Then make the helm by boring a
hole in one end of a strip of soft board about one foot long and
hrough this hole pass the club or rudder-pole and fasten it so
it may be shifted when desired. Make the sail out of an old
sheet, if it be strong enough, piece of canvass, or any such sub-
stance and attach it to the mast and sprit, as shown in the illus-
tration, and guide it by a stout string attached to the lower outer Put the loose pulley on another shaft, and when the machine
corner. As an ice boat will travel faster than the wind, some is idle, let this loose pulley shaft turn, instead of remaining idle.
care and considerable skill is necessary. Unless you are accus- Where there is room this method does away with the loose pul-
tomed to managing a sail boat do not select a place in which to ley. The belt can be shifted just the same.
February 22, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

Popular Mechanics
H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher
Journal Building, - ~ - Chicago

SUBSCRIPTION
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
eee ne ee
Foreign Countries, post paid.................... canes a a
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of In ul
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our |
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro |
ure from its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date. “THE ARTISTIC IN ENGINEERING.” —POWER.
lopular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
conntry by Saturday morning.
this thought of a new Europe. I was told that Italy was but
thirty years old, that the present economic life dates back only
Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.
to 1870, and that the modern Roman is today an industrial i plo-
Address,
neer in a virgin country. Such a thought applied to almost the
POPULAR MECHANICS
oldest European civilization is especially striking, but every
Journal Building, - - Chicago
other country of Europe offers illustrations of the truth of the
Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class. paradox. We not only find that Italy has suddenly awakens
to the possibilities of conserving the force of her enormous
AMERICA’S ENORMOUS CONSUMPTION OF TIMBER. water power, and 1s beginning a great movement to turn int

electrical energy numberless cascades and rapids, but an exam

Four Million Feet Used Annually fcr Matches—Eight Times ination of the industrial side of every other nation shows much
That Much for Shoe Pegs. that is still unhewn and unwrought. Austria has just formu-
lated a legislative plan for a great net-work of canals which will
Forty billion feet of lumber is yearly used by the United States cost hundreds of millions of florins and revolutionize the trans
for the lumber and paper trade. This is equivalent to the portation of the empire.
product of about 4,000,000 acres of good virgin forest, an area a
--———————
equal to Rhode Island and Connecticut combined. This does TENSION IN BAND SAWS.
not include the wood used for fuel, which is about 4% times
more. Four million feet is used for matches, the product of 400
Tension in band saws signifies the expansion of the metal
acres of good virgin forest. About 620,000,000 cross ties are now
throughout the central portions of the blade, so as to stretch
laid on American railroads, and 90,000,000 new ties are re-
the outside edges and particularly the back edge, says a writer in
quired annually for renewals, which are equal to 3,000,000 feet
Wood Worker. A saw when strained on the wheels must be thx
of lumber. There are now standing nearly 7,500,000 telegraph
tightest on the cutting edge, so as to not let the saw run in o1
poles and 750,000 new poles are required each year for re
out of the cut. The speed of band saws has very little to do with
newals. These figures do not include telephone poles and the
the tension, although it has much to do with the work and life
poles required on new railway lines. The timber used for ties
of the saw; either too much or not enough speed will have simi
and poles each year is equivalent to the product of 100,000 acres
lar influence in inducing cracks. Some band saw filers believ
of good virgin forest. The amount of wood used in a single
band saw must not be open closer than an inch or an inch and a
year for making shoe pegs is equal to the product of fully 3,500
half from the edge. They claim a saw will crack if it is opened
acres of good second growth hard wood land. Lasts and boot
any closer than an inch from the edge. My saws are opened
trees require at least 500,000 cords more. Most newspaper and
from edge to edge, and I am not bothered with any cracks; but
packing paper is made from wood. The total annual consump-
I find that if a saw is open from edge to edge the tension must
tion of wood for paper pulp is equivalent to more than 800,000,- be put in evenly. If a saw is wide open and the tension not even
000 board feet of timber, equal to the growth of 80,000 acres of
the saw will chatter in the cut and is most likely to come off th
prime woods.
wheels, cracked. It is well known among practical band saw
a
men that a band saw will not do good work without tension. The
THE OLD WORLD IS NOW INDUSTRIOUSLY THE NEW. back of a saw must be looked after as well as the tension. The
back of a saw should be crowned so as to not allow the cutting
edge to dodge and make snaky lumber. I find that a saw
industrially it is no longer the Old World. It is New Europe
crowned about 1/32-inch in every five feet gives good results
and Old America! It is New Europe, a land of undeveloped
where the wheels are in good shape and in perfect line
possibilities, abounding in opportunity for keen captains of in-
———_—_+-___
dustry. It is mature America, the exemplar of modern indus
The strongest animals exist entirely on vegetable food. The
trial methods, perfected mechanical ideas, and ripe economic
lion’s ferocity, rather than his strength, makes him formidable
policy, says Scribner’s.
An elephant is a match for several lions, and is a vegetarian. The
This conception of a new Europe, looking toward mature RW
TUR
Chg

animals with most speed and endurance—the horse, the reindeer

America for the best illustrations of industrial development,
and the antelope—are also vegetarians
was novel enough when I first encountered it, but it becomes fa-
ee
miliar as one goes from country to country and sees field after
field rich in opportunities for the introduction of better methods, Baby carriages propelled by electricity are in use in Paris
the application of better mechanical ideas, and the planting of ———
more correct economic policies. It was in Rome that I first met Popular Mechanics is “written so you can understand it.’
104 POPULAR MECHANICS February 22, 1902.

[OPP LLLP PLP LLL LLLP PPP DP PPL PLLA PPP PPL will go around one coil in a direction opposite to that in which
it goes around the other. Leave the remaining two ends hang-
Easy Electrical Experiments

|
ing free for the present.
el
Saal
The commutator should next be made. To do this mount
FOR BOYS, tightly upon the shaft a block of hard wood % inch long and %
~~.
Se inch in diameter. This wooden cylinder revolves with the shaft.
tet®
Vel
el
PraPReP
ARAM etal ad estes Ped ns aMnara’ te?
mhs*hs*taP
It should fit the latter tightl and its outer end is ™% inch from
CHAP. VII.
the end of the shaft. Take a thin piece of sheet copper and bend
A SIMPLE ELECTRIC MOTOR. it into the form of a hollow cylinder 3% inch long, of such size
as to just fit upon the wooden cylinder upon the shaft. Fasten it
\n electric motor has three essential parts. ‘These are (1) there with eight of the smallest brass screws obtainable. These
a magnet capable of furnishing a powerful magnetic field; (2) screws should be equally spaced, four on each end, and on no
an armature, turning in this field, carrying the current which account should they be long enough to strike through and touch
drives the motor; and (3) a commutator for leading the cur- the shaft, as this will spoil the commutator. After this cylinder
rent into the revolving armature. In the simple motor about to is in place, cut it with a file into two equal sections, with the
be described, the first of these, the field magnet, is made of two spaces dividing these sections running the same way as the
6-inch horseshoe magnets, such as may be bought for about shaft. The two sections must be entirely separated so that
twenty-five cents each. The armature consists of two simple there is no electrical connection between them.
coils, and the commutator is simply a cylinder of brass, split Wrap the shaft between the commutator and the coils with a
lengthwise into two sections. layer of thin paper, and run each of the two free ends of the
To make the armature, proceed as follows: From a rod of coils to a section of the commutator. Between the commutator

ree

soft iron ™% inch in diameter cut two pieces 1% inches long. and the coils these wires should lie close against the shaft, but
Wrap each one with a layer of stout paper. gluing it smoothly separated from it by the layer of paper just mentioned, and
in place. Upon each wind a coil of No. 24 double cotton cov separated from each other. They should be tightly bound to
ered magnet wire, each coil being 1% inches long and %4 inch the shaft by close wrappings of fine silk thread. The appear-
in external diameter. These coils may best be made by making ance of the finished armature is shown in the figure.
wooden heads, % inch in diameter, for the end of the coils, with The field magnets are two 6-inch horseshoe magnets, such as
a hole in their centers of such size that they will fit tightly upon may be easily secured. Be sure and select two which have at
the iron core. Drive them on to the iron core so that they leave least 14 inch clearance between their poles. The shaft just de-
a clear space at each end ~1 1% inch. Then wind the space be- scribed has to revolve in the space between the poles, and this
tween them with wire as just explained. Great pains must be will be a difficult matter to arrange if the magnet poles are
taken to have both spools evenly wound and of the same size closer together than % inch. Indeed, it may be necessary to file
and weight. Take a piece of brass rod 3-16 inch in diameter, the shaft a little at the points where it passes between the poles,
6 inches long, and perfectly straight. This is for the shaft. Cut in order to allow the shaft to turn freely when the conducting
from a piece of brass 1-16 inch thick two pieces, each 11% inches wires are in place upon it.
long and % wide. Bore three holes in each. The first of these To support the magnets, fasten a block of wood to a suitable
holes is at the center and is 3-16 inch in diameter. The other base board, the dimensions of the block being 3 inches by 1%
two holes are ! » inch each side of the center and are '% inch in inches by 4 inches. The block should be placed with its narrow
diameter face even with the edge of the board, and with the long axis of
Having made the coils as directed, mount them upon the shaft, this face in a vertical position. Fasten the magnets to the slides
as shown in the figure. The two brass strips are slipped upon of this block by cleats, held on by screws, thus enabling us to
the shaft, and with the latter passing through the center holes vary the position of the magnets «until they are exactly right,
and the iron cores slipping into the outer holes in each. Press when by tightening the screws they will immediately be clamped
the strips tightly against the coils, and solder the strips firmly in place.
to the brass shaft, thus fastening the coils firmly to the shaft Support the armature as shown in the picture between the
and in the middle of the latter. Connect one terminal of one poles of the magnets. Two precautions are necessary. First,
coil to one terminal of the other in such a way that the current be sure that the north pole of one magnet and the south pole of
 February 22, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 105

the other are uppermost. This can be determined by trial, al- AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTOR
though the north pole of a magnet is usually stamped “N.”
Next, be sure when the coils are so placed that one is directly \ new method of announcing the occasion and location of
above the other that the commutator is fixed upon the shaft fire in buildings has been patented in England, and is de-
that the two slots are horizontal. scribed in the Electrical Times, London. Instead employing
1 -
The supports for the shaft may be made of two blocks of a mercurial instrument in each room, a copper or silver wire

wood. A piece of brass screwed to each, with a hole just large

enough to allow the shaft to turn freely, will make a fairly good |s|s} --.

ie
ete,
bearing.
Fasten two springs of very thin brass to the base board, and
adjust each until it bears firmly upon the commutator. Upon Meraop of Fixina War, stowrmne Contact-wmaxtne Device.
connecting the two brushes to a battery of four or five bi-chro-
mate cells, the motorss will revolve very rapidly and w:th con-
siderable power QHIWAY Aur
a
<< "Ay
WILL WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY BECOME PRACTICAL? FIRE & POSITION
DETECTOR INDICATOR
Serious Doubts Raised by English Electicians. wires to Stable Gong wires to Servants’Gong

eo ee
Now that the first excitement over Marconi’s experiment in Toe FLOOR.
1 tecepe Loe
$0 ft above
» Rooms
Ground
7 9 ond t
Level

trans-Atlantic signaling has had a chance to cool a little, pro- Me 6 Bet ere me 8 Beemwen > Otneeen Se (0 Beerwee me |) Betrece Set
ket coe

found electricians are pointing out some difficulties of which we [saFe] (ene [sa
—se)[‘sare) (sare) sare)
had not been told. The Electrical Review, London, editorially
aed
suggests some of these. REQUIRED
FIRST FLOOR, 26ft shove Cround Level VA
First, the present masts, of which a large number are re-
quired, are 130 feet high, and cost $1.200 each. These would in Png Roow “0 + Geercen me 2 Beercem mo ) Bes-cee 8. 6 Betreee #0 5 Beereee Seng Poon

‘ 5 —
actual practice be replaced by higher and more expensive steel
[sare]7? [sare)- [sare] ; (sare [sare | SAFE
wers. This, however, is no great obstacle.
for’ HOSt |
Sir Henry Mance says, that it must be perfectly clear to any (REQuinED}
one that wireless telegraphy has come to stay; that it will be GROUND FLOOR
extremely useful in certain cases, but he _ declines Dining Meow Caen Meow te-e Men- Beoe cme

to believe that it will ever be a commercial rival to an sub

marine cable of moderate length. No individual or company
Gh (sare)
Gone (sare) (sare
‘SAFE sare) (<r) [sare
can monopolize the ether; the systems failed during the yacht Pian of First Floor Pian of Top Fioor

MORSE
races in New York because neither station would give way for
Automatic Transmitter
the others, and he believes somewhat similar results have been to Fire Brigade
observed on board His Majesty’s fleet when experimenting with
wireless telegraphy He does not doubt that some sort of signal
was received by Mr. Marconi during his recent experiments on is stretched along one side of the room. When fire occurs the
the other side of the Atlantic, but he mentions, for the informa heat causes this sensitive wire to expand and sag, and in doing
tion of those interested, that the earth current variations in a so closes an electric circuit, which gives the alarm
long submarine cable frequently produce a signal resembling th¢ Our cut shows the alarm board for a small hotel
letter “S.” The selection of this letter by Mr. Marconi for uss
—
in his experiment was, therefore, rather unfortunate. The dream OFFERS HIS BODY FOR VIVISECTION
of our philosophers of old has been realized, concludes Sir
bin
e , Henry, but whether there is any money in it is quite another Doctor Would Let Surgeons Cut on Him for a Year, if He Live
question, That Long. es
Os
nate
oe
Pe

Another expert claims no international law could avoid inte1

ference of one line with another, and adds: Dr. James E. Russell, of Brooklyn, has offered to let sur
“If for the moment we reverse the situation and assume that geons cut him
up alive for the benefit of science. Over his signa
wireless telegraphy was originally introduced, so that we had ture he invites the profession to use his body as a subject of
for the last fifty years known no other method, I am confident vivisection for one year's time, or until death, if he succumb
that the invention of submarine cables, with their direct connec to the experiments before the expiration of twelve months. He
tion, consequent privacy, and ease of working, would be hailed states that his sole object in making this unparalleled offer is
as an enormous advance and improvement upon the older to further scientific knowledge and to silence what he terms
methoa.” “the rant anti-vivisectionists.” In his offer the doctor says
Mr. Rymer-Jones, a leading cable expert, says wireless tel “I will place no restrictions upon any operation. I would
egraphy has a large and useful field in military, naval and iso- merely suggest that the experiments be so arranged that those
lated lighthouse work, but it cannot work as fast as cable. The organs which have the most immediate results on the mainte
latest Atlantic cables transmit forty-five words a minute on the nance of life be reserved until last, in order that usefulness of
simplex system, and ninety words duplex, while the best work my body may be prolonged and enlarged.”
in wireless systems has been only twenty-four words a minute The doctor's wife has taken steps to prevent him from carry
on short lines. ing his plans into execution. New York has several good
However, when Marconi has had as many years to perfect asylums for the feeble-minded.
his plans as have ocean cable operators, perhaps he may outdo —_~+--e—___ Se
them all. A North Dakota merchant has his clerks drive out in the
—_—__.-e._- country and visit the farmers, as a means to getting acquainted
Popular Mechanics is “written so you can understand it.” and building up trade.
106 POPULAR MEvwrmaARiCs February 22, 1902.

COMPRESSED AIR SOLVES PROBLEM through the larger pipe. In thus escaping standing idle the water rose to within 20
OF WATER SUPPLY. the air raises the water with it. feet of the ground surface.
Each of these Pohle pumps is guaranteed Air for pumping the wells is obtained
System Installed in the Government Hos- to lift 400,000 gallons of water in 24 from a duplicate plant consisting of two
pital for the Insane a Gratifying hours and deliver this into the reservoir, Class “A” steam agtuated compressors of
Success.
-——-—— —

Compressed air has solved the

mooted problem of furnishing a sufficiency
much
||
of pure water for the government hospital
for the insane at Anacostia, D. C. The air
lift system which has been recently in
stalled has insured an abundant, permanent
and unfailing supply of the purest quality
of water at the least expense The build-

ings of the hospital stand on the brow of

a hill overlooking the city of Washington
\ series of twelve wells were driven
ilong the low bank fronting the Anacosta
river, says Compressed Air, about 50 or 60
feet from the water's edge. These were
driven from 200 to 300 feet deep and in-
clude three wells with an 8-inch casing and
five with 6-inch casing. In addition there
are four other wells with a 2-inch casing
scattered about the ground. Along the
line thus established was buried an 8-inch
<PRE>
cast iron waier main with an elbow and
riser at each well, clearly shown in _ the
illustrations. From about midway of this AIR LIFT WELLS AT THE GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE,
row of wells a 12-inch cast-iron water pipe ANACOSTIA, D. C.
run at right angles to a covered brick
reservoir gf a capacity of about 100,000 provided the water level in the wells does the Ingersoll-Sergeant ‘Straight Line
gallons, which is under the power house. not drop lower than 70 feet below the type with steam cylinders 12 inches in
lhe risers are about seven feet high, or just ground when pumping. This gives a total diameter and a 14-inch stroke and air
sufficient t » produce head enough to carry lift to the reservoir of 77 feet, with a sub- cylinders 14% inches, also with a 14-inch
the water over and into the reservoir. In mergence of 115 feet, or a total length of stroke. One of these compressors is found
all there are twelve wells using the Pohle water pipe of 192 feet. It was found by sufficient to operate all the wells and the
Air Lift device with a 2-inch water pipe experiment that each of these wells when other is held in reserve. The compressed
and a 1-inch air pipe inside of it. The air pumped at the rate of 50 gallons per air passes off into a 42 x 96-inch high verti
is forced down'to the bottom through the minute maintained a water level of 30 to 40 cal air receiver, by which it is carried
1-inch pipe and its only means of escape is feet below the ground surface, and when through a 3-inch pipe to a 2-inch main run-
niet
pp
ning parallel with. the line of wells.
The first view illustrates the interior of
the compressor room.
The second view shows the exterior of
the power plant showing nine of the wells
This and other pictures clearly show the
risers which are used to give a head suf-
ficient to force the water into the reservoir.
from which it is raised to the building by
the usual steam pump.

WALKS ON THE WATER.

With the aid of remarkable shoes of his =
invention, Capt. Grossman, an army officer
of Cologne, Germany, walked 100 miles on
the surface of the water. He covered 20
miles in one day, towing his wife in a boat,
and was greatly disappointed at the slow
re
speed he made. His route was along the
river Danube, from Linz to Vienna. Peas-
ants along the banks of the river who be-
held the strange spectacle fled in terror.
—_- >

Automobiles across the Caucassus for

carrying the Russian mails are to supplant
the present transport by post horses,
changing every ten miles. The route tra-
VIEW OF THE COMPRESSOR ROOM. verses the Dariel pass, 160 miles long.
 February 22, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 107

COLD STOPS THE SETTING OF CE- CONVENIENT CONNECTOR FOR TEST- NOVEL TRICK WITH AN EGG.
MENT. ING.
You may cause an egg to torce itself
Che effect of cold is to stop the setting A very simple and convenient connection through the neck of a decanter into the
of cement, says Municipal Engineering. for testing wires is illustrated in the Lon- decanter by this simple process. The de
Most cements set very slowly, if at all, don Electrical Review. It is intended for canter must be quite dry. Procure a hard
use on currents up to 10 amperes, and
below 30 or 40 degrees. When the tem- boiled egg and remove the shell
perature is raised the cement sets, unless is easily constructed. drop into the decanter a piece of
First
in the meantime the water has evaporated The square plunger is kept out a certain lighted paper. As the flame dies out put
sufficiently to leave an insufficient quantity one end of the egg into the neck of the
for the chemical action, so that the freez- bottle after the manner of a stopper. Ina
ing of work laid in cement mortar usually few moments the air will cool in the decan
has the effect simply of delaying the hard- ter and contract in volume, when the super
ening of the mass. If too much water is
used in the mortar, the expansion of the
water in freezing may disintegrate the
mortar by mechanical action of the ice in
forming. Alternate freezing and thawing distance by a spring, and on pressing the
increases the danger of injury. Portland ebonite knob, the two holes come _ into
cement is seldom injured by freezing, but line. By inserting the wire and releasing
many natural cements are more or less in- the knob, the spring causes a fair grip
ured, and mortar of natural cement is the of the wire. The edges of the holes being
more liable to disintegrate even under the well rounded, quite small wires can be
best of conditions, if the temperature is clamped without being cut. A pair of fuses
long enough or often enough below the protect the terminals.
Pow™s
freezing point before it has had an oppor- _—?°-2>

tunity to set. One method of aiding the RESIN FOR SOLDERING.

setting of mortar is to delay the time of
reaching the freezing point by heating the \n excellent method of preparing resin
stone or brick, the sand, the cement and for soldering bright tin is given in the
the water. Freezing may also be delayed American Artisan as follows: ‘Take 1 1-2
by covering the work with straw or tar- pounds of olive oil and 1 1-2 pounds of tal-
paulins. The most common preventative low and 12 ounces of pulverized resin. Mix

jor pressure of the outer atmosphere will

force the egg through the neck down into
the decanter without breaking.

TO EQUIP RAILWAY TRAINS WITH

TELEPHONES.
Te
GSD
APRA

As a result of recent successful experi-

ments it is intended to furnish all Illinois
Central trains with telephonic equipment,
Ww the instruments to be placed in baggage
cars of express trains and in engines or
cabooses of freights. The company is
(SEE PAGE 106.)
elated with its experiments of telephoning
is a solution of common salt for mixing. these ingredients and let them boil up. over telegraph wires from a railroad en
Add 1 per cent of salt to the water for When this mixture has become cool add gine on the southwestern branch of the
every degree of temperature below freez- 1 3-8 of a pint of water saturated with road between Kankakee and Hempton, a
ing pulverized salamomoniac, stirring con- distance of 26 miles. A number of stops
—_—_—o-e—____ stantly were made between the two towns. A
IMPROVE MEXICAN NATIONAL. +o. wire was strung from the engine to the
The total German wheat crop of 1901 telegraph line and telephone communi-
lhe Mexican National Railroad company was 1,342,314 tons, or 35 per cent below cation was established with the train dis-
has begun work transforming its entire sys- that of the previous year. The crop of oats patchers office at Kankakee without inter-
tem from a narrow-gauge to a standard- was an average one, the total yield being fering with the regular business in the
gauge line. The road is owned principal- 7,053,153 tons, against 7,091,930 tons in least.
ly by American capitalists; has American 1goo.,
crsinnnaneisiantijinpdifiseiomesnamman
managers and American railroad men in a a British capitalists have formed a syndi
nearly all the responsible posts. The Czar has authorized the city of St. cate with $12,500,000, known as “The
AE 5 Petersburg to issue $15,000,000 in bonds Charter Trust and Agency, limited,”
Plans have been submitted in London for municipal improvements, including the to develop South African mines.
for a mono-rail transit line between Edin- extension of the telephone system, the
burg and Glasgow to make a speed of 117 building of a dam near the Troizki bridge, The Boer war in two years has cost
miles an hour. and two new bridges over the Neva. England $620,350,000.

ot
RT
RO
ee
108 POPULAR MECHANICS February 22, 1902.

SAILING LIFE PRESERVER. DIVERS SUFFER INTENSE HUNGER. A NEW BATTERY.

De Dion, a French expert, has invented
While a person would hardly set out A Fact Well Recognized, Which Scientists a new battery which is described in the
on a long voyage in this strange craft, Cannot Explain. Motor Age. The positive electrode is a
he might be able to travel many miles and copper rod cylindrical in form located in
get to land in safety from a wreck. The Ihe submarine divers are afflicted with the center of the cell. Surrounding the
preserver is a Swiss invention, and con an exaggerated sensation of hunger while
sists of an air tank to sustain the body in under water is a fact well known to all of
‘ the profession but which cannot be ex-
plained by physicians or scientists. Capt.
Conrad, the New Orleans diver, who died Z
a few months ago as a result of work in ANY
CLL
LLAS
the Maine wreck, once said:
“The moment I am fully submerged, my
stomach gets busy with itself, and before
| finish the trick, visions of succulent food
so fill the water all about my glass peep-
hole that I can scarcely tell a torpedo cable
from a link of wienerwuerst. I am in-
clined to the opinion that the air and water
pressure, especially the latter, turn a man’s
head just a trifle, and in some unexplain-
able way the attack takes the form of hun-
ger.” NANAAAAAAAAAAAARAARAAARARTRNR
47
——— LLL
ELL
EPPLLL
TLS
SLOLLLLELETTLS
4%

t] } e
water ; also a tank with two compart-
MAGIC EGG TOP A MYSTERY. copper rod is a block of compressed oxide
ments, one for fresh water and another
for liquid water and food are
food lhe of copper which is obtained by precipita-
\ wonderful Easter novelty has appeared tion, the precise method being the treating
peed
obtained by placing the mouth over ends
in the form of a magic egg top. There a soluble salt of copper, such as the sul-
of tubes, which extend to the bottom of the
is something mysterious about the egg, says phate, by an alkali, such as soda or potash.
tanks A small sail to propel the craft
the Dry Goods Reporter. No one Can e@x-
lhe oxide of copper thus obtained becomes
and a signal of distress complete the out-
readily covered when subjected to a simple
fit. Strong straps and belts fasten the
pressure, which is not the case with copper PINs
preserver to the body, which is sufficiently
buoyant to keep the head and shoulder scales unless foreign substances, which im-
pair the strength of the battery, are used.
above water, even in cases of insensibility
from exposure. After inserting the copper electrode the
See eer compressed block is enclosed or wrapped in
a thin piece of copper gauze, after which
AMERICAN GAS PLANT IN MON.
it is inserted in a cylindrical vessel of zinc,
TEREY.
which constitutes the negative electrode and
is provided with a terminal passing to the
\n American has obtained concessions
outside of the case The spaces in the cop-
for the establishment of a modern gas
per gauze are completely filled with a solu-
plant for lighting and heating in Mon
tion of caustic potash which forms the
terey, Mex. The plant will cost $125,000
electrolyte. After completion this battery
American money. The entire equipment
may be hermetically sealed, as no gas is
will be purchased in the United States
OO
evolved from it.
SS

SCREEN FOR CRADLES.

plain just why it does as it does. It is TOY BOOMERANG.
the only top that spins on its side and An interesting toy has been invented by
People In northern latitudes are not
on either end. It changes from a horizon- a man in Kansas. Two or more vanes are
bothered much with flies these days, but tal to a vertical position in a second, and fastened as shown in the cut. These vanes
an inventor in North Dakota is getting for speed and endurance it beats anything are thin on one edge and thick on the
ready for warm weather. His device to ever invented. They are made of selected
wood, have metal tips and are practically
indestructible.
ii

SOLDERING GALVANIZED IRON.

To solder galvanized iron, says the

American Artisan, never use raw acid ex-
cept on old iron. If the acid is first cut
with zinc the operator will find no trouble
in working on new galvanized iron.
_-?>

protect the baby consists of a frame which The king of Italy has just passed an ex- other. The boomerang is thrown by hand,
closely fits the edge of the cradle, with amination before the ministers’ commission by grasping one of the vanes. With suffi-
hoops arched to hold the screen which may of police and has been licensed to operate cient practice and skill it should return
be of wire or cloth. a horseless carriage in the Eternal City. to the thrower. ‘
February 22, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 109

SCIENCE IN SHOVELS AND THEIR AN IDEAL DUSTLESS SWEEPER

USE.
FOR THE MADAM.
A dustless sweeper that ought to have
\ recent issue of Engineering gives some a place in every home is herewith illus
WOMEN HATE GOOD-SIZED FEET. interesting data of steps taken by the Beth trated. It is a hygienic damp broom that
lehem Steel Co. to reduce the cost of com does away with all rising of the dust and
Every one knows that a girl with good- mon labor employed in shoveling coal, ore,
sized feet a priori hates them. She makes etc., and several highly trained specialists
a jest of them because there’s no way of were engaged to study the problem. It was
reducing their indescribable proportions, found that the time taken to insert a shovel
says the Shoe Trade Journal. At the same into a pile was shorter if it were shoved
time, the truth is that a woman with a into the top instead of the bottom of a pile
fairly large foot is better proportioned, It also varied with material, taking longer
aAcecavorr
more harmoniously constructed, and for coke than sand, and, of course, with
aesthetically speaking, a more beautiful the man also, a powerful laborer taking 22
creation than the woman whose foot is too pounds at each shovelful, while the averag:
short to support her body. was not more than 12 to 14 pounds.
[here is such a thing as a danger line of As a result of this investigation, new
beauty, as Dr. Shoemaker says, and Ameri- sets of shovels, specially adapted to dif
can feet often verge upon this and some- ferent kinds of work were used, and in
times pass it. The American foot, espe stead of sending a man out in the morning
cially the foot of the women of the south, with a shovel, and allowing him to carry
descendants of generations of high-bred in- it all over the premises and use it indis
criminately on coke or ore, shovels of dif sprinkling of sawdust It sweeps clean
active forbears, is frequently too short for
ferent sizes and shapes were used for dif and destroys all kinds of germs It 3
the height of the woman it supports. A
ferent materials. The result of the study distinctly antiseptic and never gets sticky
woman of 5 feet 6 inches in height should
of this problem has been that the staff of (he broom may frequently be found on
have a foot 9 1-3 inches long. It should be
common laborers, which averaged 400 or bargain counters at a very low price
slender and delicate, not thick and broad,
——
and in the highest type the instep rises in 500, at wages of $1.15 per day, has been
a graceful swelling arch. cut down, and the work is now done by SCHEME TO PREVENT RAILROAD
“Tt should be axiomatic,” says the same 85 men, who are paid at the rate of $1.85 ACCIDENTS
writer, that nothing except face and hands per day.
ti ——
can be so aristocratic as a_ well-dressed, Che numerous railroad collisions the past
shapely foot, and nothing so “plebeian as BLOODCURDLING NAMES OF IRE- few weeks have set people to asking what
an ill-dressed clumsy one.” LAND. can be done to prevent them. The Ele
>
“_-?
trical Review says:
TO CLEAN WHITE WOODWORK. On the important electric lines recently
\ London newspaper writer points out constructed in the north of Italy, the track
White woodwork and furniture can be in all seriousness that the “natural sav and working conductor are divided into
beautifully cleaned with whiting. Wring a agery” of the Irish peasantry in their strug sections, and each train as it goes along
flannel cloth from hot water, dip in whiting gle for home rule might be due to the leaves the section through which it has
and rub well to remove all stains, then wash blood-thirstiness of the names of their just passed dead behind it. For this rea
off the whiting with clean warm water and towns and country districts. Many of these son it is impossible for rear-end collisions
dry with a soft cloth. The rubbing strokes places are named “Kil” something or an- to occur, since no train can enter the block
should always be with the grain of the other—“Kil” in Irish meaning church which another has just left until the othe:
wood.—What to Eat such as Killarney, Killaloe, Kildare, Kil- has gone ahead into the next following
ieaceetioe caaibtiecasaian kenny, Kilrush, and Kilruddery. The Lon- block. Such a system would seem on a
DELICIOUS WAY TO SERVE OYSTERS. doner, while traveling in Ireland, was con- double-track railroad to make an accident
siderably startled on hearing at a railway by collision practically impossible
Cut the top crust off a loaf of bread station the following conversation between The automatic feature of this apparatus,
Scoop out the inside of both top and bot- two wild-looking peasants. however, introduces as many elements of
tom, says the Fishing Gazette. Butter well “I’m just afther bein’ over to Kilpatrick,” danger as it suppresses. It is not consid
the receptacle and cover thus formed, and said one. ered good practice either in railway or
put in over to brown. Have the oysters “An’ I,” replied the other, “am afther marine operation to trust too much to au
nicely creamed and hot. put them into the being over to Kilmary.” tomatic devices of any character, but rather
“hox,”’ cover and serve. “What murderers they are!” thought the to supplement the operation of such ap
To serve: Remove cover, dip out the Englishman. “And to think they talk of paratus by human intelligence, and vic¢
oysters and break a piece of the crust of the their assassinations so publicly!” versa. It is not likely that railroads, in this
cover to go with each plate. “And where are you goin’ now, Jim?” country at any rate, would trust absolutely
asked assassin No. 1. an automatic block signal system or install
Silk stockings should be washed, inside “I’m goin’ home to Kilmore,” was No. such a device in place of the present me
out, in warm, not hot water, with plenty of 2’s reply. The Englishman’s blood curdled. thod of blocking, signaling and despatch
lather. Rinse well, wring in a clean towel, “Kilmore is it?” said the other. “Faix, ing. But there is no reason whatever why
and pull into shape to dry, but never iron- you'd bether be comin’ wid me to Kilum- the interlocking and automatic principles
ing them.—Nat’l Laundry Journal. aule.” of the switches and signals now employed
The frightened Englishman went no on first-class railways might not, with ele
A Lancashire, England, engineer who farther on his journey. He waited at the trical equipment, be extended a step fur
was having trouble with his boiler, removed station for the next train back to Dublin, ther so as to deprive a section on which
5,000 pounds of salt from it. and returned to England by the first boat. danger signals were set of power.
110 POPULAR MECHANICS February 22, 1902.
SIMPLE GASLIGHT PRINTING APPA- stuff, made to fit inside the box and held The piece L which fits between J and K
RATUS
in place by four headless wire nails, I, is cut into around the edge at intervals of
driven into the edges and fitting into cor- one inch, and alternately turned down and
Device Easily Made for Exposing and Re-
responding holes in the box. The burner left straight. To prevent the light from
cording Exposures.
C is screwed to the top of a %-inch nip- being reflected through the openings it is
With the aid of a Welsbach burner and
ple, connected, as shown, at such a height a good plan to blacken the inside with drop
as to be opposite the center of the open- black in japan, thinned with turpentine. A
a graduated shelf users of gaslight paper
ing in front of box, and to the end of pipe, tin lining to box will help reflect some light
may find an accurate and _ convenient
method of exposing and recording the ex-
which projects through the back of box, a and also protect the wood from the heat
rubber hose from a convenient gas fixture of flame. The writer has had the best re-
posure. The Welsbach burner is enclosed
is attached. If the apparatus is to be used sults with the Yusea mantle, as the light is
in a box to prevent the light from shining
always in the same place a good plan is so much stronger than some others, but
where it is not wanted, says A. L. Fitch
to insert one of the cocks made for the there is a burner on the market which
in the Photo-Beacon for January, and the
purpose between a gas bracket and the uses gasoline vapor under pressure, and
pipe projecting from the wall, thus strong as the gas light. In this connection
enabling the operator to slip the hose on the following table showing the relative
or off without interfering with the light in exposure necessary at different distances
the room, which will not be needed dur- from the light may be found useful, always
ing printing, however, as_ sufficient will remembering that the intensity of the light
come from the box. The manner of se- varies at the square of its distance.
curing the pipe to botton B may be by
staples or other convenient way. ’ °

The shelf D has lines an inch apart Incues. | 6/7 |8|9 |40| 11 |12/ 131.14
| ae a ow ee

numbered as shown and measured from | |

@: I. j1.@ |1.8 |2.2 [2.8 13.4 14.6 14.7 | 5.4
the burner. It has a bracket underenath 7 73\t. [1.3 [1.7 |2.0 [2.5 |2.9 |3.4 | 4.0
8. $6) .77|E- |1.3 |1-6 [1.9 - 2.6 | 3.1
and is held in place by two screw-eyes H, 9. .44| .60) .79/%. [1.2 [1.5 [1.8 |2.1 | 2.4
10... .36| 49) 64) .8t/r. |.2 [1.4 [1.6 | 1.9
which slip over wire nails as shown. By Tt asesdescantes -30} .40 .53| .67| .83in. j1.2 {1.4 | 1.6
lifting the shelf slightly it may be re- —. -25| .34| .44) .56| .70| Saiz. [1.2 | 1.4
t3.. 21| .29) .38| .48) .60) .72) .8six. 1.2
moved. The opening through which the
light comes is e,5 by 8 inches and is large
14.
| | 18 35) 33/ .41
|
st) -62| .73| .86) 1.

vr
mot - —— — - - 2...
Hrij- — ay Seg
i
¥ c te
| < ae om '..,
|
|

h—+- 4 —)<—___. 6 "__»}

e | |
but
1 = E; = 4
wt ri ead =

enough for an 8 by 10 print if not placed When once the correct exposure for any
too near. negative with any paper is found, it is a
The reflector E is one of the silvered good plan to make a note of it on the en-
glass kind that may be had for 25 cents velope or elsewhere for future reference.
[ —— —
ZA‘\ } and is held in place by a large screw-eye Mr. Fitch claims that more recently ex-
a
— = F screwed into the back of box and periments have convinced him that a far
Ha] e— 5 Ht : H through the eye of which is put the pin on more even illumination may be obtained
back of reflector. The reflector is not by using two burners side by side, without
necessary but adds to the power of the a reflector.
o/ o/
apparatus. The door G is more of a con- Oe
RPE
SE
venience and may be left off if not wanted. )

graduated shelf is used as a support for The cover, composed of three pieces of
The “hotel physician” has existed for
the printing frame. tin, J, K, and L, is just large enough to
slip over the top of the box. The piece years in the leading hotels and his income
The box A is made of %-inch board,
rabbeted at the corners, and if hinged, as J is flat turned down around the edges is handsome. Now the “hotel chaplain” has
shown, it may be knocked down and and has the four 1%-inch holes. K is appeared. The Rev. H. M. Warren, D. D.,
folded to occupy a little over two inches notched at the corners and bent to fit of New York, is the first to hold this office
in thickness. The strips on the ends are closely inside J around the outside, but and his sign as “hotel chaplain” is posted
to prevent warping and may be about one drops down in the center and has the 3-in. in one of the leading hostelries of the me-
inch wide. The bottom B is of 78-inch hole. It is better to make K first. tropolis.
 y 1902.
Februar22, POPULAR MECHANICS

The fireman says, ‘‘We're a-gittin’ there,

N S You're my kind of an engineer;
MACHINERY, ENGI But, Tom, just wouldn’t it raise your hair $1.95 UNION SUIT $I.

SHAFTING, me Rad PIP ° If we'd meet No. 9 right here?” :

Workingmen’s Union Suits. Every Gar-
Everything in wood and iron used in con- ment made to actual measure. Send
structing and operating; new and second- He'd just said the words and we'd turned a for directions for self-measurement,
uand (rebuilt), one —— you can buy curve We sell direct from the factory to the
Ise. t rst. ° f > re ¢ inte ~“liate ex-
=~penne WRECKING CO., CHICAGO An’ I grabbed the lever an’ air, ones of fam Fang You ey Write
Gan : Fr a shinin’ out with never a swerve for catalog or call,
Was a headlight, there! right there! UNION SUIT MFG. CO.
54 FIFTH AVE. (4thFloor) CHICAGO
I stayed in the cab an’ felt it all, en jon Popular Mechanics.
The crash an’ the sickening grind, —
Mention P lar Mec “S.
I heard the butchered cattle call on Popular Mechanics
As they died in the cars behind.
SCIENCE GAINS ANOTHER VICTORY
-
I saw—but, no—I can’t tell it yet
.

twenty years ago; FiTs CU REO

‘ . : Y It was
A 3 |] But in twenty more I could not forget Write for Reference
Our free book- i, That sight ahead, I know. HOME TREATMENT CO., - 504 Stevens Building
let, “Are Your Hands ¥ 4
tells you how to do it. * 1 : : ; Indianapolis, Ind.
Tied?”
Thousands have largely increased } For i No. y
9 was é a passenger
z ;train,
their salaries by following our plan \
WE TEACH sv mate ——— \ With a crowd from a holiday,
Biectrical
orArchiteeture; Som
Enginccetes)
Ornamental
Bookkeeping; RL Comin’
. upI with orders straight an’ Iplain,
i

otrnaianal Carenpandaney, Shel

Design; German; Spanish; French, ete, Circu- “You have got a clear right of way.
lar free. State subject that interests you.

Discharged?
ve what could the company
Chrisman’s Paraffine Paint
do? For iron bridges, fences and structural
Of course, I expected that, } a tin, steel, iron, felt or cotton
TOM PRATT. They were more than good, between me an’ —— —. — Fy a | -"
: ote sii lini cain , PARAFFINE PAINT WORKS, ELDRED, PA.
Firin’? Yes, though my hair is white, m thelr dealin’ with old Tom Pratt.
For my eyesight’s good and clear; Mention Popular Mechanics.
I ean see ahead on the track at night It was all the orders I didn’t hear,
As far as the engineer. An’ didn’t make out just right; Is a Salve which
It was all the fault of a blindin’ tear COLDBUR if prompt! a
You're new on the road? Of course, that's so. Fur a boy that died that night. tine plied will cat
No need fur to tell me that,
ll ordi b f
Fur
pn all the J boys around
: here
Ha know They gave me a job in a year or two, > cccinary Duras from Sre, het ison ot
The story of old Tom Pratt. ot water, and will absolutely prevent
As a fireman in the yard; blister. Takes out all the burn in from
There was nothin’ else fur a man to do, one # yt "> Will not cure
I was3 young
- : as. you when
an I got my run, Though the drop an’ the work w ] everything, but is excellent for reduc-
g Pp the work was har ing inflammation and healing many
An’ as full o — 5°, ‘“ chronic sores, chapped hands or lips.
~ M nag hye = .~ = om An’ little boys that was kids knee high = — ee ~~ Be ible
Then I'd see the fire & glow. The
1en When they“y gave
gave
me the 7 73, ess. ExcellentJ for tightness of the 4 ;
2 val Works up to their runs like you, while I throat or chest. Although in use for
An’ think she was makin’ steam fur me, Am a-doin’ just what you see many years, is now put on the market
That hadeauwipedthe an’secvent
The: had rustled
of
coal, for few = come. , ase used, always
wanted. ent postpaid anywhere, 25
"hos tar af Sem malon ot soul Injustice! Not much; it was only right; Shean [oon oe aw
F For a man whose brain ain’t clear, cheerfully returned. Address
At the end of a ren I would hurry to get naan pnp co mine that night, COLDBURN, Room 604
Washed up, an’ my good clothes on, — — 162 Washington Street, - Chicago
Fur the wife, she was likely to worry an’ fret, —Portland Oregonian. t
Bein’ lonesome when I was gone. +o Mention Popular Mechanics.
A SIMPLE SQUEEZING DEVICE. COCOOCOOOS COCOOOOOOO '
An’ the baby! It seemed like he growed two
feet, THE
An’ got a new tooth every day, Among recent patents granted is the one
An’ he looked so purty an’ changed an’ sweet
illustrated. It is a form of pincers with PIONEER
Whenever I'd been away.
LIMITED
What got wrong with the kid before that trip
I never made out just right; FAMOUS
He was awful pale ,an’ he drooped his lip
When I kissed him an’ says “Good-night.’’ TRAIN
An’ in front of the gauge, an’ before the glass,
OF THE
Across in the firemen’s place,
In the flarin’ lights of the trains we'd pass,
WORLD
i
I could see that little face.
Chicago---St. Paul---Minneapolis
I don't say I had a presentiment, adjustable gauge, which can be set so the hey
®, An’ I don’t say what I knew, s ‘ .
But a look in the picture I saw there went pressure will cease at the same points each THE ST. PAUL ROAD
To my heart an’ , I just felt
. blue.» time. ames (Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)
An’ when the orders was brought ahed,
A A lady w:
lady was =
looking for her husban EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
His face was before me still, ‘ "Eh . ‘ _— a d and UNEQUALED
I never took in what the ‘“‘con’’ had said, inquired anxiously of a housemaid: Do
But just says, “All right, Bill.” you happen to know anything of your mas- * Time tables, maps and information
ter’s whereabouts?” furnished on application to
We was makin’ time, an’ I had her wide “yD ”
. . m not sure, mum,” replie: : F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent
An’ we buzzed along the track, plied the careful
An’ the sparks was lightin’ the canyon side domestic, “but I think they’re in the wash.”
Fur a mile an’ better back. —Pathfinder.
 II2 POPULAR MECHANICS February 22, 1902.
‘‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents per
line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to
a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be WHAT IS COMING.
forwarded promptly without extra charge.
Did you ever eat any fish sausage? They are
SPECIAL, now making sausages of dog-fish. So many dog-
fish are being caught in America that the fish
FOR SALE—Five sets of 1-12 h. p. electric
motor castings, for $1.00 per set. Photo for commission had to call a halt. Next week’s
stamp. Roy A. Crihfield, Lincoln, Il. Popular Mechanics will tell about it.
ENGINEER'S LICENSE—Mechanics, Engl- In the year 1 chickens were raised; it will sur-
neers, firemen, electricians, etc., 40 page prise you next week when you read that people
pamphlet containing questions asked by Ex-
aming Board of Engineers; sent free. Geo knew nearly as much about the poultry business
A. Zeller, Publisher, Room 592, 18 8. 4th St.,
St. Louis, Mo. then as they do now, although they have had
two thousand years to learn in.’
FOR SALE—Job lot new electrical goods
given us to sell; list for stamp. We handle Down in “Arkansaw” they use the rights-of-
everything
Stamp
electrical
for
and
catalogue. Dept.
at lowest
N., T.
prices.
Binford
way wires along railroads for telephones and
agg | Works, 994 Washington Blvd., Chi- can talk over them a distance of 100 miles. It’s
cago, °

in the next issue.

POSITIONS WANTED.
No longer is there cause for sailors to die of
thirst for fresh water. Salt water is now easily
CUBA—I will locate in Havana this year converted into fresh water. We will tell all
and
chinery,
want
tools
a general
and
representation
hardware specialties;
tor ma-
well
about it next week.
acquainted with languages and customs: ref Would you like to fly? We can’t enable you
erences; bond if necessary. C. S. Lawrence,
Box 814, New Orleans, La. to do exactly that, but we can tell you how to do
ENGLAND—Can accept the agency for a
the next thing to it. It is skating with sails.
few lines of American manufacture in British Read about how to make and use the sails.
Isles and Continental Europe. Can furnish
references. Montague Cohen, 39 Paradise France’s submarine torpedo boat that sneaked
street, Liverpool, Eng.
about and planted deadly torpedos to the bottom
MILLER—Millowners who are in need of a of war vessels without being detected is no longer
first-class roller miller may find it to their
advantage to correspond with me: 28 vears of any use. An American has built a machine
experience. 647 Lorain street, Cleveland, 0. that will always tell when these kind of boats
POSITION IN ELEVATOR—Have had ten are coming. France crowed too soon.
years experience in handling grain. Have run
elevator in connection with mill. Understand In Germany they have a monument to the po-
mixing and grading.
son, Ill.
M. A. Johnson, Steward tato; Emperor William’s new yacht is a marvel;
it is the simplest thing in the world to enlarge
ASSAYER AND CHEMIST—A graduate of
the Colorado School of Mines, with eight years photographs if you have a camera; the first loco-
constant
nation
practice at ore-sampling and chiori
plants in Colorado. C. M. P., Salt
motive was built 100 years ago; the inventor of
Lake City, Utah. the bicycle died in poverty. Of course you want
METAL MINE MANAGER AND SUPERIN to know all about all of these things and Pop-
tendent—Twenty
experience; good
years Western
assayer; mill
and
and
Mexican
cyanide
ular Mechanics will explain them, and lots more,
man. P. O. Box 99, Steeple Rock, N. M. next week. “It is written so you can understand
SALESMAN—Young man 23, now assistant
_"
manager in sales and shipping department of
large Ohio manufacturing concern, desires po
sition in the West. Competent to handle ad
vertising and printing. Reference, my present FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE-—$8,(00 stock HELP WANTED.
employers. F. W. Rea, Canton, O fine clothing and men’s furnishings. Address
401, Popular Mechanics. WHY NOT try sign painting? No experi-
TRAVELING SALESMAN—Experienced in
selling agricultural implements and hardware, ence required; no fraud; samples, instructions.
desires position with responsible manufac- FOR SALE~—The leading implement and ete., 10 cents. City Sign Co., Springfield. ©.
turer. tox 33, Archer, O. vehicle business in good live town. Stock in
voices about $2,800. Sickness reason for sell BOOKKEEPER AND COLLECTOR—Apply
ENGINEER Eight years experience in ing. C. W. Porter, Fairfield, Neb. in own handwriting, stating age, married or
flour mills and manufacturing plants. Corliss single, previous experience, and salary wanted.
engines a specialty. Box 302, Loudonville, 0 P. O. Box 448, Winona, Minn.
FOR SALE—Stock of hardware, stoves, bug
gies and implements. Good paying business; TRAVELING SALESMAN—Wanted at once:
MINING ENGINEER—Scientific and practi
eal training; six years experience; mine and established trade. W. V. Britton, Hudson, must be Al; for selling grain drills; perma
surface surveying, assaying; accurate draughts
Ind. nent position for right man. Sucker State
man. Address Engineer, 428 Yambill street,
Drill Co., Belleville, Il.
Portland, Ore. WANTED—Millers who are interested in MACHINIST — Wanted first-class all-round
mill improvements to send me their address. machinist on marine work. Holland Torpedo
MINE MANAGER OR FOREMAN—14 years Leslie R. Veatch, Mt. Sterling, Ky.
experience in gold, silver and copper mining: Boat Company, New Suffolk, L. i: 3
thoroughly understand all kinds of quartz SNGINEERS AND FIREMEN—Send 1)
mining machinery. C. C. Edwards, 127 E. WANTED—Mill from 150 to 300 barrels’ «°
pacity, in a good location in Minnesota or cents in stamps for a 40-page pamphlet con-
Bennett avenue, Cripple Creek, Col. taining list of questions asked by an examin-
North or South Dakota. Address Room 41.
116 Broad street, New York, N. Y.
ing board of engineers. The Stromberg Pub
BUSINESS CHANCES. FOR SALE—An India Rubber plantation in
lishing Company, 2703 Cass avenue, St. Louis,
Mo.
Mexico; more than 16,300 acres, with 1,000,000 BICYCLE REPAIR MAN—Must be of unim-
FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE-—122 acres all producing trees; river navigation to seaport. peachable moral character; wages $3.50. R
plow land in McHenry county; well fenced; It is now a money-making proposition. FE. J.
good well and windmill; price $50 per acre. M. Greig, Anaconda, Mont.
Fraser. 522 Emporium building, San Fran
Address 400, Popular Mechanics. cisco, Cal.
FOR SALE—Locomobile runabout, nearly >
new, $400. Address 402 Popular Mechanics.
FOR SALE—Steam auto truck; cost $5000;
FOR SALE—Copper, Zine and Iron Mines in
Norway; will make liberal arrangements with ;Popular Mechanics
will sell for $300. 354 Dayton street, Chicago,
eapitalists to develop and work. None but 2
Ill.
principals dealt with.
gen, Norway.
John M. Thrane, Ber-
Telegraph address, Thrane. $GOOD TO READ
WANTED—Manager to take charge of ware
rooms and office to be opened in Springfield. WANED—A free milling gold proposition: ?GOOD TO THINK ABOUT
Ill., to further business interests of old man-
ufacturing concern. Salary $125; applicant
one with a well defined vein; either a prospect
or a partially developed mine; no brokers rec- 3GOOD TO TALK ABOUT
must have $800 cash. ognized. Box 3452, Boston, Mass. PPP LPP POPP LPP L LLLP LPP
 “WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND I1

POPULAR MECHANICS
An Illustrated Weekly Review of the Mechanical Press of the World

VoL. 1. No. 8. CHICAGO, MARCH 1, 1902. PRICE 5 CENTS.

MOST REMARKABLE TREE OF THE WORKLD

The Grizzly Giant Saw the Flood and is Older Than Human Nature

, *- » ‘

The
Ps cn
-
=

THE GRIZZLY GIANT ©~ Coyrighted by the Southern Pacifié, Railréda

 114 POPULAR MECHANICS March 1, 1992

GIANT TREES HAVE STOOD FOR 8,000 YEARS. have been built on their stumps. They have been hollowed out
tor liquor inns, in this irreverent day of commercialism. One
Monarchs of the World’s Flora That Have Outlived All was exhibited at the world’s fair in Chicago by a wine dealer.
ai Ages of Mankind and Are Yet Young. Part of the tree's trunk was made hollow by chopping away the
interior and thus transformed into a two-story wine house. The
Survivors of the age of mammoth tropical growth, probably exterior of the trunk remained in its natural state, while the in-
eight thousand years ago, the big trees of California are the old- terior was equipped with counters, shelves, mirrors and other
est and the largest living things upon the earth. Could they but furniture to best exhibit the wines of California. Ornamented
talk our language the secrets and mysteries of ages unknown to stairs inside led from the first to the second floor.
human history might be truthfully revealed. They witnessed the It has been said: “A famous writer scientist spent 15 years
flood; they stood when, according to history, mankind first made excavation and calculation and determined that Cheops built the
his appearance on the earth. ‘These same living trees, seemingly great pyramids of Jeezeh in 2170 before Christ. There are trees
unnatural in their gigantic size, the source of amazement and be now alive in California that had bark on them a foot thick when
Cheop’s army of 100,000 began their 30 year’s task.”

Sequoia gigantea is the botanical name of the Californian. It

belongs to the tribe Abietineae and substribe Taxodinae. It
grows where the ground is from 3,500 to 7,500 above the level
of the sea. The big tree 1s found in groves and forests along the
western slope of the Sierra Nevada mountains from Placer
county on the north to Kern county on the south. The country
is reached by the Southern Pacific Railroad. Among the more
noted groves are Calveras, with about 100 huge trees; the South
Park Grove, containing 1,380 trees; the Tuolumne Grove of
thirty; the Merced Grove, with not quite so many; the Mariposa
Grove, with 246 giants; the Fresno Grove; the Dinky Grove; the
General Grant National Park; the Giant Forest, and the Tule
River Groves. There are a number of others of lesser import-
ance. Largest of all these and the greatest forest of the globe
is the Giant Forest. In here there are 3,000 trees that have a
height of more than 300 feet and a girth of more than 50 feet.
rhe tallest is 405 feet. The General Sherman, says a statistics
gatherer for the Southern Pacific Railroad, has by government
measurements, a base circumference of more than 100 feet; diam
eter 34% feet and is 370 feet high. Eighty feet above the ground
its circumference is 80 feet.
The Grizzly Giant, which we illustrate on the front page, is in anna

many respects the most remarkable tree in the world. The pic-
ture shows the tree surrounded by a troop of United States
cavalry. The Giant is in the Mariposa Grove. Its base circum-
ference is 104 feet. Five feet above the ground it is 90 feet. A
OS
AT
=
limb 80 feet above the ground is 20 feet in circumference. In
Mariposa Grove driveways are cut through two of the living trees
—the Wawona and California. In the Haverford there is a cav-
ity which will shelter 16 horses at a time. The General Grant in
ce| the General Grant National Park has a base circumference of
106 feet. The dead Giant, spanning Crescent Meadow, is 310 feet
long. Old Methuselah, in the Tule River Groves, has a base a
——

circumference of more than 110 feet. General Manager Ampere

Ohm of the Great Circle Telegraph company, said:
“General Sherman, of the Giant Forest, contains 750,000 feet of
lumber. This if cut into telegraph poles of usual dimensions
would make one pole 40 miles long. or supply a telegraph line x

from Kansas City to Chicago with all necessary supports. <A

billboard man said one big tree would furnish 24 miles of bill-
board 6 feet high. A city surveyor said that if an incorporated
town, a mile square, was laid out with blocks 400 feet long and
80 feet wide, were provided with the lumber that might be ob-
tained from one of these trees, he could put in a 4-foot side
CoMPARATIVE SIZE OF THE Worvp’s LARGEST TREE. 05 FEET HIGH, walk around every block without calling for more lumber. Ac
AND THE Larcest BUILDING, 305 Feet HIGH. cording to government estimates of weights, General Grant in
wilderment to travelers, have outlived all the nations of the earti the Mariposa Grove, or General Sherman in the Giant Forest
up to the present time and many of them now seem to be but en- would outweigh the entire population of Sacramento, Cal. Three
joying the prime of life. of the largest trees would balance the weight of Omaha or Los
The tallest of these great trees is 405 feet high; the largest Angeles.” An Irishman said: “There’s wan limb on the Grizzly
trunk measures 110 feet base circumference. The wood of the Joint that’s siven fut thick. There’s a dozen others from three
big trees might be put to many valuable usages from a mechanical to six fut; thin there’s a whole raft of thim small limbs that's
standpoint, but they are considered too sacred for such degrada- no thicker than an ordnery tree. The last two weeks Oi was in
tion. Already they have been mutilated to a degree that is a this grove Oi put in an hour ivery day countin’ thim limbs an’ an
stigma on American sense of reverence. Great gates have been hour ivery night makin’ figgers, an’ found that if you cut the
cut in them for horses and vehicles to drive through. Houses limbs off this tree and stuck thim in the ground wid room ac-
 POPULAR MECHANICS 115
March 1, 1902.

cordin’ to their s they would make a bigger forest, with big FOR DETERMINING ACCURACY OF AIM
ger trees in it, than there is annywhere in the State of Illinoy.” "
[he Big Tree is an evergreen. Its leaves are small like those Novel Device Used By United States Artillery School at Ft.
of the fir t do 1ot spread like the oak, its trunk being Monroe.
straight as a church spire lhe bark is sometimes more than
three feet thick. The color of the bark is of bright cinnamon. [he
In the coast artillery target practice at Fort Mo roe, Va., a
tree grows from seed that look almost exactly like parsnip seed.
new and novel device has been installed for recording the degree
These seeds grow on the tree in little cones about two inches
of accuracy of aim when the shot falls shorts of or beyond the
long and each having about 200 seeds. The cones hang on the
the target The targets are in the water and are made movable
trees three years before they drop and scatter the seeds. It takes
by being towed by a tug with a line 2,000 feet long Che shots
from thirty to fifty vears for the Big Tree to add one inch to its
are fired from the shore battery In describing the system the
thickness
a Journal of the United States Artillery says

HORSE MEAT SHIPPED FROM CHICAGO.

Food Commissioner Declares Four Establishments Are Engaged

in the Business.

Four establishments in Chicago are engaged in slaughtering

horses and sell iz the carcasses in the market for beef, accord
ing to the assertions of R. M. Patterson,assistant state food com
misioner of Illinois. Officials of the large packing houses of
Chicago, it is claimed, will demand that Mr. Patterson produce
proof of his claim. Secretary Prichard of the Health depart-
ment, declares there is but one horse-killing concern in Chicago
“This concern,” he says, “at present sends the horse-meat to a
circus at Baraboo, Wis., to be fed to animals. The portions of
the meat that are not suitable for shipment are hauled to the
rendering plant at Willow Springs.”
ionsinescelalliactsdiiaaas
FEAR EXTINCTION OF GUTTA PERCHA TREES.

Wasteful Methods of Islanders in Marketing the Gum.

“The observer on the tug at the instant the discharge of the
Grave fear of the extinction of the gutta-percha tree is ex- gun was noted by signal from the shore, held the gun form
pressed by scientists and others, because of the wasteful process against his shoulder, with his eye at the point a, and directed
of marketing. In the forests of the Malay Peninsula and in Ma- the line of sight a-b on the low target. At the instant the splash
lacca the natives uproot full grown trees and cut young plants appeared he glanced the eye quickly to it, and noted the reading
before they come to maturity. The trade Journals’ Review on the cross-arm scale, say at x in the figure. It was sufficient
says: to divide the scale into 30-yard divisions for the smallest read-
In 1845 Europe imported only 19,841 lbs. of gutta-percha; in ing. Splashes falling between these divisions could be estimated
1857, when the Singapore supply was exhausted, the Malay with sufficient accuracy.”
Archipelago exported more than 529,104 Iibs.; in 1879 Sumatran + ——_-
exportations exceeded 299,621 lbs., and Borneo exported 2,863,- NEW SCISSORS THAT SHARPENS THEMSELVES.
“goo Ibs. In order to attain these figures it is estimated that the
natives must have sacrificed more than 5,000,000 trees. Scientists
A novelty in the shears and scissors line has been perfected
in France are now engaged upon the problem of acclimatising
by a Chicago concern. The invention consists of a spring con-
the tree in that country.
| necting the blades of the scissors, which prevents them from
Large quantities of guta-percha trees have been found in the
loosening or falling apart while in use. The spring keeps the
Philippines.
oo
—_—->

IN OPPOSITION TO MARCONI.

French Society Formed For Exploiting Wireless Telegraphy-

“The Society of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephones” has ee

9
opened handsome offices in Paris and called for public subscrip
tion, which, it is claimed, has already reached twice the sum tension of the blades steady and continuous, and its action has
wanted. The promoters say it will be impossible for Marconi to the further effect of producing an edge that always remains as
patent his system in France, as the discovery was originally sharp as a razor. The scissors can be used with either hand and
French. The society has submitted to the government two prop- they will cut the strongest or the flimsiest material as the cloth
ositions ; one for a trans-Saharan system connecting the Mediter- cannot slip from the grasp of the keen blades
ranean, Lake Chad and Madagascar; the other for a network
>?
covering the entire French coast for military and political pur-
poses. Che latest marvel in surgery is the filling out of defective or-
acinnasemsiicliiaiiaiadasenit cna gans by the injection of a vaseline-paraffine compound under the
Marconi has recovered from his illness and will resume his skin. In this way noses that have been broken in; chins from
experiments in wireless telegraphy as soon as his two ‘trans- which a portion of the jaw-bone has been removed, and similar
Atlantic stations (one of which will be located at Cape Cod) features may be filled out. The bodily tissues invade the injected
are completed. compound, and a hard body similar to cartilage is formed
116 POPULAR MECHANICS March 1, 1902.

DESTROYS POWER OF TORPEDO BUAT. CARNEGIE WRITES HIS OWN EPITAPH.

Signal System by Which the Approach of Any Vessel May Be Knew How to Assemble the Talents of Others—Noted Epitapas
Easily Detected.
of History.

rhe recollection of the child’s experiment of striking two

stones under water and hearing the sound while the ears were
submerged has caused Arthur J. Mundy of Boston to make one
of the greatest inventions of the age. It is the system of sub
marine signalling soon to go into practical operation at the en
trance of the Boston harbor. The receiving apparatus enables a
warship to determine the approach of an enemy, say a_ sub
marine torpedo boat, by detecting the vibration of its machinery
The system is based upon the principle that water, being a
stable medium, transmits sound under conditions that practically
table medium, transmits sound under conditions that practically
are unvarying; that it is certain that a signal given under
Andrew Carnegie has suggested an inscription which he wishes
to adorn his own tombstone. He is not the only one who has
wished to write his own epitaph. Bismarck said: “I have only
one ambition left; I should like a good epitaph.’ His wish has
been granted, though he did not write his own. The one on the
monument to Copernicus is “He commanded the sun to stand
still.” One of the best ever written is Lord Tennyson’s epitaph
on Sir John Franklin in Westminster abbey:
“Not here, the white North has thy bones; and thou, Heroic
sailor soul,
water “Art passing on thy happier voyage now
“Toward the earthly pole.”
Benjamin Franklin wrote for himself an epitaph wherein he
compared his body to the cover of a destroyed book, which “will
not be lost for it will appear once more in a new and more beau-
tiful edition, corrected and amended by the author.” George
Washington’s epitaph is felicitous but one brief sentence of Glad-
stone’s includes it all: “The purest figure in history.”
This is Mr. Carnegie’s proposed epitaph:
“Here lies a man who knew how to get around him men much
greater than himself.”
The New York World says: Mr. Carnegie’s ability to assem-
ble and direct the talents and energies of other -men has been
no doubt the prime factor in the making of his great fortune
But a better epitaph for Andrew Carnegie would be: “Here lics
a man who, deeming it a disgrace to die rich, devoted his mil-
lions while alive the diffusion of knowledge among the people.”
——__—_.§--—___—_.

will always be heard at the place and time intended. The same
INVENTOR OF THE BICYCLE DIED IN POVERTY.
principles will be applied for communicating with light ships
anchored at marine stations, and can also be employed for sig-
Baron Von Drais, who invented the bicycle, died just 50 years
naling to passing ships to indicate location in fog. Two sub-
ago, in Heidelberg, Germany. He spent his large fortune in try-
merged bells will be placed on either side of the harbor entrance.
ing to interest manufacturers in the device and died penniless
The bells are struck simultaneously through electric cable con-
nections from the shore. They sound different numbers and
and broken hearted. He made the first bicycle, which though
therefore can easily be identified the same as fog horn signals extremely crude, was the beginning of a new era that has led to
and flash lights. the invention of the rubber tired vehicle and probably the auto-
-——
iain mobile. The first bicycle was almost entirely of hard wood. The
rider's seat was adjusted to a clumsy, long narrow board, under
ONLY PIGEON RANCH IN THE WORLD. oor
eae
eae
which were the two wheels, the hubs of which supported each

Buildings and Grounds Covered With the Gigantic Flock—4o0,000

Squabs Marketed Annually.

Covering about eight acres of sandy, gravelly ground in the

bed of the Los Angeles river, near Los Angeles, Cal., is an
enormous ark-shaped loft, or pigeon house. It is the only organ-
ized pigeon ranch in the world. Fifteen thousand birds fairly
cover the ground and loft, so that, at times, from a distance it
appears as though some of the snow from the neighboring
Sierras had been dropped upon the roof. The increase of this
gigantic flock is enormous. If the market should fail, the owner
would be utterly unable to feed his birds, as in less than two four wooden iorks. The rider propelled the machine by quickly
years he would have more than a million of them on his hands. touching the ground with his feet.
Fortunately the demand is better than the supply and the pigeon Drais had his machine patented in Baden and France. He se-
ranch sends about 40,000 squabs a year to the market. The gross cured approving letters from crowned heads and came to Amer-
income is about $9,000 a year. The average price per dozen for ica with it. Little, however, was ever heard of it afterward.
the birds is about $3, sometimes ranging up to $10. The birds ONE CUT N rd Safi 8To$ TAOI RDLU TAOI
are fed three times a day, each meal costing approximately $5 a ee
for all, so the annual food bill is about $5,500. The food consists
mainly of wheat screenings, boiled meal and stale bread. The In Europe ten out of every 1,000 people are living out of their
daily consumption is about twelve sacks of screenings, eight own country; in America 137 out of every 1,000, while 300 out of
sacks of wheat and many gallons of boiled meal. The bread is every 1,000 Australians were born in some other part of the
an additional fattener given during the week. world.
 March 1, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 117

MAMMOTH POWER STATION IN SAN FRANCISCO. EMPEROR WILLIAM'S NEW YACHT

Four Mammoth Engine Units That Develop 2,400 Horsepower Arrangement of Interior Suggested By the Kaiser Himself—Will
Each. Cost $175,000.

California has other big things than trees, mountains and Since approving the designs and plans Emperor William has
prunes. Among them is the new power station of the Independ given many suggestions through the German ambassador in the
ent Electric Light & Power Co., of San Francisco. The Journal construction of his yacht at the shipyard of Townsend &
of Electricity of that city gives a complete account of the plant Downey, N. ¥ The yacht will cost about $175,000, and will
We illustrate one of the big engine units, of which there are have a speed of about 16 knots The measurements are 160 feet

four, beside several smaller ones. The large engines are cross over all, 120 feet on the water line, 27
9 feet beam and 15 feet

ay

2,400-HorsE Power ENGINE, SAN FRANCISCO

compound with cylinders 28 and 58 inches diameter and 48-inch draught The yacht is what is known as a_ fore-and-aft
stroke. At 165 pounds steam condensing and 116 revolutions per schooner rigged, keel type and flush deck The masts are of
minute these units each develop 2,400 horse-power. As shown in Oregon pine, 105 feet in length. The longest boom will be 85
the illustration the flywheel and generator are between the en- feet. The deck finishings are of the finest teak, while the saloons
gine frames. A. M. Hunt installed the engines, and Chas. C. and cabins are finished in mahogany and other hard woods. The
Moore & Co., the steam equipment of the plant. interior arrangement was suggested by the Kaiser himself to
ao
“_e?> the designers, Gary, Smith & Barbey. The main saloon will be
sence
cnmene
D -ee America sells nearly three times as much as she buys; Ger- exactly in the center of yacht and will measure 20 by 27 feet. Aft
many buys $250,000,000 worth more every year than she sells, of this will be the Kaiser’s private stateroom and aft of that
while Great Britain last year actually bought twice as much as four private staterooms for guests. Forward of the main saloon
she sold. are the officers’ quarters, then the owner’s gallery, further for-
ward the crew’s gallery, and still further the crew’s quarters
made to accommodate 20 men.
Peru holds the record as a mining country. She has 2,500
or ——_—_
mines from which 70,000 workmen dig gold, silver, sulphur, coal,
phosphates, quick-sifver, borax, copper and lead. Popular Mechanics is “written so you can understand it.”
 118 POPULAR MECHANICS March 1, 1992.

HOW TO MAKE SKATERS HAND SAILS. off until after the frame is entirely put together and then fast
ened on to the spars by buttons
Simple Device That Enables the Skater to Go as Fast as the \ more simple sail may be made according to the plans illus
Wind. trated in Fig. 2. It is made by binding together in the center

the halves of two strong hogshead hoops or two bent poles are
Skatng with the aid of hand sails is man’s nearest approach better. If possible the sail should be about eight feet long and
to flying. A person may literally attain the speed of the wind four feet wide. Fasten on the sail at the four corners. The
No locomotive. automobile or other machine propelled by either rig will convey two persons and is more easily constructed
electricity or steam can make anything like the time of the than any other
winged skater. He has been known to travel at the rate of 100 ae
miles an hour. And the beauty of the sport is that it is not at INDICATES IRON OR STEEL IN THE EYE.
tended with any danger. There is no record of a serious acci
dent.
Magnet With a Mirror Attached, Suspended By a Fibre ot
One of the most easily handled sails may be made from two
Silk.

The magnetic needle for testing the presence of particles of

iron and steel in the eye, is coming into general use. Dr.
Thomas R. Pooley, of New York, exhibited an improved instru-
ment of Hirschberg before the New York medical society ani
said that he was the first to employ the magnetic needle for this
purpose. The machine is similar in construction to the reflect-
a ing galvanometer, a magnet with a mirror attached, being sus-
pended by a fibre of silk. The reflected light falls on a scale
mn F —oe —, yy
— _ CONST@UCTION OF CL.EAT —
and the deviation of this spot of light from the zero mark poinis
to the presence of a piece of iron or steel in proximity te the
large thin hoops, about four feet in diameter. They may be ob-
magnet.
tained from a hogshead in which crockery and glass ware are a—_—a

shipped. For each hoop select a piece of strong cane about 34

AN AIR TRAP AND ITS CURE.
inch in diameter, to constitute the fore and main masts or cross-
yards. Extend these across the center of the hoop and fasten
each end firmly to the hoop’s sides. For thé middle of each A writer in Power describes a big water pumping plant he
cross-spar make a cleat and lash it on firmly. was called to inspect. In setting up the machine a mistake was
The main spar should also be made of two pieces of strong made in leveling, which brought the suction pipe about three
cane, each about 9'4 feet long. Bind them together at each end feet too high where it should join the pump. The pipe was 36
so that the large end of one is fastened to the small end of the
other.
Next comes the attaching of the sails to the separate masts.
The sails should be made of strong sheeting or thin canvass.
Tack the cloth to the hoop on the inner side after the cloth has
been wrapped around the hoop two or three times.
Now the main spar should be attached by springing it apart
and slipping the cleats of the cross spar between the two pieces.
Bind the inner sides of the hoops tightly together by means of
a very strong double cord as shown in the figure. Then your
sail is ready for the ice pond. See that your skates are securely
fastened, raise your sail and you will skim along the ice as Jight-
ly as a bird on the wing. With a little practice you will learn to
inches in diameter, and so rather than lower it they decided it
tack and guide yourself as desired.
was cheaper to make a special casting and incline the pipe from
If the hogshead hoops cannot be easily obtained the sails may
the high point down to the pump connection, thus leaving a high
be made equally effective by using the main spar and fore and
place or hump in the suction pipe. The result was the forma-
main masts as herein described, making the sails square shaped
tion of air in the hump which caused the engine to run so fast
instead of round and leaving off the hoops. In this case the sails
as to be very dangerous.
To remedy the trouble it was decided to drill and tap the
highest part of the hump, and lead a pipe from this point to the
pump, and then branch into each end of the pump chamber,
putting check valves at each end to prevent the water being
forced back into the suction on the discharge stroke of the
pump. This cured the trouble completely, as the air was with-
drawn as fast as it collected in the hump, and the only draw-
back was the clatter of the check valves, but as the water com-
pany was at fault they could not say very much against it.
ww
>
i

The street lights in Berlin, are to be lighted automatically

and simultaneously by means of an electric attachment. The
should be securely bound with strong tape. Attach a corner to
current will be switched on from the central station and a spark
each end of the cross spar, and a corner to the outer end of the
will ignite the gas which will be turned on by special apparatus.
main spar. The remaining corner of each then appears opposite
=
to each other and should be fastened together by strong cord in
the same manner as the hoops. In this case the sails may be left Popular Mechanics is “written so you can understand it.”
 March 1, 1992. POPULAR MECHANICS 119

Popular Mechanics
MACHINE FOR SPRAYING PAINT

Looks Like an Automatic Band Instrument and is Worked By

H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher
Compressed Air.
Journal Building, - - - Chicago

Chis machine is not a mechanical trombone, but levice 1

SUBSCRIPTICN
praying paint on cars and walls of building lt
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
a double-hose painting machine and is one of the re
ES tectohes'a) ded kes altenes aaa eng aha x else wal . $1 00
built It contains a reservoir for
Foreign Countries, post paid.................. pa 1. oo
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue paint. It is of pneumatic construction 4
men can operate a single machine at the i
4 Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple lhe pneumatic painting machine 1s an America
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub- is a natural product of Yankee desire to do thing
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac- Phe old style of hand painting was too slow for (American
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
roads and machinery was made to do ;the work
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
___—--- <><
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro-
ure from its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date. CO-OPERATIVE LOCAL TELEPHONES A SUCCESS
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning.
Great Reduction in Rates Follow the Organization of Companies
Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter. in Wisconsin.
Address,
POPULAR MECHANICS Small towns along the valley of the Wisconsin rivet
Journal Building, - - Chicago successfully organized several co-operative elephone companies
One is at the town of Grand Rapids, Wis. It was orgat
Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class.
ized at the time the subscribe rs were forced to pay $45 and $3
and residence telephones, respectively, and when
for business
FIRST LOCOMOTIVE BUILT 100 YEARS AGO.
petition for lower rates was refused The subscriber
their
savs the Tribune, became the equal and only stockholders, eat
@ie Hundred Tools, Says McDowell, Are Due From Every one holding a $50 share, which was sufhcient for the insta
Locomotive March 24.

The locomotive will be 100 years old, March 24, 1902. On

that day, says Malcolm McDowell, every locomotive in the
United States should be permitted to give 100 triumphant toots.
Every machine on the rails, he says, should be decked out in the
gayest of bright bunting. March 24, 100 years ago, Richard Tre
vithick and Andrew Vivian applied to the English government
for a patent for steam engines for propelling vehicles. This ma-
chine was the first high pressure locomotive ever made. The
vehicle, as a matter of fact, was a road locomotive and automo-
bile, but it was the original high pressure locomotive and it was
built March 24, 1802.
This machine was a four wheeled vehicle. The two forward
wheels were small and their track was narrower than the larger
rear wheels which carried the boiler and engine. The cylinder
dace
uolaeetn
a
was horizontal and was placed behind the rear axle. The boiler
was caried beneath the cylinder, which was practically part of
the boiler. To prevent loss of heat by radiation, the boiler was
inclosed in a clay-filled case. The lower part of this case formed
the fire-box or furnace and the flame and heated air circulated PNEUMATIC PAINTING MACHINI
around the boiler at its upper end and then passed into the
chimney. The specifications refer to bellows for the fire and a tion of one instrument. The old company had operated about
feed water pump for the boiler. | 70 instruments. The new company started with 83. The charges
Trevithucks engine started as much of a craze then as has Du- were fixed at $27 for business and $12 for residence connections
mont’s airship of today. Scores of road engines were built: They were reduced to $18 and $3. Eeach subscriber relin
scores of queer combinations of boilers, engines, toothed and quished any dividend on the $50 share of stock. The old com
pronged wheels, levers, pushers and cogs were put together and pany, reduced to desperate expedients, offered ’phones “rent free
tested. But in 1811 Blenkinshop built a practical locomotive for a period of three years.” This offer was looked upon as
rs which was successfully operated for hauling coal cars on a mine calculating and insulting, and the old company was driven from
railroad near Leeds, England. the field, leaving the independent company in sole possession
George Stevenson, generally regarded as the “father of modern The latter now has about 300 instruments, or one to every 17
railroad,” saw what his predecessors had failed to notice—that inhabitants. There are no “party” lines, the metallic circuit
the “traveling engine,” which the locomotive was then called, to equipment is everywhere, and the stock has been raised to
be a practical success should have a good level roadway on which $15,000. With other similar companies that have been organized
to travel. He invented the T rail. He figured out the advantages a population of from 20,000 to 30,000 people is served by co-
of easy grades and wide curves, of “cuts” and “fills,” of ballast operative local telephone service.
and firm elastic roadbed. He succeeded in convincing the direc- —_—_-e
tors of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the first real rail- Doctors in Sweden never send bills to their patients. Chey
way ever built. that his ideas were correct and the road was built cheerfully accept whatever sums the patients choose to give
according to his plans, in 1824. them.
 120 POPULAR MECHANICS March I, 1992

testes
es raha tal a tah™ portant law and every student of electricity should become famil-
iar with it. Thus, suppose that we know the resistance of an
:
$
Easy Electrical Experiments incandescent lamp to be 220 ohms. What current will
through it when it is attached to a 110 volt circuit?
flow
According
3 FOR BOYS, ; A —

;tel Ree Oe Te Sa

By L. P. DickINson
ELEMENTARY STUDIES IN ELECTRICITY.

Chapter VIII. Electrical Units.

One of the most important points in the study of electricity
to get accustomed to the use pf electrical units, and to leara

how to use them intelligently. The chief trouble arises from the
peculiar nature of the agent with which we are dealing, and the
peculiar names given to the units.
It is clear to every. one who has experimented
I at all with elec
tricity, that there is something in every electrical circuit which
forces the current to flow through that circuit. That which
e
Ue
causes the current to flow has received the name electro-motiv
force (E. M. F.). Now to express the value of any electro
motive force, we must have a unit of electro-motive force. This
unit has received the name Volt, in honor of Volta, one of t!
early experimenters in electricity.
Now the very existence of this electro-motive force proves
that there must be something about an electric conductor by
reason of which it tends to oppose the passage of the current.
em
RR
erste
oot
ee
If there were no opposition to the passage of the current, there
would be no need of an E. M. F. to cause the current to flow.
This property which all bodies possess to a greater or less de
gree, of resisting the passage of a current, is called resistance
The unit of resistance is called the ohm, in honor of Dr. Ohin,
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT.
a celebrated German scientist.
An electro-motive force acting upon a given resistance causes to the rule just given the current is 110 divided by 220, or '%
é
a current to flow through the latter. Now this current may ec ampere.
strong and it may be weak, depending for its value upon two Very much the same conditions are met with in the circula-
tion of water in the system illustrated in the accompanying fig-
ure, “Circuit of Water.”
Suppose the tank A to be partly filled with water, and that a
pipe connects it with B and C. Because of the difference in
level between A and B or B and C water will flow downward
through the system. There will be friction between the moving

ato
water and the pipes and the rate of flow of water will depend
leet
miteentine not only upon the difference in level between the tanks, but also
upon the frictional resistance met with in the piping. At P is a
pump to raise the water from C back to A as fast as it flows
down into C. What pressure must this pump exert? Clearly it
must exert a pressure equal to that between A and B, plus that
between B and C, plus whatever back pressure results from
friction.

Now consider the diagram “Electric Circuit.” It has been

lettered to correspond with the hydrodynamic diagram just de-
scribed. Current will flow from A to B through the connecting
wire if there is a difference of potential (electrical level) be-
tween the two points. Similarly, there will be a flow of current
from B to C, if B be at a higher potential (electrical level) than
C. This flow of current will, however, be opposed by the elec-
trical resistance of the conducting wires. To make the flow con-
a
tinuous, there must be something at P capable of forcing the
EE
SS
iia
Crrcuir OF WATER. current back to A again. The apparatus to accomplish this is an
things. If the E. M. F. be high and the resistance low, the electric battery, which we have already studied. The power
value of the current will be large. But if the resistance be very which it possesses of sending the current through the electrical
high, the current may be very small even though the E. M. F. circuit is called electro-motive force, and in the case just illus-
be large. So we see that a circuit with a high E. M. F. in it trated, is equal to the sum of the difference of potential between
will not necessarily produce a strong current, unless the resist- A and B plus that between B and C, plus whatever difference of
ance be Jow The number of volts in a circuit gives us no idea potential is necessary to send the current through the remain-
of the strength of the current, until we know the resistance of ing portions of the circuit including the battery itself.
the circuit. The strength of the current is expressed in amperes. Thus we see that difference of level in the case of a water
There is a simple law connecting the values of current, E. M. F. circuit is very similar to the term difference of potential that we
in volts, divided by the resistance in ohms. This is a very im- measure, as the electro-motive force in a circuit often has to be
|
 March 1, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS [21

obtained by calculation. In the same way, frictional resistance: RAILWAY BICYCLE

to moving water is in some respects similar to electrical resist
ance, though the comparison must not be carried too far. And Latest Invention Has Two Small Guide Wheels, Is Light and
finally, the rate of flow of water through the system described, Attains High Speed.
expressed in cu. ft. per second, is very similar in its significance
to the term “strength of current” in an electrical circuit Several types of bicycle for use on steam railroad tracks have
eS already been built. We illustrate the latest, the invention of
Chas. Gorneman of Cedar Valley, Utah. He has improved on
THE OCEAN FOR A WELL.

Making fresh water from sea water is regarded as one of tiv

is
PROS
AR
great achievements of the present age. Sailors famished from
thirst and boilers of ocean vessels rendered powerless from using
salt water are but memories of the past on up-to-date vessels
equipped with evaporator and distillers.
he accompanying illustration shows a Quiggins Patent Evap
orator, which is almost self-explanatory. The vertical steel shel!
to the left (the evaporator proper) is equipped with coils, which
nny a ates .
receive the steam from the main boilers. The coils are covered
to a certain height by the sea water, which is fed into the sheil
by means of a small feed or donkey pump. The steam from th:
boiler in passing down through the coils, gradually gives up its
heat to the liquid surrounding the coils, and converts it into
vapor. By the time the steam reaches the bottom manifold, (tw: ll
9 —
manifolds are bolted to the inside of the shell) it has been re a » ae Pa ee |

~
duced to water, and in this form it is returned to the automatic
trap to feed trap for boilers. previous wheels by the addition of two small guide wheels to run
The constant evaporation, which leaves all the solids behind on the inside of the rail which supports the bicycle wheels propet
necessarily causes the precipitation of scale on the heating sur- The machine is capable of very high speed, and being light can
be instantly removed from the track upon the unexpected ap

o
_—— — ‘a
proach of a train.
/ /Orcuatie stra —_—+e -
MAKE SAUSAGE OF DOG FISH

A Mid-Winter Enterprise That is Draining the Waters of Amer-

ica and China.

Making sausage of dog fish is the latest enterprise in China

So remunerative has it proven that a company has been organ
ized for the purpose in Pekin and a factory has been established
Dog fish are caught and sold by the wagon loads and the sau
sage made therefrom are shipped to various parts of China and

_— other countries
| |
ig! |
Dog fish catching is also proving a great commercial pursuit

5|
Py |
in the United States in winter time. Because of the great quan-
tities taken from the waters, the United States fish commission
al
=) |
|
bd | has been compelled to call a halt. The announcement has just
|= =9 =Ry been made that ice-fishing will be permitted only under the
Riis > .
S| ip | 3
supervision of fish wardens. Mr. Cohen, president of the com
Sis
= 6 3/5 ry
>
2) |=
FS iS
.
&| y—
mission, said:
e| \2 SC — \
z >
“Dog fish show a marked decrease since the demand for them
c— "
€) i< Suma Row
aes
LT }APR as a food fish has made them a source of income to fishermen
\ 2 They now bring 1% cents a pound in the rough. They are being
sold in the east ,under the names of willow cat, California bass
and Grinnell cat.”
a

WILLARD A. SMITH AGAIN HONORED

face. The expansion and contraction of the spiral coils causes
this scale to crack off nearly as fast as it accumulates and it is Willard Adelbert Smith, of Chicago, has been honored by
taken out through a lower manhole. ‘ the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company in being made d
——>--e—____ rector of the department of transportation exhibits. A similar
position was held by Mr. Smith during the Chicago World's
An automobile constructed by Edwin F. Brown of Chicago in Fair. The French government bestowed on him the decoration
1887, the first built in the West, will be exhibited at the Chicago
ot the legion of honor, in recognition of his efficiency at the
Automobile show which opens March 1. head of the department of transportation and engineering ex
hibits for the United States government at the Paris exposition,
“Josiah,”
’
asked Mrs. Chugwater, “what is a bucket-shop?” “It’s and the official representative of the state department of the
a place, I suppose,” replied Mr. Chugwater, looking impatiently government at the international railway congress in Paris. Mr
up from his newspaper, “where they empty the water out of Smith is the owner, editor and publisher of the Railway Review
stocks.” and has resided in Chicago for more than 30 years
 122 POPULAR MEvCxaAhiCs March 1, 19092.

HAND MADE FLOUR IN THE PHIL- motive power, usually by hand, for revoly- through the upper tubes, D D D; and the
IPPINES. ing the cylinder. The cylinder is incased force of this air scatters the chaff. The
and the product passed through by han 1- separated wheat falls to the ground, be-
Crude but Ingenious Devices Employed by
feeding, receiving the action of the pin ing heavier, and is caught in mats
the Natives in Working the Raw
\ device for separating the chaff iS Fig. 3 shows another device. The iron
Product.
shown in Fig. 2. It is made entirely « rf crank, carrying a series of pounding de-
ees
vices, is turned and the wooden pounders
Hand-made flour is used almost entirely
thump the wheat soundly at every revolu-
by the poor and middle classes in the Phil
pines and their manner of working the raw tion of the crank shaft
product while extremely crude is in many In Fig. 4 the wheat is placed in the bag
instances ingenious. .The flour used by the L. A tube suspended at the other end of
wealthy is nearly all imported from the the pole is filled with weights to balance ne

United States, and since the American pos- the pole. The native grasps the rope above
session it has proven a lucrative source of the bag and causes the latter to strike fre-
revenue quently upon the ground, which thorough-
Wheat and corn are both ground in ly loosens all particles

bao
seat

SD
eS
sete
nn
cet

samme
Se

00 OTY ALI? yy 4 4 A trrse Mp ly jjMl Ope

crude devices to make bread for the na- hollow bamboo. The rod C is worked to Fig. 5 is an ingenious contrivance, the
tives. A writer for the American Thresh- and fro and the whieat is forced up into cogs all being of wood. Its object is to
erman in the December issue gives an in- the tube E and out through the nozzle, feed wheat to a mechanical yrinding ap-
teresting acount of the methods of con- from which point it is distributed over the paratus. The apron D is the only part
verting wheat and corn into flour. channels, D D D. The interior of the that requires operation except the grinder-
Fig. 1 shows a beating cylinder used for main tube B is divided and the partition wheel which is run with a rope belt C.
threshing purposes. It is a heavy log of wall is fitted with valves made from cari- The shaft carrying the gear F, is fitted
wood, set with wood pins. Wooden pulley bou hide. The suction created on one side with a crank A at the other end by which
wheels at either end of the shaft carry of the wall sends up the wheat to the pipe it is turned. The shaft runs in wood bear-
belts which are run by various forms of E while the draft on the other passes ings not shown in the illustration. The
 March I, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

band C drives the grinder and the band HOW CHICKENS WERE RAISED 2,000
is given the required motion from the YEARS AGO.
Dr. W. H. Dudl Easton ‘ report
wood wheel B.
Fig. 6 is a wooden scoop fitted with a That the ancient Romans were not in the Journal Am. Med. A
teresting results of testing defective ey:
wood handl far behind people of the present day in the

Fig. 7 is a grinder made of iron-wood matter of building hen houses and raising We select one of the ‘ QT

The bearings sustaining the lower portion chickens is attested by the discovery of an trationof a good ey gone wrong The pa

of the cone shafts is usually secured to article from the pen of Liunius Moderatus tient was instructed to look through an in

Columbella, written in the first century, strument at the characters found in the left
posts sunk into the earth. The bar pass
Soe
ee
ing through the center cone’ shaft is A. D., an account of which is contained in
pushed around by two or more natives or the American Poultry Journal. Columbella
ade
sll sometimes by a water-buffalo. States:
Fig. 8 is a device used for dipping up “A henhouse should be built in the part . q

_——
e-=

r—
>

~
*

ee
the product. It is made of a bamboo tube. of the farm that looks to the sunrising in
Fig. 9 is an elevator. The tubes are
the winter, and if built near an oven or the
often quite lengthy. Derrick-like struc-
kitchen that the warmth and smoke may
tures are used to support the outfit, which reach them, it will contribute very much
is used for exposing to the winds for win- tc the health and comfort of the fowls.

O
nowing. The stock is sucked in at M
Husks and the seed of grapes from the

B/BVOATHDA
through tube L to N by the action of the vine-press make good food for chickens but
suction rod connecting device P, which is should not be given except during the time
worked by a native. The suction is devel-of the year that they are not laying.
oped by a flanged head-piece on the inner
end of the rod, fitted with hinge passage-
flaps, so that the air is regulated in the
“Dry dust and ashes must be placed by
the walls, or under some shelter that th:
fowls may have wherewithal to sprinkle
O10 249
Ts
SRI
Se
n ¢ .
VITs
process of lifting the stock to the proper themselves, for with these things they clean
level. The same proceedure operates in the themselves. The best time to set a hen i
tube K which is performed by the rod P, when the moon is increasing from the roth of our cut under the heading “Original
and brings the stock to the level O.
to the 15th. If all mails are desired: set He then traced with pencil on paper th
Thence the stock is worked up to another only the pointed eggs; if all females, set form in which these characters appeared to
level to the outlet S, of tube J, by a native only the round eggs. When the chickens are him. A comparison of the original and
on a platform level with the rod P hatched you must suffer them to stay one the copies indicates to what extent the eye
ooo oe day in the nest with their dam, and keep was defective
FOR ACID LETTERING. them from food and water. The next day _ ~>-?

let the chickens be placed on a sieve and A STRONG STOVE PIPE .

Editor Popular Mechanics: Please tell
fumigated with sprigs of pennyroyal. This
where I may get tin foil and paper letters will prevent them from having the pip The American Art é in om
for acid lettering on glass, and what are
a After this shut them up with their mother ventor sitting on some oft | own stove
the best methods for using the same. Also
in a coop and moderately feed them on bar-
tell me what glue to use for gluing pieces
of glass edgeways, so that they will stand a
ley meal or with the flower of wheat moist
pipe,
—— which is strong enough to sustain
|
ened with wine. They must not be allowed
large strain—A. Dietrich, 435 Otto street
to wander far from the coop when very
Chicago.
ycung and care must be taken that they be
(We will inform you by private mail
not blown on by serpents, the breath of
the name of a reputable firm from which
which is so pestilential that it kills them
you may obtain the material and also the
all ‘his may be prevented by burning
name of a good brand of glue that will
lartshorn or woman’s hair outside the
answer your purpose.) oon”
Danger in handling good acids makes Se
it almost impossible for a person to per-
“What a crowd of lady shoppers there
form the task you contemplate without hav-
are in the shoe department to-day,” re
ing a well-equipped establishment. Lead
marked the saleslady. “A marked down a weight of 160 pounds. Three pieces were
foil and not tin foil must be used for your
sale, I suppose.” put together in the usual manner to form
purpose. Tin foil is usually used as an
“Yes,” replied the salesgentleman, “all this novel seat.
ornamentation, on the back of glass letters,
the ladies’ number sixes are marked down —_—_—_~-»—_
as imitation of chipped glass. Lead foil is
used almost exclusively in process work. to number four, and so on.” STATE RIVALRY.
Asphaltum, which has lately come into use
for this kind of lettering, will probably “Did you ever see a hen lay an egg?” “You talk about natural resources!”
answer your purpose better than acid. It inquired the gruff joker in his deep basso scornfully exclaimed the Maine man. “Why,
may be used by filling in around the let- profundo. last year the catch of lobsters on our
ters. The Venice asphaltum is considered “No,” replied the dainty little voice of coast was Over 7,000,000!
best for the work. Miss Ready Repartee, “but I once saw a “And your state is full of ‘em yet!”
>>
Sa woman lay a carpet,” and she giggled as fiercely ejaculated the New Hampshire man.
The navy department has added _ six if she had said something funny. —___»--»—__—_
months more to the four years’ leave of Aldermanic ‘candidates in Reading, Pa.,
absence granted to Lieutenant Peary for Norway's population is the smallest in who employed automobiles to carry voters
the purpose of enabling him to make one Europe compared with her area. Each of to the poles, were all elected by large ma-
more attempt to reach the pole. Should her inhabitants could have 40 acres of land, jorities over those who used carraiges.
this fail he will abandon his Arctic re- while the Briton would have to be con- This is thought to permanently establish
searches. tented with less than an acre. the automobile as a vote getter
 124 POPULAR MECHANICS March 1, 1902.

FIRST ENGINE TO RUN WEST FROM FITTING PLANER KNIVES. WHAT CAUSES BOILER EXPLOSIONS?
CHICAGO.
In my own limited experience I find that
One of the causes of explosion seldom
It Was a Diminutive Freak, Compared to in fitting knives of any kind for the planer
thought of is through the safety valve.
the Powerful Locomotives of To-day. they should be what I term hollow-ground,
One must bear in mind that water is prac-
not to a very thin, wire edge, but metal
tically a solid; you have water in a boiler
Sway-backed, weak and clumsy, like a enough left that when the file is applied it
and you boil it. It boils at 212°. Now
deformed dwarf in comparison to the will leave a keen cutting edge, with sta-
you increase the pressure and it will take
powerful and graceful locomotives of the bility enough to stand the required pres-
a much higher temperature to make it boil,
present day, was the first engine that ever sure, and should be set at as great a slant
this increases the density. If you release
ran west from Chicago. That engine is as the shape of the heads will permit. In
the pressure too suddenly you begin to
still in existence. It is called the “Pioneer” regard to surfacing knives the same rule
stir up trouble; if the release continues
every drop of water in the boiler will al-
most instantly come to a boil owing to
quick reduction in pressure and corre-
sponding temperature. When the drops
boil they take up seven times as much
room as they did previously. This causes
what is known as water ram. Now let the
safety valve stick, say until the steam
raises 10 or 15 pounds above the set of the
valve; finally the valve releases, then there 1.

is an awiul rush of steam with a corre-

First ENGINE THAT EVER RAN INTO CHICAGO. sponding eruption of the water inside. A
holds good, says a writer in Wood Worker. condition which very few boilers are able
ent
TR
ee and is preserved as a priceless relic of early
railroad traffic in the West. In grinding long knives especially, the to withstand, consequently an explosion
The “Pioneer” was landed in Chicago grinding machine, and preferably a suita- occurs, says the Practical Engineer.
Se
from the brig, Buffalo, in Ocotober, 1848. ble grindstone, should be used. By this Recently a government test was made of
ee
Cee
~
She made her first trip over the first rail- means we maintain a true bevel and the a boiler; steam was run up to 600 pounds
hollow grinding greatly assists the filer to pressure and the boiler just went humming
road west from Chicago Nov. 20 of the
same year. The road was the Galena & keep his knives straight on the edge, for the like a top, but it didn’t burst. The next
knife should go to the grinding machine day they ran steam into her up to 300
Chicago union, now the Chicago & North-
western, and at the time this first engine before the hollow is entirely filed away. pounds, and then the engineer briskly
was installed into service, only ran as far More grinding and less filing is a matter of pulled the safety valve, and when the men
as Des Plaines river, ten miles. The first economy in all classes of wood-cutting ma- came out of the safety tower there wasn’t
trip was the occasion of a grand jollifica- chinery. a piece of the boiler in sight; it simply
tion in Chicago. People came from miles
>>
~->-?> blew into fragments, thus proving that
away to witness it. The cargo consisted of It: required twelve men to carry to the water ram will cause a boiler to explode
a wagon load of wheat brought to Chicago grave the casket containing the remains of with the most disastrous effects.
han
eepremmnaray
1
from Des Plaines, being the first shipment Dennis Leahy of New York, who weighed
of the vast resources of the Northwest to 700 puunds. Leahy’s disease was due to Judge Arnold of Philadelphia has ruled
enter Chicago. The entire equipment of fatty degeneration of the heart. To save that suicide is no crime and that a man
the road at that time consisted of five flat his friends trouble the man moved near has a right to kill himself if he so desires.
cars, one box car and an engine. The road
was completed to Elgin, Feb. 1, 1850, which
was the occasion of another great celebra-
tion and an excursion when hundreds of
Westerners made their first trip by rail.
The extension to Freeport was completed
in 1853.
ee It was decided to build a more direct
route to the Mississippi and the Dixon Air ¢
Line was constructed in 1854, which with ©
connections, furnished the first railway line
between Chicago and the Missouri river. A NorTHWESTERN Locomotive oF To0-Day.
&memes There it made connection with the through
transcontinental route opened May 10, the cemetery a short time before his death Herbert Wright, who was arrested for at-
1869. The Chicago & Northwestern Rail- so that the casket had to be carried but a tempting to take his own life, was released
road was organized June 6, 1859. From short distance. by the jurist.
the original ten miles with its one hunch-
back locomotive has grown the present CHOKING UP THE ENGINE. NO, INDEED.
Dowie coughed up $178,000 and Zin is
system with a mileage of 9,000 miles of
“A fourth of what we eat keeps us; at ease again. It wouldn’t really have
main line; nearly 2,000 locomotives and
three-fourths we keep—at the risk of our looked well to see heaven in the hands of
about 60,000 cars, passenger and freight.
ee
ee
wows
lives.” ore a receiver !—St. Louis Globe-Democrat.
i
In England electric signs are not per- >t»
ovo
.

The announcement is made that auto- mitted if worked by flash lights. The There are more street cars drawn by
mobiles are to supplant carrettes in Chica- light must be increased gradually from horses in New York City than all the other
go. nothing to greatest intensity. cities of the United States combined.
 March 1, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

FENCES FOR PHONES. DOUBLES THE HARDNESS OF STEEL.

FOR THE MADAM. Down in the Indian Territory the wires Discovery By a German High School That
oT +fences for railroad rights-of-way have May Revolutionize Metal Industry.
been used for telephone purposes by T. P.
WOMAN’S SUFFRAGE IN FOREIGN Martin, who claims that he obtains as good The Technical High School at Charlot
LANDS. He says that
service as could be desired. tenburg, Germany, ha ivented a new
this should be a good suggestion to the in- method of hardening steel which t is
Women teachers in France elect wonien
augurators gf independent telephone sys claimed threatens to revolutionize the
members on all boards cf education. In
tems. Mr. Martin lives at Marlow, I. T. nietal industry. The inventor Giebeler,
Sweden women vote for all elective officers
In thé Electrical Review he States: a small manufacturer of Mecklenburg. By
except representatives; also indirectly for
“I have been using such a line for more the new process all kinds iron can be
members of the upper house. In Ireland
than a year and have found the service oi given strength and hardness double that
the women vote tor the harbor boards and
the best and very little trouble. A tip to of the Harvey, Krupp and Boehler pro
poor law guardians, and in Belfast for mu-
the bridge or section gangs working such cesses, in spite of the fact that the cost of
nicipal officers. In Russia women hoitse-
sections of track along the road where the production is reduced 50 per cent. Pro-
holders vote for ai! elective officers and on
wire fence is used is usually all that is nec- jectiles fired against a .305 inch sheet of
all local matters.
>> essary to keep the wires in first class con- steel produced by the Giebel process,
“_-?
dition. If a metallic circuit is wanied the penetrated only to the depth of 1 milli
MASSAGE BALL.
top wire of each fence on the two sides of meter, or .039 inch \ similar sheet of
This somewhat formidable looking weap- the railroad should be used. At all cross- Krupp steel was completely penetrated
on is intended for use by massage operat- ings the wire should be raised from the With sword blades of this material, says a
ors. The operator grasps the handle firm- fence and poled so as to be at least 14 feet German paper, other sword blades can be
ly and with as much pressure as desirable above the crossing to allow free passage shivered as if they were made « wood
of hay wagons and such heavily-laden ve- A representative of Mr. Giebeler will come
hicles. At culvert and cattle gaps the same to America to bring the discovery before
plan should apply. I cannot see why the the attention of the great steel kings of
railroads, themselves, do not use these America.
wires for telephones. In dry weather they
e+e
will give good service up to 100 miles. In
KITE ATTACHMENT
Texas I had a line about 20 miles long
moves the instrument over the body, the which I used for both telegraph and tele-
\ man in South Dakota who still en-
ball being free to roll in all directions. It phone purposes and which gave good sat-
joys flying kites has worked a simple
out
is used in the development of muscles. The isfaction,” ——-~2+3+@.
- device by which he can release a small
* operator at least is sure of muscular ben- OLDEST HOUSE IN THE UNITED parachute sent up on the kite. The device
efit. STATES. consists of a small sharp knife mounted
o>
—??>
on a cone through which the kite string is
CASTOR SUPPORT FOR TRUNKS. In a narrow street fronting the United fed out until the kite is at the desired
States reservation in St. August'ne, Flori height. Then the cone is released and car
Who has not tugged, and sweated and da, is a queer looking two-story structure, ried swiftly to the kite by the wind, On
torn the carpet in an effort to move a originally built of stucco, which lays claim |
i
trunk which had been packed to overflow- to a wonderful amount of sentimental asso \
ing? . The illustration shows the idea of a ciations. It is known as the oldest house
Detroit inventor, who sets the trunk in a in the oldest street of the oldest town in
the United States.
—_—->

HOW TO SOLDER ALUMINUM.

Prof. E. Wilson gives the following as

the recipe for a good aluminium solder:
28 Ib- block tin, 14 1b. phosphor tin—10 per
cent phosphorus—3 1-2 Ib. lead, and 7 Ib.
spelter. The following instructions should
be followed when soldering aluminum:
Clean off all dirt and grease from the sur- =nnno

face of the metal with benzine, apply the

neat iron frame permanently mounted on solder with a copper bit, and when the
castors. It is intended for trunks kept molten solder covers the surface of the
in the house and not for use at railway metal scratch through the solder with a
stations, wire brush, by which means the oxide is
=
ii broken and taken up. Quick manipulation reaching the kite a string is severed which
ANXIETY. is necessary. supports the parachute which then falls.
—_——_p--——___—_
A doll or toy figure or other article should
Coal Dealer (anxiously)—Hold on! Congressman Cummings has introduced be attached to the parachute
a bill providing for the coinage of 2'4-cent lisieiaal
That load hasn’t been weighed. It looks to
me rather large for a ton. pieces. The innovation, he says, is de- Through a decision of the supreme court
Driver—’ Taint intended for a ton. It’s manded by the present conditions of trade . the Illinois Central railroad has established
two tons. o> its claim to 53 acres of land valued at
Dealer—Beg pardon. Go ahead.—Tit- Smoking is perimtted in the prisons of $10,000,000 along the lake front in Chica :
et

Bits. Belgium as a reward for good behavior. ZO.

 120 POPULAR MECHANICS March 1, 1902.

SIMPLE PHOTO ENLARGING DEVICE. filter in determining where to put the pa- MONUMENT TO THE POTATO IN GER-
MANY.
per. With this over the open lens, the pa
Artificial Light Apparatus Which Will per is safe and you can focus just as well
Historical Sketch of the Most Staple of
Make Pictures Five Times Their
Original Size. Vegetable Foods.

\ novel and Inexpensive process of en Fr ont “Here in the year 1747 the first trials
were made with the cultivation of the
larging photographs by artificial light with po
tato.”
the aid of an ordinary camera is described
\ Merriam in the Photo-Beacon Such is the inscription on a monument to
by W
the potato, which has just been discovered
of February. Mr Merriam says: Fic. 3.
in the dense undergrowth of the so-called
“First I secured a box, then filled my
as though it was not on, and in this way Brandhai of the Upper Hartz in Germany
bike-lamp up with carbide and set it inside
you can tell just where your picture is go- granite block about 7 feet high,
I marked with a pencil where the center ot
It is a
ing to come.” resting On a stone pedestal. The inscrip
ee es
44oe
|
tion 1s on an iron tablet attached to the
SS a? THE PASSING OF THE MULE. granite.
Chis monument marks the introduction
Where would the modern street railway
of the potato into Germany. While the
have been but for the mule? [If Christo-
vegetable was not favorably received by
pher Columbus was the first American ad-
the German peasant, it had a great friesd
vance agent, surely the mule can also lay
in the king, Frederick II. He was obliged
claims to having been the pioneer of the
to use forcible measures to get the peopl:
street car. This fact has been duly recog-
of Pomerania and Silesia to plant it. The
nized with typical Southern generosity at
action of the MHartzers in voluntarily
E! Paso, Tex., where the trolley has just
the light came, and around the lamp as it adopting the plant was evidently thought
gone into operation, says the Street Rail
sat on the bottom of the box. I then cut worthy of a memorial.
way Journal. On the first car that went
a hole in the end of the box (marked A) The potato is a native of South Amer
over the road stood a little brown mule,
614 by 4% in. in size,so that there would be ica. It was introduced into the British
and painted on a long banner at the side
14-inch margin all round on a 5 by 7 plate. dominions by Sir Walter Raleigh in the
were the words: “Reward of thirty-five
With the aid of thin slats, obtained from 10th century.
years of faithful service.” The reward
the top of a grape basket and a cigar box, The British experimentor did not, how-
seems rather scant, if it consisted in one
I made a slide to hold a 5 by 7 plate. (See ever, know much about the plant. When
deadhead ride, but we are glad to under-
B.) Strips of wood, F, were put around the vines were nicely ‘grown he gathered
stand that Mandy is now let out to grass,
the inside of the cover to prevent it from some, boiled them as one would other
only to be called upon when the motors
sliding about, while keeping out the light. “greens”, and nearly died from eating the
happen to break down. We hope that some
In the top above the lamp I cut a hole strange food. The rest were allowed to
day the grave of the first mule that ran
and therein inserted a 3-pound lard pail, grow as a curiosity. In the fall the gar-
the first American street car will be duly
D, upside down. It was made fast by cut- dener pulled up the dead vines and made a
dignified with a monument. Less de-
ting slots in the rim and turning the strips bonfire. In the ashes he discovered one
served memorials are in existence. The
back after the pail had been inserted. I potato which had come up with the roots,
only trouble would be in locating the mule.
next cut an old ferrotype plate to the right and which was nicely baked. This was
=_c°-?>
size, and made a hole in it where it would tasted cautiously and found pleasing.
ence
cae
2 PUNCHING RAILS IN TRACK
come underneath D, and tacked it on to the Search was then made for more potatoes
ret
eA
A
cei cleats, as shown by the dotted line E. I The ends of the rails of an electric rail- which were found in plenty, fully grown.
made a row of half-inch holes around the Se ae
way track are connected by a piece of cop-
bottom of the lamp to let in air, and a per to allow the electric current to flow HARNESSED THE SAW HORSE.
cleat under each end of the bottom of the through the rails. These copper strips, or
box so that these holes might not be closed Those of us who recall boyhood days
pieces of large wire, are called rail bonds.
up. A_ board was nailed on the bottom when we tackled wood piles that looked as
To fasten them in the rail a hole is usually
so that it would stick out far enough in big as Mt. Tom, will appreciate the attempt
punched at the rolling mill. Frequently
front to permit the camera to sit firmly on of a New Yorker to make his stick of cord-
Tee
such holes must be made after the rail is
it. A sheet of ground glass was used be- laid in the track. This is done by boring
tween the negative and the lamp to diffuse with a portable drill operated either by
hand or with a very small electric motor.
The Street Railway Journal for Feb. 15
describes a new device, easily portable and
which punches such holes up to % in. di-
ameter, by means of a lever worked by
hand. The hole can be punched in much
less time than one can be drilled.
———__.
o> ———————— wood stay where it should. The hook is
the light. To hold the paper I broke up an “Did yez show Casey, the conthractor,the held down by a chain fastened to a pedal
old easel and mounted it on a piece of Wash’n’t’n monnymint?” asked Mr. Raf- board which releases by means of a spring
board at the bottom, and nailed to it an ferty. when the sawyer steps off.
old molding board. The box should be “IT did,” answered Mr. Dolan; “an’ he +e
painted black inside. Any light which gets wor deeply imprissed.” The exportation of American automo-
out between the camera and the box can be “Phwat did he say?” biles last year amounted to $300,000 and
shut out by wrapping the focusing point “He said it wor the tallest one-shtory the imports to $90,000.
around the box at that point. I used a ray buildin’ he iver saw.”—Washington Star.
 March 1, 19092 POPULAR MECHANICS

HONESTY AND PERSEVERANCE BEST

MACHINERY, ENGINES, Andrews, the Detroit banker who lost a
$1.95 UNION SUIT $y,
SHAFTING, #« » »* PIPE. million of his bank’s money in wild specu Workingmen’s Union Suits. Every Gar
Everything in wood and iron used in con- ment made to actual measure Send
structing and operating; new and second-
lation, does not believe in the policy of for directions for self-measurement,
wand (rebuilt), cheaper than you can buy making money slowly but — safely He We sell direct from the factory to the
anywhere else. Weite us first. consumer and save all intermediate ex
CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO., CHICAGO
plunged and plunged hard, and now he has pense of handling. You get this. Write
for catalog or call.
not only lost his money and that of other
UNION SUIT MFG. CO.
people, but his good name The ability to
54 FIFTH AVE. (4th Floor) CHICAGO
make large sums of money rapidly 1s «1 lop Popular Mechanics.
natural gift, just as much as in the case
Mention Popular Mechanics.
of famous painters and engineers Chey
were born, not made. It is well to remem-
ber that any person of moderate ability who SCIENCE GAINS ANOTHER VICTORY
FITS CURED

SALARY’
has perseverance, industry and practises

economy, will come out satisfactorily in the Write for Reference

long run where one of greater ability but HOME TREATMENT 1.0, 504 Stevens Building
let, “Are Your Hands less common sense fails. Besides there are Indianapolis, Ind.
Tied?” tells you how to do it.
Thousands have largely increased other things quite as desirable in life as a
their salaries by following our plan opular Mechanics
WE TEACH BY MAIL Mechanical big bunch of money. Contentment 1s one.
or Electrical Engineering; Drawing}
Architecture; Bookkeeping; Ornamental a eS ee eo
Design; German; Spanish; French, ete, Circu-
lar free. State subject that interests you.
international Correspondence Schools,
Box 812, Scranton, Pa.
WHY THE DOUGHTY SCOTS DID FLY.
Chrisman’s Paraffine Paint
Richard Harding Davis relates this in For iron bridges, fences and structural
work; tin, steel, iron, felt or cotton
cident which happened while he was acting duck roofs. None better and few as
good. Cotton duck the coming roof.
as correspondent during the English-Boer
PARAFFINE PAINT WORKS, ELORED, PA.
Your smallest office boy can address war:
more matter in an hour at a cost of A regiment of Scottish highlanders, not- Mention Popular Mechanics.
ed for their bravery in action, during the
10c per 1000 than your largest sten-
sco ographer can address in a day,
heat of one battle were suddenly seen to
break ranks and run in all directions. The COLDBUR Is a Salve
if promptly ap.
which

at a cost of from $1.50 to $2.00 officers as well shared in the stampede, and plied will cool
all ordinary burns from fire, hot tron or
per 1.00. apparently made no attempts to urge the hot water, and will absolutely prevent
It men under them into line. Their behavior blister. Takes out all the burn in from
Let Us Tell You About one to five minutes. Will not
was a surprise to everybody on the field, cure
everything, but is excellent for reduc-

THE ELLIOTT C. and after the battle was

of the regiment was summoned before Gen.
over the colonel Ing inflammation
chronic
ete.
sores,
and healing
chapped
Is made of the purest vegetable
many
hands or lips
roducts only, and is perfectly harm.-
100 Purchase St., Boston Roberts. “What the devil was the matter ess. Excellent for tightness of the
with your regiment?” asked “Bobs.” throat or chest. Although in use for
48 Dearborn St., Chicago many years, is now put on the market
“Well,” replied the colonel, “there is not a for the first time. Once used, always
309 Broadway, New York man in the regiment afraid of a Dutch-
wanted.
cents.
Sent postpaid anywhere,
If not as represented
25
money
man’s bullet, but we were steered into a cheerfully returned. Address ;
field literally infested with wasps’ nests, COLDBURN, Room 604
and you know, general, we were all in kilts 462 Washington Street, - Chicago
CONSERVATISM.
and with bare legs.”
~ cannes Mention Popular Mechanics.
The automobile flashes by HANDY FRUIT PICKER. OOOCOOOOOCE COCOOCOOCE
As jaunty as kin be,
Old-fashioned ways is good enough Among the numerous inventions for THE +

Fur Mary Jane an’ me.

¥
A
gathering oranges, lemons, apples and 6
7
Fur I kin drive with jes’ one hand, other of the larger fruits is one by a man
An’ Mary won't complain—
A hoss an’ buggy fills the bill
Fur me an’ Mary Jane.
FAMOUS
TRAIN
They're buildin’ wireless telegraphs
OF THE
Fur use across the sea;
I don’t believe they'll be much good WORLD
To Mary Jane an’ me.
I’d rather whisper in her ear,
Chicago---St. Paul---Minneapolis
A walkin’ down the lane; VIA ee

These new inventions ain’t much use

To me an Mary Jane.
THE ST. PAUL ROAD
(Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)
—Washington Star. in New Mexico. The illustration fully ex-
ww
7? EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
plains the manner of its construction and UNEQUALED
After a hard
the limit to height
fight in the city council
of buildings in Chicago
use. ++ %
New York has a coffee wagon which Time tables, maps and information
has been raised. There was a desperate supplies coffee and sandwiches to firemen.
furnished on application to

effort on. the part of some to restrict the It is owned by the organized charitable F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent
height to 16 stories, but the fight was in societies. Cincinnati will soon have one Chicago
vain. owned by the fire department. 0000000000
 128 POPULAR MECHANICS March 1, 1902.

‘‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents per

line payable in advance, Replies may be sent to

Attractions for Next Week.

a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
forwarded promptly without extra charge.

SPECIAL.
Fishing with kites is great sport. If you have not tried it
FOR SALE—Five sets of 1-12 h. p. electric
motor castings, for $1.00 per set. Photo for you ought to. We will tell you how it is done in next week’s
stamp. Roy A. Crihfield, Lincoln, Il. Popular Mechanics.
ENGINEER’S LICENSE—Mechanics, Engl. Did man exist in the Coal Age? Science says not. The
neers,
pamphlet
firemen,
containing
electricians,
questions
etc.,
asked
40
by
page
Ex-
coal deposits near Scranton, Pa., says yes. The print of a man’s
aming Board of Engineers; sent free. Geo. foot was found in a piece of coal. Read about it next week.
A. Zeller,
St. Louis,
Publisher,
Mo.
Room 592, 18 S. 4th St., Fighting fires in cities is easy work compared to rescue
work in mines. Read about how it is done next week.
FOR SALE—Job lot new electrical goods
given us to sell; list for stamp. We handle Speaking of fires, the whole fire alarm system of Bayonne,
everything electrical and
Stamp for catalogue.
at lowest prices.
Dept. N., T. Binford
N. J., was recently disabled by a spider; one little spider that
Electric Works, 994 Washington Blvd., Ch)- was electrocuted before he ever realized the consternation he
cago, Ill.
had caused. It is in the next issue.
A New Yorker has a private aerial telegraph line; the power
BUSINESS CHANCES. is carrier pigeons. The newest railroad headlight casts a beam
FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE—122 acres all
into the sky that can be seen on either side, before and behind
plow land in McHenry county; well fenced; the train. One man can make a million pins a day. They are
good well and windmill; price $50 per acre.
Address 400, Popular Mechanics. now using telephones in street cars. Kids for kid gloves never
FOR SALE—Locomobile runabout, nearly
eat grass. lf you take any interest in anything you will want
new, $400. Address 402 Popular Mechanics. to know about these things. Popular Mechanics will tell you
FOR SALE—Steam auto truck; cost $5,000; next week. Remember, “It is written so you can understand it.”
will sell for $300. 354 Dayton street, Chicago,
Ill.
FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE-—$8,000 stock
fine clothing and men’s furnishings. Address
401, Popular Mechanics. CAR BUILDERS (Brass and iron) and grille BARBER WANTED—Good, single, sober,
worxers wanted—Light work. Wisconsin Iron steady man. Address James Benson, 1015
FOR SALE—One Reeves 16-horse engine, 36 and Wire Works, 186 E. Water-st., Milwaukee, Main-st., La Porte, Ind.
154 separator, wind stacker, weigher and feed- Wis.
er. All in A No. 1 condition; at a bargain.
Address S. ©. Dawsow, 719 Virginia Ave., In- WANTED—Man capable of running two POSITIONS WANTED.
dianapolis, Ind. Simpson dry-press machines; good wages and
steady work. Address, with references, room
FOR SALE—A National cash register; good 4, The Ruggery, Columbus, O. YOUNG MAN, aged 23, now assistant man-
as new; also a few second-hand tinners’ tools; ager in the sales and shipping department of
write for list and prices. Edward F. Cords, a large manufacturing concern in Ohio, de
Elkader, Iowa. good wages to the right persons. Address, with sires position in the west. Reference, my
references, S. E. Stender, 427 Iist-av., Pitts- present employers. F. W. Rea, Canton, O.
FOR SALE—Hardware business consisting of burg, Pa.
shelf hardware, cutlery, tinware, stoves, fur- PLUMBER, GAS AND STEAM FITTER;
naces and tin shop. Stock will invoice from COREMAKERS AND LABORERS WANT- ean do all ordinary tin work; can figure and
$8,000 to $10,000 with fixtures. Good reason ED—For brass foundry. William B. Anderson take charge of work; 16 years’ experience;
for selling. Velde, Roelfs & Co., Pekin, Ill. & Co., 11 to 17 S. Canal-st., Chicago. a - like steady work. ‘‘Fitter,’’ Sistersville,
a.
WANTED—A complete second-hand thresher CARPET LAYER WANTED—A first-class
outfit for cash. Address H. G. Thaete, Aspen, man; one that can make and lay carpets. Will- UNDERTAKER—Young single man of five
Col. iam Mylins, 3d-st., Zanesville, O. years’ experience in the furniture and under-
taking business. Will furnish any state license.
FOR SALE—We have 50 first-class chilled GLASS CUTTERS WANTED—At once;
plows that we will sell at a bargain; full Address, Fred L. Griswold, Delton, Mich.
ae steady work the year round. Rudy Bros.,
rigged with jointer. Sam’'l Almy & Son, Tru- Highland and Center-avs., Pittsburg, Pa.
mansburg, N. Y. SALESMAN AND FIELD MAN with ten
years’ experience in the retail implement, ve
WILL EXCHANGE—Good residence proper- WAGONMAKER WANTED—A _ first-class hicle and wind mill business, wants a road
ty in Aurora, Ill., well situated and well rent- bodymaker on light and heavy spring wagons; —. Address, Lock Box 8, Birmingham,
ed, for a stock of vehicles or implements. F. good wages and steady work to right party. owa,
A. Taylor, Janesville, Wis. hg Guedelhoefer Wagon Co., Indianapolis,
nd. CORNICE CUTTER AND DRAFTSMAN;
EARLY OHIO SEED POTATOES, raised in practical and reliable; can take charge of
the Red River Valley in North Dakota; maca- WANTED—A bicycle repair man; of unim- shop, handle men and estimate from plans.
roni wheat, millet, Hungarian, ete. Fargo peachable moral character; wages $3.50. R. M. “H. D.,” 117-119 South Fourth-st., Philadel-
Seed House, Fargo, N. D. Greig, Anaconda, Montana. phia, Pa.
OLD ESTABLISHED FURNITURE HOUSE CARVERS WANTED (Wood)—Men able to
in best location in Deny»r, Colo. .Owner has WANTED—Position in a machine shop or as
do sample work. Apply to manager Pullman boiler repairer by a sober, industrious young
grown old in the business and wishes to re- Car Works, Pullman, Ill.
tire. William Hennessey, 1540-46 Lawrence man with small family. Address Moses M.
Hull, Fillmore, N. Y.. R. F. D. No. 1.
St., Denver, Colo. FINISHER WANTED (Wood)—A first-class
man; steady. Original Mfg. Co., South Ev- *WANTED—Position as engineer or head
FOR . SALE—Second-hand circular saws, anston, Ill.
gummed and hammered complete, ready to sawer. Twelve years experience and good ref-
run, practically as good as new. The Miller erence furnished. Address J. J. Patterson,
Oi! & Supply Co., Indianapolis, Ind. AN EXPERIENCED MAN WANTED to take Kingman, II.
charge of planing mill. Address Geo. Schwartz,
FOR SALE—A %-H. P. Pierce Gasoline En- Schwartz, La. TRAVELING SALESMAN, having a large
gine, Electric Sparker and Batteries, complete, acquaintance with hardware and implement
in running order, for $35.00 cash. Wm. Matt, WANTED—Boys who have worked on gold trade in ten states, desires position with re
Fort Dodge, lowa. gilding on picture frames and moldings. sponsible manufacturers. Correspondence so
Schram Bros., 14 Armour-st., Chicago, Il. licited. Address Box 33, Archer, O.
HELP WANTED. — SHOEMAKERS WANTED—Three first-class
IF ENGINEERS will send $1.00 to below ad-
men; and one cobbler; wages no object. Mce-
;
dress they will receive two blue prints, with
tables and instructions, showing how to set
Namara Shoe and Last Co., 206 N. 6th-st., St.
Louis, Mo. : Popular
4 Mechanics ;
valves and eccentrics in Corliss enginess, sim- 3
ple and compound, with one and two eccen- WANTED—Two or three first-class warm air
trics. Jno. T. Lindstrom, M. E., 440 Liberty furnace tinners and installers.
Heater Co., Martin’s Ferry, Ohio.
The Stanton
; GOOD TO READ
street, Allentown, Pa.
; GOOD TO THINK ABOUT
MOLDER
and steady
WANTED
work.
(BRASS)—Good wages
Address the Simmons Mfg.
TIMEKEEPER
and accurate.
-WANTED—Must be quick
Plano Mfg. Co., West Pullman, 3GOOD TO TALK ABOUT
Co., Kenosha, Wis. Til.
 “WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT.”

POPULAR MECHANICS
An Illustrated Weekly Review of the Mechanical Press of the World

VoL. 1. No. 9. CHICAGO, MARCH 8, 1oo02. PRICE 5 CENTS.

QUEEREST SHIP THAT EVER SAILED

Strange Craft that Skims the Lifeless Sands of the
Dreaded Majava Desert

(Copyright, 1902, by John L. Von Blon, Los Angeles.)

THE DESERT QUEEN

 130 POPULAR MECHANICS March 8, 1902.

THE FIRST REAL SHIP OF THE DESERT. squaws and pappooses under foot. Their food was thrown
away, and when the strange white monster had gone the terror-
Strange Craft That Terrified Natives May Do Away With the stricken natives prayed throughout the night.
Camel in Saharah.
><?

It remained for America to construct a real “ship of the ENGLISH METHOD OF SUPPORTING RAILS.
desert.” It is doubtless destined to work an innovation in the
methods of transportation across the great Saharah. The de- Railroad construction and operation in England is very differ-
vice illustrated on the front page is used for traffic on the once ent from that in this country. Their tracks are laid with a view
dreaded desert of Majava in Southern Salifornia. It is called to greater permanenny, and to walk on a steam railroad is tres-
the “Desert Queen” and is the first sailing vessel for service passing for which the offender is arrested and fined.
on the land ever built. It makes a speed of from 50 to 80 miles Their street railway tracks are laid in cement instead of upon
an hour and has obliterated all the perils and horrors formerly wooden ties. Our cvt, from the Electrical Review, London,
attended with the crossing of this solitudinous waste. A whole
fleet of such craft will probably be put in operation on this desert
and the one in New Mexico. With their aid traffic across the
lifeless plains will be made pleasant, sure and speedy. Faster
than the fastest train the Desert Queen glides ghostlike over
the hard sands, reminding one of traveling in an air ship. The
sailing trucks may result in populating those weird parts of the
earth that have hitherto been regarded uninhabitable. They
may be constructed at small cost and are easily operated.
his “mechanical dromedary,” the strangest vehicle ever pro-
pelled by the wind, was built by two miners, Charles S. and
Carl L. Hoyt, of Cleveland, O., just six months ago. It has ——
been in use ever since, covering thousands of miles. The Hoyts
have a gold mine in the buttes near Rosamond, Cal. They live
nine miles away at the other end of a peculiar dry lake, which Metuop or Supportine Raw Journr.
is hard as concrete and swept smooth as a tennis court by the shows their manner of supporting rail joints.
= Not only are the
sands forever driven over it by the fierce winds rushing through ends of both rails firmly bolted together, but the point of junc-
Tehachepi pass. tion is supported by an I beam laid crossways and firmly im-
lhe device is a stanch boat 14 feet long, 8 feet across in front
bedded in the cement.
and tapering to the rear with a mast 15 feet high; mainsail 10 ai
feet on the boom and 10 feet on the mast; jib and jibboom to
match. For the front support an axle, like that of a buggy, was ONE MAN CAN MAKE A MILLION PINS A DAY.
used, and to this were attached two iron wheels, each 30 inches
Wonders Improved Machinery Has Accomplished for America
in diameter. The rear wheels are also of iron and 24 inches in
diameter. The steering contrivance is like that used on a hook Described By a Frenchman.
and ladder truck. The “ship” answers its helm perfectly and
The pin trade is mentioned by M. Levasseur, a French writer,
sails about as close to the wind as the ordinary water craft. But
one accident has happened to the boat. That was on its trial as an instance to illustrate the wonders that improved ma-
chinery has accomplished for America. “Along with improved
trip when it got beyond control. It tore along at a terrific rate
©emenner
oan and was dashed to pieces against a sandbank. Several of the machinery,” he says, “ has come an enormously increased output
with less labor. When Adam Smith wrote his book, which
passengers were slightly injured. The vehicle had to be rebuilt
eae
ee
and since has been subject to perfect control. It carries its own- forms the foundation of modern economics, he showed that era

ers and their supplies and tools to and from the mine every day, with machinery then existing one man could make 4,800 pins a
and on the holidays and moonlight nights is used for conveying day. Today one man makes a million and a half pins. A pound
excursion parties. of pins then cost a guinea (4.66) for manufacture; now it costs
This boat with its rough iron wheels and otherwise crude con- about a shilling (23 cents).
struction has suggested various possibilities of desert traffic, M. Levasseur spent a long time in the industrial centers of
with a similar contrivance of ball bearings and rubber tires and the United States studying the American workingman. “The
plenty of canvass. Such a machine, it is believed, would travel industrial success of the United States,” he declares, “is owing ee
aa
gS
across the deserts of thick sands as successfully as does this largely to the ingenuity, inventiveness and industry of the me-
one over the hard bottom of the dry lake. chanic. The American workman is the man with the machine.
Those who have ridden on the Desert Queen claim it to be the Nothing is done by hand that machinery can do instead, and
most exciting of experiences. As it goes bounding along horned the automatic apparatus of today is ousted by a better of to-
toads scurry away over the hot sands; lizzards, like blue streaks, morrow. Machinery dispenses with about 70 per cent of human
dart for shelter; little ash-colored desert chipmunks labor in shoemaking, as against the old machines. A man with
scatter the sands about in their frenzied haste to get into their the modern plant finishes 300 pair of shoes in the same time it
retreats; an occasional coyote, long and gray—the picture of would have required to finish five by hand. me
ene
te

a»
starved want—rises upon his scraggy hind legs and sniffs; now
and then the wheels pass over a deadly rattlesnake; it speeds by The center of population of the United States is 6 miles south-
the bleaching bones of some poor creature, human or otherwise, east of Columbus, Ind. In 1800 it was 18 miles west of Balti-
that has suffered the horrors of starvation. more, Md. The center of population is the center of gravity
The moonlight excursions on the “Queen” are said to be the of the population of a country, each individual being assumed
nS
a
rarest of sports. There is something uncanny about the singu- to have the same weight. What is known as the meridian point
lar craft, shooting noiselessly through the moonlight, like a is the point of intersection of the line dividing the population
white-sheeted specter. When it was first put in service, stray equally north and south with the line dividing it equally east
travelers who met it were frightened almost out of their wits. and west. In computing the former, distance from the center
The Piute Indians were panic stricken. With wild whoops of is taken into account while in the latter it is not.
alarm they made a rush to get away, the braves trampling the The center of area of the United States is in Northern Kansas.

cI3
 March 8, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE. FROST PROOF AND AIR TIGHT DWELLINGS

Chis curious looking trolley car is in use at Los Angeles, Cal., Heating contractors may benefit from the instructions of J.
and is fully described in the Street Railway Review for Febru D. Morrison of Reinbeck, Ia., in Domestic Engineering
ary. The car is sent out whenever there is any accident to the In dwellings of the better class all walls should be made with
overhead wires or other cars. It can be operated by one man, at least one, or better with two, absolute dead air spaces, and the
and has abundant storage room for all kinds of necessary tools openings should be made as nearly air tight and frost proof as
used in making repairs. possible. All sash should be made solid and double-glazed with
A number of doors will be noticed in the side of the cab shown air spaces between and all doors should close against rubber
in the illustration and there is a corresponding number on the stops and open into halls or vestibules also provided with air
opposite side. These are for different compartments which are tight doors
used to store away wrecking materials such as frogs, wedges, Ventilation should be accomplished by the aid of a blower
jacks, crow bars, chains, block and tackle, blocking, etc. There operated by water motor or other power and a system of pipes
is a large door at each end of the cab which closes two large to carry the air to every part of the building. In cold weather
compartments. Just beneath the floor of the cab a four-wheel the air should be warmed by passing it over a steam coil and in
dolly is carried to be used in case of broken axles occurring warm weather it could be cooled by passing it over the same
on the road. It is arranged that this dolly can be taken from coil filled with cold water. The house may be heated with either

w.

~—

ay ee Se ete e en
> rommnanibarnae emma ectememmerametins ainda

ees
ELECTRIC WRECKING CAR—LOS ANGELES
either end of the cab and run down on skids immediately under hot water or steam with very little fuel because the style of con-
the disabled car. struction has stopped the leaks common to many houses The
pte
ais The car is 19 feet long, has 80-horse-power motors, and is walls, windows, doors and roof of a house should be as nearly as
provided with air brakes. possible non-conductors of heat and absolutely air tight. Ventila-
=
-_-? tion should be mechanical, automatic and positive instead of spas-
FORCES HENS TO PART WITH THEIR EGGS. modic and uncertain
a
Valuable Secret Possessed by a Bayport, L. I., School There are 15,333,000 more males on earth than females
Commissioner. Europe with a total population of 334,000,000 has a female ex-
cess of 3,750,000. In America the excess of males is more than
Commissioner H. M. Packer of the Bayport, L. I., schools, a million in a povulation of 102,000,000
is said to have discovered the secret of how to compel hens to
lay eggs. His profits are so great as a result of the discovery, Horse and donkey meat has been legally sold in Vienna since
Ht
RNONGD
NTN
a
ee
A
however, that this Napoleon of the hen-yard refuses to make 1854. There are 185 butcher shops engaged in the business.
known the process by which he forces his 24 Leghorn hens to Prices range from § to I1 cents per pound \bout 26,000 horses
part with eggs every day, no matter how unfavorable the month. and 100 donkeys are slaughtered annually
During the three “slow” months of October Mr. Packer got 42
dozen eggs from his 24 Leghorns; in January he got 30% dozen. The smallest library in the world, in the size of its books, is
People are pleading with the Egg King to open a school and owned by an Italian mining engineer, named Solomini. It is
impart his secret to others. They claim that if he does not, the made up of Dutch ‘Liliput” editions, 1.500 volumes, which
next fad with the smart set will be egg jewelry—brooches, rings were printed in the 17th and 18th centuries. The smallest book
and such trinkets—set with real eggs and to be had only at Tif- in the collection is of 160 pages. It is about an inch square and
fany’s. a little more than a tenth of an inch thick
 132 POPULAR MECHANICS March 8, 1902.

POLL DPP IPP POP OPOPGAsrrPesrrarraI

Vaart ahh ee eee fo the magnetic needle thus mounted a pointer 3 inches
long is to be attached, at right angles to the needle. ‘The
Easy Electrical Experiments best material of which to make this pointer is a firm, hard
straw, taken from an ordinary broom. Straighten it by rub-
FOR BOYS, bing between the fingers, bore a very small hole in one of the
tal
ahah
Nahata
alae Pia
id
Vid
el
Lid
i
LATA wooden clamps, which hold the piece of watch spring to the
MA
ict
MichicPict
iaatatatta
Rreastas esas AsAsseaPeaPiPhaP aD aPelRadafAIRINI IEP GaP aaa aMNaPal RelAIPM MaDe piece of needle, insert the pointer in this hole, and fasten with
CHAPTER IX,
a bit of glue. The pointer should be straight and should be at
THE CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF A VOLTMETER. right angles to the piece of watch spring. Take a small brass
screw and screw it into one of the pieces of wood which hold
By L. P. Dickinson. the watch spring in place, in such a position that the pointer,
magnetic needle and screw (counterweight) will have the re-
In the preceding chapter three electrical units were explained. lation shown in the figure. The purpose of this screw is to
One of these, the volt, is the standard by which we measure bring the pivoted needle and its pointer back a certain position
electrical pressures. An instrument designed to measure elec- whenever the pointer is moved.
tromotive force (electrical pressure) is called a voltmeter. To mount the needle, take two pieces of thin sheet brass, each
There are several ways of constructing such an instrument, but I inch long and ™% inch wide. In the middle of each and %
nearly all depend for their action upon the mutual effects pro- inch from each end make a deep dent by means of a pointed
duced between a magnetic needle and a coil of insulated wire nail and a hammer, but be careful not to punch a hole complete-
carrying a current. The instrument now to be studied is a ly through the metal. Bend each strip over at right angles in
simple one, yet it is one which may be easily constructed by an the middle. These strips can now be slipped down in the
amateur with profit to himself in the knowledge thereby gained. slot in the middle of the coil first made, and by a little patience
A base board should first be secured 5 inches long, 2% inches the piece of sharp pointed sewing needle, with its pointer,
wide and %% inch thick. In its center cut a slot 4% inches wide magnetic needle and counterweight will just slip down into the
and 1'% inches long, with the slot running lengthwise of the dents punched in the sheet iron and swing freely there. It may
board. At each side of the slot glue two blocks, each 1% inches be necessary to do a little filing and bending, but the needle
and its supports can finally be adjusted so that it swings very
freely and easily in its place. The counterweight (screw)
should be heavy enough and in the right position to bring the
pointer into the position shown in the figure.
At the back of the board fasten an upright piece of thin
POINTER wood, of the shape shown, and 4 inches wide at the top. To
this, at the proper height, attach a piece of thick cardboard, cir-
cular in shape. It should be supported by blocks in such a posi-

aa tion that the pointer will move close to it, but not touching it.

Dt lIcounre RWEIGHT
Be sure that the parts of the moving system have the relation
shown in the figure, and that the needle swings very freely.
Our instrument is now complete, except for the matter of
marking the scale. We shall have to leave this until a later
chapter, however, when, in addition to completing our instru-
ment, we shall learn something regarding its use.
er
a>
ie

THE PRESIDENT A SLAVE TO CUSTOM. ss...

aeee
ae

long, % inch high and % inch in thickness, the blocks being

even with the sides of the slot. Around these, as a support, is to No citizen of the United States enjoys so few liberties as
be wound in a horizontal coil 225 ft. of No. 32 double silk-cov- the President. The average subject of Uncle Sam would groan
ered magnet wire. The length and size of this wire are both very with indignation if subjected to as many restrictions as is the
This sewing needle should be % inch long and with very sharp nation’s head. He is the only law-abiding and reason-possess-
a strong magnet. If the spring has not been softened at the ing citizen of the United States whom custom holds a prisoner
pointer into the position shown in the figure. within limited bounds. The Ladies’ Home Journal, in an article
A magnetic needle is next to be made, whose position is to on “Some Things the President Does Not Do,” shows that the
be inside of the coil. The best material of which to make this nation’s chief executive is more restricted than the janitor who
needle is a piece of watch spring, such as may be obtained for daily empties his waste basket. For he must not leave the
the asking at an obliging watch repairer’s shop. Select a piece country open for a day. Neither can he go aboard a foreign
134 inches long and % inch wide. Straighten it by bending it warship, even when anchored in our own harbor and when flying
with the fingers. Heat the center of it in a small alcohol the colors of a friendly state. He dare not make a formal call
flame, taking care to keep the ends cool by hoiding wet cloths on any one except the president-elect, an ex-president, a presi-
upon them. Then bore a small hole through the center big dent of a foreign state or a reigning monarch visiting our Capi-
enough to allow an ordinary sewing needle to pass through. tal. He must not receive any but intimate friends on Sunday.
This sewing needle should be % inch long and with very sharp He must not occupy other than the seat of honor at any formal
points at each end. It may be made by breaking off an ordinary dinner. He must never occupy the left side of a seat of a car-
needle until it is of the proper length, and then grinding the riage. He can’t enter foreign embassies’ residences in Wash-
ends to a sharp point. Insert the needle through the hole in ington, for that is foreign ground. These are only a few of the
the piece of watch spring, and fasten the latter in the center of many things the President must not do.
a
the needle by two small pieces of wood, circular in shape, which >

slip tightly on to the needle, and clamp the piece of watch A London firm of solicitors has received a letter in which the
spring tightly. A little glue will help make everything firm. sender, described as an English peer of old title, “wishes to
Then magnetize the piece of watch spring by rubbing it with marry a wealthy American lady, age and looks immaterial, but
a strong magnet. If the spring has not been softened at the character irreproachable,” and in exchange for the rank he is
ends it will keep its magnetism to a large degree. to be paid $160,000 in cash.
AM
‘4
7
 March 8, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS | 133

HOW TO MAKE A RUNNING SLEIGH. THE OLDER THE BOAT THE BETTER

Means of Fine Sport That Is Easily Made and Operated. Ancient Steamers That Have Defied the Ravages of Time.

The “running sleigh” affords a sport which is now all the An old river man has said that the older a boat is the better
rage in Sweden. It is a late invention, simple of construction she is, if she be properly cared for. “This statement seems to
and easily manipulated. A light sleigh is equipped with long be true,” said Mr. H. L. Joyce, in a paper before the New York
double runners and is propelled by foot power. The person Railroad Club, “when you see some of the boats that are work-
using the sleigh stands with one foot upon a rest attached to ing daily in our harbor The barge Republic, built in 1831,
one of the braces connecting the runners and propells the sleigh seventy years ago, is still in first-class condition and carrying
by pushing backward with the other foot. To steady the body hay regularly between Albany and New York; the John Neil
an upright support is attached to the runners. The contrivance son, built in 1849, fifty-two years ago, and back in the fifties
can be used upon hard frozen ground, thin ice and snow coy running as a steamer between South Amboy and New York on
the Camden and Amboy line, has since been changed to a barge
and can be seen daily in our harbor; the steamers Mary Powell
and J. W. Baldwin were built in 1861, forty years ago,,and still
are favorites; the Norwich, built in 1836, sixty-five years ago,
continues to make her regular trips up the Hudson; four of the
old style of side wheel towboats used in the harbor before tug
propellers came in vogue are still towing and working and their
names are familiar ones to all those who daily cross the river,
yet they are each over forty-five years old—I allude to the little
side wheel boats John E. Moore, J. G. Emmons, Rose and Wil-
liam Fletcher.”
— —__~>-o-—

GOOD WAY TO LACE BELTS

The following is considered the best method of 1 cing be lting,

by the Peerless Rubber Mfg. Co.:
ered surfaces, and, under favorable conditions, moves with ré¢ The belt to be adjusted to the pulleys (depending on the

markable speed.
The device has a decided advantage over the “Skiis” because
the two foot supports are braced so that they cannot come apart
“Skiis” are long thin strips of hard wood jointed and turned up
at the forward end. They are attached to the feet separately
In descending a hill they often slide apart or come together
abruptly in such a manner as to threaten serious danger. The
“running sleigh” is especially adapted for coasting but may also
ii.
——————
be easily propelled along level ground. PULL
__-

PIGEONS THAT CARRY STOCK QUOTATIONS.

Private Aerial Telegraph Line Between Wall Street and the

Cordova Home.

Pigeons have taken the place of messenger boys in service

between Wall street and the home of Alfred D. Cordova, on
Chetolah farm, out on Long Island. “I think more of the
messenger with two wings than the one with two feet,” said
Mr. Cordova. “The former doesn’t smoke cigarettes; it doesn’t
have to stop at every corner to ‘get a light;’ it doesn’t read thickness of the belt) should be cut shorter than the distance
‘Dare Devil Dick’ and so doesn't fall asleep on an elevated around the pulleys by 3-16 to 4 of an inch for every foot in
train and have to make two trips instead of one. Bear, Bull, length, when measured with a metallic tape or wire drawn tight-
Tape and Ticker are the names of four of Mr. Cordova’s pride ly around the pulleys.
pigeons. The pigeon, on returning from a journey, enters a —
oS

smail trap, which mechanically rings a bell, that announes its

AMERICA THE RICHEST OF ALL NATIONS.
arrival. Mr. Cordova has trained one of the birds to travel
between his home and a wild resort in the Indian Territory,
The London Daily Mail year book for 1902 shows the United
where he goes hunting every year. He was awakened in his
— States to be the wealthiest nation on the globe. It heads the
camp late one night by the ringing of the trap bell, and found a
message attached to the pigeon that saved him several thousand list of countries in wealth and also shows the smallest national
dollars. One of the pigeons met a tragic death. He was sent indebtedness. Here are the figures:
to a drug store for a small vial of medicine. Long the Cor-
dovas waited, when finally the feeble ringing of the bell was
heard. The pigeon brought the medicine, but it had been shot Ind
ndebtedness . ye
Wealth. eefneen oe
f Indese.
te

on the way and was bleeding to death. Wealth.

United States .......--.....--.. | $1,076,270,000 $79,629,500,000 14

The highest ocean wave ever measured was 40 feet. It was Germany ---.-.------e0-- -- | 3,170,370,000 39,213,240,000 8.1
United Kingdom | 3,438,220,000 57 495,220,000 6
at Petersburg, Eng., when the wind was blowing from 50 to 90 Russie .........~.....0000+. : | 3,462,570,000 31.289,750; 1
miles an hour. Largest waves in the Indian ocean average 29.63 PBR DBcccctneecesccscsnsssseve-cocene 6,033,930 ,000 @7'190.300,400 328

feet in height. The highest on record there were 37.53 feet.

 134 POPULAR MECHANICS March 8&8, 1902.

WIRELESS TELEPHONY IN FRANCE. TO SAVE CYLINDER HEADS.

In January, a French engineer, Louis Maiche, made interest- A device to prevent the blowing out of cylinder heads is sug-
ing experiments in telephoning without wires. He used the gested by a writer in the Practical Engineer. The cut illus-
earth as a medium for the transmission of his electrical currents, trates this very simple and extremely cheap device which can be
and was able to transmit words as well as the letters of the attached to almost any engine cylinder with little trouble and at
Morse alphabet. At the distance of one mile the telephone
worked as plainly as any ordinary telephone; at three miles
h
—-
| Pepa elit

/
[A
V V
oe? eee

ee

—~
a, Manipulator; b, Key; ¢, Battery terminals ; d, Diffuser; e, Telephone
f,g, Earth wires; h, i, Earth plates; j, Battery.

was still practical and distinct; while at seven miles words could
not be distinguished but the dots of the Morse telegraph alphabet
was reliable. The Electrical Review, London, says: small expense. It is simply a “bursting relief’ attached to both
The connections to earth consisted sometimes of two elec- ends of the cylinder.
trodes immersed in water, and sometimes of electrodes em- The idea is that a cup be cast and then turned up to such a
SOeecemesneen
—
bedded in damp earth. The two electrodes at each station were thinness that any unusual or sudden concussion will force the
es
+
connected by an insulated wire which formed a basis on which bottom out of it instead of forcing the head out of the cylinder.
was connected, according as required, the receiver or the trans- A little study will easily teach the engineer just how thick to
mitter have the cup bottom, and as they are very inexpensive one can
pow
ind afford to have several on hand for replacing bursted ones.
PAPER MACHINES IN FORMOSA.
SIMPLE DEVICE FOR MAKING COIL SPRINGS.
Crude Methods of Manufacturing by the Natives.
A contributor to the American Artisan tells of a simple de-
vice for making coil springs:
There is an opening in Formosa for American manufacturers
“Take a piece of band iron about 12 inches long, I inch wide
~~ome
of paper-making machines, according to James W. Davidson,
TNT
A
ca
the American consul at Tamusi. There paper is made entirely
by hand and is manufactured from a small bamboo. In describ-
ing the making of the paper, Mr. Davidson said:
“The stalks of the young bamboo are crushed with a wooden
hammer, then placed in a cemented tank. Water to cover and
lime are added, and the material is thus left to decompose for and % inch thick, turn up the ends as shown in the sketch,
forty-five days. After being washed in fresh water it is placed bore holes for the crank and bore holes in the end of the crank
in a second pit to soak for another forty-five days. The fibrous to receive the end of the spring wire. It can be fastened to
matter is placed in a stone mortar and crushed to a pulp. It is the bench with screws or held firm in the vise.”
next placed on a platform and trodden by foot until the water iad

has been driven out. The pulp is moved to a third vat of clean There are three kinds of thermometers in general use—the
water and stirred.” Fahrenheit, Reaumur and Centrigrade. The freezing and boiling
This prepares the substance for the final operation, which point on their scales compare as follows:
consists in submerging a bamboo and wire screen into the con- Thermometer. Freezing Point. Boiling Point.
tents of the vat, drawing it out and allowing the water to pass PRE 0,56 es wasss ins ES Soi ain an 212 degrees
off, after which the pulpy sheet is taken from the screen, sub- MINES iv i's 65dices eedee ee EP eee eecececes + QO Gegrees
EE
mitted to a press and hung out in the sun to dry. CN oki. 6 enncsccnstene ee oyaoreee 100 degrees
eS

Miss Mildred Deuel of Richmond, Va., in the space of ten Casey—“Av course, O’im an Irish-American, an’ why not?
minutes was a maid, a wife and a widow. Her soldier fiance Don’t Oi live in America?”
returned from the Philippines ill with fever. They were mar- Cassidy—“O, yes, Oi suppose it’s all right.”
ried in a San Francisco hospital and the ceremony had hardly Casey—“Av course it is.”
concluded when he was dead. Cassidy—‘“Ay; but ’tis lucky for ye that ye don’t live in Eng-
et OQ land. Ye’d be an Irish-Englishman then, wouldn’t ye?”—Phila- ES

The largest viaduct in the world is over the Gogteik gorge in delphia Press.
Upper Burma, 80 miles from Mandalay. It is 2,260 feet long
and 325 feet high. It was designed and built in 1900 by Ameri- Nearly 200 people out of every 100,000 in the United States
can engineers for the English railway in Burma. die of consumption.
 March 8, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

BUILD YOUR CHIMNEYS HIGHER THAN ADJACENT Figs. 1 and 2 show examples of good and bad draft, the ar
CONSTRUCTIONS. rows indicating the air currents. Fig. 3 also shows movement
of air currents, giving the lower chimney bad draft. In Fig. 4
Ignoranec of the Effect of Air Currents Causes Worlds of Trouble
With Flues.

Few people realize how important a part the construction of

a chimney plays in the installation of a heating apparatus in a
house. In placing a boiler it should be remembered that the
taller the chimney the stronger the draft, and it must be ascer-
tained that the area of the chimney flue is proportionate to the
area of the grate in the boiler.
The chimney should be as straight as possible. Round or oval
ee is the best form. The square flue is more effective than the
rectangular one, because of the smaller amount of friction. > a

A flue 12 by 12, having an area of 144 square inches, has a — ie

perimeter (area of unrestricted surface) of only 48 inches;

. rr

_——> ,
'
: . . — 1

| h___J os
*

FIG, 2 FI {
FIG, I.

while a flue 8 by 18, having an area of 144 square inches, has the heavy line shows form and size of chimney cap often used,
a perimeter of 52 inches, giving 4 inches additional usable sur- and producing bad draft from restriction lhe dotted line in-
face. For the requirements of an ordinary heating apparatus, dicates the proper shape and size of cap for the chimney.

the flue should not be less than 8 by 12, or 96 square inches. ———-o P

The pipe entering the chimney should go through the thick- IMPROVED ELECTRICAL TESTING TANK
ness of the brick, but no further. Use only one elbow if pos In testing dynamos,
a process lasting from 6 to 12 hours, the }
;
sible, as every turn in the pipe injures the draft.
electrical power generated cannot be usefully employed but has
Ignorance as to the effect of near-by tall buildings, trees, to be dissipated by water or wire resistanc« \ tank of water
spires, etc., on the draft often cause defective flues. The Amer-
is usually used, says a writer in the London Electrical Review
ican Radiator Company has issued instruction especially warn-
In the tank are two electrodes of large area, to which the posi-
ing people against these commen errors. When the top of the tive and negative leads are attached; the electrolyte consists of a
chimney is lower than the main part of the house or the comb
of the roof, the wind from the higher elevations falls like water
over a dam, beating down the smoke. A tall tree or an ad
jacent building higher than the chimney may be so near that the
wind passing over it will beat back the smoke in a similar
manner. ‘
Frequently a chimney may be found which, having a flue of,
say 8 by 12, or 96 square inches, is surmounted by an orna
mental capstone, through which are cut two openings, say 6 by
5, or 60 square inches. The builder has thus unwittingly re-
duced the area of the chimney 37% per cent. It is the same,
+ . - -

=
nl
| | °
|
|
L / ; —, (< Sa » > '
Improvep Testinec Tank.
. ~ \, as | v } a}

| " F \ + | , |
i\ , \ ;}s | °
; sa —e | 4 + eed
/ \| weak solution of cither common salt or washing soda, the latter
|
|
\
\ y ‘ being frequently used, as the plates are not so liable to become
—. furred. From Ohm’s law we know that the amount of current
\
GOOD DRAFT \ NO DRAFT
which passes will depend inversely upon the resistance between
/ \ the electrodes. The electric current in passing through the water
FIG. 2.
(electrolyte) causes the water to become heated, but for testing
purposes the water must be kept below the boiling point. To
said an official of the American Radiator Company, as for a prevent boiling an English electrician has devised a tank in which
person to attempt to breathe through a piece of paper per a series of pipes are placed and through the pipes a current of
forated by several pin pricks. cold water constantly circulates.
a
In adding a smoke stack or patent cap to the top. of a chim- Another contributor to the same paper says “on no account
ney, care should be taken to see that such addition does not use any salt, sodas or anything else to alter the density of the
decrease the area of the flue. The effectiveness of a flue is only water.” His plan is to allow cool water the flow into the tank
as great as its smallest area. and overflow.
 POPULAR MECHANICS March 8, 1902.

Popular Mechanics
the buildings, hoisted to the second floor by an electric elevator
and the contents dumped into the refuse cars. The latter, says
H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher the Street Railway Journal, would be hauled to the refuse
grounds and dumped at night, when the regular traffic is at a
Journal Building, - ~ - Chicago
minimum, and when there will be plenty of power capacity at
the stations. It is estimated that the plant will cost more than
SUBSCRIPTICN
half a million dollars.
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions, ————
ES 650d Tk chiens waded bale kalo WE kn beae eaten deen $i 00
Foreign Countries, post paid.......... ere PUPILS TAUGHT TO CONSTRUCT AND WIRE TELEPHONES. eb
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.
Make Burglar Alarms and Show Great Prowess in All Kinds
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan-
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple cf Electrical Construction.
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac- Students of the Bradley Polytechnic Institute, Peoria, IIL,
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our in the course of electrical construction, have entire charge of the
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro-
ure from its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
bell, telephone and other electrical apparatus of the institute.
that date With a skill that is often amazing to older heads they construct
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning. and wire skeleton telephones, place and test motors and dyna-
mos, and construct burglar alarms for doors, windows and
Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.
Address,
POPULAR MECHANICS
Journal Building, - - Chicago

Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class.

WATER HEATERS USED 2,000 YEARS AGO.

Devices Employed by Ancient Romans Excelled Those of Modern

Make in Many Respects.

lhe ancient Romans of 2,000 years ago fully understood and

appreciated the principle of the water tube, the crowning feature
of modern boilers, which was believed to surpass anything of
the kind known to civilization. In two museums of Roman an
tiquities at Naples there are several water heaters, superior to
many of modern make. One of them consists of an outer shell
12 inches in diameter and nearly 17 inches high, surmounted by
a somewhat hemispherically shaped top. Inside this shell is an
internal cylinder, also having a hemispherical top, which is ten ELECTRIC LIGHT AND TELEPHONES.

inches in diameter and 12 inches high.

safes. The class has wired two of the laboratories for drop in-
lhe two sheets are connected at the bottom by a rim, like the
candescent lamps, and constructed all kinds of up-to-date electri-
mud ring of a locomotive firebox, and the space between them
cal devices as a means of giving practical tests,to the knowl-
was filled with water. The grate was formed of seven tubes
eons edge they have attained.
made from sheet bronze, rolled and soldered or brazed. These
lhe course in storage batteries includes: The study of vari-
tubes open at both ends into the bottom of the space between
ous forms of storage cells and their uses, setting up, charge and
the sheets, thus forming a water tube grate for the fuel to rest
discharge and efficiency test of a twenty cell battery. The bell
upon. Charcoal was probably used with this heater and was
and annunciator work includes: Installation of bell systems, Fe
——an
—
ha
rand
Be
aD
a
ms (ete

placed on the grate through an opening 4.8 inches high and 4

fire alarms and thermostats, gas lighting and care of bell sys-
inches wide, closed by a beautifully decorated door. ‘The gases
tem of the institute. The electric lighting course consists of:
from the fire escaped into the outer air through three small
openings formed by tubes crossing from the inner to the outer Arc lighting, incandescent lighting, open and closed wiring,
shell about 5.6 inches above the grate. The whole apparatus tree and closet systems. The telephone and telegraph classes
was raised about 12 inches on a tripod, so as to allow air to are taught: The trarlsmission of sound, study of standard re-
reach the fuel. ceivers and transmitters, external and internal telegraph circuits,
>> installation of plants and care of system in institute. Students
ii
of dynamos and motors design and construct, test and operate
ELECTRIC CARS FOR HANDLING REFUSE. dynamos and motors. The accompanying illustration is to show Wu

the different methods employed by the pupils in wiring incandes-

Electric cars may be used in hauling away the city refuse
cent lamps. The telephone on the left hand side is an ordinary
of Brooklyn. A five-year contract is suggested at the rate of
A
magneto wall instrument which is connected with the two skele-
aant
te
et
A
eae 30 cents a square yard. The present cost is 63%4 cents. The
ton ‘phones on the right of the cut so that any one of the three
net savings, besides the time, on the million cubic yards re-
stations may be called by either of the other two. Each student
moved annually in Brooklyn will be $38,000. The amount of
in this class is required to construct and wire one of these
matter handled increases 20 per cent annually and hence the
telephones.
saving to the city during the five-year contract would amount
The Bradley Polytechnic Institute is in affiliation with the
to $282,780 in cash alone. A large amount of available dump
land has already been obtained by the company and sites se- University of Chicago.
o>
=_-?>
lected for thirteen stations. It is proposed to erect along the
street car lines, double story buildings, in which the refuse will The Illinois Central has ordered that passengers will no longer
be handled automatically. The wagons would be driven into be permitted to remove their shoes in chair cars.
 March 8, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 137

CATCHING FISH WITH KITES. goatskin. Men's “kid” gloves are generally TESLA’S WIRELESS TELEGRAPH STA-
made from lamb skins, colt skins and calf TION
One of the Rarest of Sports—How the skins.
Long Island Plant Nearing Completion—To
Apparatus Is Equipped.
Begin Experiments Soon.
INGENIOUS MOUSE AND RAT TRAP.
Kite fishing is proving one of the finest Che wireless teleg iph station being built
sports of the day, in that it enables per- Otto Eggeling, of Chicago, keeps a large
for Tesla at Wardenclyffe, L. | near
sons to catch great quantities of very number of snakes in his terrarium and
completion
large fish, hitherto almost impossible, with catches all the mice and rats necessary to
lhe power house, built of pressed brick
iene the hook and line. With the kite the feed them on by means of an ingenious
and 100 feet square, is completed, and the
fisherman is enabled to cast his bait far trap he has devised. It is made of zinc
big tower will be roo feet in diameter at
out at sea while he stands on short. The and wood. It consists of an L-shaped
the base and 216 feet high t will be So
fish are thus not frightened by the sight upright, having an opening, A, through
feet wide at the top Che materials used
of a fishing pole, rods or boats. The new which the animals are lured by the smell
are wood and iron Inside the tower will
discovery is attributed to Edward Hors of food. Naturally they run up B and de
be a well 120 feet deep, with a staircase
man, the noted kite expert
leading down into it. Transversely across
a ——————_== —
For this method of fishing a strong kite
the bottom of the well will be a series of
must be provided he string carries a oN;
|

|
é

|
oD

5
7)
four tunnels, each 100 feet long hese
small pulley, through which the fish line
i} i) are being excavated now rhe electrical
runs. One end of the fish line, says Pear / i | equipment is nearly finished and Mr. Tes
son’s Magazine, is held by the fisherman
i
|

la, it 1s stated, expects to be ready to Ih

on shore; the other, which is weighted, A Cc iS |
gin experiments in wireless telegiaphy in
drops from the pulley as the ascent is
f i the early spring
made, and dips into the sea. At the mo Fi a tre
ment when a fish snaps at the bait and is fr)
HEADLIGHT PENETRATES THE SKY
hooked, the fisherman feels the pull on his }| | —- < -
| i
line, the kite is quickly hauled in and the | | New Device on the St. Paul Which May
fish is dragged in at the same time i
Lessen Danger of Accidents.
a | ,
POSTAGE STAMP SOLD FOR $1,000. lc | An electric headlight which it is thought
fee | will greatly lessen 1 langer of railroads
The rarest postage stamp in the world ae —== EE ——————EEEee S ©
has been satisfactorily tested on the Chi

was recently sold at public auction in Lon cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul lhe head-
press a tongue, C, which quickly falls back
don for $1,100. It is the Roumania-Molda- light not only illuminat: the track for
in place after they have passed, prevent
a mile ahead, but throws a beam of light
ing them from going back. They are then
which penetrates tl sky 700 fcet above the
obliged to go farther on to a hinged plat
engine, and which may be seen ten miles
form, D, which gives way under the weight
away his vertical beam is designed to
of the rodent, causing it to fall in the cage
afford a danger signal that may be visi-
F. When the platform descends, D, it
ble to approaching trains on curves. It has
lifts the door, G, by means of the spring
ee
SS been practically demo strated ivs the
E, leaving the trap open for the next mouse
Railway Age, that the beam may be plain-
to enter
ly seen, regardless of hills or intervening
ens
obstacles. Upon cloudy
]
nights the reflec-
j
FIND A FOOT PRINT IN COAL.

A piece of coal bearing the imprint of

a human foot is said to have been found
by John Silinski, of Pittsburg, Pa Sev-
eral persons have testified as to the genu-
ineness of the find. The lines are said to
via 1854 issue, 81 paras blue on blue, un- be clear and the print exceedingly distinct
used, with nearly full gum and large mar- This discovery tends to contradict the ver-
gins. dict of science that the earth was unin-
+e habited during the coal age
Se ees
KIPS FOR KID GLOVES NEVER EAT
GRASS. ARE OYSTERS FISH

Kids raised for the manufacture of the The United States Supreme Court will
aS.
finest kid gloves are never allowed to eat be called on to decide the dispute between tion on the clouds has been seen many
grass. Such diet causes the skin to grow the authorities of Maryland and Virginia. miles distant
harder and coarser in texture. The When the boundaries of these states were The simple acting steam turbine, direct-

mother’s milk is about all that the small determined Maryland was allowed the bed ly connected to the dynamo, furnishes the
goat is allowed to eat. of the Potomac river, while Virginia was current to operate a 6,000-candle power

The finest kid skins come from the ani- entitled to fish in its waters. Virginia are light. The vertical beam is made possi-
mals grown on the mountain slopes of fishermen take oysters from the river and ble by the provision of an auxiliary de-
France. Skins of great excellence, how- the Maryland fishermen insist they have flector, which is arranged at an angle of
ever, are produced throughout the moun- no right to anything on the bottom of the 45 degrees on the outside of the face of the
tain ranges of Southern Europe. Such river. goggle, intercepting about 40 per cent of
skins are used only in the manufacture of
ao>>
the light issuing from the parabolic reflec-
the finest gloves for ladies. The generality Flowers will not live in a restaurant but tor and projecting in the form of a verti-
of so-called kid gloves are made from thrive in a saloon. cal beam.
138 POPULAR MEv.nuaAnhicCs March 8, 1902.

TO FIND THE LENGTH OF A BELT. put in this shape and ground to a uniform WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY FAILED.
bevel, they should balance. From some
When pulleys are small or about the things I have seen done, it might be well It is reported from Honolulu that the
same diameters, add the diameters of the to add the caution to not grind the “heel” company working the wireless telegraph
two pulleys together, divide the result by of the knife to get a balance. If there are system commercially in the islands has
two, and multiply the quotient by three low places or nicks to take out, file the not proved a financial success. In such
and one-seventh. Add the product to twice edge down smooth and _ straight before work as settting the clocks throughout the
the distance between the centres of shafts, grinding or if the knife is in very bad islands by chronometer from Honolulu
and you have the length required, says the condition, grind first to thin it and then the system proved a perfect success. But
Peerless Rubber Co. For illustration take joint with file before finishing. when it came to a question of important
the following example: The accompanying drawing shows a commercial messages the system could not
k 20 FT » good guide and rest for supporting knives be depended upon. The company had
while grinding. A is the cross piece that been doing business since May, 1900.
bolts to the stand; B is a slide or track a
hinged at C and tilted by wood screw or FARMER SOLVES THE TRAMP PROB-
s ft diam one pulley 2© ft dist. between centres bolt D; E is wheel; F is knife, and G is LEM.
stand table. This can be removed from
s liameter 30 ft
the stand when not in use if so desired. A New Jersey farmer has solved the
i 57 When knives are filed square across the tramp problem. It did no good to put up
4 m —_ edge, to joint them or take out gaps, it signs warning them off and keeping a bull-
; 52 57 |!
is not a difficult matter to grind them dog at the gate, said the farmer. So] put
12.57 ft s2 ft. 674 in. —length of belt. without burning, and by giving the knife signs for three miles around: “Tramps
In putting on belting it should be a good steady swing back and forth, it is please call at the Baker farm,” and “All
surprising how quickly a pair can be put Tramps Welcomed at Baker’s.” Just three
stretched as tightly as possible; and with
wide belts this can be done best by the use in shape. I rarely spend more than 30 called ina year. The last one after looking
of clamps secured firmly to each end of minutes on a pair of 24 or 26-inch knives, things over said:
the belt, and drawn together by clamp rods and they are often in bad shape to begin “Any constables hidden in the barn?”
running parallel with and outside the with. “Not one,” I replied.
edges of the belt. There is no danger of In order to not clip or round the cor- “How many bulldogs you got?”
breaking, as a belt 6 inches wide and 3- ners, come out at the end of the stroke “None at all.”
ply thick will stand a direct strain of 5,000 at full speed and tilt knife away from the “Got a lot of spring guns or bear traps
pounds, and other sizes in proportion. wheel, letting it down again as you start set about the place?”
back. When you have determined your “Nothing of kind.”
HINTS ON GRINDING MACHINE bevel, keep on grinding until the bright “Has a feller got to do a day’s work to
KNIVES. edge left by the file just vanishes; and get a meal?”
this vanishing point is where you are
“No work at all. You come right in,
While visiting a machine shop some liable to burn the edge or make it low in and I will give you a square meal for noth-
time ago, I saw a pair of planer knives places unless you slow up for the finish. ing, and if you want to stay all night I'll
that had been ground on an automatic ma- As the knife is ground on the upper edge
give you the best bed in the house.”
chine, and besides not being straight on as you hold it, there is no difficulty in
He looked at me in a puzzled way for
the edge these knives were ground off 1-16 watching its progress toward completion.
about a minute, continued the farmer, and
inch farther than was necessary, as could It also pays to keep the emery wheel
then indulged in a wink and said:
in shape. I have a 12-inch wheel, 11-inch
“You can’t play that little game on me,
face, that runs 1,000 revolutions per min-
old man. This is my sixteenth year on
ute, and always keep it turned up and take
the road.”
it off when knives are ground, putting on
“But what game?” I asked.
another for ordinary work. It is always
“Putting poison in the milk and selling
put on by corresponding marks on wheel
our cavaders to a medical college for $5
and collar, and never hung up when
apiece. Oh, no, Mr. Baker—not this eve!”
taken off. The result of that is that it
always runs “just like it was standing
The belief prevails that a great under-
still.” Emery wheels with lead bushings
ground river flows from the White Moun-
should never be hung up, as the jar of
tains in New Hampshire to the Narragan-
the machinery and the weight of the wheel
sett Bay and is not more than 120 feet un-
will distort the lead and unbalance the
der the earth.
wheel. The 12-inch wheel above men-
tioned, during the year just passed, did
A snake having two heads and two tails
be seen by an unbroken feather edge of the grinding for four dozen knives—
was captured by Farmer Smith of Glen- ae

that width. On 26-inch knives 1-16 inch planer, jointer, sticker, etc—and lost but
wood, Ia.
is worth a dollar, in this case a dead loss, ¥% inch of its diameter.
besides a charge of 25 cents for grinding, Caleb Johnson attempted to explore the
says Chas. Cloukey in the Wood-Worker. Pope Leo receives more mail than any
mysteries of Dead Man’s Cave at St.
The preliminary care is to see that the other person in the world, the letters num-
Genevieve, Mo., when he became lost and
knives of each pair have the same meas- bering 22,000 a day. His correspondence is
wandered for four days and nights in the
urements in the slots, and from the front read by 35 secretaries. King Edward re-
darkness without food.
of the slots to the back the whole length ceives 1,500 letters daily; Czar Nicholas,
of the knife. When this is made sure it 600, and Emperor William, 700. Kaiser Wilhelm has conferred with the
need not be repeated, and the main care Berlin chief of police with a view of be-
thereafter is to keep knives the same Mayor Jones of Toledo says begging is ginning a war on all kinds of “faith heal-
width the whole length. When knives are the divine right of men. ing.
 March 8, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 139
SPIDER DISABLES FIRE ALARM SYS be, so to speak, all wheat and no chaff A 10,000-HORSE POWER ENGINE
TEM. and will disclose nothing in the shape of
waste, with the exception of the knot The Manhattan Elevated Ry New

That of Entire Town of Bayonne, N. J., holes. York, is completing an enormous power
Short-Circuited by an Insect. a plant. Through the courtesy of the Street
AUTOMOBILE AS A MAIL COLLECTOR Railway Review we illustrate one of th
The entire fire alarm system of Bay engine units in that station. These engines
onne, N. J., was disabled by a single The automobile as a mail collector is of which there are eight, are each of 10
spider. The insect was found in the trans coming into prominence in several cities of 000 horse power, direct connected to ele
mitter room, where all the wires converge the United States In Chicago its practi tric generators rhe revolving part of the
into a network. Henry D. Kernaghan, cal utility and economy were fully demon generator 1s 32 feet n diameter and
who has charge of the alarm system,
made the discovery. He said:
“Late at night one tap was struck. I
got out of bed and went all over the five
circuits, but failed to find the cause of the
trouble. The system was plainly out of
order,” he said, in the Fireman’s Herald,
“and I was at a loss to know why. I
finally turned my attention to the inside
and found every indicator in the depart-
ment in perfect running order. I went to
the city hall and looked into the battery
room. Tests proved everything O. K. there
I then went to the transmitter room and
looked carefully over every part. To my
astonishment the cause of all the trouble
lay before me. It was nothing more nor
less than a big, black, hairy spider. It
was dead, and hanging to the wires in
such a manner that its body ‘short-circuit-
ed’ the whole system. The blame thing
had evidently mistaken the network of
wires for a new sort of web, and was killed
while doing a tight-wire act over it.”
ee
A NEW STORY OF SAWDUST.

From time immemorial sawdust has

been used so widely and so exclusively
for floors and circus rings that many peo-
ple have come to the conclusion that it
was never intended for any other pur-
poses, says Judge. But now science comes
to the front and opens the eyes of the
world with an announcement that its true
quality of greatness has been discovered,
and that it will shortly become famous as
the basic ingredient of a cattle food. Peo- GENERATING SET—MANHATTAN RY
ple of ordinary habits of observation have
noticed that cows find satisfaction and de- strated by Postmaster Coyne with lim weighs 370,000 pounds It is mounted on

light in banqueting on the foliage of ited facilities. As a result he has asked a hollow. steel shaft weighing 673,000
boughs that swing within easy reach. And the department at Washington for equip pounds This shaft is from 30 to 37
they have also made a note of the fact ment to conduct the automobile system on inches in diameter and was forged in a
that horses find a unique joy in nibbling a much larger scale. Automobiles are now hydraulic press exerting 15,000 horse
wooden posts. It will thus be clear to being used to collect mails at Minneapolis power. Each engine is 45 feet high above

persons of subtle reasoning power that the and are proving a decided improvement on the floor If all the engines were operated
cow in devouring the foliage exhibits a the rickety cart and moping horse such as at their fullest possible limit they would
ie
yearning for the sawdust of the tree quite are employed in the service in most cities together exert nearly 100,000 horse-power
as plainly as does the horse for his hitch- of the country. For some time Washing tre
ing post in a granulated form. Let us ton has used the automobile successfully
Representative Lever of South Carolina
therefore trust that sawdust may improve as a mail collector. Other cities are peti
is the youngest member of the lower house
the cow’s milk and the horse’s sneed to tioning the government postoffice authori
of Congress, being but a27 years old
such an extent that hay will be cultivated ties for the new service, as they claim
only for the department store tea trade. there is no longer a doubt as to its prac
Let us also trust that the sawdust of the ticability. What seems to be needed is a world’s
a fair syndicate, which would pull off an
halsam may cure the beeve’s tuberculosis.
and that of the cottonwood improve the Thonias Estradi Palm, president of exposition for a _ stipulated sum. This
sheep’s wool, while the horse-chestnut. re- Cuba, said: “My father died when I was would save expense and worry and any
duced to pulp, may be to the racer wht a boy and I was left entirely to the care city could have one on any scale of mag
catnip is to the cat. Then the tree will and training of my mother.” nificence.—T ribune
 140 POPULAR MECHANICS March 8, 1902.

THE LARGEST DROP FORGE WRENCH. BOY CONSTRUCTS A TELEPHONE SYS- of oil containing 6.2 gallons, weighing 73%4
TEM. pounds per gallon, equals 48.05 pounds of
Weighs 150 Pounds and Has an Opening of Ou,
7 5-8 Inches. Gordon Simmons, 15 years old, of Mun-
The theoretical amount of air required
cie, Ind., has won the enmity of the tele-
to burn one pound oi oil is 15 pounds. One
largest drop forge wrench in the phone company by constructing a private
pound of air contains 13.2 cubic feet. Mul-
world has just been turned out by J. H. telephone system of his own, and _per-
tiplied by 15, the lowest number of pounds
Willams & Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. The mitting people to talk over it for nothing.
of air that will furnish the necessary oxy-
wrench weighs 150 pounds; is 59 inches He has a partner, Mark Smith, one year his
gen to burn one pound of oil, equals 198
long and has an opening of 75 inches, senior. By giving bonds they have been
cubic feet of air required to burn one
which is capable of grasping a nut of a permitted to string wires across streets and
pound of oil. One hundred and ninety-
5-inch bolt The wrench is master of, a alleys and they have already connected
three other residences with their own. eight multiplied by 48, the number of
line of 15-degree-angle-design tools, first
Simmons’ system is that in which but one peunds of ol per cubic foot, equals 9,504
wire is used, thus he makes mother earth cubic feet of air to burn one cubic foot of
do half of the work. The positive current oil. At this ratio, oil must be expanded
is transmitted by the wire and the nega- to 9,500 times its normal size before it is
tive by the ground by means of short wires of an equal density as that of the lowest
running from the telephone instrument into amount of air actually required. And as
the ground, where they are attached to the amount of air admitted is generally
tall stakes. The sound of the voice trans- greater than what is actually used, this
mitted over this telephone is as distinct as estimate is conservative. By feeding oil
that transmitted over the conventional tele- in a spray mixed with steam, the weight of
phone line. the two is greater than that of the two
Young Simmons makes all of his own alone, as by the action of heat, steam is
batteries, motors and dynamos. He is now changed to oxygen and hydrogen which
perfeeting a dynamo and motor to be used can be utilized in the process of combus-
in operating an electric fan. The boy is the tien.
son of J. L. Simmons, a blacksmith. I do not know of a better illustration of
sasiendteidilieitiiiieadaanieane this method of try:ng to burn oil than by
LESSONS ON USING OIL FOR FUEL. saying it is like throwing a number of
large lumps of coal into a furnace and ad-
How to Obtain Perfect Combustion Which mitting blasts of air, and expecting per-
is Necessary for Maximum Amount fect combustion because there is a supply
of Heat. of both coal and air.
To get satisfactory results it is neces-
To produce a maximum amount of heat sary to break up the coil and divide the
from oil it is necessary to have perfect air, so that the necessary mingling can
combustion. It is necessary that the ele- be made. With oil a similar method must
ments of fuel and the elements of air be be used.
thoroughly mixed with each other. If one ——— -~-0e
- ——
has a greater density than the other, says
created by Mr. Williams, 17 years ago. The WHO WILL INVENT AN ENGINEER
the Age of Steel, the heavier will force its
new tool will be welcomed by builders of FOR THE 1so-MILE FLYER?
way ‘nto the body of the lighter and while
mammoth engines, and such huge ma- it may be entirely surrounded by the light-
chinery, as a wrench for nuts of engine er elements, it still may remain an intact “We can build engine that will run 150
foundation bolts, bearing boxes and _ sec- and separate body. If two elements of miles an hour,” says Cleveland Moffit in
tions of fly wheels and traction wheels. unequal density are propelled into a space St. Nicholas, “but where will we find the
he dies in which the wrench was forged with equal force the one having the greater men to drive them? Already we have near-
weigh more than 1,300 pounds. In con-
density and specific weight wll have the ly reached the limit of what the eyes and
trast to this monster wrench the firm
greater velocity, and if it is propelled into nerves will endure. I think we will have
makes one of the same _ design which
this space with a greater force than the to find a new race of men to handle the
weighs but 4 ounce, and is probably the
one with the lighter density its veloc‘ty locomotives of the future, that they talk
smallest wrench in existence.
EE RE! SOR will be correspondingly increased. If the so much about.
velocity is very strong the heavy element, “So great is the nerve strain and brain
AN ELECTRICAL HISTORY.
or part of it, will be carried through the strain upon the men who drive our ordi-
rhe Electrical Review, New York, on lighter and pass beyond it without ming- nary fliers that three hours at a stretch
Feb. 15 celebrated its twentieth anniver- ling. is as much as the stanchest engineer can
sary with a special number which traces A spray of oil having a heavy density, endure, running at 50 or 60 miles an hour. ~

the history of electrical development for
ee
en two decades. As most of the electrical
history of the world has been made dur-
ing this time the issue is not only valuable,
but full of interest.
a oe
The Marconi theory has been successfully
used in surgery in New York. The doctor
avoided the use of anaesthetics by short-
circuiting a nerve, thus preventing sensa-
tions from reaching the brain.
with a sufficient degree of velocity, can be The fast mail and express service between
propelled through a body of air having a New York and Chicago requires relays
lesser density, and even though the air is of 14 engines and 14 engineers and 14 fire-
heated to the temperature of combust’on, men for a single round trip of a single
or is a mass of fiames, a portion of this train. And many times it appears when
oil will pass through without being burned. an engineer has faced the rush of one of
The density of an element is due to the these terrible fliers to the end of his relay,
amount of its substance, and when this say 150 miles, you will see him climb
substance is expanded by the absorption of down from the cab weak and unstrung.
heat it decreases ‘n density and increases It is only the flower of the company’s en-
in volume and pressure. One cubic foot gineer that can stand the strain at all.”
 March8, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

HOW TO BREAK OFF A SOLID PULLEY ratchet and no regular shafting post is to TALL TREE TO TRAVEL
FROM ITS SHAFT. be had, as in Fig. 4. Clamps AA being
ees tightened up, hold the drill post securely \n_ effort { e made to fel ca
Frequently a solid pulley becomes so without injury to the shaft large red oak tree from the wildest section }
to its shaft, that its removal is a Having drilled the requisite holes, put a ©! Arkansas to Forest park, St. Louis, for
matter of great difficulty. Chas. Herman, pin wedge, Fig. 5, into each hol rhe the coming World I Phe tree 160
writing in Power, tells how to remove the pulley rim being broken away, so that vou !€¢t high and 12 teet meter at the base
pulley when ordinary means fail, and with can get a square blow at hem, proceed to \ double tramw will be ult from th
less time and labor than by using a cold drive them home. Keep al 1 the pins mov tree to the river, where it will be floated
;
chisel and hammer. He says: ing together, that is, tap or hit each in suc and towed to
As it will simplify the explanation con- cession. Doing this divides up the wedge that this will o x Ul
siderably, I shall take the pulley in Fig. 1 function between them and enables you to tee will be dug up by the roots instead of ;
(6 inches length of hub, 2 inches bore, split the hub without undue exertion by emg cut down, and none of the br hes ;
4% inches diameter, making the hub 2% the use of a machine hammer, or, at the Will be trimmed
inches thick), and break it, theoretically, most, a small hand sledge. wr
on its shaft. The pins should be round and tapering T RAIL MADE IN WALES IN 1830 oy
Into its hub, down to the shaft, drill % and so proportioned that % inch for 2 : , |
inch clearing holes in a straight line (one inches thickness of hub to ™% inch for 3 The banquet given in honor of An “ "
; Carnegie on the occasion of the dedica
o every 1% inches of hub length), to 4 inches thickness of hub shall be the ,
tion of the Carnegi Laborat ry Of the In
diametrically opposite the weakest part of most above the size of the drilled holes
stitute of Technology at Hoboker oe *
the hub, i. e., the part fitted with the set that the pin shall taper. They should be : s ‘
screws or key, as shown in Fig. 2. tempered to a peacock blue. If hit square- “*° veges With Sova peng Ae .
These holes may be drilled by the use ly when in use they can be used for an ‘TS@SUFES OF the table, say = ing a '
and a shafting drill post, after indefinite number of ‘obs: but if hit side World, was a T-rail made in Wales in i
of a ratchet
breaking off the pulley face and arms; or and glancing blows they will snap off on 1830, and kept in a silver casket, with all a
by wedging in the ratchet between the hub account of temper. The pulley hub cracks the documents pertaining to its history
and pulley rim, as shown in Fig. 3; or by under above treatment, slowly but surely, A last furnace, four — men, on beng hy
improvising a shafting drill post, where giving ample time to look out and prepare tapped, yielded oe > ee oe oe i:
the pulley is too small for wedging in the for the final break. weighted door of the open hearth —
raised fried oysters were the manufactured f
product. A Bessemer converter, after a i

“blow,” yielded cakes, and a railroad, 40 i

feet long, with cars and ladles, brought ;
railroad spikes and other material to each
guest, the ice cream coming along in the j
shape of T-rails '
ae es '
NIGHT SIGNALS FOR INTERURBAN
CARS.

New System Installed in Mansfield, 0O.,

Proves Successful. |

A new and effective system of signal

ing interurban cars at night is being put
in service in Mansfield, O. Mr. Arthur J
Haycox, who describes the system in the
Street Railway Review, says the lamps
are attached to poles, a convenient distance
above the ground, five lamps in a series
A person desiring to board the approach- t
ing car only has to move a lever, which
Ys CLEARING -PIECE OF turns on the light
MOLES
SOFT WOOD “The lamps are inclosed in a neat iron
SHAFT box,” says Mr. Haycox, “and are fed from
the trolley [he ground wire is brought
PIECE OF
down the pole in a gas pipe into another
SsOFT.WCOD
small contact box, which is supplied with a
PIECE OF IRON neat lever. All the passenger has to do is
AS
hold down the lever The amount of cur
rent consumed is not more than one-half
ampere for one-fourth minute
p>
The Shah of Persia has the finest collec
tion of cats in the world

The adoption of automatic couplers for

freight cars, which are now required by
law, resulted the past (first) year in a
reduction in fatalities « f 35 per cent, and
decreased injuries by 52 per cent
142 POPULAR MECHANICS March 8, 1902.

LIFT BRIDGE TO LET DREDGES PASS TELEPHONES IN STREET CARS. MANUAL TRAINING AIDS THE BRAIN.

Model of Convcnience Put in Service by Invention That Enables Carmen or Pas- Hand and Mind Should Be Educated To
the Illinois Central. sengers to Talk by Wire While gether for Harmonious Results.
Car is Running.
lo avoid the usual worry and delay of Manual training by means of the hands,
permitting a dredge to cross a railroad lelephones in street cars are to resu't says the New York Times, provides the
right of way, the illinois Central has de- from the invention of a loledo, Ohio, nian, brain with enough sensuous observations
vised a lifting bridge which has proven a according to the claims of the inventor. C. to carry on the development of the differ-
model of convenience Where some dredg- F. Bidwell, who gave a demonstration of ent brain centers in a perfectly harmonious
ing work was in progress on the Illinois the new device at Muskegon, Mich. says manner. The result is a powerful brain.
Central main line, two miles south of that it was invented by his father. The A teacher says that the training of the
Paxton, Ill, the bridge, with ties and track, new system makes it possible for persons hand, so as to make it automatic and
was raised bodily 40 feet, to clear the mast on an electric car going at full speed to therefore of service in a trade, has little
of the dredge whicli stood 32 feet above talk to persons seated in other cars on the influence on the brain, but much upon the
the water Che dredge was 48 feet of same line, running in any direction at any muscles. Automatic hand or muscle move-
beam and 8&5 feet iong, says the Railway cistance. It is also possible for passen- ments neither require nor cause extensive
Review, and was passed through the tracks gers in a moving car to talk with persons brain activity. The brain must have ma-
clear of everything in 42 minutes. at stations or in residences anvwhere terial to work on. These materials can-
In the construction of the lift bridge within the local exchange not be supplied except through the senses
use was made of two bents of 12x12-inch The overhead trolley is used for one —sensuous observation through all manner

TEMPORARY LIFT BRIDGE.

timbers, 50 feet long, braced and capped, side of the circuit and for the other a sec- of manual activity. The hand acts as a
as shown, to which two sets of double ond wire is strung parallel with the sta sort of drag net for the brain, provides it
blocks, reafed with 1% inch line, were at- tionary trolley. To the metal trolley pole with innumerable sensuous observations,
tached. One bent was set up on each of the car is attached a second pole which and these make the basis of an education.
abutment. This tackle was then made fast operates on the second wire by means of a Man differs from the lower animals in that
to the 60-foot deck girder bridge, weigh- flanged wheel. A close circuit 1s thus ob- he uses his feet for locomotion and his
ing 104,795 pounds, the lead lines being tained. Telephone wires leading into the hands for other things. Keeping the
carried to the engines of two derrick cars, car are attached to the trolley poles. hands idle while the brain is active with
one of which was set at each end of the eS nae
the alphabet has a strong tendency to
bridge Jones: “My son was out bicycle riding strengthen the memory at the expense of
—_—_—__»-@—_—__—__ the other day when he fell, and tore out the judgment centers of this wonderful
SWIMMING BY MACHINERY. the west side of his trousers.” piece of mechanism.
Smith (after a lengthy pause): “The The president of one of the largest med-
\ recent invention consists of a float to what?” ical colleges in the world said recently,
be filled with air and fastened to the Jones: “The west s'de of his trousers.” “If I had a boy who was to be a surgeon
breast with straps. A small rope passes
Smith (after another lengthy pause): the first step I would take would be to
through a winding device on the float, and
“Well in the name of Beelzebub, which give him a manual training school educa-
is worked by the alternate movement of
side is the west side of his trousers?” tion. I would train his hands to do things
the legs, the ends of the rope being fast-
“Why, the side the ‘son sets on’.” accurately and deftly.”
ened to the feet. When the rope is moved
RS ae ae >>
through the winder it causes a small pro-
peller to revolve and assists the swimmer Fifty years ago Henrik Ibsen was a clerk Germany’s crown prince is an excellent
forward. in a drug store. pianist and sings well.
March 8, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

If you don’t know about the

FOR THE MADAM.
Elliott Addressing Machine
that addresses 60 pieces of mat-
SAYS THE DAISY MUST GO.
ter a minute, at a cost of 10 cents
a thousand, it is not our fault.
Jecause he says the daisy is unfit for
cow fodder and a bad thing to have in the Write for a Catalogue
caIAR Our free
y\
let, “Are Your Hands
Tied?” tells you how
Thousands have largely increased
to do it.
wheat fields, Representative Leggett, of THE ELLIOTT
New York has drawn up and introduced a
their salaries by following our plan
WE TEACH BY MAIL Mechanical
, bill into the legislature of that state asking ADDRESSING
or Electrical Engineering; Drawing’
Architecture; Bookkeeping; Ornamenta
3 German; Spanish; French, ete. Circu- that the daintiest of flowers be extermin- MACHINE CO.
lar free. State subject that interests you.
International Corres Schools, ated.
Box 812, Scranton, Pa.
All over the country people who consider 100 Purchase St., Boston
Mention Popular Mechanics. sentiment above the commercial value of 48 Dearborn St., Chicago
cow-fodder are demanding that the bill be
309 Broadway, New York
MACHINERY, ENGINES defeated. “If the daisy must go,” says one

SHAFTING, #« #* » PIPE.
paper, “let every maiden in our land rise
Mention Popular Mechanics
up and demand an explanation. Without
Everything in wood and iron used in con- im %
structing and operating; new and second-
the daisy the old game of “he loves me, he
sand (rebuilt, cheaper than you can buy
loves me not” would have to be abandoned
anywhere else. Write us first.

CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO., CHICAGO and that alone would be deplorable.
can we have either love or poetry daisy
How
f THE
Mention Popular Mechanics.
less?” What would the sweet singers do? LIMITED
$1.95 UNION SUIT $1.95 FAMOUS
What is love, what is life without the
daisy?” .

Workingmen’s Union Suits. Every Gar-

eae TRAIN
ment made to actual measure.
directions for self-measurement,
Send WHITE FRUITS AND FLOWERS FOR
OF THE
for HAT TRIMMFNG.
We
consumer
sell direct
and
from
save all
the factory
intermediate
to the
ex- a WORLD
pense of handling. You get this. Write
for catalog or call. “Spring hats will be perfect flower beds,” |
Chicago---St. anaes
UNION SUIT MFG. CO. says the Chicago Dry Goods _ Reporter.
154 FIFTH AVE. (4th Floor) CHICAGO “White foliage and white fruits and flowers
» eation Popular

Mention
Me :hanics.

Popular Mechanics.
will lead in the ornamentation. While
cherries and leaves of their natural color,
THE ST. PAUL ROAD
(Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)
and white strawberries and currants with
EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
SCIENCE GAINS ANOTHER VICTORY foliage in white, very faintly streaked with UNEQUALED
green, are among the latest creations. Then
FITS CURED
there is white violets, white violet leaves Time tables, maps and information
Write for Reference furnished on application to
ad all kinds of flowers and fruits and
HOME TREATMENT CO., - 504 Stevens Buildin9
foliage in white. In many cases foliage F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent
Indianapolis, Ind.
a.one will constitute the garniture. Long Chicago
Mention Popular Mechanics. reeds of grass is another novelty. They
surround the whole brim of the hat. are
loosely twisted and caught at intervals by plague which spread through the town and
Chrisman’s Paraffine Paint a knot of narrow black velvet. Here the 200 persons out of a total population of
crown is concealed beneath a cluster of wa- 1,500 died as a result of that one kiss.
| For iron bridges, fences and structural
| work; tin, steel, iron, felt or cotton ter lilies or field flowers. Corn and oats These are only a few instances of kisses
| duck roofs. None better and few as
| good. Cotton duck the coming roof. are arranged in the same manner, with pop- that have been fatal
PARAFFINE PAINT WORKS, ELORED, PA. pies or daisies on the crown. ee
|
ii The total number of German Americans
Mention Popular Mechanics.
KISSES THAT HAVE BEEN FATAL. in the United States is estimated at about
15,000,000, or one-fourth of the population.
COLDBUR Is a Salve which
M promptly
if promptly ap. Kisses have caused the death of thou-
sands. In 1794 the Duchess of Gordon Alfonso XIII of Spain will not be
on
all extheees burns oon fire, hot iron or raised the famous Gordon Highlanders by crowned. The ceremony of thx coronation
hot water, and will absolutely prevent giving a thousand recruits a kiss and a of kings does not exist in Spain
blister. Takes out all the burn in from
one to five minutes. Will not cure golden guinea apiece. In its first battle
everything, but is excellent for reduc-
ing inflammation and healing many with the French 250 were killed and wound- Sally H. Bunnell, a Mormon of Provo.
chronic sores, chapped hands or lips. ed. Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria, while Utah, has 219 living descendants,—11 chil-
etc. Is made of the purest vegetabl
—> only, and is perfectly harm- visiting a neighboring state, kissed the dren, 73 grandchildren, 125
35 great-grand
ess. Excellent for tightness of the
throat or chest. Although in use for beautiful Princess Thyra. Her betrothed children and four great-great-grandchil
many years, is now put on the market witnessed the incident. Hot words, blows, dren,
for the first time. nee used, always
wanted. Sent postpaid anywhere, 25 a duel and a war followed, resulting in the
cents. If not as represented money
cheerfully returned. Address death of thousands. A Spanish sailor stole The inhuman method of catching live
from his vessel, quarantined and flying a
COLDBURN, Room 604 rabbits by means of baited fish-hooks is be
yellow flag because of pestilence on board, ing practiced in Maine to such
162 Washington Street, - Chicago an extent
sought out his sweetheart in Candalo, Fla., that it is considered a new industry
of that
Mention Popular Mechanics. and kissed her. The girl succumbed to the state.
 144 POPULAR MECHANICS March 8, 1902.

“Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. to cents per

line payable in advance, Replies may be sent to

Attractions for Dext Week.

a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
forwarded promptly without extra charge.

SPECIAL.
Have you got a Camera? If so you want a flash lamp. Why
H.
FOR
P.
SALE—One
dynamo. Photos
1-1 H. P. motor.
for stamp.
One
toy
1-8
A.
not make one for yourself. Popular Mechanics next week will
Crihtield, Lincoln, Ill. tell you how.
ENGINEER'S LICENSE—Mechanics, Engl-
Thousands of birds fly so high up that they can’t be seen. A
neers, firemen, electricians, etc., 40 page Chicagoan has devised a scheme of coaxing them down and
pamphlet containing questions asked by Ex-
aming Board of Engineers; sent free. Geo. making them light in Lake Michigan. A seven-masted schooner,
A. Zeller, Publisher, Room 592, 18 8. 4th St.,.
St. Louis, Mo. the largest sailing vessel in the world, is nearing completion.
FOR SALE—Job lot new electrical goods
Some fishes live under water, at such a depth that they are born
given us to sell; list for stamp. We handle blind ;these and deep water sharks often injure telegraph cables.
everything electrical and at lowest prices.
Stamp for catalogue. Dept. N., T. Binford Whole cities are imperiled by infected rats; read about how
Electric
cago, Ill.
Works, 994 Washington Blvd., Ch)- ships may be cleared of rats; read about a man who found a
great fortune in an old musical instrument he bought for nearly
nothing; a Kentucky legislator who is also a barber: about
BUSINESS CHANCES. ,
street cars as houses; the proposed air ship races, and about how
FOR SALE OR DXCHANGE—122 acres all jumping off and on cars causes serious nervous diseases. These
plow land in McHenry
good well
county; well fenced;
and windmill; price $50 per acre.
are not half of the interesting things told about next week. Ev-
Address 400, Popular Mechanics. erybody wants to know about them; everybody wants to read
Popular Mecanics—written briefly, written well, “written so you
FOR SALE—Locomobile runabout, nearly
new, $400. Address 402 Popular Mechanics. can understand it.”

FOR SALE—Steam auto truck; cost $5,000;

will sell for $300. 354 Dayton street, Chicago,
ene
—
BRASS FINISHER—Experienced; one who
FOR SALE—My stock of harness and sad- can bend pipe and assemble showers and san- POSITIONS WANTED.
a diey; also the lot and building; located in one itary brass work; good wages. Bailey-Farrell
of the best towns in eastern Nebraska. Toor Mfg. Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
————
7 health cause of selling. W. R. Christman,
MINING ENGINEER —Scientific and practi-
——— eal training; six years’ experience;
Hooper, Dodge county, Nebraska. surface surveying, assaying; accurate draughts
mine and
WOOD PATTERN MAKER—First class; ex- -
buy machinery now in use; perienced in stone work. A. J. Lindemann & man. Address Engineer, 428 Yambill street
WANTED—To Portland, Ore.
one 250-yolt Dynamo of 1,500 to 1,800 light Hoverson Co., Milwaukee, Wis. ;
capacity with motor balancer; moderate
speed four-valve engine and boiler of about d WANTED —Position by sober general hand
nnn
. ELECTROTYPE MOLDER—Experienced in in Texas, Oklahoma and Indian Territory; 10
125 H. P. Grimes Bros., Electric Light & molding and building up all kinds of work.
Phone Co., Great Bend, Kan. years’ experience in hardware and harness
Address with references, The Smith-Brooks business combined. Can make
Ptg. Co., Denver, Colo. good Texas
~ INFORMATION WANTED—Subscriber has saddles. W. T. Church, Box 145, Hico, Texas.
a small machine shop he is anxious to estab- MACHINE HANDS—Wood; first-class,
lish in a small thriving town; is a first-class SALESMAN with experience and acquaint-
steady work, good wages, stock cutter pre-
machinist and draughtsman, also expert ferred. Original Mfg. Co., Evanston, III.
ance with hardware, house furnishing and de-
bicycle maker and fine gunsmith. Sugges- partment store trades wants position. “C.
tions of a favorable locality acknowledged ALL AROUND TINSMITH—One that un- E."’ 70 Kilby street, Boston, Mass.
with thanks and postage paid. W. E. Piper, derstands plumbing, steam heating and pump
343 FE. 43rd St., Chicago. work. J. P. Brownell, Riverside, R. I.
SHEET METAL WORKER and general job-
ber at inside and outside work; 20 years’ ex-
~ WANTED no Volt Motors, from two to fif-
perience; steady position in country desired.
DRAPERY CUTTER AND FIREMAN—Ex-
teen horse power. Rose Electric Co., St. perienced, to take charge of drapery sewing — Willis, 428 West Eighteenth street, New
Ork.
Louis, Mo. room, The Brooks Household Art Co., 636
Prospect St., Cleveland, O. FOREMAN, CUTTER
~ FOR SALE—One full set of tinners’ tools or BENCH WORKER
(except squaring shears) and one pipe cutting FOUNDRY FOREMAN—An up-to-date foun- in cornice and skylight shop; in or outside
and threading outfit, % to 2 inches. Charles dry foreman, who understands floor, bench, work; German; first-class worker. Adolph
Keil, Sherburne, Minn. and squeezer work, for light gray iron cast- Klein, 403 East Eleventh street, New York.
ings. Address Foundry Foreman, Room 708
YSeo Seq 37BIS {40}}nD YIPM sayqovyy Fuysue
New York Life Building, Chicago, Ill.
METAL MINE MANAGER AND SUPERIN-
UF Vag PUB BTM Pury Ppuooe@g—CALNVA tendent—Twenty years Western and Mexican
price; and must be in good condition. The experience; good assayer; mill and cyanide
PHARMACIST—Correspondence with an all
ec
a Arras Cream Separator Co., Bluffton, O. around young pharmacist, to travel some and man. P, O. Box 99, Steeple Rock, N. M.
work -in laboratory. Address Box 8, Mount
OWING TO ILL HEALTH must seek other Vernon, Ill. PLUMBER, first-class, wishes work in city
climate; $10,000 will buy a complete old es or country; wages moderate. W. Kelly, 307
tablished wholesale electrical and mechanical STOVE PATTERN MAKERS—First-class; East Sixtieth street, New York.
specialty business; $2,000 net annual income. good wages and a steady position. The Rich-
Cc. S. Du Mont, 47 Jewett Bldg., Buffalo, mond Pattern Works, Richmond, Va. TINSMITH, first-class, having twelye years’
me. Se experience in cornice and furnace work, also

WANTED—Second hand 30-inch squaring

AN EXPERIENCED FOREMAN For es- able to estimate on all styles of work; coun-
try town in Central States preferred. “P. A.
tablished tin shop, making cans only. Ad-
shear: must be in good condition and cheap. dress Tinner, 312 The Cuyahoga, Cleveland, C.,"" care Columbian Novelty Company, 921
Cc. G. Schlegel, Kenesaw, Neb. Ohio. Franklin avenue, St. Louis, Mo,

FOR SALE—My hardware and harness bus!- AGENTS—Ladies to sell perfumes and toilet WANTED—By practical iron molder, a situ-
ness; small town and small expense; stock in articles. 313, 167 Dearborn St., Chicago. ation as foreman; many years’ experience in
voiced $2,000 in January. and building and heater and stove plate work; also in bath
lots must go with it at $1,100. C. F. Troel- RULER—Who can forward; steady work. tubs, laboratory and sinks. Edward H. Green,
ler, Larrabee, Ia. Address, stating wages expected, Brandt 618 N. Bond 8St., Baltimore, Md.
‘SIM ‘VOMORURW, “OO Surpurq YF Zuyjud
WANTED-—S8-foot. Robinson or Keene cor- ASSAYER AND CHEMIST—A graduate of
nice brake. Geo. E. Roesch, Aurora, Ill. TAILORS—Two or three good coatmakers; the Colorado School of Mines, with eight
good wages and steady work. Moore & Gars- years’ constant practice at ore-sampling and
WANTED—A first-class electrotype molder chlorination plants in Colorado. C. M. P.,
tang, Waterloo, Ia.
ene
~
or finisher: wages $18 for 54 hours. Crane & Salt Lake City, Utah.
Co., Topeka, Kas.
CUBA—I will locate in Havana this year
and want a general representation for ma-
HELP WANTED. Popular Mechanics chinery, tools and hardware specialties;
acquainted with languages and customs;
well
ref-
eatestested® erences; bond if necessary. ©. S. Lawrence,
aea
pe Box 814, New Orleans, La.
DRAFTSMAN—ARCHITECTURAL—FIRST-
class, references required, Address Frank L. GOOD TO READ
UNDERTAKER—Young single man of five
Packard, Architect, Columbus, O.
GOOD TO THINK ABOUT years’ experience in the furniture and under-
taking business. Will furnish any state
15
work
FIRST
on gas
CLASS
ranges.
STOVE
Abendroth
MOUNTERS
Bros.,
to
Port
GOOD TO TALK ABOUT license. Address Fred L. Griswold, Delton,
Mich.
Chester, N. Y PRA ehRafa PISS Aaa raIRafNaFNafRafal Mas OPP AISI EINIMIPRS RS REFREIE

j
:
-
 “WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT.”

POPULAR MECHANICS
An Illustrated WeeKly Review of the Mechanical Press of the World

Vou. I. No. to. CHICAGO, MARCH 15, 1902. Price 5 CENTS.

SEVEN-MASTED SCHOONER AMAZES SEAMEN

*o

She is to be the Largest Sailing Vessel in the World,

and is Watched with Interest

LENGTH 358 FEET: CAPACITY 8,000 ToNs.

The first and only seven-masted schooner in the world is be- a five-master, was built at Waldoboro, Me., as an experiment,
ing built by the Fore River Ship and Engine Company, at twelve years ago. She attracted as much attention then as has
Quincy Point, in Boston harbor. It was designed by B. B. the seven-master now, and people are wondering if an ecight-
Crowninshield for Captain J. G. Crowley of Taunton, Mass. master will ever be born. In 1900 two six-masters were built—
Such a strange looking craft is it that the boat is attracting at- the George W. Wells, at Camden, and the Eleanor A. Percy,
tention from all over the world, and there is intense interest in at Bath.
the speculation as to whether the builders can make a success The seven-master will carry about 8,000 tons, and it will re-
of what old-time seamen have long considered an impossibility. quire but 16 men to handle her. A square-rigged ship would need
The vessel is built of steel, which makes it possible for her a crew of 35 men, but the schooner is bigger than any square-
to carry the seven masts and the enormous weight. She is not rigged ship ever built. The dimensions of the Fore River
only the largest fore-and-after ever built, but is the largest sail- schooner are:
ing vessel of any kind in the world. There is a picturesque sig- Length of load water line, 388 feet; moulded beam, 50 feet;
nificance in the fact that she is being built, not on the Maine depth from top of keel plate to top of upper deck beam, 34
coast, where wooden schooners have mostly come from, but in feet 5 inches.
a modern steel “battleship yard.” The first cost of the new schooner will be greatly increased
The first schooner of any kind was built by a Yankee, and the by her double bottom. There will be a space of 4% feet be-
seven-master is a logical development of the same idea. The tween her two bottoms, which will enable her to carry 1,200
numbér of masts steadily increased until the Governor Ames, tons of water ballast.
146 POPULAR MECHANICS March 1 5, 1902.

The total sail spread will be 43,000 square feet. There will be its seventieth year of existence. Matthias Baldwin, founder of
two vertical boilers, 56 inches diameter by 90 inches height, built the works, built its first engine in 1832, doing most of the work
for a pressure of 100 pounds per square inch; one Hancock loco- himself, and with scarcely any tools to work with. “Old Iron-
motive inspirator and one Watson injector of suitable size pro- sides’ was the name of this pioneer. It weighed only five tons,
vided for feeding each boiler; one 9x10-inch Hyde double cylin- was mounted on four wheels. These wheels had cast iron hubs,
der ship: engine, and five 8x8-inch Hyde hoisting engines; two
coil condensers, two direct acting steam pumps, two large duplex
donkey pumps, two hand pumps, Hyde pump brake windlass,
wildcats fitted for %-inch~chain, with capstan and winch head
in connection, a No. 11 Hyde improved Robinson steam
steering gear, and other of the most modern improvements that
will make this the most substantial, convenient and elaborately
equipped sailing vessel ever built.
a
AMERICA LEADS IN PIG IRON AND STEEL

The United States is now the largest producer of pig iron and
steel. The London Daily Main Year Book, in an article headed
“Fight for the Iron Trade,” says:
“It will be noted that the United Kingdom has lost ground,
producing 306,749 tons less in 1900 than in 1899, the total for
Great Britain being nearly 5,000,000 tons less than in America
CLD 1LRONSIDES—1832.
An unsatisfactory feature in the British iron and steel trade 1s
that in 1900 we imported more iron and steel than in any pre- wooden spokes and rims, and wrought iron tires. This locomo-
tive cost $3,500, and attained a speed of 30 miles an hour. The
vious year, and exported less, while the United States exported
Baldwin works to ‘ley cover 16 ccres, employ 11,000 men and
more than ever.”
Here are some comparative figures showing the pig iron and turn out five locomotives every day. We are indebted to the
Railway Review for the information and cuts.
steel production for 1900:
Pig [ron. Steel
Tons. Tons. ROUTE OF CANAL LINED BY VOLCANOES.
SE To, ona orden ewe ceewessVE 13.789,242 10,087,322
Nicaragua Valley Formed by Seas of Lava—Strange Land of
United Kingdom
............ 8,908,57 4,901,054
Disturbances.
ee See — 8,494,852 4,799,000
NO a. owe win cay hava oe ad 44 es ee ee 2,600,494 1,624,046
Along a valley formed by the flow of seas of volcanic lava
NEE: wee 2,821,000
can cek beetbenenbegaceehtsangd 1,494,000
from opposite sides, through earth that almost continuously
io <
trembles from interior disturbances, and in the midst of vol-
BALDWIN COMPANY SEVENTY YEARS OLD.
canoes from which stili spout smoke, ashes and flames, lies the
Built 20000 Locomotives. route of the proposed Nicaragua canal. No longer ago than
1835 the inhabitants of all the surrounding country fled in terror
On February 27 the Baldwin Locomotive Works. Philadelphia. from the disastrous eruption of the Volcano of Cosequina
completed its 20,cocth locomotive and celebrated the event and Earthquakes now are of almost weekly occurrence. The very
topography of the earth which was formed there by volcanic
eruptions, is still undergoing radical changes of formation. New
hills are made and new valleys result from the internal dis-
turbances that seem to never cease. Should the Nicaragua
canal be built there are grave fears that it would only be a ques-
tion of time when it would be completely obliterated either by
volcanic eruption or an earthquake.
These volcanoes originally broke out in the bottom of the
sea, and by their continuous outflow built up and added to the
continent 25 miles. Before the formation of the volcanoes the
area which is now Lake Nicaragua, was a bay behind a long
point projecting into the Pacific ocean to the northwest. The
overflow from the volcanoes built up the shore until it con-
nected with and covered the northwesterly end of this point, and
this changed the bay into the present lake.
The canal location is on the west side of the Rio Grande and
Los Lajas; on the east side, between Lake Nicaragua and the
San Carlos and in the gorge of the San Juan. “The general
plan of the topography,” says a writer, “is very recent.”
There are three principal mountain ranges, the Costa Rican,
having peaks 10,000 and 11,000 feet high; the Nicaragua High-
lands, with peaks from 5,000 to 7,000 feet high, and the West
Coast Volcanoes.
The West Coast Volcanoes reach in many instances to a
height of 6,000 feet. The volcanoes lie between the Nicaragua
Highlands and the line of Costa Rican mountains. Character-
istic of Central America, all have a northwesterly and south-
easterly trend.
MATTHIAS BALDWIN, FOUNDER OF BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS. The volcanoes form a line of isolated peaks beginning with
 March 15, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS : 147

ares
Ometepe, in Lake Nicaragua, and ending with Cosequina, in the were keen to go. Down the long grade they ran, chains and
Gulf of Fonseca The total length of this volcanic range is 180 gearing flapping and jangling. Over the rough skids, muddy
miles. Many of them are still smoking, occasionally ejecting and dangerous, they raced, the log at times almost on the heels
ashes and heated stones and metals. of the wheel team; a stumble, and all would be lost, but on
As the lava flow from these volcanoes covered the northwest they went, thundering and splashing down and out on to the
erly end of the original point of land extending into the Pacific level, till the chain tightened and the great dumb brutes knew
ocean, and changed the buy into the Lake of Nicaragua, so the they were saved and slackened their fearful pace
a
southeasterly end of this point was covered and built up by
the flow from the Costa Rican mountains. The two flows were DISTILLERY KETTLES IN CHURCH ADORNMENT
toward each other, but did not quite join. Between these two
flows is the location of the Nicaraguan canal. The weather vane on top of the First Presbyterian Church
=
at Morristown rests on a ball which was made from three dis
_>- >
tillery kettles. The vane was paced on top of the church when
DEEP SEA FISHES INJURE CABLES it was built in 1791, when weather vanes were popular adorn

That inhabitants of the ocean’s depths are responsible for

most of the injury to submarine cables has been proven by
recent discoveries. In a cable connecting Sydney with Nelson
a serious defect was detected. On examination a shark’s tooth
was found imbedded in the sheathing. As that consisted of
the usual thick iron wires and their outer covering, the ag
gressor must have given a hard bite. The motive is not easily
divined. Could the shark have mistaken the cable in the im
perfect light for a new species of conger, or did it, which eee
ek

seems most likely, blunder against it at a place which did not

touch bottom, and relieve its temper by a vicious snap? A
swordfish will express its resentment against a vessel by driving
the bayonet at the end of its nose into the planks, and a nar
whal will use its lance of ivory in a similar fashion, each, like
the shark, to its own detriment, by loosing its weapon of de
fense. The conflict between the shark and the cable occurred
440 fathoms below the surface, a depth which, formerly, was
supposed to be almost lifeless. Off the Portuguese coast, how
ever, there is a regular fishery for a species of shark which is
caught with lines at depth of 400 and 500 fathoms. As it is
accustomed to live under a pressure of about eight atmos-
pheres, it is dead—practically suffocated—when brought to the
surface.
=
>
ini

THRILLING FLIGHT FROM A FIR LOG.

Running from a bear, a lion or a wild boar in a wilderness

ments. A new church has recently taken the place of the cen
is tame compared to being chased by a log on a down-hill grade
tenarian and the steeple on which the vane rested, was sawed
The latest instance is related in the Puget Sound Lumberman:
off several feet below the top. The copper ball, says the Metal
Down in the big timber of Lewis County, Wash., Jim Gil-
Worker, retained a remarkable trueness of form testifying to
christ bosses the logging operation for the Salzer Valley Lum
the skillful handicraft of the coppersmith who produced it
ber Company. A few days ago one of his drivers had a big
Above the vane is another copper ball, 9 inches in diameter,
while the lower ball is 2 feet in diameter. The top of the spire
terminates in a graceful trident.
The other illustration shows a weather vane used on the es
state of Lord Sterling at Somerville, N. J The two bullet
holes in the vane are mementos of an engagement between the
Continental troops and King George's army
ae ee

THE KING AND THE TELEPHONE

When Korea. was first opened up to the world a foreigner

desired to introduce the telephone into the country. The king
was willing and ordered that the tomb of the queen dowager
should be at once connected with*the royal palace. T'e had been
told that the telephone enabled one to converse with those who
were too far away to either be seen or heard. He wanted to
six-horse team hitched to a fir log 7 feet thick and 20 feet long talk to his mother who had been dead for several months
They had pulled it to the top of a long grade and Jim told the When the apparatus was complete the poor king listened in
driver to go on. He obeyed. The teams set into their collars, vain for any reply from his royal mother. Then he was very
the big log moved quite easily over the well-greased skids, and angry. The telephone was a fraud. He had given it a fair
pretty soon the grade grew steeper and the log needed no help. trial and found that it was a foolish pretense As for the
The driver, who was riding a wheel horse, saw the danger for stranger there was no truth in him and he must depart forth
the horses he worshipped. There was but one thing to do, and with. The telephone agent was glad enough to get safely out
that was to run. The horses seemed to feel the danger and of the coantry
 148 POPULAR MECHANICS March 15, 1902.
ODP PA LALLA LPP DPPPIIIDI© scale corresponding to I, 2, 3, 4 and 5 volts. It will be found
that the spaces between the various points are not quite equal,
Easy Electrical Experiments that at the center being the longest. On the other side of the
middle point, the spaces should be marked like those already
FOR BOYS, found, with the longest space at the center, gradually decreas-
ing in width until the tenth line is drawn. These lines should
INA NAASAI SIS IEIANPRNILAD NANDA NOLIN AIRLINE NaFLUPRODNadNalNadPadBASIE aE,%
then be plainly numbered from 1 to 10, as in the figure.
CHAPTER X.
The reasons for the process just gone through are not dif-
ADJUSTMENT AND USE OF A SIMPLE VOLTMETER. ficult to understand. Each cell constructed as described gives
on open circuit an e. m. f. of 1.08 volts. The five cells in
By L. P. Dickinson. series, would give wus five times this amount or 5.4 volts, on
The voltmeter whose construction was explained in the last open circuit. But as soon as they are attached to the voltmeter
article is not ready for use until it has been calibrated. By their voltage fails, due to the current through themselves, so
calibration, we mean the fixing of points upon the scale, so that that their combined voltage is then very close to five volts.
we can tell instantly the value of the voltage which causes a Similarly, four cells give us very nearly four volts and so on.
particular deflection. To do this, there will be required a bat- Beyond the middle point of the scale, the points would be found
tery of special form. The cells composing this battery can be to be similar in their position to the first five found, so we can
made in a very temporary and easy manner, and will answer the mark their position without the necessity of actually construct-
purpose perfectly. They are made as follows: ing the cells necessary to cause the corresponding deflections.
Procure five ordinary tumblers and in the bottom of each It must not be understood that the cells described are suitable
place a strip of copper One inch wide and three inches long with for practical work. They will probably give out entirely after
a copped wire attached to it, projecting from the cell. In the a few days, but for the purpose of adjusting the voltmeter they
top of each tumbler hang a strip of zine a little longer than will answer as well as an expensive battery.
the copper strip, supporting it in the manner indicated in the A voltmeter is always connected directly to the points be-
tween which it is desired to measure the difference of poten-
tial. This is done without disturbing the connections of the
rest of the circuit. Thus, when we wish to measure the differ-
ence of potential across the terminals of a motor, the terminals
of the voltmeter are connected to these points, without disturb-
ing the rest of the circuit. The instrument and the motor are
then connected in parallel, or in shunt, these two terms being
used to designate the same thing.
a ee
ON THE USE OF VALVES.

A writer in the Practical Engineer in discussing the use and

abuse of valves says:
When a valve is wanted near a right angle turn in a pipe line, nr
it is generally a good idea to use an angle valve instead of a
globe or a gate valve, and an ell, as it calls for less joints to
make and keep tight, and it makes a better looking job, also
because less friction will be caused by water or steam passing
through the line.
On pipe lines that are to convey superheated steam from one
SIMPLE VOLTMETER.
point to another, it is not wise to use valves with hard rubber
figure below. Connections should be made to the strip, out- discs in them as the heat will dissolve them in a short time.
side the tumbler, by a piece of wire firmly twisted around it. Use only brass or gun metal valves for such places or remove
Place in the bottom of each tumbler a handful of biue vitriol the hard rubber disc and substitute one made of bronze.
(copper sulphate) and fill them with water so as*to cover the This does not necessarily mean that a separate superheating
zinc strip. Connect the zinc and copper terminals of each cell device is to be used in the plant, as some of the water tube
by a short piece of wire, and let them remain this way for or pipe boilers supply steam that is superheated enough to dis-
solve the best hard rubber disc now in the market.
twelve hours, at the end of which time the connecting wires
Devices have been contrived for removing worn out discs, but
should be removed. Then join the cells in series—that is, con-
the need of them is not apparent. A small cold chisel and ham-
nect the zinc of the first cell with the copper of the second and
mer seems to answer every purpose for large valves, and when
so on throughout the series. Be sure that the wire leading from
the bonnet of a small one is removed and the disc held in a gas
each copper strip does not touch the zinc in the same cell. The
jet for about two minutes it can be removed very easily with a
electromotive forces of the cells are then added together. Con-
stout knife.
nect the terminals of the battery, that is the copper of the first
The bonnets of large valves are usually held on with bolts,
a
ommend cell and the zine of the fifth cell, if they are joined as above
hence are easily removed, but small ones sometimes cause
described, to the terminals of the voltmeter. The needle of
trouble, as the brass is soft, so that when an attempt is made to
the latter should move part way across the scale. If it does
remove them the wrench rounds the corners off without re-
not, reverse the connections of the wires leading to the instru-
moving the bonnets. The largest available wrench should always
ment. Now adjust the counterweight by making it heavier or
be used for such work, because a small one will spring and
lighter, as the case may require, until the pointer stands ex-
damage the bonnet more than a large one. Screw the jaws up
actly at the middle of the scale. Make a line here and mark it
as tight as possible, then strike the handle a smart blow with
5 volts. Disconnect one cell leaving only four in series, and
the hand or a mallet.
again .mark the position of the pointer. This will give very
nearly, the position corresponding to 4 volts. Again discon-
nect one cell, leaving only three in series, and note the position, The total number of Indians in the United States and Ter-
mark it 3. Proceed thus until five points are marked upon the ritories is 129,518.
March 15, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

DAILY SCENE ALONG THE LEVEE AT MEMPHIS, TENN.

(Courtesy Grain Dealers Journal.)

TESTING THE VELOCITY OF PROJECTILES. cuit. This releases the knife-blade, past which the rod must
fall, and, energized by the spring, the blade flies forward and
strikes the rod, making a minute nick upon it By this time the
Greatest Accuracy Made Possible By the Use of the Chronograph.
projectile has flown into the great sand butt and buried itself,
and the nicked steel rod has dropped into a sand-filled recep-
The time has come when the testing of a gun is a careful
tacle. The velocity has been denoted by the utilization of the
and methodical operation. For testing the velocity of the pro-
law of falling bodies. A body will fall 16! feet the first second,
jectiles, a chronograph is used. This consists of three parts—
33 feet the second, and so on in this ratio until it reaches earth.
a powerful magnet, a steel rod and a knife blade. The chron
Applying this principle to the rod, it is known that its foot was
ograph is mounted on a structure set at considerable distance
exactly at the level of the blade, so that measuring the distance
from the emplacement upon which the» gun to be tested is
from the foot to the nick, gives the space through which the rod
mounted. This is to obviate jarring when the piece is dis-
has fallen. Then, remembering the gravity law, that a body
charged. At the top of the machine is the powerful magnet
falls 1614 feet the first second, it is readily determined how long
which, when the current is closed, holds the rod suspended.
the shot has required to cover the 100 yards between the screens.
The rod hangs over an aperture in the base of tlfe instrument.
This gives practically the initial velocity of the projectile
and at one edge of this opening a knife-blade is placed and held
—__~+o
back against a spring by another electro-magnet. The _ brick
foundation upon which the instrument is built goes many feet MARCONI'S OWN COUNTRY DENIED HIM AID.
into the ground in order that the greatest stability may be ob-
tained. Like Columbus He Was Compelled to Wander to Foreign Lands
To return to the gun, two square frames are erected on the to Obtain Funds.
line of fire, the first one a hundred yards from the muzzle of
the gun, and the frames exactly one hundred yards apart. Back Like Christopher Columbus Marconi claims that he was com-
and forth across these.frames is a network of wires; or rather pelled to leave his native country because denied the financial
a cross-weaving of one wire which runs from the frame to the support necessary to conduct his experiment. He pleaded with
instrument in the distane house, and is connected with the the Italian royalty and men of wealth, but they looked on him
electro-magnet which holds the slender steel rod.. The second as visionary and would scarcely give him a hearing. In America
screen is like the first, save that its wire runs to the second and England he was readily furnished $1,000,000 with which to
electro-magnet, the one holding back the knife-blade at the base prove his claims that telegrams could be sent without the aid
of the chronograph. of wires. The Marconi company has made contracts with
Then, with the current on, the rod suspended, the knife-blade Great Britain for the installation of the wireless system on naval
restrained against the spring, the gun is fired. The projectile vessels for 15 years at $50,000 a year. He says he intends to
pierces the first screen, the wire is broken, the circuit is opened, commence his operations between continents by cutting the
the magnet is demagnetized instantly and the rod drops. The transatlantic cable rates one-half, and will afterward reduce the
projectile speeds across the hundred-yard space and pierces the rates for short distance land service. He offers $5v0 to any one
second screen, breaking its wires and breaking the electric cit-who can interrupt or read one of his wireless messages
 MECHANICS March 15, 1902.
150 POPULAR

MODERN TUG OF WAR.

Popular Mechanics
H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher
journal Building, ~ ~ - Chicago

SUBSCRIPTION
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
Ne teenies iene aaa bie a dak oude.de ed oace Nor $1 00
Foreign Countries, post paid......................-.0.5. 2 00
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.
Popular Mechanics js an illustrated weekly review of the mechan-
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
licatious from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac-
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro-
‘ure from its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date.
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning.

Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.

Address,
POPULAR MECHANICS

Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class.

WEALTHY BOSTON GIRL A BLACKSMITH.

out of date in the United States. It was estimated that a cable

Works at the Forge Because She Likes It—May Become Naval
plant could be put im operation for about $3,900,000, but the
Constructor.
expense has already reached $5,840,000 and’ the system is not
yet complete. A number of costly mechanical devices for con-
Of athletic form, muscles hard as iron, a face glowing with ducting cars around complicated curves have been tried and
richest health, Miss Lydia Weld, who has the distinction of abandoned. Following these mechanical failures comes the
being the only woman blacksmith in America, is now pursuing failure of the company which leased the tramways to pay the
her fourth year in naval architecture at the Massachusetts In- agreed 7 per cent on the capital expenditure, which amounted
stitute of Technology and has outclassed many of her masculine to about $389,320 a year, and which the leasing company de-
associates. She is of wealthy parentage and is studying the vo- clares it cannot pay out of the earnings. It has therefore ap-
cation, she says, “for pure love of the work.” She will finish plied to be relieved of its lease, and the city is suing for a large
the many courses of Boston’s famous school for engineers in amount of arrears.
another year, and, it is said, has been offered a position in the
big Cramp shipbuilding concern at Philadelphia, as naval con- WORLD IS GOING CRAZY, SAYS DR. HOYT.
structor. If she should accept, the United States will be the
first country to have a woman actively engaged in this pro- Present Rate of Insanity ani Criminality Gives Cause for
fession. Alarm.
Miss Weld is 25 years old. During the hot summer months
she worked in the blacksmith shops daily from 9 until 4. She
Dr, Benjamin R. Hoyt of Detroit has figured out that the
has become an expert machinist, as blacksmith and forger, mak-
world will be mad within three centuries at the present rate
ing all kinds of machinists’ tools, dies, milling cutters, etc.
of increase of insanity. He says:
Now her work is in the line of naval ship designing, known as
“During the past fifty years the number of insane persons
naval architectural drawing, studying the effect of waves upon
a
-
and fools has increased 300 per cent. During the last decade
ships 4nd the manoeuvering of a vessel. Miss Weld is typically
the increase of population has been 30 per cent, and the apparent
a Boston girl. She was formerly of Cambridge. She came to
increase in the defective classes has been a little more than
the Massachusetts School of Technology from Bryn Mawr three
155 per cent.
years ago and then began the work of welding and forging in
“The United States census of 1890 showed the total number
the shops and the laborious hours in the draughting room. She of persons in prisons to be 82,329; number in juvenile reforma-
performs on the piano and the Italian harp with deftness. Her
Se tories, 14,846; number in almshouses, 73,045; inmates of benevo-
many accomplishments, her rare beauty and wealth combine
RT
Se
lent institutions, 111,900; number of «insane, 106,445. Total
to make her a favorite in society, but she never neglects her
—_e~ number belonging to defective classes, 403,615.
studies in the institute for social pleasures.
wow
“In 1850 one person in every 3,500 was a criminal. In 1890
-_-?>
there was one criminal for every 786 of population, an increase
enn
en
ee
EDINBURGH'S CABLE SYSTEM A FAILURE. of 445 per cent, while the population increased only 170 per cent.
“We are rushing toward an abyss that will engulf the world
The Municipal cable system installed in Edinburgh in 1897 unless something is done to check immorality and neglect of
has proved a costly failure, says the Strect Railway Review. the laws of nature.” ¢
In 1892 the municipality acquired the horse tramways for the
sum of $1,070,000. The council decided that the citizens would Most of our sponges come from the West Indies. They are
not permit the streets to be disfigured with the overhead trolley sowed like wheat and when large enough are detached from rocks.
system and the underground trolley system was considered too at the bottom of the sea. Originally the fisheries were adequate,
expensive, so the cable was finally adopted, although it was but they would soon become exhausted nowadays if the sponges
pointed out at that time that cables were being abandoned as were not planted.
March 15, 1992. POPULAR MECHANICS

SIMPLE ELECTRIC FLASH LAMP. MAKING SEWER CONNECTIONS.

Easy to Make One With the Aid of a Piece of Tin, Dry Batteries An interesting article appears in the Metal Worker for Feb.
and Wire. 1, from which the following is taken
In connecting a house drain ‘should the main sewer be built
The Photo Beacon tells of a good way to make a flash-lamp of brick, the connection should be made to it near the top, as
suited for interior and out of door work: Make a box out shown in Fig. 1, for the reason that the pipe will be well up
of %& inch walnut, enough to hold four dry batteries and a out of the running water. If it was connected near the bot-
tot
Para
spark coil and to afford ample room for connections. Have a tom the water would back up in the sewer pipe and might pos-
sibly be the means of stopping it or flooding the cellar if there
CARBON was a cellar trap. But if it is a terra cotta sewer a Y con-
nection should be put in on the lower side of the building lot,
ZINC so that connection can be made to it at any time Che Y should
have a slight pitch toward the house \ connection should
never be made directly on the top, as it would require a very
short turn in the connection and increase the difficulty of clear-

>”

FIG 1.
iss
aa
close fitting lid. The four batteries should be connected in
a series, that is zinc to carbon (Fig. 1). The two terminal
wires should be fastened to the spark coil and the ends of the
two wires from the spark coil should be fastened to two bind-
ing posts at the front of the box. Pa
jg >

To make the flash lamp get a piece of tin or sheet iron 7%

inches long and 3% inches wide. The bottom of the pan or Ze
Z
tray is to be 5 inches long and 2 inches wide. The front is

FRONT ing with a rod in the event of a stoppage Into this Y should
fig? es ers. be connected an eighth bend; usually 6 inches in diameter, as
Y
y BOTTOM that is the size of the Y generally used in the main sewer. ia

AS MEASURE
(¥
iH
From this eighth bend the drain pipe would be run to the
mece.
ia n | house. The grade would have to depend on the pitch that it
might be possible to secure for the house sewer. If the house
is on high ground and the drain can be given 1 or more inches
% and the back 1 inch in height. Cut the two sides as shown to the foot, so much the better, but if it can be given % inch
in Fig. 2. Bend up the four sides and solder the corners to- to the foot it will give good results, as that grade is considered
gether. Get a 20-foot piece of copper wire and cut it into three sufficient fall for a sewer pipe.
pieces, two of which should be 5 feet long and one, ten feet Should there be occasion to use the intercepting trap and
long. Insert them in two holes, one at the front and one at fresh air inlet perhaps the sketch given in Fig. 2 would be the
the back, about % inch from the bottom. They should be so means of making clear the best way to place it. Just inside
well insulated as to allow none of the electricity to escape and
should project far enough in so that the ends of the wires are
not more than % inch apart.
Fasten the ends of one of the pieces of 5 foot wires and the
ten foot wire to a push button. Connect the end of the 5-foot aol Parenting
wire to one of the binding posts on the box and the other end
of the 10-foot piece to one of the wires on the flash lamp. The Tus Meta: Worker

one end of the other 5-foot piece should be fastened to the

other binding post and the remaining end should be attached

-PUSM BUTTON FLASH LAMP

Fie. os the wall place a full Y branch, A. Into this Y connect the
trap with a hand hole, B. About 2 feet further on connect a
tee, C. From this tee take the fresh air inlet. The Y is for
the purpose of cleaning the house sewer should it get stopped |
‘BINDING POSTS up. The hand hole, B, is for cleaning the trap, and the reason
for taking the fresh air inlet from tee C is that if it was
to the remaining loose end of the wire on the flash-lamp. (See
taken from B in very cold weather the water in the trap might
Fig. 3.) The flame lamp should be fixed on a stand. The push-
freeze from the cold currents of air passing down and over it
button can be laid on the top of the camera and when taking a
from the fresh air inlet and to stop up the system
picture press the button and the bulb at the same time.
Cast iron pipe is best, but unglazed terra cotta must never
<9
e@m |
be used, as it is porous. Even the glazed is liable to damage
The smallest book in the world is one written in the Gurmuthl from roots of trees or bushes. It is wonderful how fast they
language and originally found in the golden temple of Armitsar, will grow once they get an opening in the pipe. I have known
India. It is about the size of a postage stamp and bound in the roots to grow for 20 or 25 feet and nearly always toward
red silk with stiff covers. There is one copy in the British the house on account of the grade. They grow until they en-
museum, London, and another in the Field museum, Chicago. tirely stop up the sewer.
 POPULAR MECHANICS March 15, 1902.

FATHER O'SHEA AND FATHER M’'CREA FASTEST BOAT OF HER TYPE ON THE LAKES.

You might search the world’s ends, “Emanon” is said to be the fastest and most perfect boat built
But you'd find no such friends
under the new rules of the Inland Lake Association. The de-
As Father O'Shea an’ Father McCrea.
signer, Daniel Zook, in his plans was greatly influenced by the
Very caustic in wit

But
Was
as
Father
droll every
O'Shea,
bit
})
Was Father McCrea.
And oh, such a volley of fun they were pokin’
The one at the other, as good as a play,
With their ready replies an’ their innocent jokin’
When Father O'Shea met with Father MeCrea

Now, on a March Sunday it came for to pass

Good Father McCrea
Preached a very fine sermon and then after mass
Met Father O'Shea,

‘Twas a very appropriate sermon for Lent

You delivered this minute;
For the season of fasting ‘twas very well meant
I could find no meat ‘in it!’
Said Father O'Shea

Then, as quick as the laughter that gleamed in his eye

Good Father McCrea
Raised a hand disapprovin’ and made his reply
To Father O'Shea:
“Faith I'll have to be working a miracle next
To comply with your wishes.
Dare you ask me for meat, my dear sir, when the text
Was the ‘Loaves and the fishes? ”
Said Father McCrea

Very caustic in wit

Was Father O'Shea,
Sut as droll every bit
Was Father McCrea.
Though you'd search the world’s ends lecal conditions of the water where the boat is to be raced.
You would find no such friends
She is an extreme scow with dimensions as follows:
As Father O'Shea and Father McCrea.
Catholic Standard and Times Length over all el aac sita woe ena ae at 2
ao ee . ES er rn es 21 ft. o in.
STEEL FLOUR MILL. Beam extreme ..... PO ae EE ATE me 7 ft. 5§ in.
Pe BOE i 5c os cpacgcs bemean os edu» O ft. Ir in.
CE OE RE thse ccd sp Oana sneueinke o ft. 4% in.
To produce a fire and moisture proof flour mill and grain stor-
Eee WORSE GOW. 6c ccs csc ccedccsy sas 4 ft. 6 in.
age tanks, has been the effort of a New York miller. Our illus-
ENON: Vv ctweecna skid cae teas 500 sq.ft
The boat was built for Jones & Laborde, of Oshkosh, Wis.

CADMIUM TO AID STORAGE BATTERY.

Newly Discovered Metal Used by Edison in His Latest Inven

tion.
a

It has been learned that cadmium is an essential element in

the construction of the new light-weight storage battery recently
invented by Edison, which promises to create a revolution in
the cevelopment of electricity. This knowledge follows close
on the announced discovery of cadmium ores of great quanti-
ties in Aspen, Col. If true the increased supply of this metal
from this source comes at a time when it is quite sure to be
of high service in the development of the much needed new
storage battery.
The output of cadmium at present is estimated at only about
a
two tons a year. It comes principally from Silesia and Belgium,
I
where it is reduced from zinc ores in which it frequently oc-
tration is from the American Miller and conveys a good idea curs. It also occurs in a combination with sulphur in a rare
ALOE
LOL
LL
ee
ne of what the designer suggests—a building constructed of iron mineral called greenokite. From this is manufactured cadmium
and glass set on cement. yellow, a pigment used by artists. It is also used for coloring
a OO
soap, for calico printing and for giving a yellow lustre to
The official title of the British sovereign, formally and legally porcelain.
ews
adopted is “Edward, the Seventh, by the Grace of God, of the iid

United Kingdom of Great Britain, and Ireland, and of the There are 41 forest reserves in the United States, created by
British Dominion Beyond the sea, King, Defender of the Faith presidential proclamation, embracing an estimated area of 4I,-
and Emperor of India” 410,200 acres.
March 15, 1992. POPULAR MECHANICS 153
DEVICE TO WARN ANIMALS picked up. It seems that the whiting, in QUEEREST TOWN IN AMERICA
feeding, chase the bait (speering and silver
Drivers of gasoline automobiles will be
eels) with a fierce rush upon the sand, and Glandorf, 0., Where English Is Not Spoken
interested in an arrangement used by A in so doing are left high and dry lhat and American Newspapers Never Read
Auble, Jr.. Wadsworth, O. He has fixed is where good hearing comes 1m, as the fish
his exhaust to escape without passing flap on the sand, and all one has to do is Where women work the fields, where
through the muffler when desired, and the to follow the sound and pick them up. On English is never spoken, where Ameri-
noise which results serves to frighten away
a still night there must be millions of fish can newspapers are never read, and where
dogs and other animals in the road. close to shore, as the fishermen sometimes very few, if any, modern improvements
tan
_a
go off in a boat with a light reflecting in have ever penetrated—Glandorf, O., is
SPRINKLING STREETS BY TROLLEY the water and with a hand net fill the boat
CARS probably the queer¢ town in the United
The fish refuse to take the bait, I suppose, States. Not the faintest echo of the rush
Among the numerous’ improvements on account of the-immense quantity of lve and overwork of modern life has ever
which have come with the advent of trol bait in the water sounded here lhe town is in Putnam
Se ee county It has nearly a thousand frugal
ley cars is that of street sprinkling. Near
ly all companies now sprinkle their tracks “NO CURE, NO PAY.” and industrious German inhabitants, who
to lay the dust, and in some cities sprin hold closely to the ancient German cus
klers are in use which throw water clear A firm in Chicago makes a leather m1 toms as their forefathers knew them
to the curb. The sprinkler we illustrate chine belt which it has named the “Elec There is but one street, and it extends

TROLLEY CAR STREET SPRINKLER.

was built by the Taunton Locomotive tric’ brand. A farmer saw the advertise for more than a mile. Back and away from
Works, and will sprinkle a strip 20 feet nent and sent $1.50 for one for his son this, yet so near that the laborers can be

wide. The water is carried in a big tank says the American Miller. The merchant seen and heard at their work in the fields,
inside the cab The car may be run either had a piece of belting cut off, two feet stretch the thirty farms of the German
with its own motors or hauled behind a long, four inches wide, and nearly half country folk. The most remarkable build
passenger car, as a trailer. an inch thick. This he seht with the fol ing in this queer village is the Catholic
-—— ann ae lowing letter: church, which has made the town famous
FISHING AT ROCKAWAY, L. L. “T am sending you a sample of my for miles about Besides the cost of the

‘electric belting.” and as I am afraid you stone for the foundation and hauling of all
About the only fishing done at Rocka- are laboring under some misapprehension, the material. which was given gratis, the
way now is what the beach folk call frost I return your money order. At the same edifice cost $50,000
fishing—whiting—and for a successful trin time I have no hesitation in saying that if tee
all that is needed is a smooth sea, wind off you will use my ‘electric belting’ on your Conductors on the Florida railroads call
shore, good sight. good hearing and a son in the right wav it will do him a out “Suwanee River’ when their trains
basket. In a walk of a mile or two along great deal of goo’. I know of no better cross that stream There is a scramble
the beach a basketful of fish, weighing way to cure disobedience, if he ever suf among the passengers to look out and see
from one-half to three pounds each, can be fers from that complaint.” the river
 154 POPULAR MEwvraseawW itt S March 15, 1902.

A PICTURESQUE BRIDGE OF PICTUR FIRE WHISTLE BLOWN BY NATURAL THE PHILIPPINES AS THEY ARE.
ESQUE MEXICO. GAS.
Here is a description of the Philippine
In the midst of scenery, the most pic In Kansas, where they have “natural gas Islands as given by Edward Kinder of
turesque of the world, is a bridge which to burn,” is the only real fire alarm whis- the Fifteenth United States cavalry, in a
is a source of admiration and wonderment tle in existence. It is blown by natural letter to his home folks in Evanston, IIL:
to all tourists of Mexico It is the Metlac gas, and gives a shriek that rouses slum- The Philippine Islands are a bunch of
bridge on the Mexican Railway, across the berers from their sleep for miles about. trouble on the horizon. They are bounded
on the north by rocks and destruction, on
the east by typhoons and hurricanes, on the
south by cannibals and earthquakes and on
the west by sharks and smugglers
The islands are composed of mud and
mountains, and are noted for mosquitoes,
ants, fleas, flies, bats, lizards, tarantulas,
scorpions, centipedes, snakes, caribous and
alligators and by way of variety there is
also plenty of smallpox, beriberi, Dhobie’s
itch, leprosy, cholera and bubonic plague.
Malarial fever is so prevalent that on many
occasions the islands have been shaken by
the vibrations of the population
The soil is rich and produces large crops
of sugar, rice, hemp, tobacco, insurrection,
disease, hell and foul aromas The total
population of the islands, including every-
thing, is 120,000 caribous, 12,000,000 people,
ard 12,000,0C0 roosters. Out of these three
are 12,000,000 instirrectos, 12,000,000 amigos
and the rest are gamblers and cairromata
drivers.
The chief industries of the Philippines
are cock fighting, stealing and making bo-
METLAC BRIDGE—MEXICAN RAILWAY. los. The houses and dress of the Fili
pinos are very attractive and consist of
Metlac ravine, between Vera Cruz and the The whistle is in Cherryvale, Kan. The transparency and landscapes. The Filipino
City of Mexico, It is built upon a curve gas is furnished by a lecal company. One wedding service is deeply impressive, espe-
of 325 feet radius, on a three per cent of the gas wells in the vicinity flows 13,- qjally the clause where the bride is given
grade. It is 350 feet long and rises ¢2 feet 000,000 cubic feet a day. The ent!re city of the privilege of doing as much work as the
above the stream. !t is of cast and wrought Cherryvale is lighted and heated by nat- husbard desires.
iron, rising on eigit pillars from base of ural gas. It is the only fuel used by zinc The principal diet of the Filipinos is rice
masonry. smelters employing 300 hands, and by two and fish, fish and rice, rice and fried fish,
[his bridge is considered by Raymond vitrified brick plants. fish and fried rice, stewed rice and boiled
& Whitcomb, the famous tourist agents, as _ ——~+-e— -—- fish, and baked fish and boiled rice
one of the most spectacular scenes in Mexi- a oo
THE FIRST SHOEMAKER.
co. Thomas A. Janvier, a writer for the PHOTOGRAPHIC SCREEN.
company, says: Thomas Boyd, who came over on the
eee
one “The scenery now is of surpassing Mayflower, in 1629, was the first American A recent invention for use by photog-
grandeur. The railway fights its way shoemaker. An early publication says raphers consists of a movable screen or
through this wild place through five tu»- “He brought with him divers hydes for
nels and across three bridges. A littl: both sole and upp leathers He had his
while after crossing Metlac bridge, the dyett and housercom at ye charge of ye
beautiful valley of Orizoba comes into view, companie.” He went about amorg his cus-
with the snow-capped mountains rising be- tomers looking for work. and making and
yond.” repairing at the home of the customer.”
——-
—— __* >>
“_-?> iid

FOR AIR SHIP RACES. KENTUCKY LEGISLATOR SERVES AS

BARBER
a.
——-~ The executive committee of the Louisi-
——$——————
ana Purchase Exposition will devote $200,- John Young, a Kentucky legislator, also
ooo to a great aerial navigation contest at serves in the capacity of barber. He was canopy, which may be extende:l or short-
the World's Fair in 1903. It will bring to elected from the “Proud Citv of Louis- ened. It is the idea of Hiram C. Moore
St. Louis all the dirigible balloons and ville.” where he was a tonsorial artist. On of Springfield, Mass. The cut explains
flying machines in the world that have arriving at the Kentucky capitol the barber itself.
>>
made and can make a successful voyage refused to forsake his razors and brushes =_-?

in the air. It is hoped that the World's but with them each dav he shaves ard Frederick D. Ehlen, 81 years uld. a pion-
Congress of Aeronauts that will be brought combs his colleagues. When his legisla- eer wheelright, who died in February, lived
together will finally solve the problem with tive work is over he takes a chair at ove in Chicago 46 years and never rode on
which man has puzzled his brain since the of the capitol shops, relieving the regular street cars but six times in his life, and
earliest ages. barber. those times were during the World’s Fair.
March 15, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS . 1:st un

SIMPLE AND USEFUL WINDOW locomotive of the preceding train entered “I was well fitted to the business—slim
SHADE the block ahead, and that red light would and nimbie and a!ways under 110 pounds.”
remain on until the last wheels of the last He laughed sneeringly, as if he wished
A new window shade has been placed car had passed out of the block ahead to ridicule his 110 pounds, aad would fain
on the market, which commends itself for ee be able to boast of me re
usefulness and simplicity. It is attached TIDE INDICATORS. o>

A TOOL BOX ELEVATOR.

The Coast and Geodetic Survey has
had in successful operation for severai
years tide-indicators at Fort Hamilton,in The accompanying drawing shows an
New York harbor; Reedy Island, in the arrangement that will enable the miller to

Delaware river, and in San Francisco bay. have his tools on any floor he desires by
These, fitted with dials nearlv 30 feet in simply pulling a rope, says the American
liameter, and with figures and ‘jivisions
which can be distinguished at a Gistance
1 several miles, have indicaior arms that
are controlled by the direct action of the
Toon Box
changes of water level, with which they
are in close mechanical conne sion
to a movable support in such a manner ——__
<2 e——_—_
that it can be low ered __ 34° £400R .
from the bottom or
top, or both SANTOS DUMONT COMING TO
at the same time, making it
possible to shade all of the
AMERICA
window or any
portion of it
————~o<-e-._—_ Santos Dumont expects to visit America
early next summer and here continue his 2”? FLOOR
SIGNAL THAT MAY MAKE WRECKS

iid
IMPOSSIRLE. experiments. He will probably make sev- |

eral ascensions around New York. He wv

4
will bring with him two or his latest air
A system of train signals, which, it is 31% 2
ships, the Santos Dumonis Nos. 6 and 7, ©
said, will make railroad accidents almost
the former being the one with which the / FL00R8
impossible, is to be installed on the Chicago
famous aeronant won the Grand Prix de | ee
& Eastern Illinois railroad, after a suc-
Paris by encircling the Eiffel tower and
cessful experiment of more than a year | oo re

The system is arranged to flash the signals returning to his starting point in 29 min- | Lj escanes Bex
4
utes and 30 seconds. The Santos Dumont
inside the engine cab. It is the invention
of A. C. Miiler, who has just resigned his
position as chief train dispatcher to the
Chicago, Burlington & Cuincy.
Inside the cab of the locomotive and im-
Miller. The device consists of two
mediately in front of the engine driver,
sheaves on which a rope is placed. A
two electric light bulbs are placed. One is
tool box is fastened to the rope, to run
red, the other white. When the track is
between two guide posts. On the opposite
clear ahead the white light burns and the
side of the rope a weight is placed to bal-
engine driver proceeds. When there is an
ance the tool box
obstruction or all is not right with the rails
re
in the block ahead, the white light is ex-
tinguished and the red glow flashes in the BEAR AND HUNTERS ARE KILLED
very face of the engine driver. It is a
danger signal and is an itperative order The steamer Tees brought to Vancou-
to stop
ver news of the killing of a white trapper
Mr. Miller, in installing his svstem, is
and an Indian by an enormous grizzly bear
nusine blocks three-quarters of a mile in
at Rivers Inlet. The dead bodies of the
leneth. Esch block is operated by an ordi-
bear and the two men were found lying
narv track circuit. using the rails for com-
within a few feet of each other The In-
pletion of the cirenit At one end is a
No. 7 has ‘ust been completed and never dian had apparently shot the bear with a
track batterv, buried in the middle of the
tried. The aerouaut said: muzzle-loading rifle, wounding him The
track, and wires lead from this to the rails
“When I go to work in America next bear then made for the Indian, caught him
At the other end of the block, and connect-
summer I shall have both Nos. 6 and 7 and killed him. The white man came to
ed with the current-carrying rails, com-
with me and sail both of them alternately, the Indian's rescue and drove a knife to
pleting the circuit, is an ordinary relay.
according to the weather and journey in- the bear’s heart, but himself was killed be-
This relay controls the circuit of the next
tended. My No. 7 carries a motor of 45- fore he could extric*te himself from the
block. When a train or anything breaks
horse power, instead of the 16-horse power grasp of the dying beast
the circuit, the relay opens, communicating
machine which drives the Santos Dumont —___~»-____-
a danger signal through contact points.on
No. 6. In every other respect it is also There are 624 women physicians in Eu-
the locomotive drivers to any train in the
much larger than any of my previous aero- ropean Russia Besides there are 869
following block, three-quarters of a mile
stats. I shall take an assistant in it with women medical students in the St. Peters-
away. Therefore, if a train entering a cer-
me if I.can strike the right max.” burg Medical Institute for Women. The
tain block is closely followed by another
Santos, in telling how he came to take Czar distributes prizes among these stu
train, a red light would show in the cab
up the life of an aeronaut, sid: dents every year
of the second locomotive the instant the
 1S
POPULAR MECHANICS March 15, 1902.
ihin

FOUND A FORTUNE IN A HARPSICORD. COAXES SEA BIRDS TO LAKE MICHI- NOTES ON WHEEL WEAR
GAN
A foreman stereotyper in a London
printing house The following are some notes in regard
purchased an old harpsi In the spring and fall thousands of salt
to twenty wheels by one maker, taken from
chord at an auction sale. because he ad- water birds are constantly flying over the
the cars of one of our large street rail-
mired the wood of the front panel. It cost land, so high up in the air that they can-
way systems, says the Street Railway
him 20 shillings. When he dissected the not be seen by the eye, according to the
Journal: The wheels were all worn out,
instrument he found it had a double back statements of Professor Frank M. Wood-
and had made a total of 810,000 miles. The
Between the boards he found Bank of Eng ruff, at the Chicago Academy of Science
lowest mileage made by any one wheel was
land notes, molded with age, the total value Every year Mr. Woodruff and J. Grafton
17,600 miles. The best wheel made 64,300
of which amounted to $150,0c0 Parker, ornithologist, go to the south end
miles. The average life was over 40,000
—_—_+-e—_ of Lake Michigan and by a system of de
miles. Six of the wheels made less than
THE WORLD'S OLDES ORGAN coys and bird calls cause the birds to come
30,000 miles, and were probably thrown out
BLOWER down from their lofty fight on their way
for bad flats. Elevén made over 40,000
to the ocean and light in the fresh lake
Joshua Savall, 72 years old, has pumped miles, five more than 50,000 miles and two
waters
the organ of Plymouth church, Brooklyn, —— exceeded 60,000 miles. Skidding and
without a single absence, for 37 years, and breakage on bad crossings had much to do
CURIOUS OIL BURNING LOCOMOTIVE.
is known as the oldest organ blower én the with the failure of many. Grooved rails,
world. On school days, says the Presto, This odd-looking locomotive was re- special work, and crossings where wheels
he also pumps the organ every morning at cently built at the shops of the North Pa- have to run on their flanges, caused a large
Packer Institute. “Old Joshua,” as he is cific Coast R. R., for the company’s use share of the broken or chipped flanges.
called, is a negro and is blind As shown in the cut. which is taken from The percentage of breakage out of one lot

AN OIL-BURNING LOCOMOTIVE-—NORTH PACIFIC RAILROAD.

LIFE SAVING SUIT. the Railway ‘Age, the engineers cab is at taken off averaged 7% per cent, while in
the front-end. Instead of the usual steam another lot is was 2% per cent.
We illustrate another type of life saving dome, a steel cylinder is placed length- ai
suit, which seems at present to be a fa- wise on top of the boiler. -The tender
vorite subject for invention. This is a
SPLIT HER SIDE LAUGHING.
carries two steel tanks, one holding 1,200
water-tight suit of rubber garments, with gallons of water and the other 1,000 gal- Miss Louise Aiken of Terre Haute, Ind.,
provision for inflating with air that por- lons of fuel oil. went to a vaudeville show the other night
tion above the waist. It fits tightly at the >>
and “split her side laughing.” She felt a
LATEST ANCHOR IS OF ANCIENT sharp pain in her side and her suffering
TYPE increased until she was forced to leave the
ti
‘i Modern science and civilization, after
theater. She grew worse and a physician
was summoned. He discovered that the
ee vainly trying to invent a more perfect ship
diaphram was torn. She is recovering.
anchor has reverted to the stockless an-
-_-?>
chor, a type used by the ancient Romans
in the early days of navigation. The an- There is no “trust” in brains. It may be
cient iron anchors, says the Marine Jour- possible to corner the wheat crop or con-
ankles, waist and neck, to prevent water
nal, were stockless, and with only one arm trol the yearly output of cornstarch, but
entering. The head is also covered, leav-
or fluke, such as we would now charac- you cannot corner the crop of ideas. If
ing only the face exposed. A small light
terize as mooring anchors, and were then the young man looks about. him and stud-
operated from a battery is placed upon the
generally used to moor to banks or shores ies the situation, he will quickly learn
helmet and a fiag completes the outfit,
In the modern stockless anchor the stock thet the age of combination is also the age
which ‘is the invention of a Brazilian.
becomes only an auxiliary or disappears of brains.—Forum.
aee
altogether. In a recent admiralty test the
What pies were considered very annoy- stockless anchor came out well as to pene- A school for bakers has been established
ing in olden times ?—Harpies tration and holding power. in Chicago.
[a
 March
4
15, 1902.
-

POPULAR MECHANICS 157

MOST POWERFUL LOCOMOTIVES EVER Prince Henry carries a policy of $900, STRFET CARS AS HOUSES
BUILT. ooo insuring him against assassination, and
is said to be the only man in the world When the trolley system came into gen
To climb the mountains of California
insured eral use there were hundreds of old horse
and Arizona monster decapods, the largest
locomotives ever built, are being put in
service by the Santa Fe. They are en-
gines with ten drivers. One of them re-
cently passed through Chicago on its way
west, and was a source of wonderment to
all who saw it. Each of the engines weighs
259,800 pounds, or five tons more than the
largest engine ever built before. The boiler
stands so high that the stack is a dwarf
affair, scarcely a foot high. This limit of
height is enforced by the size of tunnels
and bridges along the line.
The locomotives will burn oil for fuel
and will carry 225 pounds of steam pres-
sure. Their massive drivers are 57 inches
in diameter. Each engine can haul a load
of 2,100 tons up a 50-foot grade. The sin-
gle engines will do the work formerly ac-
complished by “double-headers.”
= =
-_-?S

LESS ORNAMENT IN SLEEPING CARS.

Rich Carvings and Decorations of Past IN THE SAME OLD RUT cars which were not suitable for electric
Days Are Abandoned. service, and they have been utilized as coal
“Never enny changin’, offices and similar purposes. Our illus-
Useless decorations, intricate carvings, Goin’ every day
trations show the novel use to which some
Just to do things over
inlaid work end delicate traceries that once of them have been put at St. Louis. Camp-
In the saim old way;
adorned American sleeping cars, have Just the saim Old hours, ville is the name of the little village at
nearly all been abandoned in the present Just the Saim old grind, the World's Fair grounds in St. Louis,
up-to-date Pullman. Richly carved pan- Everything so steddy
and two of the old cars have here been
You could go it Blind,
els, doors, seats and sloping roofs are no fitted up as a residence, making a cheerful
Yes, it kills ambishen,
longer noticed. Everything now is made Makes us lazy—but and comfortable little home
plain and polished as is possible. Golly it’s so easy Mrs. T. D. M. Cardoza, the wealthiest
“Ten years ago the car builders were Slidin’ in the Rut.” woman in Philadelphia, who has bagged
in the era of extravagance,” said an old
Pullman conductor. “Then the Pullman
and Wagner cor--anies were competing for
favoritism and spending money for dec-
orations that never were of comfort to
passengers. These ornamentations simply
caught dust and dirt and made cleaning al-
most impossible.”
a ae
ONE FOR GERMANY.

Prince Henry's entertainers in Chicago

bethought themselves to show their royal
guest a sample of American ingenuity.
They drove him to the Northern Trust
company, where he might behold the time
lock equipment of the vaults.
“Wonderful,” said the prince, with an
air of affected seriousness.
“It is a sample of the Yankee inventive
genius,” said an escort, as his breast
heaved with patriotic pride.
“Perfectly wonderful,” said the prince, ELECTRIC FANS FOR FROSTY WINDOWS
with a suppressed smile. big game in Colorado and in the Western
The lock was set and the mechanism ex- If you have an electric fan there is no reserves, will go with her husband to India
plained in minutest detail. peed of being inconvenienced by frosty this spring to engage in tiger hunting for
“Amazing,” said the prince, “but you had windows. Place the fan in the window, so a season.
a ee
to go to Germany for it after all,” and the as to diffuse the heated air over the glass
prince pointed to some lettering on the as generally as possible. The same fan The highest lighthouse in the world has
lock. used for refreshing the air in summer may been installed at Vierge Isle, on the Road
The rest of the party bent low and read be used to keep the show windows free de Brest. The light is 330 feet above the
the lettering. It said: “Made in Germany.” from frost in winter. sea and is visible for a distance of 39 miles.
 POPULAR MECHANICS March. 15, 1902.

HER POST-GRADUATE COURSE. all the rats on a ship leaving an infected

port. A single infected rat escaping to
FOR THE MADAM. A girl who had been very clever at col- shore is infinitely more dangerous to the
lege came home the other day and said to community than plague patients, as con-
her mother: tagion from the latter can almost certainly
LAVISH WEARING OF JEWELRY IN ““Mother, I’ve graduated but now I must be controlled. Ships can be cleared of
PARIS
inform myself in psychology, philology, rats by means of poisonous gases, without
Paris says that jewelry must now be bibli—” injury to the cargo. The ship Pergamon
worn in great profusion. New jewelry for “Just wait a minute,” said the mother. recently arrived at Hamburg from an in-
the hair is most striking. “T have arranged for you a_ thorough fected port with dead rats, but no cases
There are de-
signs made to fit the coiffure almost like course in roastology, boilology, stitchology, of plague on board. Prompt extermination
an open-work helmet, all in diamonds, ru- darnology, patchology and general domes- of the rats before unloading prevented any
bies or other precious stones. The tiaras ticology. Now, put on your apron and infection of the crew or workmen unload-
now~ being=-made-im Paris for the corona- pluck that. chicken.”—What to Eat. ing the ship.
_7-o
tion are superb, Never were women so oS

gem laden as at present. Among those who WAVE MOTOR TO KILL WALRUS AND BEAR.
cannot afford fortunes for such decorations
Inventors are still working to atilize Walrus and polar bear are relied on to
imitations and real stones are mingled to-
gether haphazard. the limitless power of the tides, which is furnish an abundance of fresh food for
still going to waste. We illustrate the the Baldwin-Ziegler polar expedition, the
oS
patent of William Borchert, Carson City, most perfectly equipped in history. Evelyn
JUMPING OFF CARS CAUSES NER- Nev.. and which consists of a solid track-
VOUSNESS Briggs Baldwin, in speaking of his pre-
7 vious arctic experiences, said:
Jumping off and on cars is believed by “On my previous trips to Franz Josef
some scientists to be responsible for many Land our first arctic camp was pitched
of the most serious nervous derangéments on the southwest coast of Alger Island.
of the day. The jolt, they claim, causes Large herds of walrus were in the near
spinal disorder, which upsets the entire neighborhood and every man who could
nervous system. Osteopathic Health says: shoot a gun or hurl a harpoon had plenty
Certain it is that nervousness in all its of sport.
protean forms, from irritability, neuras- “In nine cases out of ten, hunting the
thenia and general nervous collapse, to polar bear is about as much sport as shoot-
paralysis, is so caused. Mere slips of the ing the family cow, but if you happen
vertebrae from their true position, one to venture on a tenth case, beware. On
way and guide, on which travels a wheeled
upon the other, and the strains brought to one of our hunting trips, when three of us
float. The incoming wave carries the float
bear in consequence upon the ligaments were out, we sighted four bears, -a mother
to the top of the inclime, and on receding
and muscles binding them together, are and three cubs, coming toward us, and the
allows it to run back by gravity. Wire
what first occur from these innumerable male parent was not far away. We opened
ropes attached to the float cause wheels to
poundings of hard heels against adamant fire on the group. Only one bullet took
turn, in doing which air is compressed or
pavements. These, seemingly trivial mis- effect in the mother bear. She came at us
other means of storing power effected.
haps to the body, are often productive of with terrific fury. Leffingwell’s gun failed
the most far-reaching consequence. to fire and but for the quick work of all
ADJUSTABLE HAND RAKE
li
a
6SONS ~~
“_o
' of us we might have been torn to pieces.”

HOW KISSES WERE INVENTED. D. B. Simpson of Mt. Sterling, Ky., has

invented a hand rake, the teeth of which FIRST TRAIN LOAD OF EGGS INTO
Kissing is said to have been invented by CALIFORNIA.
the Greeks. It is a custom peculiar to
civilization, is indulged in but meagerly The first train with a cargo exclusively
among uncultured nations, and is almost of eggs that ever passed into California
unknown to the savage. was hauled recently over the Atchison,
Tradition says that a beautiful young Topeka & Santa Fe railroad. For this spe-
shepherdess of Greece introduced the kiss. cial shipment a car was devised which is
She found an opal, and wishing to give it believed to be the easiest-going storage car
to a young shepherd, whose hands were ever built. There were twelve of these
can be adjusted to any gage desired, ac-
busy, let him take it from her lips with cars in the train, containing 2,000,000 eggs,
cording to the nature of the work to be
his own. So sweet it was that its delights all of which were loaded by one firm at
done.
became known to the aristocrats and has Newton, Kan. The cars were built upon a
been a favored indulgence ever since. In plan which enabled the shippers to pack
INFECTED RATS AND PLAGUES.
Rome. near relatives were allowed to kiss great numbers of crates, so that all avail-
their female kindred on the mouth, but this The discovery that the plague is dis- able space in the cars was utilized. They
was done in order to know if they smelt seminated by rats will necessitate a new were divided into apartments, says the
of wine. because the Roman ladies, in spite
international congress to discuss the mat- Railway Review, so that the proper amount
of the prohibition, were sometimes found a con- of air was distributed evenly to each crate.
of ter of infectious diseases, declares
to have made too free with the juice the Institute of Infectious They were fitted with passenger springs
tributor from
Kisses were introduced into
the grave.
a Diseases in Berlin. The rulings of the and designed to ride with as little jar as 4
England by the royalty when Rowena, 1897 are now obsolete. Rats Pullman sleeper. Great difficulty is ex-
at conference of
daughter of a Scandinavian nobleman, the plague, the writer perienced in raising chickens in California,
mon- are to the spread of
a banauet. boldly kissed the British what water is to cholera. The and eggs command a price of 60 cents per
of her declares,
arch Vortigern after the manner measure is to destroy dozen at certain seasons of the year.
principal preventive
people.

DS ae a ea naan.
March 15, 1gv2. POPULAR MECHANICS 159

APPALLING COST OF THE BOER WAR.

No progressive Merchant, Manu-
When the British entered into the Boer facturer or Orzanization can af-
war they expected it to last no longer than ford to be without The Elliott
four months. It has now lasted three Addressing Machine for address-
years. The English considered 47,000 men ing Envelopes, Cards, Wrappers,
ample to do the work. The British war Statements, Shipping Tags, Cir-
department is now feeding 300,000 men culars and Time Cards.
and 243,000 horses in South Africa. It Our Catalogue explains fully.
was figured that the entire cost of the war
could not possibly exceed $49,000,000. Up THE ELLIOTT
to date Parliament has appropriated ADDRESSING
$704,948,300 for expenses of the war. It
MACHINE CO.
is estimated that at the close of the fiscal
year, March 31, the cost will have reached 100 Purchase St., Boston
$900,000,000. The total loss to the British 48 Dearborn St., Chicago
in killed and wounded amounts to 100,701 309 Broadway, New York
men and 5,240 officers. “The best laid
schemes o’ mice and men gang aft a-gley.” Mention Popular Mechanics,
2.
“_-?

BULLET PROOF HELMETS FOR

FRENCH ARMY. Chrisman’s Paraffine Paint
: The French army will soon be equipped ras
duck
tin. steel,
roofs. None
iron,
better
felt or cotton
and few as
with helmts of bullet-proof chromed steel. good. Cotton duck the coming roof,
year. Send five cents fora sam-~-
Fifty cents a
le —~ & to bodes H. Daniels, G. P. A., Grand
They are shaped like three-fourths of a PARAFFINE PAINT WORKS, ELDRED, PA
mtral Station, New York. cannon ball without crest or relief, causing
Mention Popular Mechanics. Mention Popular Mechanics
balls or portions of exploded shells to
glance off. They supplant the old models
MACHINERY, ENGINES
SHAFTING, » »* PIPE.
of bright steel, shakos and kepis. In spite
of the weight of the new headgear soldiers
THE
Everything in wood and iron used in con-
structing and operating; new and second- declare it is not uncomfortable. Its great- PIONEER
uand (rebuilt), cheaper than you can buy est fault is its extreme ugliness.
anywhere else. Write us first.
o> LIMITED
CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO., CHICAGo

Mention Popular Mechanics.

TWO INSTEAD OF ONE. FAMOUS
A bicycle manufacturer who was called TRAIN
away from home unexpectedly at the time OF THE
an interesting domestic event was ex-
pected, explained to the nurse to telegraph
WORLD
him as follows: Chicago---St. Paul---Minneapolis
If a boy, “Gentleman safety arrived.”

Tied?”
ir
let, “Are Your Hands
tells you how to do it.
If a girl, “Lady’s safety arrived.”
The nurse wired,
ww
“Tandem.” THE ST. PAUL ROAD
(Chicago Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)
: have langely tnevenead
their salaries by following our plan. A. bright-looking young
fellow with a EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
TEACH BY 5 Merbanical
er
Architecture;
Engineering 3; Drawing’
Bookk ; Ornamental
bundle was about to go
to work in a UNEQUALED
zs German;
lar ec.
Freneh, ete, Circu-
State subject that interests you.
gloomy out-of-date looking shop, filled
Correspondence Schools, with a lot of old machinery. After look- Time tables, maps and information
Bex 812, Serenton,
Pa. furnished on application to
ing around a bit, he decided to go out
Mention Popular Mechanics. again, and as he turned, the boss stepped F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent
up to him and inquired if “he was trying Chicago
$1,95 UNION SUIT $1.95 to show his contempt for the shop.”
the fellow answered, “I was
“No,”
trying to con Mention Popular Mechanics.
'
Workingmen’s Union Suits. Every Gar- ceal it.”—Machinery. Little Willie from the mirror
ment made to actual measure. Send
for directions for self-measurement. ——— Licked the mercury all off,

We sell direct from the fartory to the Thinking in his childish error.
consumer and save all intermediate ex-
Divers are able to converse under water It would cure the whooping cough
pense of handling. You get this. Write | by placing their copper helmets together At the funeral Willie’s mother
for catalog or call. |
| and shouting to each other. Sadly sald to Mrs. Brown
UNION SUIT MFG. CO. “It was a cold day for Willie
154 FIFTH
® ention Popular
AVE. (4thFloor)
Me -banics.
CHICAGO
| Several male teachers of Frankfort, Ger- When the mercury went down.”
aianimnaien al many, have applied for situations as police-
Mention Popular Mechanics. men, owing to their remuneration being The Texas Oil Field Company, organ-
smaller than that of the average police ized by ex-Governor Hogg of Texas, has
SCIENCE GAINS ANOTHER VICTORY officer. ‘ been floated by Governor Hogg in London
‘ It is capitalized at $4,500,000.
FITS CURED
Write for Reference
F. M. McClintock, of Dallas. Texas, has —
HOME TREATMENT CO., - 504 Stevens Building proved himself the fastest telegrapher in The Princess Radziwill has been arrest-
I ndianapolis, Ind. America by winning first prize in every one ed in Cape Town on the charge of forg-
of the four instances in the international ing the name of Cecil Rhodes to notes
Mention Popular Mechanics. contest at Atlanta, Ga. amounting to many thousand dollars
 160 POPULAR MECHANICS March 15, 1go2.
per
‘““Want’’ and ‘For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents
line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to
will be

Attractions for Next Week.

a number, care Popular Mechanics, and
forwarded promptly without extra charge.

SPECIAL.
“What Schley does and Dewey approves is good enough for
FOR SALE—One 1-1 H. P. motor. One 1-8 the American people.” In those few words a Denver editor said
Photos for stamp. Roy A.
H. P. dynamo.
Cribhfield, Lincoln, Ill.
more than all the other editors combined in defending the dough-
ty admiral. Such is the value of brevity. We will not tell you
lot new electrical goods
FOR SALE—Job
given us to sell; list for stamp. We handle anything about Schley next week, though, for you already know
everything electrical and
stamp fur catalogue.
at
Dept.
lowest prices.
N., T. Binford about him. What we will tell you is something you don’t know
Electric Works, 994 Washington Blvd., Chi- about.
eago, Ill.
Did you ever imagine that meteors were pieces of the earth
thrown so high into space by volcanoes in early days that they
BUSINESS CHANCES.
are just now getting back? One scientist believes that way.
ENGINEERS, FIREMEN, MACHINISTS Read about it in Popular Mechanics next week.
and Electricians send for 40-page pamphlet
containing Questions asked by Examining Boarid Dynamite is a most powerful explosive ;we will tell you how
of Engineers to obtain Engineers’ license. Ad- it is made. The deepest part of the Atlantic ocean has just been
dress Geo. A. Zeller, Publisher, room 592 18
S. 4th St., St. Louis, Mo. discovered. Would you like to be able to hit everything you
OKLAHOMA 150-barrel flour mill and three shoot at. If so all you have to do is get the right kind of a gun
elevators, all nearly new, on Rock Island Rail-
read in center of wheat belt. The best of loca-
sight. Next week’s issue will tell you the kind. It used ito be
tions. Will sell at a bargain. Address A. E. that Americans had to tour Europe to finish up their education.
Stephenson, Enid, Obla.
Now Europeans have to get polished by coming to America.
FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE—122 acres all Were have all the tan shoes gone? Did you know that a woman
plow land in McHenry county; well fenced;
good well and windmill; price $50 per acre.
Address 400, Popular Mechanics.
makes the best shoes for athletes? The “bizarre” craze is rag-
ing in Paris; an artist there killed his model to get a death-like
SALE—Locomobile runabout, nearly
FOR
new, $400. Address 402 Popular Mechanics.
tint to the flesh. There is a man in Wisconsin who never car-
ries a watch but always tells the time of day by his belt. Many
WANTED—To buy machinery now in use;
one 250-volt Dynamo of 1,500 to 1,800 light other things will interest you in Popular Mechanics next week.
capacity with motor
speed four-valve engine and _boiler
balancer; moderate
of about
Some people say it is the most interesting journal published.
125 H. P. Grimes Bros., Electric Light &
Phone Co., Great Bend, Kan.

WANTED—500 Volt Motors, from two to fit-

teen horse power. Rose Electric Co., St.
SITUATION WANTED—As tinner in the WANTED—Position
Louis, Mo. by sober general hand
South, about March Ist; 12 years’ experience, in Texas, Oklahoma and Indian Territory; 10
FOR SALE—One full set of tinners’ tools inside and out; can clerk in store; sober and years’ experience in hardware
reliable;
and harness
(except squaring shears) and one pipe cutting good reference. Address, E. F. Itjen, business combined. Can make good Texas
and threading outfit, % to 2 inches. Charles 54 Church St., Charleston, S. C. saddles. W. T. Church, Box 145, Hico, Texas.
Keil, Sherburne, Minn.
MEXICO—Experience man wants position in
hand Wire and Straight- the implement business in Mexico. Speak SHEET METAL WORKER and general job-
WANTED-—Second ber at inside and outside work: 25 years’ et-
ening Machine with cutter; state best cash Spanish and am well acquainted with the perience; steady position in country desired.
price; and must be in good condition. The trade. Address T. E. Bramel, Lewifton, yon Willis, 428 West Eighteenth street, New
Arras Cream Separator Co., Bluffton, O. Idaho.
ork,
“OWING TO ILL HEALTH must seek other BRASS FINISHER—Experienced; one who
climate; buy a complete old es-
$10,000 will can bend pipe and assemble showers and san- FOREMAN, CUTTER or BENCH WORKER
tablished wholesale electrical and mechanical itary brass work; good wages. Bailey-Farrell in cornice and skylight shop; in or outside
specialty business; $2,000 net annual income. Mfg. Co., Pittsburg, Pa. work; German; first-class worker. Adolph
Cc. 8S. Du Mont, 47 Jewett Bidg., Buffalo, Klein, 403 East Eleventh street, New York.
i: £ ae coll “ WOOD PATTERN MAKER—First class; ex-
perienced in stone work. A. J. Lindemann & METAL MINE MANAGER AND SUPERIN-
~ WANTED—Second band 30-inch squaring Hoverson Co., Milwaukee, Wis. tendent—Twenty years Western and Mexican
shear; must be in good condition and cheap. experience; good assayer; mill and cyanide
Cc. G. Schlegel, Kenesaw, Neb. ELECTROTYPE MOLDER—Experienced in man. P, O. Box 99, Steeple Rock, N. M.
molding and building up all kinds of work.
FOR SALE—My hardware and harness bus!- Address with references, The Smith-Brooks PLUMBER, first-class, wishes work in city
ness; small town and small expense; stock in- Ptg. Co., Denver, Colo. or country; wages moderate. W. Kelly, 307
voiced $2,000 in January, and building and East Sixtieth street, New York.
lots must go with it at $1,100. C. F. Troel- MACHINE HANDS—Wood; first-class,
ler, Larrabee, Ia. steady work, good wages, stock cutter pre- TINSMITH, first-class, having twelve years’
ferred. Original Mfg. Co., Evanston, Ill. experience in cornice and furnace work, also
WANTED-—S-foot Robinson or Keene cor- able to estimate on all styles of work; coun-
nice brake. Geo. E. Roesch, Aurora, III. try town in Central States preferred. “P. A.
POSITIONS WANTED. C.,"" care Columbian Novelty Company, 921
WANTED—A first-class electrotype _molder Franklin avenue, St. Louis, Mo.
or finisher; wages $18 for 54 hours. Crane & HARNESSMAKER—Good, single preferred,
Co., Topeka, Kas. for all-around work; at once. H. Becker & WANTED—By practical iron molder, a situ-
a—w=non[v'— Son, Polo, Ill. .
ation as foreman; many years’ experience in
So
heater and stove plate work; also in bath
HELP WANTED. ARTIST—For general engraving work. Hey- tubs, laboratory and sinks. Edward H. Green,
bach,’ Bush Co., Louisville, Ky. 618 N. Bond St., Baltimore, Md.

years’ experi- ASSAYER AND CHEMIST—A graduate of

SWMASTER—Twenty-two ENGLAND—Can accept the agency for a
branches of brewing and malting few lines of American manufacture in British the Colorado School of Mines, with eight
Pn oxT
years’ constant practice at ore-sampling and
business; holding a first-class diploma of well- Isles and Continental Europe. Can furnish
chlorination plants in Colorado. C. M. P.,
known brewing school; a graduate of Prof. references. Montague Cohen, 39 Paradise
Salt Lake City, Utah.
Alfred Joergensen's laboratory for purst yeast street, Liverpool, Eng.
eulture, Copenha gen. Address . noc oe
CUBA—I will locate in Havana this year
Hart-st., Brooklyn, N. Y. and want a general representation for ma-
WANTED—Position as traveling expert fer
some reliable machine house, or to put parts
Popular Mechanics chinery, tools and hardware specialties; well
acquainted with languages and customs; ref-
erences; bond if necessary. C. 8. Lawrence,
together in shop. Address X. Y. Z. 237, Hills-
Box 814, New Orleans, La.
ville, Law Co., Pa. GOOD TO READ
a — Te OR OC 7 TEND. UNDERTAKER—Young single man of five
SUPERINTE?
MASTER MECHANIC
sheet GOOD TO THINK ABOUT years’ experience in the furniture and under-
ENT of factory; sheet metal goods, cans, and taking business. Will furnish any _ state
pieced
iron stoves, stove pipes, elbows,
“‘Superint endent,”’ 1205 Chem- GOOD TO TALH ABOUT license. Address Fred L. Griswold, Delton,
stamped ware. Mich.
ieal Building, St. Louis, Mo.

!
= ped Se er rey
 “WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT.”

POPULAR MECHANICS
An Illustrated Weekly Review of the Mechanical Press of the World

Vo.. J. No 11 CHICAGO, MARCH 22, 1902. Price 5 CENTS.

CANAL THAT REVERSED A RIVER’S FLOW

The Engineering Feat of the Century

Canal as Seen at Willow Springs--Looking West

IN THIS ISSUE:
The World’s Greatest Artificial Canal. Pickled Pony Meat in Oregon.
Post Office Sells Precancelled Stamps. The Probable Cause of Meteors.
How Wireless Telegraphy Was Discovered. Serious Defects in New Torpedo Boats.
How Dynamite is Made. An Inclosed Bridge Under Water.
Deepest Part of the Atlantic Ocean Found. About Patents in France.
The Terrible “Bizarre” Craze in Paris. For Rescue Work in Mines.
Ruined by the Rural Mail. Comforts of Ocean Transportation.
The Railroad Telephone a Success. For Boys: How to Make a Storage Battery.
To Recover the Sunken Palaces of a King. Tells Time by His Belt.
How Cities of Different Nations Kill Dogs. A Waterphone.
Breaks the Will of George Washington. Where the Tan Shoes Have Gone.
Where Sponges Come From. Electric Tide Indicator.
Uncle Sam Getting Canada’s Trade. Photographing by Moonlight.
The Deadly Tangen Tree. A Trackless Trolley Car.
New Device for Taking Soundings. Fifty-four articles—z27 illustrations.
 POPULAR MECHANICS March 22, 1902.

THE WORLD’S GREATEST ARTIFICIAL CANAL

An $82,000,000 Enterprise of Chicago--The Flow of a River
Reversed--Government TakKes a Hand

lhe appropriation of $200,000 for the survey of the proposed he machinery, remarkable for handiness and speed, con
deep water way from Lake Mirhigan to the Mississippi rivers structed especially for this work, was a source of wonderment to
agreed upon by the river and harbor committee of the Hous: the mechanical world every piece of important
Nearly ma-
marks the first official step taken by the government in this im chinery used in the entire work was invented for the especial
portant project The Sanitary and Ship canal ef Chicago is purpose, as nothing in the market could be found answering the
probably the most remarkable artificial waterway ever built in requiremets for convenience and speed lhe mammoth convey
the history of the world Its total length, including the im ing machine, designed by Hoover & Mason, was essentially a
proved portion of the Chicago river, is 34 miles. It has the bridge spanning the channel with cantilever arms projecting far
greatest width of any canal on earth, having a cross section of mit on each side to overhang the spoil area. On this structure
202 feet at the bottom, as shown in the accompanying illustra were mounted the necessary sprocket wheels and other ma-
tion, and 300 feet at the top. The ultimate object is to afford a chinery for carrying a series of steel plans which form the con-

a
~

he.
Pl * ae a"

REAR TRAP—MOST REMARKABLE DAM IN ‘THE WORLD.

water way for the largest ocean-going vessels from Lakeveyor belt. The structure was 640 feet from end to end, mounted
Michigan to the Gulf of Mexico on trucks traveling upon tracks parallel with the channel, and its
The work is yet being carried on uncersingly. the widening capacity was 500 cubic yards per hour
of the Chicago river heing now in progress Residents of Chi- The building of the canal resulted in reversing the flow of the
cago have already spent $37.378.840 in the construction of the Chicago river, a feat long regarded as an impossibility. The
canal They must spend nearly $10,000,000 more before their river which formerly emptied into the lake is now an outlet of
part of the work is done. Then it will cost $25.000,000 addi the lake and empties at its d6ther end into the canal proper.
tional to complete the work necessary to the proposed shipway Even yet Chicago is+debating as to which is up and which is
rhis latter expense, however, it is expected, will be borne by down the river, which is its head and which its mouth
the Federal government and the entire canal will become govern-
The waters flowing through the canal are emptied into the
ment property Desplaines river at Lockport, through the controlling works.
Thus the total cost when the work at present contemplated is
which comprise several sluice-gates of metal with masonry bulk-
finished will have amounted to more than $82,000,000 Che
heads and a bear-trap dam. This dam is regarded by the canal
Panama canal is offered to the United States for $40,000.c00, or
trustees as “the greatest triumph of engineering genius that has
less than half the total cost of the Sanitary and Shiv canal. Had
ever been achieved in this or any other country.”
this canal been built under conditions that prevail in Central
The sluice-gates have a vertical play of 20 feet and openings
America its cost would probably have been doubled. The ex-
of 30 feet each. The bear trap dam has an opening of 160 feet
pense is said to have been the minimum for the amount of work
and an oscillation of 17 feet vertically. The controlling works
accomplished. Former Senator Warner Miller of New York
are operated by admitting water through conduits controlled by
said:
a valve
“The use of the improved excavating machinery on the Isth- >>>
mian canal would reduce the cost of construction from 30 to 40
per cent.” PorpULAR MECHANICS IS “WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT.”
March 22, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 163 :

CHICAGO SANITARY AND SHIP CANAL. RAILROAD TELEPHONES A SUCCESS

be occccn cedcntesecssgiocce o-+00~

Message Sent 400 Miles over Telegraph
Wires as a Test.

The railroad telephone invented by B J

lillman has proved a IcCess \ train
crew 400 miles from Chicago talked over
telegraph wires recently the chief opera
,
tor of the Hlinois Central Railroad in Ch
cago The train was stopped near Fulton
Ky., and the lillman telephone was con
nected with the reguiat telegr iph wire rut
ES
=
aeS
ning to Chicago. In spite of the fact that eae
eee
So
=T=

NORTH SEA the message had to travel over iron wires, —

~- BALTIC- =3
which ran parallel to more than a score es

of other wires, every word was distinctly

27a
heard by the chief operator. That it makes
io
no difference whether or not telegraph ree
an
sq ==
messages are being flashed over the wires
NORTH SEA simultaneously with the telephone messages
ISS

- AMSTERDAM - was proved by the successful transmission

of a telegraphic communication from Ful
ton at the same time the chief operator
was conversing with the crew
——— —

TELLS THE TIME BY HIS BELT

There is a man in Wisconsin who can

tell the time of day with uneering accuracy
by his belt. A buyer for a Chicago ice
company who discovered him, says
I’ve heard of many strange time pieces,
but this was the limit. I went to a lake *

in Wisconsin to estimate the ice crop

Se
Among the men working there was a
heavyset fellow who was dressed in blanket
Ps
clothes He wore a narrow leather belt
and several times I noticed him tighten ae

it, one hole at a time. “What time is it?”

ILLINOIS & MISSISSIPPI! I asked for my watch was not running
HENNEPIN -
Ey sper. per
f-------- - 600 =
He glanced at his belt and answered
promptly “11:30.” | asked him how he
could tell, and he explained his system
After breakfast, which was at 6 o'clock,
ILLINOIS
# MICHIGAN the belt was set at the last hole He kn Ww

p- +++.” 600 -- it was 11:30 because he had taken in five

_ =eoT holes and the belt was beginning to slacken ae
re

After dinner he would let the belt out

CROSS-SECTIONS OF NOTED CHANNELS. again to the last hole and it would mark
off the hours again during the afternoon
He said that it was as trustworthy as the
PICKLED PONY MEAT IN OREGON. year was the largest on record, amounting best watch he had ever owned and several
to 113,728,000 pounds of fish, worth $2,- tests proved that he was right
Chicago is not the only place accused of 611,400. There were 9,070 persons em-
———__»<-@ _
being engaged in the horse meat traffic. ployed in the fisheries and $6,517,000 in
FINE FOSSILS FOUND
There is said to be a horse packing estab- vested.
lishment at Linnton, Ore., devoted to the
pickling of Cayuse ponies, which are abun- Information comes from Cairo, Egypt, of
Englishmen have decided that American
interesting scientific discoveries in the
dant in that locality and cheap. The aver- coal is inferior to the European product,
age pony taken to the Linnton abattoir tests having proven to their satisfaction Fayum made by the Egyptian Geological
expedition. Remains of large vertebrate
yields only about 60 pounds of merchant- that samples from the United States pro-
able meat, the rest of the carcass going duced too great amount of ashes animals of the lower miocene were found.
which indicate the early forms of rhino
into fertilizer, glue, leather, etc. The meat
ceros and elephants. <A representative of
is carefully pickled and pressed and is
Paul Harper, son of William R. Harper, the geological department of the British
shipped to market in France and Holland,
Museum has gone to examine the remains
where the prejudice against horse meat is president of the University of Chicago, to
not so strong as in this country. raise money for charity secured a_ boot- — +o

~~~ >
-_>- black’s outfit and began shining the shoes What pies prance around th« water?
The fish product of the great lakes last of the older students Harpies
 |
164 POPULAR MECHANICS March 22, 1902.
me,

acid, and must, therefore, be free from all leaks. Procure an-
sR APEPPTEaPRsPRa Peale ral ates es ePEsRseS RSG ater eePiat alte
af
other piece of lead pipe, of the same length as before but %

Easy Electrical Experiments inches in external diameter. With a % inch drill, bore this as
full of holes as is possible, except for a distance of one inch
FOR BOYS, from each end. Hammer the lower end of this tube together
igh
Lik
Chek
ade
dh
as shown at B in the figure. It need not be water tight at this
PvinTia
Lal
ia
ial
lialialial
ia Heat teh tae® SPINNER NINN RaPNIPRINT VaPRaPDaP NelValNalMasRalastesPesPesteat Ral halValRafal Mahe
point, but only sufficiently tight to hold a paste which will be
CHAPTER XI. HOW TO MAKE A STORAGE BATTERY. described later.
The tube B is to form the positive plate of one cell. The nega-
By L. P. Dickinson tive plate is the lead cup first mentioned. To support the posi-
tive plate so that it will not touch the negative, make a wooden
\ storage cell consists of a positive plate and a negative plate,
cover for the cell of: the same external diameter*as the outer
both made of lead, and dipping into a dilute solution of sul-
tube and 7¢ inch thick. Cut away its lower portion, so that it
phuric acid. For large cells there are always a large number
will fit snugly into the outer tube. Through its center bore a
of positive and negative plates, all the positives being connected
hole 34 inches in diameter, so that the smaller lead tube will
to one common terminal and all the negative plates to the other
just fit into it snugly. Solder to the upper end of this tube two
terminal. The storage cell described below is one that is suit-
lead strips. one of which is one inch long, the other three inches
tt long. If these are bent over at right angles and screwed to the
top of the wooden block after the smaller tube is in place, then
the latter will be held firmly in the block. Now immerse the
wooden block after the smaller tube is in place, in smoking
hot paraffine wax, leaving it there until the wood has become
thoroughly saturated with the hot wax. This is to protect the
wood from the action of the acid. Do not get any wax on the
lower part of the lead tube.
Make a paste for the positive plate as follows. In an old
tumbler make a weak solution of sulphuric acid, by pouring
the latter slowly into a half tumblerful of water. There should
be about a spoonful of acid to 20 spoonfuls of water. Be very

\\
careful in handling this acid as it destroys everything it touches,

Zi WW
including the skin of the hands. Never pour water into the
acid, but pour the acid into the water slowly as directed. Pro-
cure at a paint shop a pound of red lead, and mix a sufficient
amount with the half tumblerful of diluted acid to form a very
000 stiff dry paste. Stir the mixture with a stick. Then ram the
000 paste into the inside of the smaller tube until the later is nearly
filled with a solid mass of paste. Scrap off any paste that may
000 have oozed through the holes and set the tube aside to dry.
000 Meanwhile solder a lead strip to the outside of the large tube,
000 at the top, to serve as a connector.
‘\
Fill the large tube two-thirds full of a solution of sulphuric
000 acid, made by pouring acid into water, until there is 1-12 as
000 much acid as water. A glass graduate such as amateur photo-
000 graphers often use for measuring chemicals is of great assist-
ance in this case. Then insert the wooden stopped with its at-
000 tached tube into the larger tube. Our cell is now complete,
000 except that a wooden box ought to be made in which to set the
000 cell, to prevent its being overturned. This box can be made
square in shape with inside dimensions a little larger than the
000 cell. The latter may be set into the box. and held firmly there
Abb
A
AAA
NA
NNN
000
hhububahelblubatales
Wille by filling all waste space with sawdust.
000 To charge this storage cell three “gravity” or “crow-foot”
batteries will be required. These had better be purchased at
an electrical supply store, and it is probable that most amateurs
have them already. Join them in series, that is. join the zinc
of one cell to the copper of the next, and so on. To charge the
Lie
LLU
LLL cell, connect the terminal marked positive
copper pole of the three gravity batteries, and connect
in the figure to the
the nega-
tive terminal of the storage cell to the zinc pole of the battery.

(II
The first time this storage cell is charged, the connections
should be left undisturbed as above for one week. At the end

ZZ of this time it will be found to have acquired quite a charge

After the first charge, it is not necessary to charge it so much.
10 to 12 hours being sufficient.
able for the amateur’s use, and is of the proper size to be readily
charged by a few gravity cells. ——_+-e—___
Procure a piece of lead pipe 134 imches in external diameter, There are 2,865,466,000- copies of daily newspapers published
and § inches long. Having squared off both ends, solder to one in the United States every year; 1,208,190,000 weeklies; and
end a circular piece of sheet lead so as to form a lead cup of the 263,452,000 monthlies, making a grand total of 4,337,108,000. The
size just mentioned. This cup is to hold a solution of sulphuric number of copies of new books published in a year is 10,000,000
March 22, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 165

BLUE PRINTING BY ELECTRIC LIGHT. FOR RESCUE WORK IN MINES.

For years it has been the practice to make blue prints by ex-
Respiratory Apparatus Used in This Most Perilous Task.
posure to sunlight. This was all right in the old days when
things moved slowly. Now time is a prime essential, and on a
Rescue work in mines where all kinds of deadly gases com-
large constructive operation frequently several hundred blue
mingle with the air, is generally attended with much greater dan-
prints must be made. As the workmen can do little until the ger than is experienced by firemen in entering burning buildings. a
blue print reaches their hands, the importance of a delay of
Hence the men who dare these poisonous breaths, the intense a
aa
heat and danger of explosions, need the very best protection. A
respiratory apparatus and protection helmet used in_ this
hazardous work is herewith illustrated. It has been placed on
the market by a firm in Vienna. The helmet is made of rubber
for ordinary purposes, and of leather for use in instances where
the heat is so great that it would melt the rubber. The mask
is held in place by straps passing over the head and around the

side of the face. A respiration bag and an oxygen bottle are the
two most essential parts of the equipment The former is in
connection with the lower part of the helmet and extends about
the neck and shoulders. The front part of the bag (A) extends
~
about six inches below the chin. The wearer of the mask is
enabled to see by the aid of a glass disk in front
Breathing is effected through two small rubber tubes; a and b,
shown in Fig. 1 hey are fitted with glass valves. The in-
haled air is drawn from the left section of the respiration bag
through the tube b, and the expired air is discharged into the
OUTFIT FOR BLUE PRINTING WITH ARC LAMPS,
right section through the tube b. The oxygen bottle B is sus-
sometimes several days, waiting for the sun to shine, is readily pended from a bandolier over the shoulders. It is connected with
appreciated. the air bag by means of a rubber pipe. The bottle is usually of
An important time-saver has been perfected at the works of about 90 inches capacity. The flow is regulated by screw valves
the General Electric Co. It conststs of a metal, porcelain-lined and a reducing valve.
reflector or canopy in which is suspended powerful arc lights, wows
— >

one lamp for each 864 square inches to be illuminated. The re- A WATERPHONE
flector is 36 by 48 inches at the bottom, although specially large
sizes can be made to order. This simple but effective instrument detects leaks in water
pipes. The inspector places the end of the rod against the pipe
AUTOMOBILE FLOUR MILL.

The Austrian army has recently added to its equipment an

automobile flour mill, which will not only propel itself from

meee -

Four-foot Steel Rod

PP Sa BAe = & 2 “vy

and holds the “phone” to his ear. If there is any flow or drip
/

j ~\
Ty it will be distinctly heard.
—_—__~»--
The Illinois Central and other roads will plant catalpa trees
to use in making ties. There are two species of the tree.
The catalpa speciosa is slow to decay. One tree twelve years
place to place, but grind feed or flour when desired. Our illus- old will make one tie; a tree sixteen years old, three ties, and
tration is from the American Miller, which says there can be one twenty years old, five ties.
little advantage in the machine, as an army would find flour 7
>

mills wherever wheat and grain are raised. POPULAR MECHANICS I8 “WRITTEN 380 YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT.”
 106 POPULAR MECHANICS March 22, 1902.

the traps flow into barrel No. 1 the barrels are open at the
Popular Mechanics top, aS no pressure is carried in any of them
H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher When all the barrels fill to the water line indicated, the oil
and scum will be taken off by the overflow pipe B; if enough
Journal Building, - - . Chicago
water does not come from the drips to keep the barrels filled
to the water level, the deficiency is supplied from the cold
SUBSCRIPTICN
water pipe C. By opening the valve A, barrel No. I can be
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
drained out, and also any oil and scum that has worked
oe oe en a
through into barrel No. 2 will run out through the pipe con-
Foreign Countries, post paid.................... 2 00
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue. nection into No. 1. The cold water feed will then wash out
barrel No. 1. Of course valves may be put in the bottoms of
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan barrels Nos. 2 and 3 to drain them completely, but [ do not
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub consider it necessary.
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the a
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of RADIAL FAN MOTOR.
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro-
i ae —— its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
While the original style of fan motor with its strong, direct
that date.
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the breeze is more largely used than ever, the General Electric Com-
country by Saturday morning.
pany offers a new style known as the radial fan motor, which is
Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter. designed especially for use on desks and tables, and will be
Address, found particularly adapted to public dining and reading rooms,
POPULAR MECHANICS where a strong blast is objectionable
Journal Building, ~ ~ Chicago

Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class.

TERRIBLE “BIZARRE” CRAZE IN PARIS.

Artist Kills His Model to Get Death-Like Tints of Flesh.

The “bizarre” craze in Paris is creating consternation every

where Here is a late instance of its horrors
\ French artist was putting the finishing touches on his paint
ing, “The Death of Venus,” which he meant to be his master
i piece So that his model would be life-like, or rather death
like, he had been in the habit of hypnotizing her during the
three hours she posed each day. That last day he grew dissatis
i fied with the flesh tints he had imparted to Venus, so he admin
istered a fatal dose of chloroform to the sleeping woman. After
she had passed from partial unconsciousness to death, he copied
with marvelous accuracy the precise hues of the dead model's
flesh Then he lay on his couch, after swallowing the rest of
the chloroform that was left in the little vial, and died
When a friend of the artist visited the studio that afternoon
he read the story of the tragedy in three slips of paper. A lead
penciled epitaph in the girl’s hand read: “She died for Art.”
The inscription above the painter's head was: “He strove for
immortality.” The paper hanging from the painting bore the
words: “Their monument.”
—- te
APPARATUS FOR REMOVING OIL FROM EXHAUST STEAM. \s shown ii the accompanying illustration, the-fan is placed
in a horizontal position, and it so revolves as to draw air from
\ simple, home-made device for removing oil from the con- above and force it against the reflecting surface directly beneath
densation of exhaust steam is described by a writer in Steam the fan, causing a gentle breeze horizontally in all directions.
Engineering. (he fain motor is 24 inches high and has three speeds.
concealing
his apparatus is to be used where the returns come through
ABOUT PATENTS IN FRANCE.
FRO = COLO WATER

TO INJECTOR In France the person who has obtained a patent must work
his invention in France within two years after the date of the
patent or he will lose his rights. The cost of a French patent
is $96.50, five years, and in the same proportion for ten and fif-
teen years. The tax is paid in annuities of $19.30 in advance.
TO DRAIN
To obtain a patent, every inventor must file at the prefecture
OR SEWER of his department an application to the minister of commerce
and industry, in which is mentioned the subject of his invention
A Induatriat Press, N.Y.
as well as the desired duration of the patent; a complete de-
Simple Apparatue for Purifying Oily Feed-water.
scription of the invention, in duplicate; drawings or specimens
steam traps. Get three whiskey barrels and connect them by necessary to the understanding of the description, also in dupli-
1% or :%-inch pipe, as shown in the sketch. The drips from cate, and a list of the papers thus filed
March 22, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

HOW WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY WAS DISCOVERED. HOW DYNAMITE IS MADE

Electric Sparks That Flashed Across the Gap of a Broken Hoop Erroneous Ideas About Its Explosive Powers—-Will Burn as
Originated the Idea. Quietly as a Stick of Wood.

It was the discovery of Prof. Heinrich Hertz. German s«

entist, that caused Marconi to perfect wireless telegraphy. Prot Company
Hertz in experimenting accidentally produced electric waves and omposed of nitro-glycerin
detected their presence in the ether by means of a wire hoop Ned the il rhe. In manttacture \ 1 t rst he mitre

broken that the electricity sparkled across the gap. says Herbert elveerine. whicl prepared by the —
Wallace in Success. No one, not even Hertz himself, realized tl ed nitric na ph 1 cid ) Vv ( ‘ 1 ( ce |

the tremendous importance of this discovery The professor had lrop by drop the nitro-glycerine is introduced into a larg
detected a spark in a broken hoop a few feet away from the tank arrangement which filled with the bsorbent form of
flash of an induction coil. Why didn't he get a better detector powder made up of wood meal and nitrate of soda \s a result
than a broken hoop and a bettter transmitter than a small in of this absorbing process dynamite btaines e substance
duction coil? Why didn't he or any one of a hundred of the very closely resembles brown sugar
1

other great scientists of the time think of utilizing the discovery? then the dynamite is made into cartridg r stick Lhe
Thus queried Marconi to himself. who for a year thought the cartridges are cylindrical im shape and are generally 8 inch
idea would surely come to some one else. He was no electrician long. 114 inches in diameter. and weigh half a pound each. The
himself; he had not completed any college course. It would miter coating of the stick is of heavy waxed paper. In fact, a

ELECTRIC SNOW PLOW

seem presumptious for him to attempt what the others had not cartridge 1s simply a cylinder of this waxed paper tightly packed
thought worthy of an effort. But as time went on he became with dynamite
impatient. He began to experiment, and wireless telegraphy, the It is generally believed that it would be suicide for any one to
most important discovery since Faraday invented the induction touch a match to a stick of dynamit lhe idea is entirely false
coil, was the result Before dynamite will explode from heat the temperature must
ss rise to 350 degrees Dynamite will burn like a stick of wood
ELECTRIC SNOW PLOW. without the least danger of explosion. I saw a freight house
containing 500 pounds of dynamite burn and with it the dyna
lo operate a trolley line out in the country is a very different mite, as quietly as so much coal
matter from running a city line. The snow plows which cleared tee
the tracks in town have been found unsuited to country lines WHERE THE TAN SHOES HAVE GONE
This has brought about the construction of big electric snow
plows, one of which, built by the Taunton Locomotive Works, What has become of all the tan shoes? This was a question
we show herewith. This car weighs about 20 tons, has its own asked by many until the recent damp weather of early March.
}
motors of nearly 1oo-horse-power, and will push through im when several wearers of supposedly black leather shoes discov-
mense drifts, throwing the sncw many feet on either side the ered that their pedal adornment was only out-of-date tan shoes
track. Within the car are levers for startirg and stopning died black. Now it is told in the Shoe Trade Journal that two
the car, raising the big steel “nose,” and applying the air brak Chicago dye houses alone have recently changed 18,coo pairs of
The car is heated and lighted with electricity and an electric shoes from tan to black But the dy« won't sta d 1] dampin as

headlight placed on top the car lights the track. The trolley and the firms who have thus victimized their patrons have |
pole, which conducts the current for all this work, is not shown, a great amount of trade and discovered that their greed to
but is ot the usual type economize has cost them dearly
— - +2
Gas of a very high illuminating power and free from sul- Sixty new storm warning towers, ecuipped with the latest
phurated hydrogen has been extracted from cork and success- improved lanterns have been installed at pcerts on the Great
fully tested in the opera houses of Paris. Lakes by the United States Weathe: Bureau
 POPULAR MECHANICS March 22, 1902.

BREAKS THE WILL OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. and is hermetically closed. Carbonic acid gas is turned on and
in the space of forty seconds evcry dog dies without a struggle.
Prince Henry Removes Sacred Sword From Its Scabbard While By the old system, the use of common gas, the dogs sometimes
Americans Look On. suffered for two and three minutes. In London pounds an ad-
mixture of carbonic acid gas and chloroform is used, but Paris
Fear of offending a prince caused Prince Henry's entertainers has decided that the chloroform is useless
» violate one of the most sacred precepts in American history wee
to look on in silence while the will of George Washington was COMFORTS OF OCEAN TRANSPORTATION.
being broken
From the time of Washington's death the sword presented Vessels of Great Speed Are Not the Easiest Travelers.
him by Frederick the Great remained sheathed in its scabbard
until the visit of Prince Henry to America. Following are the How to make ocean traffic more agreeable to passengers has
words of Washington's will regarding the sword given him by been a subject of study among steamship men since the earliest
Frederick the Great, which he so highly esteemed: days of civilization. As a result it seems that the modern steam-
“It shall not be drawn from its scabbard except in defence of ship of to-day offers about every convenience and accommoda-
its country.” tion that it is possible to provide. It is not the fastest vessel
When the German prince visited Albany, N. Y., on his recent that affords the greatest amount of comfort to the tourist
visit, he was allowed to inspect the sacred relic. Of course he Vessels that carry enormous cargoes of freight are generally the
knew nothing of the provisions of the will, and 1 American easiest travelers, though they lack the speed of the exclusively

poeSo
7?

PAR
NN
Ce

COMFORTS OF OCEAN TRAVEL—DECK SCENE.

standing near had courage to inform him when he grasped it by passenger steamers. On such vessels the passenger accommoda-
the hilt to draw it from its sheath. Slowly the hallowed steel sons are generally located amidships, wnere the minimum of
was removed from its long hiding place. “It gives me pleasure motion is noticeable. The staterooms, as well as the dining
to see and handle it,” said the prince, as the bright blade flashed rooms, library and smoking room are all above the main deck
in the daylight, and not a flush of shame came to the face of any and consequently are thoroughly well lighted and perfectly ven-
\merican there tilated. On the finest of these vessels, such as are operated by
<Pe@ =
the Atlantic Transport line, no second cabin or steerage pas-
HOW DIFFERENT NATIONS KILL DOGS. sengers are carried, and the passengers have the freedom of
the immense decks, which cover the whole of the ship. These
vessels make the trip from New York to London in about nine
Electrocuted in the Pounds of Great Cities of America—Asphyxi-
days. Two steamers like the “Minneapolis” are to be added to
ated in London and Paris.
the Atlantic Transport line this spring.
Killing the great number of dogs that fill the dog pounds of ~~ -

large citi a problem that has been solved in different ways

by different countries. In tie United States electricity is gen-
erally used. It causes instant death, but its great objection is
that only one dog can be killed at a time. This is a slow process
in pounds containing thousands of the canines
France seems to have a speedier and equally humane method.
It has recently established a “lethal chamber for the destruction
of lost dogs.” Thirty condemned dogs are placed in a cage, says
Consular Clerk Glavis, which cage is rolled onto a platform,
which, by hydraulic force. sinks about six feet into the earth
A Haverhill, Mass., shoe manufacturer couldn’t find his shoes
to wear to a ball. The hour was 7:30 p. m., the need desperate.
He hurried to his factory, turned a pair of shoes in twenty
minutes and wore them to the ball, arriving just twenty min-
utes late.
———
The highest mountain in the United States is Mount Mc-
Kinley, situated at the headwaters of the Sushitna and Kusko-
wim rivers in Alaska. It is 20,464 feet high
 March 22, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 109

POSTOFFICE SELLS PRECANCELLED STAMPS. over to the route agents. The space these wrappers occupy is
insignificant in comparison to the piles of sacks that had to be
Novel Departures From Old Customs in the Chicago Postoffice. handled before the new system went into effect. The wrappers.
after being correctly routed, are returned in packages to the

As a result of the enormous quantity of mail handled by the mail order houses There the catalogues are inclosed in them

Chicago postoffice many improvements have been inaugurated and they are then placed in bags marked “Ohio,” or whatever
that are destined to mark an innovation in the methods of the destination may be. The bags are thus sent directly to the
handling mail. Pre-cancellation of stamps might be mentioned weighing platform and do not have to be returned to the post-
as one of these. These ready-cancelled stamps are bought in office again.

wholesale lots by the big mail order houses to save annoyance In this way hundreds of dollars are saved the mail order
and delay at the postoffice. There is a department in the cen house in catalogues and stamps. Often the address on the
tral office where the stamps are cancelled in sheets of a hundred wrapper is wrong, and as the wrappers are not stamped until
at a time, the sheets being fed to a job press. The year, the the catalogue is inclosed the dealer in each instance is saved the

en
Pa
a

PSTN
pa
Po COMFORTS OF OCEAN TRAVEL.—DECK SCENI

month and the words, “Chicago, Ill,” are printed on each loss of a stamp ami a catalogue. Four hundred «
stamp. Dealers often buy them 100,000 at a time. They are cent stamps was saved one firm not long ago in sending out a
pasted on the letters or catalogues at the mail order houses and single hatch of catalogues representing $15,000 in stamps
the postcfiice is saved the further trouble of cancellation. Should - oom
these 100,000 stamps each be pasted on two-pound catalogues
DEEPEST PART OF ATLANTIC OCEAN FOUND.
before they had been cancelled, it would mean that 100,000 pieces
OT
ARE
Iesl
weighing 200,000 pounds would have to be handled in the post-
office one at a time and 100,000 impressions would have to be Depth of Nearly Five and One-Third Miles Discovered North of
made with the hand-cancelling machine. This work is often Porto Rico.
made exceedingly irksome when the stamps are not precan
celled. There are all sizes of envelopes, which first have to be The lowest depth ever found in the Atlantic ocean has been
gone through and “faced” so that the stamps will all appear on sounded by the United States steamer Dolphin in latitude 19:35
the same side in the stack when the hand-stamping machine is north, longitude 67:43 west, in the depressed area north of Porto
being worked Rico discovered by Lieutenant Bronson in 1882. The depth is
4.662 fathoms (27,972 feet) Bronson found 4,561, fathoms
Another important departure from the old custom is in the
(27.366 feet) The deepest part of the ocean vet discovered is
routingof wrappers for catalogues before the catalogues have been
in the North Pacific, and was discovered by Lieutenant Com-
inclcsed. It used to be that the great mail order houses of Chi
mander H. M. Hodges, who measured a depth of 5,269 fathoms
cago would flood the postoffice with tons of these catalogues
(31,614 feet)
already wrapped when they arrived. They were hauled to the
The deepest sounding in the Caribbean sea is south of the
postofiice in sacks, cften taking up an acre in space These
Great Cayan and is 3.428 fathoms (20,568 feet) The deepest
sacks had to be untied, emptied, the catalogues handled one at a
known place in the South Atlantic is a spot of 4,030 fathoms
time by different departments, until they were successfully
(24,180 feet), eleven miles south of the equator
routed, and then sent on their respective journeys. Now the
mail order house first addresses the wrappers, leaving out the ee ae
catalogues. The wrappers are sent to the postoffice and turned PorULAR MECHANICS 1S “WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT.”
 P OPU LAR MEvLrRARiCS March 22, 1992.

WHY EUROPEANS TOUR AMERICA black boot 1 Russian peasant and when ELECTRIC TIDE INDICATOR
invited by the Czarina to lunch at the Im ccciesiiaainiabiaal
in ng oO the great number of scien perial table declined, declaring he never Che movements of vessels leaving port
if f Europe—investigators, engi took meals with women However, the are largely governed by the tide, it being
ter mechanics, c1iologists, Czar ov ked that and many similar desirable to sail on a high tide when, the
( busine rie who have offenses on account of his wonderful skill water is deepest L. ¥Y. Schermerhorn de
‘ \me nm othe pi two years is a phy scribed to the Engineers’ Club of Phila
iy HH Mas United Stat Consul ->-so delphia recently the electric device used

( Ber] n | eport say [he postoffice department has decided by the U. 5. government to accurately in
| “ nN recognized that a visit to be used on registered dicate the depth of water
on a new stamp

\merica—a_ closer mor ntelligent letters sent abroad It will be of 13-cent lide tables, or the theoret time of
KI wleds f the Ocla at . rial, and

e om onditions which exist there—is

now al ssential part of a practical Eu
opean education. Far more clearly than
ever before, it is seen by intelligent Eu
ropeans t! the type of man that has been
evolve more than a century of demo
cratic government, free education, and
equal opportunity, emancipated from mon
archical and‘ aristocratic influences, is
worthy of being carefully studied amid the
5 which he has himself
created.’

anal
MENU MADE UP OF PICTURES.

Kin wledge of French, or English either,

for that matter, was not necessary in order-
ing from the bill of fare at the annual ban
quet of t }
the Merchants and Manufacturers’
1s ition at Hotel Rennert, Baltimore
Everything on the menu was represented ( Figd Rear view ofTransmitter showing
by illustrations. It contained pictures of
float and counterpoise weight
;
celer salted almonds, salted pecans,
olive hell oysters, a bottle of Haut denomination and will bear the likeness daily high and low water, and the height ;
Sauterne; terrapin a la Rennert, a bottle of former President Harrison of the tide, for each day in the year, hav :
of Pip Heidsieck, roast turkey capon, been developed by the Coast and Geodetic
new peas, mushrooms, Mumm’s extra dry, IN COLD STORAGE 2,000 YEARS. Survey for all prominent points upon the
canvas-back | duck, creamed hominy, cur tidal waters of the United States. The he
rant jelly, ham, lettuce with French dress- Dr. Herz of St. Petersburg, Russia, has daily time of high and low water bears iq
ing, fancy ices, assorted cakes, almonds, discovered in Siberia a huge mammoth 1: a fixed relation at each locality to th if
raisins, Cafe Noir, White Rock Lithia and
cigal —

+ --
TO MUZZLE ROOSTERS.

No more is the cock's shrill clarion to

call us from our lowly beds \ Yankee of

Brockton, Mass., has invented an appliance

which
rr
he asserts will keep roosters from

crowing in the early morning, The device

1 Ss fastened to the bill of the bird at night
by a simple device which does not inter-
fere with respiration. When the chanti-
clee r rises before the dawn and attempts
to sound the rey eille, he finds his ambi
tion balked, and not until his owner re-

moves thee gag can be give vent to his

matutinal rejoicings
+e
WORE BOOTS IN TH E PALACE.

Royal etiquette does not permit the an almost perfect time at which the moon crosses the meri-
state of preservation, the
wearing of boots in the palace of the Czar. body having been dian of the place for which the tide table
fro fen in there ice
i tor

Probably the one exception to this rule 2,000 years The animal was covered vith is calculated, while the daily relative posi
was the late Dr. Zakhrin, physician to the a coat of rather thick brown hair here tion of the sun and moon at the time when
late Czar. He was very unconventional, was grass in its mouth and food in its the moon crosses the meridian determines
appearing in a dressing gown and the big stomach the theoretic height of the tide. This in-
 POPULAR MECHANICS

terval, which would be correct but fot AN INCLOSED BRIDGE UNDER WATER THE PROBABLE CAUSE OF METEORS
the effect of wind and freshet. between
daily high and low water, and the time “Submarine bridge” would be a_ bette
at which the moon crosses the meridia name than “tunnel”, for inechanis1
, ”
is called the “establishment of the tides.’ which the Pennsylvania | Long lai
Wind and storms frequently Cause a Railway proposes to vev its tram rice
1
change ot several feet in height and two the North and I: ist rivers wo al d out of

, Ad

Tr? ‘

ase 1
acl |

ded tat t by | its pre

1 wd é rT< ‘

117) | “\ p | | | ‘

) >
elements compe ig t > < eT >

the 1 WOUS str me 3 aw

ee
x- 5s +
>-

Probably the force of

that far-off age projected p
space with a velocity » gre it wra

eart W
was overcome so fat t)
,
concerned, and these particles caug

the sun and turned ‘ losed oT T 1 ‘ :etter

;

ne members T t ] \ 1 ct ————
>

@ the « irth’s orbit every ew y { if

‘At tho n t ‘ <

i
] ts course ] ‘ litt] ‘ i hb

that @ rt
dere faithfr he \

t. repaired ag 1) il

1 ] tin 1 ce \\ ‘ t fir
or three hours in time, from the rormal New York City The bed of the rs took flight oat meet ' ,

figures. Hence the necessity of an accurat Is ; mm 4 m ot mud near! + there .

knowledge of the height of the tide t deep The road proposes to build a bridge } ° fla ‘ ;

all times beneath the rivet bed It will be supported

->-o
Our illustrations. which are used by on piers extending through tbe mud and
THE DEADLY TANGEN TREE
courtesy of the Engineers’ Club of Phila esting on solid rock lo keep awav the
delphia, show a machin which is in ust water and mud, this bridge is to 1]
()y ' ft ‘

rid . \1

| vn as the | g ‘ B
t regarded f
won |ttn _
Tangen for the purp t
whether criminals charged w
fenses were gu It, The iudae
him the fruit to eat told hin
did not harm he would ( idered
ocent. but if it killed him he wa guiity

Verv few were eve i d he 1 om t

ccording to tl test

UNCLE SAM GETiING CANADA'S

TRADE

Despite tariff re 1 !
he United Stat d¢
substantial increase last year

hetween Canada i! (sre

in Philadelphia. It was invented by Dr closed in a long, big steel tube lhis tube creas d he ay ily

Hasler, of Berne, Switzerland, and im is what is generally termed the tunnel Imports from Britain under
pre a’ ed here Fig. 1, shows the float. which he piers and bridgework and not the tub il tariff declined f $44.27
'
rises and falls with the water Fig. 4 will bear the weight of the train lhes \ previou t $42,519,005 v¢

shows a rising tide: Fig 6, shows the arm bridge tunnels will cost $50,000,000 and vhile imports f e | 1
Qe

changing from a rising to falling tide, will take three vears to build them hye ler the tariff re f ti res 1)

and Fig. 5, a falling tide. The range is trains are to be operated by electricity minion Gor ed trot

from 3 feet below ordinary low water to - ~>-s+ $102,080,177

t4s to ) V¢« tT

9 feet above, giving a range of 12 feet rise The first boat to reach Chicago from the two vears mentiones

and fall. The indicators are in the govern east shore

of Lake Michigan this spring, The total ageregate trade of ‘ \ ,

ment offices half a mile from the water, was Edward

the Buckley, which arrived ion for 180s was $224.420,485 i igainst

and connected with the transmitter by an a few days ago from Manistee with 1,000 $386,903.157 for the last year
electric wire. tons of salt of about 72'%4 per cent in the
172 POPULAR MECHANICS March 22. 1992.

THE FOSTER FOS SIGNAL. VOTING MACHINE. TABLOID RESTAURANT FOR CHICAGO.

Fogs are a great source of anxiety and The accompanying cut shows neither a
A “tabloid” restaurant is promised for
danger to mariners. Even when the sig- chicken incubator nor a sorgum pan. It
Chicago, “Here”, says the Hotel World,
nals from one vessel are heard on another, is a voting machine invented by a Cali-
“food will be given in tablets resembling
it is often impossible to tell the location,
carmels and a meal can be carried in the
and still more difficult to determine the
vest pocket. The promoter says that man-
direction in which the ship is moving
The Foster signal is designed to tell the
kind needs nutriment in homeopathic doses,
not great bulk that has little nourishment.
whole story. The machine has eight fog
There will be no great trays of dishes
horns, or one which revolves and _ utters
under which struggle muscular waiters.
The tabloid can be shot through tubes to
the dining table and no one will be visible
but the guest, who swallows a dose and
suddenly finds that hunger has departed.

—_—_—_»--e—__—___
fornian. A bank of push buttons are ar- WHERE SPONGES COME FROM.
ranged, one for each name, and the voter
pushes the button and the machine does The United States buys abroad more
the blast at each of eight points of the the voting by recording in a tape. The than half a million dollars worth of sponges
compass. By reading the signals definite usual safeguards against voting more than annually. The principal shipments come
information is gained. once for the same name are provided. from Nassau, Bahama Islands. London
The full code is as follows: One long ee and Piraeus also furnish the United States
blast, the signal you hear is north of you; with a large quantity of sponges, says the
TELEPHONE OPERATORS SET IN
one short blast, it is south of you. Two Coast Seamen’s Journal. The _ highest
GLASGOW.
long blasts, signal is northeast; .two short grades of sponges are found in the waters
blasts, it is southwest. On long and one of the Levant, the very best of which
In the Glasgow corporation telephone ex-
short, it is east; one short and one long, are gathered about Syria. Greek and
change at Glasgow, Scotland, the main
it is west. One long and two short, it is Turkish sponges have been known to
switchboard is what is known as a table
southwest; two short and one long, it is the trade of the world for hundreds of
northwest. years. Several methods are. employed in
a collecting sponges. In comparatively shal
GREATEST INDIVIDUAL EXHIBITION low water they are hooked up with a har-
IN HISTORY. poon. At depths of from 180 to 240 feet
they are dived for. At depths of from
The Krupp cannon foundry is preparing 300 to 600 feet they are dredged for with
the greatest individual exhibit in the his- nets. The primitive method of diving is
tory of expositions for the Westphalian most popular in the Levant. The diving is
arts exhibition, which opens at Dusseldorf done with no other apparatus than a slab
in May. It will be the first display ar- or stone to serve as a sinker and a cord
ranged by the great cannon builder since to communicate with the surface. The
the Chicago World’s Fair. The cost will diver on reaching the bottom hastily ———

be more than $1,190,000. The exhibition snatches up as many sponges as possible

will be replete with types of monstrous throws them into a net and then tugs
war weapons. At one end of the pavil violently at the cord and is drawn to the
ion will be the prow of a German battle- surface.
ship, bristling with guns aa

——__—.¢---—___$___ NEW DEVICE FOR TAKING SOUNDINGS.

WILL SAVE BURNED THUMBS. board, with an overhead canopy carrying
the plugs and jacks, as opposed to the
more common vertical boards. The opera- A new device for taking soundings will
Popping corn is usually retnembered for
tor’s telephone sets, unlike the American be used in determining the route of the
several days following by deep blisters near
practice, have breast-plate transmitters, projected Pacific cable. It consists of a
the end of the right thumb. A Cincinnati
while the headgear receivers are similar to large iron cylinder, topped by a cone and
those used in this country, says the West- containing air. It is hermetically sealed,
tern Electrician. except when the cylinder is immersed.
To make the receivers and transmitters Then water flowing into the cylinder and
through a tube has access to the cone con-
as light as possible, they are constructed of
elumivnrm. The accompanying illustration taining the air. Working on the principle
man“has taken out a patent to prevent of hydraulics and gravitation it is possible
shows the arrangement of one of the oper-
further trouble. A rod extends from the to drop the cylinder to a reasonable depth
ator’s sets. The instruments were made in
wire basket to the end of the handle, and and the pressure is indicated on a dial
Christiana, Sweden.
by drawing the rod the lid of the popper attached to the cone. When the cylinder
is raised. is drawn up, by taking the pressure and
<> ——_——
The collection of lake trout eggs in the depth and making the proper computa-
The largest sum ever spent in improv- Lakes Superior and Michigan by the Com- tions, the total depth of the sea at that
ing one street was $14,800,000, on the Rue mission of Fisheries last year aggregated point is determined.
de R voli, Paris. New Cannon street. Lon 224,000,000 eggs, from which 19,000,000 fry The soundings are to be taken from near
don, cost $14,750,000. were hatched. San Francisco to the Hawaiian Islands,
 22, 1902.
March22 POPULAR MECHANICS 173

thence to the Ladrones and from there to TELEPHONE OVER THE ALPS FOR THE TAKE PHOTOGRAPHS BY MOONLIGHT.
the Philippines. The Titus, a 120-ton sea FIRST TIME
going tug,istobeused in thework. Sound J. F. Kates, the secretary Y. M
ings will be taken every half hour with C. A. at Winona, Minn., is an enthusias
Greetings by telephone over the Alps
the tug going at six miles an hour. tic photographer and the m recent of
aisicaccesiiadiaaia on were sent for the first time last month
his. interesting experiments is a very suc-
The Italian minister of telegraphs, speaking
SHADE FOR SCORCHERS. cessful photograph taken at midnight by
at Turin, wished President Loubet a
Happy New Year, talking over a distance the light of the moon. We reproduce one
Now the scorcher will have no excuse of 500 miles The connection extends to of these pictures herewith The original
for stopping to rest: in the shade for he the towns of Northern Italy, T urin, Milan photograph from which we made the et
can carry it with him all the time. A

Rochester man has invented a canopy to

attach to the steering post of a bicycle.
The canopy is pointed in front to cut the
air and view holes are provided on each
side.
nine

ROCK AND KEEP COOL.

For people who are too old to travel under

the bicycle canopy, L. M. Sartrain of Tracy
City, Tenn., has invented a summer breeze
attachment to the ordinary rocking chair.
ENGRAVED FROM PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN BY MOONLIGHT

0
a and Bergamo. Next year the telephone graving could not easily be distinguished
is expected to be’ in service between Paris, from any excellent day-time picture.
Florence, Ancona and Rome. In two or Mr. Kates writes us as follows:
— three years it is expected that an extension “It was taken on the night of Friday.
will be made to Naples and Southern Italy January 31, from the tower of the associa-

’, <<
_
a>
>

DEFECTS IN TORPEDO BOATS.

tion building, with an exposure of an hour
and thirty minutes. The time was at about
the full of the moon, but the night was
Defects have been discovered in the 16 cloudy, so that the moon could merely be
An air pump is fastened tu the back of the
torpedo boat destroyers and 12 torpedo boats located. On Wednesday night preceding
chair and is worked by rocking back and a view was taken in which two hours and
recently built and still under construction
forth. The air is discharged through a thirty minutes exposure was made upon
which it is thought will necessitate a
pipe which can be adjusted in any direction a slow ordinary plate. The halation from
thorough overhauling of the entire 28
desired. the arc lamp at the entrance of the build-
—_————2@---@—__—_—_—__
boats. The chief trouble lies in over dis-
placement, which will necessitate a consid ing was bad, and the hills in the back
TO DELIVER TRAIN ORDERS. ground were lost the above view
erable curtailment in the weights of the For

ordnance, engineering and equipment de a non-halation plate was used giving better
B. E. Andress, Port Alleghany, Pa., is results in less time under less favorable
partments. Some of the vessels are said
the inventor of an instrument by which conditions.
to be 40 tons over the required displace- The lights in the library, the
train orders may be delivered to conductor dashes of light on the trolley wire made
ment. As speed is the important require-
ment in a torpedo boat, overweight is neces- by the passing cars, the rope of light made
5 sarily a serious defect. by the electric head lights of the cars. the
—__-_.>o-—_— nest of guy wires and distant twigs of
trees will be noticed with interest. The
A Nebraska editor stated that a certain
girl’s breast was filled with rage, and that heavy coat of snow on the ground aided
or engineer while their train is in motion.
wise guy, the printer, got it “rags,” and much in reflecting the light of the sky
It consists of a rod at the end of which
——_--~>
+> --—”
is a hoop to be grasped by the hand or now the editor is camping out on a rise
caught by thrusting the arm through. The northwest of the town where he can get Automobiles across the Caucasus for
orders are placed in an envelope, which a good view of the landscape from four carrying Russian mails are to supplant the
is held by a snap. different directions —Exchange present transport post-horses
 74 POPULAR MECHANICS March 22, 1go2.

A TRACKLESS TROLLEY CAR COST OF LIVING INCREASED FORTY

In the Biela Valley, Germany, may b

PER CENT
Live Agents Wanted
os AT es
een in daily operation a most interesting he cost of living has incveased 40 per
ind unique trolley cat he vehicle itself cent in the United States since July 1 Liberal Compensation
more like an omnibus than a street car, 1897 (he tairest way to determine the eo Ge o
and operates by an _ electric motor con cost of living from the range of prices for
POPULAR MECHANICS
Journal Building $3 Chicago

TO IMPROVE RAILROAD TERMS.

Familiar vernacular of rails is to be

abolished on the Northwestern railroad at-
ter April 1, and even a greater degree of
politeness, good English and general civil-
ity among employes will be required than
ever before. “Whistle signals” must here-
after be called “audible signals”; running
of trains is to be known as the “move-
ment of trains”; trains will not “break
apart,” but “part” or “separate”; “engin-
eers” will be known as “enginemen”;
“sidetracks” are to be called “auxiliaries”
instead of saying “we're sidetracked,” it
will now be “this train is on an auxiliary
waiting for a train or superior right to
pass”; “the hind end brakeman,” will be
“the man in charge of the rear end of the
train.”
————
FEAR LONDONERS WILL BECOME
BLACK.

German scientists have caused consid-

erable stir in England by predicting that
TRACKLESS TROLLEY CAR. Londoners are to become black because of
the influence of smoke and soot. One of
trolled by a motorman on the front plat such commodities as are the essentials of these scientists says:
form, who also steers the craft Electric individual and family consumption is to “A mud-laden river flows through the
current is taken from two overhead wires, find the figure representing,
the money value filth-coked city under a_ smoke-clogged
one of which carries the return current. of the average per capita consumption, e€x- sky. The air that the Londoners breathe
which would ordinarily pass through the pressed in values. The figures in the fol- is tinted with soot. The complexion of the
rails of the track. lowing table deal with the unit of the average Londoner is becoming more and
Our illustration and data 1s taken from average per capita consumption, expressed more sallow, and in the not distant future
the Street Railway Journal of March 1, in values:
London men and women will _ be black
which gives a complete description. The
through absorption of dirt and soot pig-
line was built at a cost of about $5,000 per Bread- Dairy and Other
stuffs. Meat. garden food. ments.
mile, and the perfect condition of the | re $13.51 $7.34 $12.37 $8.31
Jan. 1. 1899. 13.82 7.52 11.46 9.07 Prof. William Allen Pusey of Chicago
highways enable the car to run at eight BG Wve iccsvcaeues 13.2 © 7.25 1270 = 9.20
GM Mca sinesesavess 14.49 841 15.56 9.50 says that the Londoners are in no danger
miles an hour. The car carries 18 seated Jan, 1, 1902........5...5 20:00 9.67 16.2 8&9
Jan. 1, 1898
omar
meee.
Metals.
aT
Misc’).
12.11
Total
70.94 He said “What has made people black or
passengers and 6 on the platform; it is Jan. 1, 1899. 14.15 11.84 12.54 86.42
Sh Ms BD cceseccges 17.48 18.09 16.31 % 20
brown or yellow? It has been nature’s
lighted by electricity and at night an elec- Jan. 1, 19C. 16.02 15.81 15.88 95.69 effort in protecting them from tropic and
tric headlight is-carried in front Jan. 1, 1902. 15.55 15.38 1679 101.59
semi-tropic suns All men were white in
The car takes no more power on mak- Se ECE the beginning and were darkened to a
ing a curve than on straight road, in this
Flying :s not a 20th century idea. In greater or less degree by being tanned from
respect having an advantage of cars which
1273 Friar Bacon predicted that flying exposure to the sun.
run on rails; but twice the power is re- oe --
quired to move the car that would be would “shortly” become a general prac-
tice. Bishop Wilk'ns in 1652 said: “Tt Prof. Birkeland, of Sweden, is con-
necessary on a fail track. This loss. how
will yet be as usual to hear a man call for structing a cannon with electric magne-
ever, is offset by the saving in interest
his wings when he is going on a journey tism as the motive power, instead of ex-
which would be paid for the cost of lay- plosives.
as it is now tu hear him call for his A small model of the inventior.
ing tracks, and of course there are no
boots.”’ throws projectiles weighing a pound with
tracks to keep in repair.
great force.
\ small trailer wagon is hauled when
there are trunks or packages to carry Emperor William of Germany carries In the United States the number of
——
-~ oe. -- a hte insurance of $5,000,000. King Ed- miles of railway in proportion to the num-
Germany is the best educated nation in ward VII is insured for $3,000,000, and the ber of inhabitants is nearly double that
Europe Czar of Russia for $8,700,000 of any any other country of the world
 March 22, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 175
TRACK WHEELBARROW.
Why is your competitor so suc-

@ THE @ lo wheel a barrow heavily loaded over

railroad ties is no easy task, and yet this
cessful? Because he is using The
Elliott Card Index Addressing

FOUR-TRACK is what has been done for years. Now a Machine, and is mailing a good,
strong, persistent series of printed
matter.
Our catalogue is at your com-
mand.

THE ELLIOTT
ADDRESSING
MACHINE CO.
100 Purchase St., Boston
48 Dearborn St., Chicago
309 Broadway, New York

barrow has been made which has a grooved

| YOU have a workshop you need
wheel, which rides on the rail and can be
__A MONTHLY MAGAZINE The Model Maker. Send 2 cents
| OF TRAVEL AND EDUCATION moved with the least possible effort
Publish ed hy thé = * for one year to Box 156 Station B,
“étoe aoa Bs Department of the Se
Cleveland, Ohio
f : wan rae RAL t HUDSON RIVER B.R. STRETCHER BECOMES COT
JO CENTS
PER YEAR

Fifty cents a year. Send five cents for

ple conv to George H. Daniels, G. P.
asam-
‘A.. Grand
E.
vented
B.
a
Clifton
stretcher
of Withee,
for use
Kas.,
in
has
accidents,
in-
Chrisman’s Paraffine Paint
Central Station, New York. provided with adjustable legs which can For iron bridges, fences and structural!
Mention Popular Mechanics. work; tin, steel, iron, felt or cotton
duck roofs. None better and few as
good. Cotton duck the coming roof.
MACHINERY, ENGINES PARAFFINE PAINT WORKS, ELDRED, PA
SHAFTING, »* » » PIPE.
Everything in wood and iron used in con-
structing and operating; new and second-
uand (rebuilt!, cheaper than you can buy
anywhere else. Write us first.
be let down and thus form a cot. It often
CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO., CHICAGO
occurs that the transfer of the patient PIONEER
Mention Popular Mechanics. from a stretcher
great pain and
to a cot is attended with
sometimes danger to the
LIMITED
patient. This is intended to obviate both. FAMOUS
TRAIN
HORSE HITCHING DEVICE.
OF THE
This is evidently the invention of a man WORLD
who could not find a post and had left
Our free Chicago---St. Paul---Minneapolis
let, “Are Your Hands
Tied?” tells you how to do it.
Zoos
THE ST. PAUL ROAD
(Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)
State subjectthat interests = :
EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
Bex 812, Seranton, Pa.
UNEQUALED
Mention Popular Mechanics.
Time tables, maps and information
furnished on application to

$1.95 UNION SUIT $1.95. F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent

Chicago
Workingmen’s Union Suits. Every Gar-
ment made to actual measure. Send his iron weight at home. The illustration
for directions for self-measurement.
We sell direct from the factory to the shows the operation which locks the wheels

Young Man
consumer and save all intermediate ex- by the movement of a lever.
pense of handling. You get this. Write
for catalog or call. —_9--e—___
UNION SUIT MFG. CO. Mrs. A. L. Bennett of Denver, one of
154 FIFTH AVE. (4th Floor) CHICAGO the finest shots in the West, took nearly
‘ ention Popular Mechanics. Are you interested in mechanical or
all the prizes at the recent Antonito tourna
ment, although she was the only woman architectural drawing? If you are,
Mention Popular Mechanics.
you need
contestant. Mrs. Bennett is also an ex
pert in the field, in trapping. ducking or
SCIENCE GAINS ANOTHER VICTOR '
FITS CURED
fishing. che Draftsman
or _____-

Write for Reference

Scientists of France are trying to accli
The new monthly. Send 50 cents
HOME TREATMENT CO., - 504 Stevens Building for six months to Box 136,
Indianapolis, Ind. mate the Isonandra gutta, the tree whic h
produces .gutta percha, indispensable to Sta. B. CLEVELAND, O.
Mention Popular Mechanics. the construction of submarine cables
 176 POPULAR MECHANICS March 22, 1902.
‘“‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents per
line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to

Attractions for Next Week.

a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
forwarded promptly without extra charge.

SPECIAL.
This is a day of hurry and brevity. The American people
FOR SALE—One 1-1 H. P. motor. One 1-8 have not got the time to pore over long, complicated, obtuse arti-
H. P. dynamo. Photos for stamp. Roy A.
Orihfield, Lincoln, Ill. cles to get the meat out of them. To keep up the pace they have
FOR SALE—Job lot new electrical goods got to get their knowledge by the quickest and easiest way pos-
given us to sell; list for stamp. We handle
everything electrical and at lowest prices. sible. That is the reason Popular Mechanics is published. It
Stamp for catalogue. Dept. N., T. Binford
Electric Works, 994 Washington Blvd., Chi- gets the meat out for you.
eago, Lil.
Is there light at the bottom of the sea? The brilliant color-
ENGINEERS, FIREMEN, MACHINISTS ing of fishes found at enormous depths tend to prove that there
and Electricians send for 40-page pamphlet
containing Questions asked by Examining Board is. Next week’s Popular Mechanics will contain an article
of Engineers to obtain Engineers’ license. Ad-
dress Geo. A. Zeller, Publisher, room 592 18 about it.
S. 4th St., St. Louis, Mo.
Few people realize the great danger of hand-shaking. Often
BUSINESS CHANCES. deadly, contagious disease is thus spread promiscuously. We
will have an interesting story about it next week.—Did you
FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE—122 acres all
plow land in McHenry county; well fenced;
know that your body is a veritable hot-house, in which various
od well and windmill; price $50 per acre.
ddress 400, Popular Mechanics.
kinds of flowers are continually growing? Such is actually the
fact.—The coming battle will be a conflict in the clouds; air
OKLAHOMA 150-barrel flour mill and three
elevators, all nearly new, on Rock Island Rail- ships will blow up whole cities by dropping explosives on them
road in center of wheat belt. The best of loca-
tions. Will sell at a bargain. Address A. E. from high above, and then there will be awful wars between
Stephenson, Enid, Okla.
opposing fleets of air ships; such are the predictions of Dr. H. G.
SALE—Locomobile runabout, nearly
FOR
new, $400. Address 402 Popular Mechanics.
Wells as told in the next issue—Would you like to know about
Robinson or Keene cor-
the greatest house-cleaning on record? It happened a few days
WANTED-—S8-foot
nice brake. Geo. E. Roesch, Aurora, III. ago. It was the first time the place had been cleaned in 400
WANTED—To buy a good second-hand en- years. In that one house-cleaning ten tons of dirt were removed
gine, modern type, of not less than 150 nor
more than 200-horse power. The Rood Lum- every day for eight months; 2,200 scrubbing brushes were used
ber Company, Columbus, Ohio.
every week and 5,000 pounds of soap.—Out in California they are
WANTED—Six second-hand round reels, one
horizontal bran duster, one centrifugal reel. using the sun’s heat as a source of power; the sun’s rays pro-
All suitable for 50-barrel mill. J. M. Matting-
ly, Hartfore, Ky. duced enough steam to pump 1,400 gallons of water per minute.—
bran duster and 50
Did you know that great brick and stone walls may be shaken
WANTED—Second-hand
or 6) horse-power steam feed pump. Sam How- and loosened by the playing of a violin?—A toy bird that can
ard, Howardstown, Ky.
FOR SALE—9 greenhouses, well stocked, 2
actually fly has been invented.—Now they are making car wheels
sectional steam boilers, potting sheds, etc., all
nearly new; dwelling house, barn, out build-
out of old United States currency.—-Cows were milked in a Con-
a
6
ings, 8 acres land, endless water supply, 1 hour
Christie, Flor-
necticut town to quench a fire.—There is a floating button factory
from New York City; $8,000.
ist, Somerville, New Jersey. on the Mississippi river which, instead of having the mussel
a HELP WANTED. shells brought to it, floats about in the water until it comes to a
bed of mussel shells and then goes to work manufacturing but-
WANTED—Young
houses. State
man
wages. M.
to assist in green-
Ullenbruch, Port tons.—We haven’t the space to mention half the interesting
Huron, Mich. things in next week’s issue of Popular Mechanics. It is getting
WANTED-—tTailor
Address Pettis Dry
(ladies’); first-class man,
Goods Company, Indian-
so that nearly everybody likes to read it.
apolis, Ind,
~“WANTED—Cabinet makers to work on
store fixtures. A. Gutmann & Co., 149 E.
Chicago av., Chicago, Ill.
SHEET METAL WORKER and genoa job-
POSITIONS
WANTED. ber at inside and outside
WANTED—A first-class electrotype molder work; 2 ears’ -
HARNESSMAKER—Good, rience; steady sition in country? desired.
or finisher; wages $18 for 54 hours. Crane & single preferred, Chas. Willis, 428 West Highteenth street, New
©Oo., Topeka, Kas.
for all-around work; at once. H. Becker & York.
AUSTRALIA—Band saw filer and sawyer for Son, Polo, UL TINSMITH, first-class, having twelve years:
Australia. Expense of trip paid. Time to experience in cornice and furnace work, also
ENGLAND—Can accept the agency for a able to estimate on all styles of work; coun
begin on arrival at destination. State wages few lines of American manufacture in British
expected for one year’s engagement. Board try, town in Central States preferred. “P. A.
Isles and Continental Europe. Can furnish C.,” care Columbian
and lodging furnished. Refer to last employer. references. Montague Cohen, 39 Paradise Novelty Company, 921
Address Allis-Chalmers Company, Milwaukee, Franklin avenue, St. Louis, Mo. p
street, Liverpool, Eng.
Wis. ASSAYER AND CHEMIST—A du
* PLUMBER, a wishes work in city the Colorado School of Mines, with a ¥-}
PRINTER—To revive paper in R. R. town on or country; wages moderate. W. Kelly, 307 years’ constant practice at ore-sampling and
shares; material furnished; owner suddenly East Sixtieth street, New York. chlorination plants in Colorado. C. M. P
blinded; will trade at half cost. Address Salt Lake City, Utah. oe
“Commercial,’’ Crothersville, Ind. CUBA-—I will locate in Havana this year
and want a general representation for
MACHINE HANDS—Wood;
steady work, good wages,
first-class,
stock cutter pre-
Popular Mechanics chinery, tools and hardware specialties:
acquainted with languages an
ma-
wel!
customs; ref-
ferred. Original Mfg. Co., Evanston, Ill. erences; bond if necessary. ©. S. Lawrence
GOOD TO READ Box 814, New Orleans, La. ;
MEXICO—Experience man wants position in UNDERTAKER-—Young
the implement business in Mexico. Speak GOOD TO THINK ABOUT single man of five
years’ experience in the furniture and under-
Spanish and am well acquainted with the taking business.
trade. Address T. E. Bramel, Lewipton, GOOD TO TALK ABOUT soagee. Address
Will furnish
Fred L. Griswold,
any state
Delton
Idaho. he
al
FA
ee
Mich. F

7
if
t
j
‘
 “WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT."

POPULAR MECHANICS
An Illustrated Weekly Review of the Mechanical Press of the World

Vou. I. No. 12 CHICAGO, MARCH 29, 1902. Price 5 Cents.

Six Hundred Feet This Monster Dragon Long

Within, Three Hundred Men to Carry Him, Belong--He Writhes,
Spits Fire, Is Fierce in Every Way--and is the Chief
Essential for a Chinese New Year’s Day

CHINESE DRAGON, RELIGIOUS FESTIVAL, CHINESE NEW YEAR, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

IN THIS ISSUE:

Wonderful Inventive Genius of the Chinese. Birds are Skilled Surgeons.

Great Lakes Being Drained of Fish.
Electricity for Boys: How to Make a Telephone.
Mechanics for Boys: How to Make a “Boy” Kite.
Navigating the Air With a Sky Cycle.
Light at the Bottom of the Sea.
Gun Sight that is Unerring.
New Telegram Sending Machine.
Boat Launching Device.
Sun’s Heat as a Source of Power.
Fifty-three Articles; 28 Illustrations.
Building a Railway Underground.
Give Infants Water.
How Snails are Raised.
Nile Dam Will Reclaim Vast Area.
Pneumonia Not Result of Taking Cold.
How Prunes are Dried.
Coaling a Battleship at Sea.
The Myth of the Moundbuilders.
Cannon to Prevent Thunderstorms.
; y Of

FOR SALE BY ALL NEWSDEALERS

 176 POPULAR MECHANICS March 29, 1902.

WONDERFUL INVENTIVE GENIUS OF

THE CHINESE.

Their Skill Has Helped to Enlighten All

the World Except China Itself.

Wit the mechanical and inventive

genius often displayed by Chinese, especial
ly on festive occasions, it is somewhat re
markable that their nation has made so
little progress and is so far behind in mod
ern improvements. To the Chinese we are
indebted for the discovery of gunpowder
and the invention of firearms, yet China
is the most defenseless nation in the world
China and not Italy, as told in the Popular
Mechanics of Feb. 8, gave to the world the
compass, the greatest boon to the sailor, yet
China has the poorest sailors of any na-
tion. Printing was common in China long
before it was known to the outer world.
yet the Chinese are furthest behind in this
CHINESE GARDENER’S HOVEL.
art, there being less printing done in
China today and fewer publications read by Chinamen, was borne through the motley costs anywhere from $3,000 to $5,000. It
Chinese than by any other nationality. A streets of Chinatown. An idea of the ap- is carried by Chinamen who walk inside
fiundred other inventions and discoveries pearance of this wonderful dragon may be the beast, their feet only being exposed.
that had their origin in China might be obtained from our illustration on the title Several leaders walk beside the head and
mentioned. They have served to en page. with great tridents go through all the mo-
tions of keeping the dragon in the middle
of the street in spite of his constant at-
tempts to get to one side or the other.
Yet with their ability to get up such
magnificent conceptions the Chinese home
in San Francisco is quite devoid of the
picturesque. They live in most miserable
hovels, such as is shown in our illustration
of the Chinese gardner’s home. His dailv
avocation is pursued with equipment of the
most mediaeval type, as may be seen from
ee
me
the picture of the Chinese peddler. He
spends much of his time reclining on a
dirty couch in a dingy room smoking his
opium pipe. It has been said that the
Chinaman has a larger brain than a person
VEGETABLE SELLER. of any other nation, and men have de-
lighten all the rest of the world except the These dragons are from 300 to 600 feet clared that if China would once wake up
Chinese. Their civilization is the oldest in long, the backs made of polished metal and develop her latent strength she could
existence and yet they are the furthest be- which overlap each other, and the sides of defy the combined forces of all the other
hind in civilization. In the firecracker ornamental silk. A well developed dragon nations of the world.
every child is given an example of Chinese
inventive genius. Table wares and vases
silks, laces and other fine fabrics of China
antedates those of any of our most civi-
lized nations.
One need go no further than San Fran-
cisco to obtain an idea of this same genius
inherent in the Chinese. The Railroad
Trainmen’s Journal has furnished us with
interesting illustrations of the Chinaman’s
mode of life in that city. There on the
Chinese New Year they exhibited a me-
chanical dragon that caused all the other
nationalities represented in San Francisco
to look on in amazement. More gorgeous
than anything of the kind ever exhibited at
the New Orleans Mardi Gras or on any
other festive event in America or in
Europe, the brilliant artificial fiery serpent
of interchangeable hue, blocks in length,
SMOKING OPIUM.
borne on the shoulders of gaily bedecked
March 29, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

COAL GREATLY IMPAIRED BY EXPOSURE. GREAT LAKES BEING DRAINED OF THEIR FISH.

That coal loses much of its combustible power from exposure Since the opening of the Chicago Sanitary canal, when the
is a fact well known to several railroads and manufactories, but Chicago river was made to reverse its course and become an out
which is not realized by most of them. It is impaired in quality let of Lake Michigan, the Illinois river, into which the canal
by certain chemical changes as well as by the moisture it ab- empties, has become stocked with fish as it never was befor
sorbs. Harlan J. German, Wymore, Neb., in the Railway Age Fish from the lake that formerly could make their way no fur
Says:
ther westward than Lake Michigan’s western bank are now
“Good coal is made bad and bad coal worse by exposure to all drawn into the Chicago river by the river current and carried
kinds of winter weather. The lower the percentage of fixed car- in wholesale quantities down the stream into the Illino ind
bon that coal contains, the more moisture it can absorb. Bitumi- Mississippi rivers. They are hurled over the bear-trap dam at
nous coal obtained from Western mines, having 45 per cent of Lockport, after which there is no possible way of their ever
fixed carbon, under ordinary conditions, contains from 6 to 12 getting back to the lake again. Many lake fishermen have ex
per cent of moisture. Tests of weathered coals shows that by pressed the fear that this continual drain on the Great Lakes’
exposure this amount may be increased 50 per cent. Thus coal fish supply will eventually depopulate them of their finny tribe
which originally contained 12 per cent of moisture may, when The accompanying illustration shows how fish are now being
exposed to the weather by improper storing, contain 18 per cent caught in huge quantities along the Illinois river. In the single
of moisture. This means that about one-sixth of the weight of haul of the net, photographed for this cut, nine tons of fish were
the coal, or 350 pounds in each ton, is water, which must be caught. The net is the largest ever operated on the Illinois

HAULING NET 5,300 FEET LONG.—RESULT, 9 TONS OF FISH.

evaporated from the coal after placing it in the firebox of the
engine before combustion can take place. Under ordinary con-
ditions, with average bituminous coal containing 45 per cent of
fixed carbon, water requires about 12 per cent of its weight ir
coal for evaporation at 212 degrees. It would, therefore, require
about 42 pounds of coal to evaporate the moisture
tained in one ton of coal, of which the percentage
is 18 per cent. This means that over 2 per cent of such coal as
is improperly cared for is’ consumed in evaporating
moisture. Then there is the cooling of the heated gases
bustion, caused by so much moisture, the loss of time
ing, to say nothing of the effect of the chemical changes
coal has undergone during its long exposure
—__—__»-e____.
Mrs. Carrie Nation received a hatchet as a present from ar
eastern firm. She accidentally dropped it, cutting off the big
toe of her right foot. Although she smashed a joint, some of her
enemies will say that Mrs. Nation took a drop too much, and that
it has injured her standing.
river, being one mile in length and 26 feet deep. The net was
made by the Chicago Net and Twine Co., 79 East Indiana street.
the official supply house of the Illinois Fishermen's Association
The United States fish law provides that fish-ways shall be
constructed on either side of such dams to permit the fish to
alone con- swim back up stream, but so far the law has been disregarded
of moisture by the Sanitary canal trustees.
ee
its own
Emperor Menelik of Abysinia is building telephone lines be-
of com-
tween his capitol and the Italian setthement in Erythrea. Italy
in heat-
furnishes the wire and Menelik the poles, and any one caught
that the
cutting wires will have his right hand cut off and his property
confiscated to pay for the damage.
The Myers Transportation company of Pittsburg, Pa., has been
incorporated to build, operate and equip airships and to engage
in business of transporting passengers through the air. The
authorized capital stock is $100,000.
 180 POPULAR MECHANICS March 29, 1902.

ete, |
ed
*es™es*ea"s: on, and then two circular wooden discs are slipped on each
screw, whose outside diameter is 54g inch. They are for the
Easy Electrical Experiments Prof
purpose of forming heads for the coils of wire to be wound
upon the core. They should be % inch thick and should fit
FOR BOYS, tightly upon the screw. Make a hole in a block of wood of
haFeehD,
Pha
such a size that the screw will fit tightly in the holes. Screw
Anh ad Val ad edtedMed iene
it into the block until it projects 3%4 inch from the block. The
HOW TO MAKE A SIMPLE TELEPHONE. block simply serves as a handle by which to hold the coils while
winding and will be thrown away after it has served its pur-
CHAPTER XII. pose. Place the wooden heads in position upon the screw, and
A telephone is a source of never failing pleasure to one fond place them at such a distance apart that there is a clear space
of experimenting. Oftentimes, too, a telephone is of great con- of % inch between them. Wind this space full of No. 36
venience in affording easy communication between two widely double silk covered magnet wire. Remove the coil from the
separated points. The instrument is exceedingly sensitive, even block which has served for a handle, and there should now
when rudely constructed, and so simple that nearly every boy be a coil whose outside diameter is 4% inch, and whose extreme
should be able to make one. length is % inches with an iron core made of a screw which
There are three things that must enter into the construction projects % inch from one end. Proceed in a like manner with
of a telephone. These are (1) a permanent steel magnet; (2) a the other screw, forming a second coil exactly like the first
coil or coils wound upon the poles of the magnet, and (3) a one.
diaphragm of very thin soft iron held firmly by the edges so as These coils are to be held with the projecting end of the
to vibrate back and forth very close to the poles. ‘These three cores firmly clamped against the poles of the horse shoe mag-
things are shown in the sketch below, when H is the magnet, in net. This can easily be done by screwing the projecting ends
this case of the horseshoe form, and C represents the coils wound into a strip of hard wood, which is 2% inches long, % inch
upon two iron screws as cores, and D is a circular diaphragm wide, and a scant % inch thick. Bore two holes in this, 5 inch
of soft iron. To the above mentioned parts, essential to any tele- apart and equally spaced each side of the center of the strip
phone, we might add a fourth, namely, a mouthpiece shown at These holes should be of just the right size so that the iron
M, whose purpose is to concentrate any sounds uttered near the screws will fit them tightly. The screws should project a little
telephone upon the diaphragm. through the back of the wooden strip. The strip is then screwed
to the base wood board forming the back of the box first con-
structed, in such a manner that the screws are each held firmly
against the poles of the magnet. Connect one end of one coil
to one end of the next in such a manner that if a current should
flow through the coils it would go around one coil in a direc
tion opposite to that in which it goes around the other. Con-
nect the free ends to the binding posts shown.
3 The diaphragm D is of thin soft iron called ferrotype iron
J such as is commonly used by photographers. It can be pur-
chased at a photographic supply store. Cut out a circular piece
2% inches in diameter. Clamp it to the front of the cover cov
ering the hole cut in the latter. It is held firmly all around
its edges by a circular block of wood S, but this block must
eeen not touch the disc except at its edges. Hence it is cut awav
on the under side as shown. The diaphragm should be free to
vibrate at its center, and so it must not touch the ends of the
D ® iron screws around which the coils are wound, although it
4 ONE OF THE COILS
should be as close as possible to them.
The mouth piece M is made of heavy card board. The stiff
cover of a blank book is excellent material. It should be 2
FRONT VIEW VERTICAL SECTION inches in diameter at the large end, and % inches in diameter
MOUTHPIECE REMOVED THROUGH CASE at the small end. The cover of the box is fastened on by means
of small brass screws.
In the construction of such a telephone, first make a shallow >>>
ii
wooden box, 4% inches in length, 2% inches in width and 1 inch
deep, all measurements taken inside the box. The bottom of the Oil or tar is used as an auxiliary to coal on express loco-
box should be of %-inch whitewood, the sides of 44-inch wood motives for the Eastern Railway of France. Each injector allows
Fasten the box tightly together with glue and brads. Make a the burning of 220 pounds of tar per hour under good conditions
cover for the box, %-inch thick, and at one end cut out a hole 2 The tar receiver holds one ton.
inches in diameter. This hole should be midway between the
long edges of the cover and its outer edge should be % inch There is a surprising demand for American cotton fabrics and
from one end of the cover. yarns in Eastern Turkey, which at present the market is unable
The magnet used is a 3-inch horseshoe magnet, which car to supply.
easily be purchased at a hardware or electrical store for fifteen
cents. It is clamped to the bottom of the box just constructed Frank Rennicks, 8 feet 4 inches tell, 21 years old and still
by a wooden cleat shown at K, held by a screw at its center. The growing, was discovered in Europe by Frank C. Bostock, who
ends of the magnet should project a little above a line drawn brought him to America a few days ago for exhibition.
through the center of the hole in the cover.
The two coils are wound upon cores formed from two iron
machine screws. The size used is what is known as No. 10, and In Ashanti there grows a tree resembling in appearance the
they are about 3-16 inches in diameter by 1 inch in length, and English oak, which furnishes excellent butter. This vegetalile
with flat heads. They can be purchased at a hardware store. butter keeps in perfect condition all the year round in spite of
The screws should be covered with a layer of stout paper, glued the heat.
March 29, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 181

HOW TO MAKE A BOY KITE. splitting when the work of pasting begins. After the kite is
pasted and dry paint the buttons, hair, eyes, hands, feet, etc.,
A boy kite with bright colored coat and vest and gay striped
trousers standing high in the air always attracts attention and
affords splendid sport for the American youth in spring time.
In making a boy kite it should be remembered that the
larger the boy is the better he will fly. To construct the frame
two straight sticks, say 3% feet long, should serve for the legs

o
and body; another straight stick forms the spine and should
be about 2 feet 4 inches long. For the arms get a fourth
straight stick about 3 feet .3 inches long. Make the frame for
the head by bending a light, tough stick in a circle about 7
inches in diameter. Bind it tightly with a strong thread and
through its center run the spine. Then tack on the arm stick
three inches under the circle so that the spinal column crosses
the arm stick exactly in the center. Wrap tightly with strong
thread, and tack on the two sticks that are to serve for the
legs and body. The leg sticks should be fastened to the arm eee
stick about six inches on either side of the spinal column, and
crossed so that the other ends are three feet apart. Tack them
and the arm stick together at the point where they intersect.
Small hoops and crosses of wood of the same material as the
head frame should be fastened to both extremities of the arm Peewee

*
stick and the lower ends of the leg sticks for the hands and
feet. See that both hand frames are exactly alike, and exer-
cise equal caution regarding the foot frames; also see that the
arm stick is at exact right angles with the spine stick and that
the kite joints are all firmly tied and the kite evenly balanced;
otherwise it may be lopsided. Fasten on the strings of the FIG. I-—-KITE COMPLETE.

frame beginning at the neck at equal distances from the spine,

as indicated by the dotted lines in Fig 1. Extend a string as you desire. See Fig. 2. Arrange the breast band and tail
slantingly from the armstick to the head on both sides of the band and attach the kite string in the same manner as in the
spinal column, and run all the other strings as shown in the ordinary coffin-shaped kite.
cut, being careful that both sides of the frame correspond in
Sw ’
measurements.
FROM NEW YORK TO ST. PETERSBURG BY RAIL.
To cover the kite select different colors of paper to suit your
taste and after pasting them together lay the paper on the
Great Possibilities of the Trans-Alaskan Road, on Which Work
floor and placing the frame on it, cut out the pattern. Leave
Begins April ts.

Five years is given as the utmost time required for completing

the Trans-Alaskan railroad, which will almost make possible the
trip “around the world in parlor cars.” When the road is com-
pleted a person may travel from New York to St. Petersburg or
Paris entirely by rail excepting a thirty-mile transfer across
Behring strait in enormous steel lighters. The Age of Steel
says:
“Capitalists, engineers and explorers have completed the pre-
liminary work and have arranged to start building the Trans-
_Alaskan road April 15. The line, which will be 850 miles long
will open up one of the richest countries in the world, but more
interesting and spectacular than that is the certainty of its mak
ing what is practically an all-rail route to Asia. F. S. Granger
a Seattle capitalist, who is one of the promoters, said:
“The plans provide for a single track road from Illamna bay
inside of Cook’s inlet, to Port Clarence, on Behring strait, to
connect on this side with the steamers over the Trans-Alaskar
railway running from Seattle and on the other steel ferries to
make direct connection with the Trans-Siberian railroad. In
1907 one can go from San Francisco to St. Petersburg or Paris
in twelve or thirteen days; the old world and the new will be
brought together, and great mineral and agricultural lands will
be thrown open and greater wealth than one dreams of will be
,”
reaped.
=
FIG, I-—THE FRAME. —"—>

Dr. Charles M. Thomas, of Philadelphia, has succeeded in sup-

an edge of one-half inch all round and make a slit in this edge plying a patient with a new set of eyelids by grafting skin taken
every six inches and at each angle; make the slits two inches from the patient’s lips. The patient lost both the lower and
apart around the head. This is to prevent the paper from upper eyelids by being enveloped in a burst of flame.
 POPULAR MECHANICS March 20, 1902.

Popular Mechanics
H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher
Journal Building, - - - Chicago

SUBSCRIPTION
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
ES Uilindiine ih eee nad eae ne WAN nae eked wanes k Care $2 00
Foreign Countries, post paid.........................4.. 3 00
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan-
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pul-
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication Is given, it indicates we have used prac
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro-
} ure from its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date.
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
‘ountry by Saturday morning. SKYCYCLE, AFTER 20 MILES VOYAGE, AT BROCKTON, MASS.

Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter. by wires leading to the ground. This ship was called the Elec-
Address, trical Aerial Torpedo, and was steered by electric devices con-
POPULAR MECHANICS trolled through wires. It carried no passengers, but was built
Journal Building, - - Chicago to demonstrate its ability to carry and drop dynamite in military
operations. It travelled in all over 600 miles while on exhibition
Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class. at a speed of from § to 15 miles per hour.
— ++
A SKY-CYCLE. LIGHT AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA.

There is a rapidly growing interest in navigation of the air-
and it is by no means improbable that within the next ten years
vehicles for aerial travel will be as common as automobiles to-
day.
Carl E. Myers, who has a balloon farm at Frankfort, N. Y.-
writes in the Automobile Review of some of his experiments
’ He calls his strange craft a “sky-cycle,” or gas kite, which is a
The brilliant coloring of fishes at the bottom of the sea leads
Charles C. Nutting to believe that light penetrates the water to
that depth. He suggests the idea that it is phosphorescent light.
In Harper’s Magazine he says:
“Nothing has impressed me more profoundly than the rich
and varied colors of the animals as they appear in the dredges-
trawls and tangles, fresh from their home in the depths. Indeed
any one would be struck with the rose-colored fishes, crinoids
decked in brilliant yellow and purple, sea urchins with scarlet
and white spines and vellow and chocolate tests, scarlet and white
crabs, anemones yellow, white and crimson, graceful plumulariar
hydroids with fronds of. golden yellow, and most beautiful of all
perhaps, the exquisite pentacrini, or “sea lillies,” usually of
delicate hues, but sometimes a rich yellow. These colors are
not meaningless, and there is but one plausible explanation for
their widespread occurrence in the bottom of the sea, and that
is the presence of some sort of light even at the greatest depths
We find coroboration in the study of the inhabitants of caves.
Those which live in total darkness are almost uniformly color-
less.”
ee

AERIAL BATTLE IN THE YEAR 2000.

H. G. Wells in his new book, “Anticipation,” describes a battle

in the clouds according to his predictions for the year 2000.
After describing the havoc that the fleet of air ships, too high
up to be seen, will work on cities, he says:
“Between flying machine and flying machine it will be a flight
of hawks complicated by bullets and little shells. They will rush
GAS KITE PROPELLED BY BICYCLE PEDALS AND HAND CRANKS.
up and up to get the pitch of one another, until the aeronauts sob
combination of balloon and bicycle. The gas bag is made in the and sicken in the rarefied air and the blood comes to eyes and
shape of an inverted boat from which is suspended a frame fitted nails.
with bicycle saddle and pedals to drive the propeller. It is “The marksmen below will strain at last, eyes under hands, to’
steered by the inclination of the body; leaning forward to de- see the circling battle that dwindles in the zenith.
scend, backward to ascend, and to the right or left as on a “Then, perhaps, a wild, adventurous dropping of one close
bicycle. He has made several hundred voyages and without any beneath the other, an attempt to stoop, the sudden splutter of
accident to himself or air ship. Such a machine complete ready guns, a tilting up or down, a disengagement. What will have
to sail can be built for $500, and weighs only 75 pounds. He is happened? One combatant, perhaps, will heel lamely earthward.
now at work perfecting a light gasoline engine, which he expects dropping, dropping, with half its bladders burst or shot away-
to introduce the coming summer. while the other circles down in pursuit.”
He also exhibited at St. Louis in 1900 an air ship 13 feet long Such will be the opening phase of the war that is speedily to
driven by a small electric motor current, to which was supplied come.
 March 29, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

GREATEST HOUSE CLEANING ON RECORD the old-time sender is done away with, thus giving the only prac-
tical relief to men who have “lost their
}
grip ]
ut ’
find
? ]
it neces
Palace of the Pope Swept and Scoured Throughout for the First sary to continue in service
Time in 400 Years.

h For the first time in 400 years the Vatican has had a house
cleaning. The work, which has just been completed, required
eight months. The papal castle is a collection of separate build
ings occupying a ‘space of 384 yards in length and 256 yards in
breadth. The number of its chambers, halls and galleries ex
ceeds 11,000. Five thousand house-cleaners, nearly half of whom
were scrub women, were employed. To keep this mass of work
people in order 700 overseers were appointed. Ten tons of dirt
a day were removed; 2,200 scrubbing brushes were used up
weekly ; likewise 5,000 pounds of soap, 2,000 pounds of soda and
8,000 brooms. The work cost nearly $250,000. The house flan
nels contributed by the Irish Catholics amounted to 100 bales and
would clothe 10,000 people. The prevailing unsanitary conditions
of the Vatican is believed to have been due to the absence of the This instrument was invented by Charles Shirley, manager of
female element in the palace the operating department of the Postal Telegraph Company, 1p
SSeS ee
New York City.
GUN SIGHT THAT IS UNERRING.

New Invention That May Make Every Man a Crack Shot.

A new rifle sight which, it is said, will make every man who CONTACT
uses it a crack shot has been invented by Sir Howard Grubl,
The apparatus consists of a small sheet of semi-opaque glass
upon which is engraved a cross. In looking through the sight
the marksman apparently sees this cross projected on the object AQvUSTMENT
1G
at which he is firing. It is more difficult for him to miss than
to hit the target when once he has become acquainted with the

rhe small cut shows the portable instrument, which can be

carried from table to table, the operator always using the same

simple methods of firing. In the dark the cross which guides

the marksman’s eye is illuminated. The invention is expected to
work wonders in armies where poor shots are numerous.
ee
NEW TELEGRAPH SENDING APPARATUS.

To the casual observer the telegraph instruments used in Bos

ton, Chicago and San Francisco look alike. In fact the general
principle is uniform and the use of the rubber button “key” is
general. In sending the message the electric current is “broken”
"4 into short and long impulses like hyphens and dashes, and by
combinations of these short and long sounds the alphabet is
made and words spelled out. In sending the operator is obliged
to use a certain set of muscles so constantly that they become instrument. The second cut shows the sender with cover re-

greatly fatigued, and frequently what is known as “telegrapher’s moved to reveal inside mechanism, the third cut the device in
use.
paralysis.” Sometimes this becomes permanent; then the oper
> o>
tor finds his occupation gone.
To obviate this disease and by a mere genera) distribution of ‘The old style of Greek architecture is dead,” declares Prof
the work among the muscles of both the arm and hand, a new O. L. Triggs of the University of Chicag It not useful and
sending device is being made by Foote, Pierson & Co., of New consequently is not beautiful. The fine arts are gradually dying
York. The first experience the operator has when using this out. Socialization in art, which means the fusion of the beauti
“Twentieth Century” sender is a pain in the muscles of the upper ful and useful, is the new movement which is crowding the art
arm, proving at once that the rigid and contracted movements of of centuries ago out of existence.”
 154 POPULAR MECHANICS March 29, 1902.

BOAT LAUNCHING DEVICE. healthy man there are between 60 and 70 $100,000,000 worth of currency was can-
various species. celled and converted into car wheel filling.
It is one thing for a ship to be fully At birth man is not inhabited by any >>
equipped with life boats to use in emer- microbes, but immediately afterward the SUNS’ HEAT AS A SOURCE OF POWER.
gencies, but quite another to be able to surface of the skin and the mucuous mem-
make use of these boats. To launch a branes are rapidly populated. The germs
Harnessing the sun’s rays for the genera-
small boat during a panic on board ship or derive their sustenance from the air and
tion of steam is a new and_ remarkable
achievement in California. By utilizing
the heat energy which comes from the sun
steam of sufficient forces was produced to
pump 1,400 gallons of water per minute
against a head of 12 feet. This was ic-
complished by means of a solar motor
erected at the ostrich farm at South Pasa-
dena, Cal. A reflector was built in the
shape of a huge open glass umbrella, 22
feet in diameter. The parabolic reflecting
surface, 640 square feet, says the Metal
Worker, is always automatically turned
toward the sun by means of clock work.
so that the rays are focussed in rings or
the central tube or boiler, which takes the
place of the stick in the umbrella. The
boiler is a tubular one, holding about 100
gallons of water. At a test 192 gallons of
water per hour was evaporated, forming
steam of 150-pound pressure. The motor
is rated at about 15 horse-power and cost
$2,500. The apparatus is used for pumping
water for irrigation purposes.
—
cia ,
ARMY HAS WIRELESS TELEPHONES.

NEW BOAT LAUNCHING DEVICE. The signal corps of the United States
army has succeeded in sending messages
while 2 fierce storm is raging is a most dif- from the water which is used to bathe the by telephone without the use of wires.
ficult task. To facilitate boat launching at infant. The messages, it is said, were sent 480
_—™~
such times has engaged the inventive — ~ i
feet, and better results are expected in
genius of Wilbur F. Powers, of Seattle FLOATING BUTTON FACTORY. the near future. The system is practically
Wash., and we illustrate his device. By the same as that employed by wireless
ee
EE his apparatus a boat is swung out from the A floating button factory has been put in telegraphy, but is necessarily more deli-
ship and lowered automatically by ropes operation on the Mississippi river. Instead cate; as words must be produced instead
wound on drums, which not only drop it in of having the raw material hauled to the of dots and dashes. The signal corps has
the sea properly, but prevent the waves factory this factory goes to the raw ma- been making practical use of wireless
dashing the small boat against the ship terial. It is in the shape of a boat 42 feet telegraphy at San Francisco for nearly
Before fully lowering the boat is loaded long and 12 feet wide, says the Canadian two years, a fact that is not generally
through a narrow gangway, which restricts Engineer, fitted with all machinery neces- known.
the passage to one person at a time. sary for the manufacture of buttons and ao
-_-?>

The device is operated by electric motors. a three horsepower engine. The buttons THE AUTOMOBILE PLOW IS HERE.
one set for each boat, and all controlled by are made of mussel shells. It used to cost
wires from a central station on the bridge. heavily to transport the shells to the fac-
At last the automobile plow has come:
When the boat with its load is safely tory. Now the boat floats along until a
bed of mussel shells is found when it drops but it was invented by Dr. Richard J.
launched the lowering arms automatically
its anchor and goes to work. When the Gatling, of St. Louis, and so is called the
release it and then the sailors use the oars
Oe -:O—
bed is exhausted it starts out in cuest of “Gatling” Motor Disc plow. It is ex-
FLOWERS GROW IN THE HUMAN BODY. another. pected to revolutionize the science of farm-
>-o i ing, says the Age of Steel, as much as
In every human body there are large PAPER MONEY MADE INTO CAR the Gatling gun revolutionized the meth-
tracts overgrown with a snecies of flower, WHEELS. ods of warfare. The plow is operated by
says Dr. Elias Metchnikoff, the well known
steam. It may use coal, wood, oil or
Zoologist and Entomologist As a general Millions of dollars in United States cur-
gasoline for fuel. A wheat drill may be
thing these floral growths make their ap- rency is macerated every month and made
attached and the grain sown as the soil is
pearance between ten and twelve hours into car wheels. It makes one of the best
filling known for wheels used by the turned. The motor may be separated from
after the birth of the child. They are a
kind of vegetable microbe. American railroads. This is not circulat- the plow and used for all kinds of heavy
ing currency that is thus transformed into hauling. The plow, which is a_ huge,
Dr. Mueller of Berlin has described
rolling stock, however, but cancelled bills many pointed device, and operated by one
more than 30 species of vegetable life which
inhabit the cavities of the mouth. When of all denominations. The old bills are pre- man can accomplish as much in a day as wert

the infant is weaned the number of these pared into a pulp and sold to the wheel 40 men with 80 horses using old-fashioned
microbes becomes still greater. In a manufacturers for $40 a ton. Last year plows.
 March 29, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 155

VIOLIN PLAYING INJURES WALLS. EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE ON BUILDING A RAILWAY UNDERGROUND
FISHES.
Great Force of Vibrations Shakes Buildings One of the most interesting and exten
and Does Great Damage. Sawdust does not directly injure fish, ac sive engineering operations in progress any
cording to the discovery of Dr. Kingston, where today is that of the Great Northern
Violin playing often does serious dam- though it may interfere with their spawn and City Railway, London. This under
age to the walls of buildings, according to ing or food supply, says the Canadian En ground railway, or ||tube” as it called
an Indianapolis architect. The vibrations gineer. Trout can live in a tank of wate: there, is progressing rapidly, the work he
of a violin, he says, are something terrible where a quantity of sawdust is kept con ing prosecuted day and night lwo tun
in their unseen, unbounded force, and when stantly stirred. Waste water of paper nels are being built, one for each track
they come in contact with regularity thev mills is not dangerous if mixed with more The tunnels are about 60 feet below the
bear their influence upon structures of than ten times its volume of clean water; surface, and elevators will carry passen
stone, brick or iron. Of course it takes from gas works it is more poisonous, one gers from the street to the stations below
playing for years to loosen masonry or to
make iron brittle, but that result is ob
tained. It is the regularity of the vibration
that causes the damage. A frame building
would not be damaged, because the tim-
bers are flexible, but it is different with
masonry. The architect said:
“A dog can shake a suspension bridge.
There are some great and valuable bridges
which dogs are never allowed to cross ex-
cept when carried. You see, in that case it
is the regularity of the vibration that is
so powerful. The first step on the bridge
is not noticed so much, but every step
comes just alike, at the same interval aad
with the same firmness. The force gathers
momentum and each step makes the bridge
sway more. Raise one of your feet on tip
toe as you sit down and work the knee up
and down regularly and you will shake the
floor more than a whole room full of peo-
ple could by jumping.”
O00 ‘ ,

NEW YORK CENTRAL’S NEW

LOCOMOTIVES. >. 7 a 4.
" af
.
~ .
. a ~) = 7

a otf —
e- _
~ -_
~ : . . .:

SS
™ M . : : «> whe . > —s
yosd
Z OF ead os lo or ial: ‘ .
The “Central Atlantic” locomotives are —

the most powerful high-speed passenger wr .

locomotives ever built. It is true that the
New York Central has other locomotives,
in passenger service, which can _ haul VIEW INSIDE SHIELD ON STRAIGHT TRACK, SHOWING METHOD OF DRIVING.
heavier trains at slower speeds, but in
high-speed passenger service it is not so
much “brute force” that is reqiured, as part in two hundred being fatal; from nail The tunnels vary from 16 to 23 feet in
plenty of steam from the boiler to supply works the hydrochloric acid and iron is diameter.
the cylinders. Other things being equal- worse still, one part in a thousand being The manner of excavation is described

the greater the speed the greater the num- fatal, and as it is heavy and goes to thx fully in the Street Railway Journal, and 1s
her of times per minute the cylinders must bottom it reaches the fish feeding thers being done by means of a shield which
ee is driven forward as fast as the excavation
be filled with steam, and the “harder the
kettle must boil” to supply the steam.— COAL FIELDS OF THE UNITED STATES. is made. Iron rings are then bolted in
From Four Track News for March. place to form the tunnel. The shield is
“wr
-ww
— ~ ‘ The total coal areas of the United a steel cylinder 8 feet 9 inches long and
BIRDS ARE SKILLED SURGEONS. States, as will be shown in the ensuing is pushed forward by hydraulic power as
TP
RON 22nd annual report of the United States fast as the men remove the clay. Six men
Many birds possess the faculty of skill- Geographical survey, amounts to 280,397 can excavate at the same time
fully dressing wounds. Some will even set square miles, exclusive of Alaska and also The cars will be operated, lighted and
bones, taking their own feathers to form of vast areas of lignite coal. Of this area warmed by electricity, and will be con-
the bandages. A French naturalist writes about 55 per cent is producive. Pennsyl- structed of steel so as to be fireproof
that he has often killed birds that were. vania ranks seventh in area, but is prob- —_—4--e—___.
when shot, convalescing from wounds pre- ably first in production. There is ob- Pneumatic tube Srvice for mails and
viously received. In every instance he served a general movement of the coal parcel delivery may be installed in the big
found the old injury neatly dressed with westward; says Western Electrician a tunnel of the Illinois Telephone and Tele-
down plucked from the stem feathers and tendency due chiefly to the higher grade graph company in Chicago
skillfully arranged over the wound, evi- of the eastern coals. The region west of
dently by the long beak of the bird. In the rooth meridian; about half the area of An English professor says women are
some instances a solid plaster was thus the United States, Alaska excepted, con- incapable of learning the Chinese language.
formed, and in others bandages had been tains less than 20 per cent of the coal A Chicago editor, therefore, sugests that
applied to wounds or broken limbs. fields. this be made the universal language.
 186 POPULAR MECHANICS March 29, 1902.

given in teaspoonful doses twice daily the HOW SNAILS ARE RAISED.
first week of life and increasing in fre-
FOR THE MADAM. . :
quency and quantity every week till the Paris consumes 800,000 tons of snails
child walks and talks, says Osteopathic every winter. With Burgundy, the two
Health. Many mothers and many nurses departments of Savoy, are the greatest
HOW TO PREPARE POTATOES.
permit babies to parch up and die of suppliers. They are bought at the rate of
thirst. Many a doctor called to see a 8 to 9 francs ($1.80) per thousand. They
Stuffed—Select potatoes of equal size and sick infant at once detects this stupid error are first sent to Auxerre in order to be
shape, wash and scrub well and_ bake and prescribes only water. resold at Paris as coming from the vine
While they are still hot cut a piece off the yards of Dijon and Macon. Some intelli
oo
top of each, and with a spoon scoop out the gent speculators have a certain manner of
potato, leaving the skin unbroken. Mash PNEUMONIA AND EXPOSURE TO COLD. raising snails. They huddle them to-
and season, using a little hot milk and
gether in pans built of smooth planks
heating it well to make it light. Fill the It is years now since the medical profes coated with tar, in order that the molusk
skins with the mashed potato, letting it sion gave up the idea that exposure to cold may not be able to climb the length of the
rise a little above the top of the skin
was capable per se of giving rise to pneu- wall.
Place a piece of butter on the top of each. monia; we know that the disease is due In the olden times at Rome there were
and put them in the oven to get well heated to a specific micro-organism, says the N. Y raisers of snails who used degrees of re-
and slightly brown the top, or cut the Medical Journal. But the notion that “this finement that are now among the lost arts
baked potatoes in two, lengthwise, and
is good weather for pneumonia”—meaning It is thus that a certain Fulvius Merpinus.
when the skins are filled, smooth the po- cold weather—still holds almost unques- according to Pliny, nourished his snails
tato even with the skin; brush them with tioned sway among the people. It is said on flour and wine and they were particu-
egg and set in the oven to glaze. that the President’s son, ill with pneu- larly appreciated by the Roman epicures.
monia, has been in the habit of taking long >>
ne
ste tie oat
Note—This is the first of a series of walks in the country bare-headed, and that The British admiralty has contracted for
articles to appear on methods of preparing in this practice he has been joined by 2 the building of five first-class and two
potatoes. number of his school-mates. To this ex-
~~» third-class cruisers and two battle ships.
posure of the head to cold some _ news-
SKILLED WOMEN MARBLE CUTTERS. paper writers have felt inclined to attribute A cemetery devoted to dogs. cats and
the pneumonia. No argument is needed to other domestic animals is located on the
Deftness of woman’s hand has opened upset this theory; we have only to point Ile des Cheins, or Island of Dogs. in the
up for her a new field of livelihood—mar- to the experience of the pupils of Christ’s Seine river, near Paris.
ble cutting. Many women in the United Hospital, in London, commonly known as
States and Canada are engaged in the trade the “blue coat school’ on account of the A BEAUTIFUL WORLD'S FAIR
and some of them have acquired a_ skill garb worn by the boys. The small. blue BUILDING.
which, it is said, can scarcely be equalled worsted cap which has always formed part
of their uniform they seldom wear, having The Varied Industries Building is to be
by the masculine marble cutter. Among
cast it aside soon after the founding of the one of the most artistic of the Louisiana
those whose skill has won for them un-
school, in 1553. They are to be met with Purchase Exposition. It contains between
usual distinction might be mentioned Miss
Alice E. Rigg, of Windsor, Ont.; Miss in all parts of London at any season of the its building lines an area of 569,000 square
year and in all sorts of weather, always feet. Two interior open courts have an
Lucy J. Daniel, of Exeter, Mo., and Miss
area of 121,000 square feet, leaving a net
Pearl Sams, of Great Bend, Kan. hare-headed. This practice of theirs has
area of the building under roof of 448,000
>>
ini been going on for more than three hun-
square feet or 10.3 acres. .The mean
GIVE INFANTS WATER. dred years now, furnishing on a large scale
length is 1,060 feet, the width is 525 feet
experimental evidence against the notion
At the north front forming its central
Every infant needs water just as much that cold causes pneumonia, for the dis- feature is a tower 350 feet high and at the
as grown people. Milk and baby foods will ease has been no more rife among them south front opposite the tower is a dome
not take the place of it. It should be than among other school boys. 160 feet in height.

EVILDING-OF - VARIED: INDV

LOVISIANA: PVRCHASE- EXP “
1803 - ST-LOVIS- MISSOVRI - 1908 -
VAN BRYNT & HOWE ARCHITECTS KANSAS CITY MISSOVRI

ER? Bea Yao eeeaD: ST

-, MUUNEDee
7 Tithe
filpied i i
4 aH
f

"

#
March 29, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 187

MILK COWS TO QUENCH A FIRE. more than 1,000,000,000 tons of water. At MIXES CONCRETE WHILE HAULING
periods 900,000 tons a minute will gush
The well was 100 yards away and when a through the sluices The dam will rais« The use of cement and concrete work

fire broke cut in the hay barn of Joseph the river 66 feet above its previous level. has become almost universal Sidewalks

Dickinson of Woodbridge, Conn., a short

time ago all members of the family went
to work milking the cows and as fast cs
the milk was obtained it was thrown 07
the ‘lames. After several minutes’ hard
work the fire was extinguished, but ten
cows that were in the barn at the time
were badly burned. The fire was started
by a lantern, and as the hay was dry it
burned fiercely. Dickinson and an assist-
ant had just finished milking some of the
cows and there were 40-quart cans of milk
at hand, says the Western Fireman.
Dickinson and his man each seized one on”

of the cans and began pouring the milk

on the flames, at the same time giving the
READY TO LOAD
alarm. Other members of the family,
seeing the danger of the fire spreading, The openings of the sluices are to be lined foundations, railway bridges and _ even
set to work milking the remaining cows, with cast-iron 1% inches trick to guard houses are being made of cement. A prime
factor in successful cement work is good
mixing, for seldom is the cement used
alone, but with a large percentage of sand
or crushed rock
Much of the cement has to be moved a
considerable distance, and where this is
the case the mixing can be performed while
hauling. Fisher & Saxton, a well-known
engineering firm of Washington, D. C..
have devised a portable mixer which they
call the “Dromedary.” Our illustrations
give an excellent idea of the machine,
which is drawn by one horse. The crushed
rock, sand, cement and water are placed in
the dromedary, which is made to revolve
with the wheels which carry it, and wher
the destination is reached the machine is ~

opened and delivers perfectly mixed con-

crete ready to tamp and set. The machine os
———
was invented for street railway track work
in Washington, where objection was made
and soon with the additional milk tie against the impact of large volumes of to mixing the cement along the street - +8
flames were quenched. water at high velocity. oe ‘
> _—-
’ _-o> {
A continuous performance of “Uncle
NILE DAM WILL RESURRECT EGYPT. Thousands of dollars worth of Ameri Tom's Cabin” is to be one of the features
can false teeth have been smuggled inte of the St. Louis exposition
The great dam now being built across
the Nile at Assouan will have the effect of
resurecting Egypt from the grave-yards of
nations that are dead. It will bring under
cultivation 600,000 additional acres of land
Besides the dreaded floods and droughts
along the valley will be a thing of the past
An area of 5,000,000 acres will thus be- —

come second to no crop-producing land in

the world. Over the whole area the value
of summer crops will be increased $30 per
acre.
Two years have passed since the founda-
tion stone of the great dam was laid, says
the Age of Steel. It was bedded on a high
portion of solid rock. The massive wall aati ii”
has been steadily built up of ashlar gran-
DUMPING
ite, welding together the rocks which form
the first dangerous first cataract. The Canada for years past, according to dis- The United States courts have decided
length of the dam is 6,000 feet. It will closures recently made by the Dominiop that Edison is not the inventor of “mov
create a lake 144 miles long, impounding Customs authorities. ing pictures.”
 [Ss
POPULAR MECHANICS March 29, 1902.
RAISING PRUNES IN CALIFORNIA. pounds per year. The French prune is large sieve and hastily dipped in strong
gt ——
more generally grown in California than lye, then dipped in clear water and laid
One of the most lucrative industries of any other variety. It is a constant surprisc one layer deep in trays which contain about
California is prune-raising. As the Four- to housewives, says a western traveller, 60 pounds of green fruit. These trays
lrack News says, “California is literally ty find how many wholesome and delicious are then placed in the sun, as shown in
full of prunes.” The accompanying illustra- things can be made with prunes. There is our illustration. After drying, which re-
quires several days, the prunes are graded
by being run through a machine which
sorts them to three sizes. They are then
ready for packing and the market. Should
a rain occur, which is rarely the case at
this time of the year, the trays with dry-
ing fruit must be piled up one upon the
other and covered. It is not a small task
to pile up the many thousand trays which
are frequently seen at one time covering
5 acres of ground.

MAN’S BODY HIS MOST POWERFUL

MACHINE.

AL.
(
A human body is more powerful than
any machine of man’s invention. Physiolo-
gists calculate the work done by the body
in foot tons, a foot ton of work being rep-
resented by the energy required to raise
JOSE,
SAN
one ton weight one foot high. A _hard-
working man develops about 3,000 foot tons
a day in the work involved in the acts of
living and his external labor. A man’s
heart in 24 hours shows a return equal to
120 foot tons; that is supposing he could
concentrate all the work of the organ in
that period into one big lift, it would be
capable of raising 120 tons weight one foot
high. The breathing muscles in 24 hours
develop equal to about 21 foot tons. Add
SANTA
NEAR
VALLEY,
CLARA
this to the actual work of the muscles and
that expended in heat production and 3,000
foot tons are arrived at as the approximate
THE
IN
aee
a
ae daily expenditure of energy. All this
power is developed on abount 8 1-3 pounds
of food a day, the supply including solid
food, water and oxygen.
——.¢---
oe——_—_—_

PHONOGRAPH RECORDS THE LOST

WILL.

A wealthy Russian died not long ago

and his heirs could find no will. One day
a young man seeing a graphophne in the
PRUNES
DRYING
SUN
THE
IN
library, put into it what he supposed to be
the record of a song. The words which
came forth were those of the missing will
in the dead man’s voice. The will thus
curiously recorded has been submitted to
the courts.

General Funston says that there is no

wear in the Philippines; it is true that mur-
ders are of frequent occurrence; that as-
sassins lurk in ambush and shoot down
their victims passing by; that there are
deadly feuds and combats that cause great
waste of human life, and that blood flows
tion shows the manner in which they are perhaps no other article which so success- in profusion in the Philippines, but there
spread out to dry. These drying grounds fully combines the valuable points of pala- is no war, no more than there is war in
covering many acres of space are familiar tability, healthfulness, nutrition and econ- Kentucky.
sights in California. There are 72,000 omy as does the prune. ——————_3~--
ge —___—_

acres of bearing prune trees in the state. The prune, which is a species of large What pies do school boys usually dis-
The average crop is about 110,000,000 plum, upon being gathered is placed in a like?—Copies.
 March 29, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS LSO

COALING BY CABLE. WORLD S FINEST BASKET MADE BY A says The Wide World Magazine, generally
WOMAN. meet at the edge of the sea, spread out
The problem of coaling at sea has at last their nets behind them and ride out to sea
been solved. The solution is found in the The finest basket in the world was made When they reach the proper distance ‘they
marine cableway, which system is soon to by an Indian woman. It is no larger than turn round and proceed up and down
be put in service in the United States a pint cup and is now in the National dragging their nets parallel to the shore
navy by the Lidgerwood Manufacturing Museum. The woman’s name is Keshbim. Then the fishers come back to shore and
Company. The new method has already She is of the Yokiaia tribe and lives on the deposit their takings in glistening pil
been satisfactorily tested in American Russian river, California. The delicately >>>

waters and also by the British admiralty woven coiled basket is a marvel of work- THE MYTH OF THE MOUND BUILDER
and probably will become universal among manship which reveals an art that is fastly
the navies of the world. In the British dying out. Keshbim worked seven months One of the greatest myths in existence
test 40 tons of coal per hour were loaded in weaving it and its value is beyond the is that of the American mound builde:

BRITISH BATTLESHIP “TRAFALGAR” COALING AT SEA

and the distance between the battleship purchasing power of money. The founda- lhe mounds, which traditional fict ‘
and the collier was 400 feet. tion of the basket is of willow rods and were erected by a prehistoric Trace, that

A traveling carriage takes the coal bags the sewing is done with roots spliced so lived many thousands of years ago, wer:
from the elevator, says President Lidger- fine that in some parts there are sixty all built by the North American Ind
wood, and transfers them with great speed stitches to the inch. The tools employed many within 75 years of the present time
to the warship. A trip every minute is by the California Indian basket makers Dr. C. A. Peterson says:
easily accomplished. The traveler is pro- consist only of a rude knife and a pointed “Therehas never been a single fact
pelled back and forth by a wire rope one- bone. not the slightest circumstantial evi-
even
a
half inch in diameter, operated by two dence in existence—upon which to con-
direct acting engines having two 10 by 10 SHRIMP FISHING ON HORSEBACK. struct the theory of a prior, superior, sep
inch cylinders and slipping drums. To arate race having been the buiders of the
keep an equal strain on the main cable Fishing on horseback is the method most mounds, but as long as men love dark
between the vessels a main cable tension successfully employed in catching shrimp ness rather than light and accept a pleas
engine is used. This automatically keeps along the edge of the North sea in Fland- ant fiction in preference to a hard fact we
the cable taut, while permitting its length ers, where it is one of the chief industries must expect the pathway of knowledge
to vary with the tossing of the ships. of the inhabitants. In saddling the horse to be clouded with just such mythical
ww >
_>- the fisheiman first adjusts a_ thick pack mists.”
padded out with straw. On either side of
The appointment of Robert C. Clowry The mounds were used by the Indians
this are large panniers destined to receive
of Chicago to the presidency of the West- for interring the bones of their dead
the catch. The traces for dragging the net
ern Union Telegraph Company, to succeed are attached to the collar in the ordinary Mound walls, such as are found in Ohio,
Gen. Thomas C. Eckert, retired, will prob- way, and the net itself is poised behind the were still being built by the Mandans and
ably result in promotions all along the pack. An extra basket is hung onto the Arikarees about their villages on the up
line. side Parties of three or six fisherincn per Missouri river in 1804 and 1811
1Q0O
POPULAR MECHANICS March 29, 1902.
WEATHER CANNON IN ITALY. that monotonous “off-the-earth”’ feeling A man arrested for an assault and in 3
experienced by ocean travelers. Illness hurry to be tried rang up a Kentucky Judge
Weather cannon are used in the vineyard and death on land could be communicated seven miles away, had his case heard by
districts of Italy to prevent thunderstorms to relatives on shipboard. Business men telephone, was fined $12, paid it, and was
and heavy hail storms. They are common need not longer have the fear of compli- set free all within half an hour.
ights to the traveler in that section and cations arising during an ocean voyage At Oswego, N. Y., the other day two
at the approach of a black cloud their without their ability to give instructions sweethearts who wanted to marry im-
thundering may be heard from all direc- Vessels in distress could appeal for aid. mediately, but could not because one of
tions. The largest ones would hold three Che discovery throws a flood of light on them was quarantined as a small-pox sus-
or four men in their bell shaped openings. the great ocean; it is equivalent to a ceu- pect, exchanged vows by the aid of a tele-
Belching forth their contents an effect is tury of ordinary advancement in civiliza- phone, supervised by a clergyman. All
produced on the vapor which, it is claimed, tion. Its magnificent possibilities seem in- things come to those who can’t and won't
frequently prevents it from condensing and finite. wait.
descending. The framework is really a No greater agent for the peace and civi- ——

mortar and is opened by means of a lever. lization of the world has yet been foun: WHAT CAN YOU DO?
After the cartridge is inserted the mortar than telegraphy, says the Coast Seamen's
is closed and fastened by a set screw. Con- Journal, and when it becomes of such This old world hasn’t time to stop
practical use as Marconi’s invention, at That it may learn your name;
such a slight cost we predict a greater It doesn’t care a rap about
civilization. Your blue blood or your fame;
——_+-e—_____ t The only thing this old world cares
WILL BE AMERICA’S FIRST GOOD About concerning you
ROAD. Is simply this one thing, to-wit:
“Well, sir, what can you do?”
The most important good-roads meetings
ever held in the United States will take So don’t waste time in hunting up
place at Charlottesville, Va., April 2, 3 and A useless pedigree;
4, to make final arrangements for the build- And don’t bewail the fact that you
ing of the Jefferson Memorial road, to Are not an LL. D.
connect the tomb of Thomas Jefferson But when the old world stops to ask:
with the University of Virginia. Work on “Well, sir what can you do?”
the road will have begun before that time. Just roll your sleeves up elbow high
Thomas Jefferson once said: And say, “Well, I’ll show you!”
“Could the dead feel any interest in —Columbus (O.) State Journal.
monuments, the following would be my —e°o>

name’s most gratifying: ‘Here was buried A TARDY SIGNAL.

Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declara-
tion of Independence, of the Statute of This will be a terror to boys who come
Virginia for Religious Freedom, and late to’ school. The device includes a
Father of the University of Virginia.’”’ clock with ordinary dial which tells the
The meeting will be held under the time of day, and a mechanism which can
auspices of the Department of Agriculture.
the National Good Roads Association and
the Jefferson Memorial Road Association.
President Roosevelt, his cabinet, the dip-
nected with the cartridge is a percussion lomatic representatives of foreign govern-
cap. When it is to be discharged the ments, the members of the senate and
“gunner” simply strikes the cap with a house of representatives, the governors of
small hammer. all states and territories and all Jefferson
—--e—____ Clubs have been invited to be present. In be set to display a signal at any hour.
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY AND THE a communication to Popular Mechanics The cut shows the signal that is a sort of
OCEAN. W. H. Moore, president of the National shingle which, with the word upon it,
Good Roads Association, says: make a strong combination for any boy;
Wireless telegraphy presages a new era “This road when completed will not only nor is he likely to appreciate the glad hand
on the seas and probably marks the dawn recall to those who pass over it the life extended.
ot a new civilization. Soon there will he and character of the immortal Jefferson. -————__~<>o@
---

steamship dispatchers with duties similar but will also advance the movement for SCHOOL LIKE BOOKER T. WASHING-
to those of the train dispatcher. The path, good roads throughout the United States TON’S.
location and condition of every steamship ww
—_ — !

may be known at any and all times. No NEW USES OF THE TELEPHONE. Through the efforts of the Cuba Libre
longer will there be “mysteries of the Industrial Association a normal and in-
de ep” and vessels with fates unknown. Here are three instances of the swift dustrial institute for colored boys has been
Every ship may be followed as accurately pace of today: By stringing a wire from opened at Eldorado, Ill. It is the second
by those on shore as may a tourist train a locomotive cab to the telegraph line over- institution of its kind in the world and is
on land. head, telephone messages were sent and re- similar in purpose and scope to the school
Already a daily newspaper has been es- ceived 400 miles away on the Illinois Cen- at Tuskeegee, Ala., of which Booker T.
tablished on one of the “ocean grey- tral railroad without interrupting the line’s Washington is president. The new school
hounds.” Soon these publications will regular telegraph messages. In case of dis- is well equipped for work. It has fine
furnish passengers on board with con- aster or emergency of any kind this instant farms and commodious buildings. Jeffer-
densed accounts of the world’s news. No communication between a train and the son D. Alsten, a well-known colored edu-
longer will there be that absolute isolation. nearest station can be thus established. cator, is its president.
 March 209, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

SUPPORT FOR TELEPHONE RECEIVER. 5 a

The Greatest Business Getter,

@ THE @ After
brains to such
a while we will
an extent we
have used
will have
our
only
The Greatest
The Greatest Time Saver
Money Maker,

FOUR-TRACK to eat and breathe There will be a ma- on earth is the Elliott Addressing
Machine. It will make 60 ad-

@ NEWS @
dresses a minute, at a cost of 10c.
a thousand,
Write for Catalogue.

THE ELLIOTT
ADDRESSING
MACHINE CO.
100 Purchase St., Boston
48 Dearborn St., Chicago
309 Broadway, New York

Le chine to do all else. The latest muscle-

saver, and which will be very acceptable, | YOU have a workshop you need
A MONTHLY paca is here shown. The exchange is called F The Model Maker. Send 2% cents
OF TRAVEL AND cats for one year to Box 136, Station B,
Pan Paes d dethes
‘of the
hs by moving up or down the arm which holds
the receiver. Then the receiver is held Cleveland, Ohio
NEW YORK €
Scents ren cory tightly to the ear by springs, leaving both
hands free with which to make gestures
Fifty cents a year. Send five cents fora sam-
ple copy to George H. Daniels, G. P. A., Grand
while you talk.
+e
Chrisman’s Paraffine Paint
Central Station, New York. For iron bridges, fences and structural
BATHE WHILE YOU SLEEP. work; tin, steel, iron, felt or cotton
Mention Popular Mechanics. duck roofs. None better and few as
good. Cotton duck the coming roof.
MACHINERY, ENGINES With all the various kinds of baths to PARAFFINE PAINT WORKS, ELDRED, PA
SHAFTING, »* » » PIPE. be had in these days the Americans should
be a pretty clean people. The latest in this
Everything in wood and iron used in con-
structing and operating; new and second-
uand (rebuilt), cheaper than you can buy
anywhere else. Write us first.

|PIONEER
THE |

jHMITED
CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO., CHICAGO

Mention Popular Mechanics.

LIMITED

Our free book-

“Are Your Hands
Tied?” tells you how to do it.
Thousands have largely increased
line
son
is the invention of Chas. M. Robin-
of Toledo. The bather lies in bed,
the bath tub is put over him, and
the steam boiler gets busy he thinks of the
when
| Chicago---St. aia

THE ST. PAUL ROAD

their salaries by following our plan blankets and hot lemonades that mother
WE TEACH BY MAIL Mechanical
agineering; Drawing; used to make as something cool. It is
Bookkeeping; Ornamental
: E French, ete, Circu- not necessary to have a brass bed; the old- (Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)
. State subject that interests you.
International Corres Schools, fashioned corded style will answer. EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
Box 812, Seranton, Pa. UNEQUALED
Mention Popular Mechanics. THE WONDERFUL NEW DEAD SEA.
Time tables, maps and information
furnished on application to

‘$I.Q)5 UNION SUIT $1.95

The new dead sea discovered by Dr.
Sven Hedin in Thibet, says the Coast F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent
Seamen’s Journal, is described as enor- Chicago
Workingmen’s Union Suits. Every Gar-
ment made to actual measure. Send mous in extent, but so shallow that to
for directions for self-measurement. navigate it one must wade half a mile to
We sell direct from the factory to the

Young Man
consumer and save all intermediate ex- reach the boat, and must drag the boat
pense of handling. You get this. Write
for catalog or call. half a mile before it can be floated with a
UNION SUIT MFG. CO. load. But the most remarkable charac-
154 PIFTH AVE. (4th Floor) CHICAGO teristic is the almost incredible amount of
® ention Popular Mechanics.
salt. Boats and oars quickly become as Are you interested in mechanical or
white as chalk; even the dress of the row- architectural drawing? If you are,
Mention Popular Mechanics.
ers soon become whitened, while drops of you need
water sprinkled upon a dry surface leave
SCIENCE GAINS ANOTHER VICTORY
FITS CURED
globules like candle drippings. che Draftsman
ww >
—_—-
Write for Reference The new monthly. Send 50 cents
“ ‘Trans’ means ‘across,’ said the
HOME TREATMENT (0., - 504 Stevens Building for six months to Box 136,
teacher. “Can anybody illustrate its use?”
Indianapolis, Ind.
“Ves’m,” answered the pupil in the last Sta. B. CLEVELAND, O.
Mention Popular Mechanics. row. “ ‘Transparent,’ a cross father.”
 IQ2 POPULAR MECHANICS March 29, 1902.

‘‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. to cents per

line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to

Attractions for Dext Week.

a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
forwarded promptly without extra
« charge.

SPECIAL.
We believe this is the most civilized and progressive age the
FOR SALE—One 1-1 H. P. motor. One 1-8 world has ever known. But is this belief well founded? Many
H. P. dynamo. Photos for stamp. Roy A.
Crihfield, Lincoln, Il.
now Say that there was once a civilization on our very continent
far surpassing anything ever dreamed of at present. Discoveries
FOR SALE—Job lot new electrical goods
given us to sell; list for stamp. We handle
of ancient irrigation ditches lead to this belief. Read about it in
everything electrical and at lowest prices. Popular Mechanics next week.—Maybe you smoke a pipe which
Stamp for catalogue. Dept. N., T. Binford
ang 3 Works, 994 Washington Blvd., Chi- you think is a genuine meerschaum or briar root but the proba-
cago, » bilities are that it is not. Not one-twentieth of them are real.
ENGINEDRS, FIREMEN, MACHINISTS
Next week’s issue will tell about it—Not long ago the City of
and Electricians send for 40-page pamphlet Manila was saved by American firemen. You will be amused
containing Questions asked by Examining Board
of Engineers to obtain Engineers’ license. Ad- when you read of the slothful methods of the Filipino firemen.—
dress Geo. A. Zeller, Publisher, room 592 18
8. 4th St., St. Louis, Mo.
If all the coal deep down in the earth and that which has been
taken from the earth were made into one big fire that fire would
be cold in comparison to the enormous heat of the center of the
BUSINESS CHANCES.
earth. Scientists are talking of using this heat for power. See
FOR SALE—Hoisting snitees of every de-
Popular Mechanics next week.—Not long ago a Chicago woman
scription. Portable and Stationary Engines paid more than $500 for parlor car berths for her six little dogs.
and Boilers—all sizes—for very low prices.
Prompt delivery. J. H. Houghton, 77 Oliver —Did you know that people used to skate by tying bones to their
St., Boston, Mass.
feet?—A 5-acre farm in California with all its buildings, men,
FOR SALE AT A BARGAIN.—One 85 H. P. women and children inhabitants is sliding down a hill toward a
Dick & Church engine, size 12x12; 280 R. P.
M. automatic governor, and self-contained. In river.—A German has devised a scheme to drive eagles to an air-
excellent condition. Address Hopkinsville
Gas and Lighting Co., Hop ykinsville, Ky. ship.—Soon people will be making bread out of pea flour.—Sev-
FOR SALE—Two second-hand Worthington
eral “shop kinks” of practical value to mechanics and machinists.
Hydraulic Steam Pumps, in first- class repair; —A boat that has been under water 2,000 years has been dug up
size, one pump, 29x24x6, duplex; other, com-
pound duplex, 18x20x24x6; f. o. b. cars at one- in Ireland.
third cost new.
and Oarr
Cullen & Stock Mfg. Co., 2d
Sts., St. Louis, Mo.
These and many other interesting things are in next week’s
Popular Mechanics. It is a peculiar kind of journal, being un-
FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE—122 acres all
plow land in McHenry county; well fenced; like any other published.
ood well and windmill; price $50 per acre.
ddress 400, Popular Mechanics.
~~ oo _
Q
~—
OKLAHOMA 150-barrel flour mill and three
elevators, all nearly new, on
road in center of wheat belt.
Rock
The
Island Rail-
best of loca-
WANTED FOR U. 8S. ARMY—Able-bodied, POSITIONS WANTED.
unmarried men between ages of 21 and 35:
tions. Will sell at a bargain. Address A. E. citizens of United States of good character
Stephenson, Enid, Okla. and temperate habits, who can speak, read SITUATION WANTED—Engineer, 12 years’
and write English. For information apply in experience and well recommended. M. Shirts,
FOR SALE—Locomobile runabout, nearly person or by letter to recruiting officer, 194 673 8. Talman ave., Chicago.
new, $400. Address 402 Popular Mechanics. S. Clark St., Chieago, Ill., or 16 Vermillion
St., Danville, IN.
WANTED—If you are looking for a compe-
WANTED—S8-foot Robinson or Keene cor- IRON WORKERS Ww AN TE D ‘(Arichitectural) tent miller, one who understands the business,
nice brake. Geo. E. Roesch, Aurora, Ill. —Experienced men; accustomed to fitting, ete. with years of experience, address J. B. Lind
Wisconsin Iron and Wire Works, 186 E. Wa- say, Shelbina, Mo,
WANTED—To we a good second-hand en- ter St., Milwaukee, Wis.
gine, modern type, of not less than 150 nor “PAC IFIC COAST—Situation wanted by ex-
more than 200-horse power. The Rood Lum- MACHINISTS—Steady work for those who perienced specialty salesman, to work Pacific
ber Company, Columbus, Ohio. can earn good wages; state experience, etc.
coast states; ten years’ experience with job-
Address Submerged Electric Motor Co., Me bing and retail grocers there; salary and ex-
penses. Energy, 1002 North 19th St., St. Jo-
WANTED-—Six second-hand round reels, one nomonie, Wis.
seph, Mo.
horizontal bran duster, one centrifugal reel.
All suitable for 50-barrel mill. J. M. Matting- FINISHER WANTED—One good, ‘all- round
man for parlor-suit frames; must understand SITUATION WANTED—Printer; all-round
ly, Hartford, Ky. newspaper and job compositor: state wages
mixing stains and fillers; steady poisition to
sober man. Penn Parlor Mfg. Co., 969 Lib paid. Chas. Meyers, Berrien Springs, Mich. ih
WANTED—Second-hand bran duster and 50 erty St., Pittsburg, Pa.
or &) horse-power steam feed pump. Sam How- BUSINESS CHANCES. SITUATION WANTED—Repair man, steam-
ard, Howardstown, —Ky. fitting machinist and electrical work; best
“WAN .TED TO BUY BU L ARGER PL /ANT- -Pre- references; reasonable wages. G. B., 6447
FOR SAL .E— 9 gree nhouses, well stocked, 2 Parnell ay., Chicago, Il.
fer one now in use, 250 volt dynamo of 1,500
sectional steam boilers, potting sheds, etc., ail to 1,800 light capacity with motor balancer
nearly new; dwelling house, barn, out build- preferred; also moderate speed four-valve en- HARNE SSMAKER—Good, single preferred,
ings, 8 acres land, endless water supply, 1 hour
gine; also boiler of about 125 H. P. Grimes for all-around work; at once. H. Becker &
from New York City; $8,000. Christie, Flor- Bros. Blectric Light & Phone Co., Great Bend, Son, Polo, Ill.
ist, Somerville, New Jersey. Kan.
TINSMITH, first-class, having twelve years’
WANTED—Young man to assist in green- experience in cornice and furnace work, also
HELP WANTED. houses. State wages. M. Ullenbruch, Port able to estimate on all styles of work; coun-
Huron, Mich. try town In Central States preferred. ‘“P. A.
“GOV ERNME NT POSITIONS—Where they C.,”” care Columbian Novelty Company, 921
are and how obtained. Full particulars as to WANTED—tTailor (ladies’); first-class man. Franklin avenue, St. Louis, Mo.
salaries, dates, places of examinations to be Address Pettis Dry Goods Company, Indian-
held soon in every state, etc., mailed free. apolis, Ind. ASSAYER AND CHEMIST—A graduate of
Write for circular 123. Nat’l Cor. Inst., Wash- the Colorado School of Mines, with eight
ington, dD. C “WANTED—Cabinet makers to work on years’ constant practice at ore-sampling and
store fixtures. A. Gutmann & Co., 149 E. chlorination plants in Colorado. C. M. P.
DEN’ TIS TS—Two good dentists; must be all Chicago ay., Chicago, Il. Salt Lake City, Utah.
around men
week to start.
and rapid
New
workmen;
York Dental
Ktiverside ave., Spokane, Wash.
$20 per
Co., 74%
} CUBA—I will locate in Havana
and want a general
this year
representation for ma-
MEXICO.—Wanted salesman to represent NEWSDEALERS chinery, tools and hardware specialties; well
acquainted with languages and customs; ref-
us
drawn
in the States to sell our line of Mexican
work to the dry goods and notion SUPPLIED WITH THIS erences; bond if necessary.
Box 814, New Orleans, La.
C. 8S. Lawrence,
trade.
Mexico.
Charles Mandeh, Jr., Monterey, N. L., PAPER BY AMERICAN
WwANTED——Agents and salesmen; salary and hd
estes
ed
Med
ad
tad
tubal
AND WESTERN NEWS UNDERTAKER~— Young single man of five
years’ experience in the furniture and under-
taking business. Witll furnish any _ state
expenses to hustlers; answer at once. South- ; Co.’S BRANCHES 2 2 license. Address Fred L. Griswold, Delton,
ern Contracting Co., Lake City, Fla. Mich.

ii
:
 “WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT.”

POPULAR MECHANICS
An Illustrated Weekly Review of the Mechanical Press of the World

Voi. I. No. 13 CHICAGO, APRIL 5, 1902 Price § CENTS. ie:

POWER PLANT THAT LIGHTS CHICAGO 4|

>A tate
ode
cn.

PT Be eae *
—
.

A THREE-WIRE, 800-K.-W. UNIT IN THE HARRISON STREET STATION OF THE CHICAGO EDISON COMPANY

IN THIS ISSUE:

German Process May Revolutionize Brick Making. Machine for Driving Railroad Spikes. 4
| Electricity for Boys—Making a Motor. Pea Flour—A New Foodstuff. .
Mechanics for Boys—Making a Boat. Automobile to Run on Rails or Ground. Fy
Shop Kinks—An Ingenious Pipe Repair. How to Make a Slot Machine.
How Electric Heaters Are Made. Part I. Writing With Lightning. i
Submarine Electric Light. Fifty Articles—Thirty-three Illustrations. My

FOR SALE BY ALL NEWSDEALERS

 14 POPULAR MECHANICS April 5, 1902.
MONSTER PLANT FOR MAKING ELECTRICITY. BRICK MADE OF SAND AND LIME.

Capacity of 27,000 Kilowatts—One Unit Alone is of 3,500 Kilo German Process Which May Revolutionize the Industry.
watts.

\ new process for making all kinds of building brick from

The Harrison street station of the Chicago-Edison company common sand and lime has been patented in Germany, and is
is one of the most powerful electrical generating plants in the now being intro:iveed here. Instead of requirmz 1) days to
world. When the engines and generators now being installed niake, the sand brick is ready to use in 12 hours, and the older
are completed, the station will have the enormous capacity of it grows the harder it becomes. Some scientists now believe
27,000 kilowatts. This company also boasts of the largest stor that the great pyramids were made in this manner, and that
age battery installation in the world, the latter of which is lo instead of the builders bringing great blocks of stone weighing
cated in the central district station. many tons from Gistant quarries, the sand of the desert consti-
The generating equipment of the Harrison street station is tuted the chief element in their constructions, and that these
described by the Electrical Review in an exhaustive article on
the Chicago-Edison company, January 11. It includes two
double-current and two direct current units, each consisting of
two 200-kilowatt generators, coupled to the two ends of a triple-
expansion, vertical marine-type engine, running at 150 revolu
tions per minute. The three-wire 800-kilowatt unit is shown in
the accompanying illustration. In addition to these units there
are six 1,200 horse power sets, generating direct current. One

of these sets was exhibited at the Chicago World’s Fair and

regarded as a monster among electrical generators. At the end
of the room is one double current generator of 2,500 kilowatts
capacity normal rating and 3,200 kilowatts, three-hour, over-
load rating. This gigantic machine gives 300 volts on the direct
current side and 6-phase, 25-cycle current ou the alternating
current side, when running at 75 revolutions per minute. The
collector rings for taking off the alternating current are 90 inches
in diameter and each carries 48 brushes. The armature is 21 BRICK PRESS IN ACTION.

feet 8 inches in diameter and the commutator is 15 feet in diam- mammoth pieces of what now appears to be stone are in reality
eter and has 960 bars. The machine has 40 poles and in all 560 hand made sand bricks of enormous proportions.
brushes bear on the commutator. A 75-ton flywheel is mounted However this may be there is abundant evidence that the
on the armature shaft to steady the rotation of the machine. common sea or bank sand is capable of a wonderful and rapid
The engine has cylinders 38 and 84 inches in diameter by 60- transformation and by a process comparatively simple.
inch stroke and has a maximum of 5,000 horse-power. The 94 to 06 parts of sand is placed in an iron mixer which
Alongside of this mammoth unit still a larger one is being revolves by steam power and from 4 to 6 parts of ordinarily
erected, the new machine being a 3,500 kilowatt alternator gen- good quality lime is added. The lime is first ground quite fine
erating directly three-phase current 9,000 volts with a frequency ina mill. The measuring of the sand and lime is done by the
of 25 cycles. machine automatically. From the mixer the material runs in a
ee
steady stream into a brick press, also operated by power and
UNIFORM DESIGN OF CHICAGO YACHT CLUB’S NEW capable of exerting great pressure. By changing the dies and
BOATS.

Edward Rosing and John B. Berryman have nearly completed

their labors on the new one-design fleet for the Chicago Yacht
club. The boats are ideals of grace and it is thought will es-

/ \
f | ‘
\
| ‘
} \
d
i
\ \

\ fi .
\ | \
LOADING INTO CYLINDERS.

Li ae. 208 — mould of the press different sizes and shapes are made. As
, *e ae _— nee sy
qo ~~ ree —————
the brick come from the press they are stacked on small iron
cars holding several hundred each, and by means of an iron
track are run into a big iron cylinder holding from 10,000 to
tablish some new lake speed records. The boats will be 24 feet 20,000 brick. The bricks remain on the cars. When the cyl-
over all and 15 feet on the load water line. They will have 7 inder is full the end is fastened tightly and steam at a high pres-
feet beam, 5 feet on the transom. The least free-board will be sure, fed by previously deposited chemicals is turned in. For
14 inches. The free-board at the bow will be 1 foot 9 inches 12 hours the brick are subjected to this treatment during which
and at the stern 1 foot and 3 inches. a chemical change has occurred. The hydrated lime and the
a

est
 April 5, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 195

silicic acid of the sand combine to form a silicate of lime which IT MEANS FORTUNES TO THE WHEAT GROWER.
give to the brick its hardness and waterproof qualities.
The cars are now run out, and the brick are ready to be Chinese Are Acquiring a Taste for Flour Bread and Millers Are
hauled away and used. It is asserted that they will continue Jubilant
growing harder for several years. Experts say that heat or cold,
wet or dry weather or sudden changes in temperature of the The dream of the American wheat grower is being realized
most extreme character have absolutely no effect upon these The inhabitants of China are learning to eat flour bread Chis
brick. has been the one bright hope
I that has urged on the wheat farm
The cost of a plant to make 13,000 brick a day is about $14,000 ers of the United States to battle against many vicissitudes for
and the cost of production is said to be much less than where generations It has become a byword When the Chinese
j

on RE “ie age }

Bt

it
“Y

b‘
:

A PILE OF 141,000 SACKS OF WHEAT WAITING SHIPMENT NEAR PENDLETON, ORE.

y clay is used as now universally employed. The process is known cat wheat for breakfast, the wheat farmers of America will
as the Huennekes System. wear diamonds.”
annie a Several of the leading millers of the state of Washington have
HOW THE FAMOUS VICH SAUSAGES ARE MADE. just returned from the Orient and have succeeded in establish-
une ing trade relations that are most encouraging. It probably means
‘ ‘ : that wheat flour may serve to feed the swarming millions of the i
Probably the finest sausages in the world are made in the old ; :
tr ae ; . ; . Orient
town of Vich, Spain. Consul-General Julius G. Lay at Barcelona
Tr ° yr: . . °SsHNeci: for > 2ac¢CH ehr oO this ne : 4
i reports: “The genuine Vich sausages, famed throughout Span- An especial effort to the accomplishment of this end has been
7 ish-speaking
; 4 countries,
. are prepared exclusively
: from lean pork putt forth thisis year
res becausese
bec: of f the > enormous
€ ) ous crop
a6) ofof the Pacific
a cific iH
. , J . ic sas by far » 1 ¢ S sto noe
and a small quantity of bacon, without admixture of any other Northwest, which het by far the largest dies history. Puget
‘ kind of meat. As the sausages are made they are placed on ound recently shipped 1,037,000 barrels of flour and Portland ul
tables and wrapped in clean cloths, in order to extract any ex- 792,000 In the Trans-Pacific trade. Washington, Idaho and Ore-
cess of moisture. After a few hours they are hung in the %°" produced 53,310,000 bushels of wheat last year. Washington
drying room, care being taken that each sausage hangs separately, takes the lead with 33,000,000 bushels, says the Four-Track
to get the benefit of the circulation of air News, 10,000,000 more than were ever raised in the state before.
j The sausages made here are supposed to acquire a special Oregon produced 6,500,000 more than its previous record yield
flavor which distinguishes them from those made in other parts. Idaho sent out 4,000,000 from two counties. About $21,200,000
This peculiarity is not due to any special preparation, but is has been paid to the producing farmers in the three states for
apparently gained during the process of drying, as sausages pre- their crop. ——_——
pew {
pared in other districts and brought to the plain of Vich to be
dried acquire the same distinguishing aroma. The estimated The total vacant land in the United States unappropriated and
annual output of the Vich factories is valued at nearly $1,000,000. unreserved is 914,096,974 acres.
 1g POPULAR MECHANICS April 5, 1902.
PNP NaF MaP NafReP es eS Od egPrsPraPVaFVaFV aIVaFrafal Mah Mal asad *esPsPrsPhsPraPrarYe! lanai |
should be counter sunk below the surface of the wood. There
Easy Electrical Experiments has now been formed a wooden spool, mounted upon a shaft,
FOR BOYS the heads of the spool being removable.
clear from an inspection of the figure.
Its appearance will be
The space between the
heads of the spool is to be filled with iron. For this purpose
By L. P. DicKinson
del
eh
Sed
eh
eh
Ul
bk
Ue ed
Pal
est
Lah
haP
hatter
As
he iron washers are the best to use. Procure at a hardware store
CaP eaP dah Nal NaF Ma Mal af as ustedes @astestea*hal VehRaPNalalas tastastas es*estesPesthat eatha haPNal alah ValSafrastal astas@asPrateahes ht
about 40 iron washers 134 inches in external diameter with a
CHAPTER XIII.
hole through the center 54 inches in diameter. This is a size
HOW TO MAKE 1-20 HORSE POWER MOTOR. THE ARMA- which is quite common, and the above dimensions are given
TURE CORE. ior that reason. If, however, the size of the hole should vary
considerably from the above, it will do no harm provided the
This and the following chapters will deal with the construc- diameter of the shank of the wooden spool upon the shaft be
tion of a small motor designed for practical service, and yet altered to correspond. The outside diameter is, however, very
capable of being constructed with tools which boys ordinarily important. For this reason it may be best to purchase the
possess, except in one or two instances where a little lathe work washers first. They are to be strung on to the shank of the
is absolutely essential. In the construction of such a motor spool so as to completely fill the space between the heads of the
the armature, or rotating part naturally occupies our attention spool. When the space is filled, the wooden heads can be
first. It is to be of the so-called drum type, consisting of a screwed into place so as to clamp the washers together with
moderate pressure. As the washers average about 1-16 inch in
thickness, and the space to be filled is 2% inches, the number
above mentioned will probably be needed.
Now divide the circumference of the heads of the wooden
spool into 12 parts, marking each division point with a pencil.
Procure some small brads % inches long. With a pair of pliers
cut off the heads of these brads. Now drive them into the cir-
cumference of the wooden discs, twelve in each head, equally
spaced, projecting 1% inch from the spool and pointing directly
toward the center of the shaft. The projecting brads on one end
must lie directly in line with those upon the other end. They
are for the purpose of holding the coils of wire which are to
be wound upon the core. Before this is done, however, the
core must be covered with a layer of heavy paper glued smoothly
in place in order that the coils of wire may not by any chance
touch the iron core. The shaft also should be wrapped around
with a layer of stout paper for a distance of one inch from each
end of the core.
(Continued next week.)

AMOUNT OF WIRE REQUIRED FOR ELECTRICAL EXPER-

IMENTS.

As numerous inquiries have been made to us as to the amount

of wire required for the electrical experiments thus far de-
scribed, the following estimates are given Al] magnet wire
whose number is below No. 30 should be double cotton covered.
All wire whose number is above this should be double silk cov-
SECTION THROUGH CENTER ered. An effort has been made to use the same size of wire as
large number of coils of wire wound lengthwise over a cylin- far as possible in similar experiments, so that any wire left
drical core of soft iron which is held upon a shaft. over from one experiment may be used in those which follow:
The first thing to provide for is the shaft. It should be made Simple Galvanometer, Chap. 2.......++eee+ee .--1% oz. No. 24
of a piece of steel rod %4 inch in diameter, cut to a length of 8% Tangent Galvanometer, Chap. 4.......esceesseccees 8 oz. No. 16
inches. Rods of this diameter and material may be bought at Phnamat, CHAR. Se ccccccsccvccescsccvsscccanccosese 16 oz. No. 18
an ordinary hardware store, and may be cut to the desired Induction Coil, Chap. 6............00+- 8 oz. No. 18, 4 oz. No. 36
length by means of a file. Simple Motor, Chap. 7. ....cccccscccccccscccscccees 3 oz. No. 24
Upon this shaft is to be mounted a cylinder of hard wo. Voltmeter, Chap. 9....... Pe PEPE reer re Fee 1 oz. No. 32
Its outside diameter is 4% inch and its length is 2% inches. It Telephone, Chap. 12.......cceccecececccercveeccces 1 oz. No. 36
must fit the shaft very tightly so that it will not turn upon the is F. D
shaft when the full force of the finished motor is applied to it. * %
To avoid splitting the cylinder in thus forcing it tightly upon Kaiser Wilhelm is an expert at ping pong. Prince Henry
the shaft, it is better to make the cylinder by boring a hole does not play the game so well. The Kaiser therefore warned
lengthwise through a rather large block of wood, forcing the his brother during his visit here not to play the game in America.
block upon the shaft, and then turning down the block until He said to him: “If you play ping pong you will lose, and
it is of the right diameter. This cylinder is shown at A in Germany’s prestige in the great country you are visiting will
the figure below. It should be so placed that one end of the be considerably damaged.
cylinder is 314 inches from the corresponding end of the shaft. —

Make two circular pieces of hard wood 3-16 inch thick, 134 inch E. G. Whitney of Rocky Ford, Col., has made an offer to the
in diameter, with a %-inch hole in the center of each. These Public Land and Buildings Board of Nebraska, to keep that
pieces are to be slipped upon the shaft until they lie against state wet all next summer for the modest sum of $1,000. He
the ends of the wooden cylinder already constructed, and are says he has long known the secret of producing rain but has
screwed to the latter by four flat headed brass screws % inch waited in order to clear his mind of every doubt as to the
long and as slim as can be secured. The heads of these screws success of his scheme.
 April 5, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 197

HOW TO MAKE A BOAT FOR BOYS. HEAT FROM THE EARTH AS A SOURCE OF POWER.

A safe, convenient and easily constructed boat for boys may [he possibility of utilizing the heat from the earth's center as
be made with the aid of two logs, or heavy timbers, a box and a source of power was mentioned in the Feb. 22 issue of Popular
a few boards or scantlings. Place the two logs or timbers about Mechanics. Prof. Thomas C. Mendehall, the well-known author
four feet apart on the ground. Connect them by a couple of ity on mechanics, is of the opinion that the heat might be con
strong cross pieces, as shown in the illustration. That the verted directly into electricity without the intermediate use of
<ross pieces be fastened more securely to the timbers it is steam. There is much, it is claimed, to commend this idea, If
better to attach them by boring holes in them and the timbers it be necessary to go down 8,000 feet to make water boil it would

A SAFE BOAT BOYS CAN MAKE.

with an augur, and driving pegs in the holes. The pegs should be necessary to go 2,000 more to generate steam at a useful
be driven in at each end of each cross piece. The oarsman’s pressure, say 150 or 200 pounds to the inch. Were some more
seat may be made of a box or boards as you desire. Make the volatile substance than water employed to produce the motive
oak locks by hollowing out a piece of thick board and fastening vapor, a lower temperature would suffice. As stated in the
it securely to the timbers either by large nails or by sharpening issue of Feb. 15, sulphur dioxide volatilizes at a much lower tem-
the lower end and driving it into an augur hole. Brace the oar perature than water does, and a sulphur dioxide engine might be
locks to the sides of the timbers and to the foot brace. The oars run successfully at a depth of a mile.
can be made of any kind of boards or strips. Such a boat to Others have suggested that this source of power from the
accommodate one boy may be made of a couple of railroad cross center of the earth might best be brought into use through the in-
ties. By obtaining larger timbers it can be used by a number strumentality of the thermo-electric couple, which will be ex-
of boys. The device will give better service by sharpening the plained in a succeeding issue.
two main timbers in the front end. —__——-e—.._-
_—-
“_-?s IMPROVED BOWLING ALLEY.
IRRIGATION OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO.
Bowlers will appreciate the invention of Emil Reisky, of
Rochester, N. Y., who has devised a new return for the balls.
Discoveries Which Prove the Great Inferiority of Modern Civi-
This return which is a circular tube may be wholly or in part
lization.

Thousands of years ago, it is claimed, there existed in New

Mexico a system of reservoirs, irrigation and viaducts that is
unparallelled at this age. This is proven beyond a doubt by dis-
coveries and investigations that have recently been made. Un-
der the lava which covers hundreds of square miles are found
traces of cement ditches and reservoirs that are marvels of en-
gineering.
In those days, says the Rural Californian, the deserts bloomed
like a garden and a civilized race of millions occupied the arid
beneath the floor. In either case an unobstructed view is se-
Southwest. Our irrigation engineers have much to learn from
cured and there is no danger of the balls jumping the return
the people older than the Pueblo race, who inhabited New Mex-
aren
Re
ee trough.
ico when the race from which Columbus sprang were still bar- asennad
barians. In those days reservoirs at convenient basins stored
the water, which was led in cemented ditches across the loose Two Irishmen were riding in a suburban train, when the train
soil to where it was needed for use. Chasms were crossed by whizzed through a tunnel. Just then a train rushed past in the
viaducts. Into some of the ditches lava has run, showing opposite direction. One Irishman turned to the other one and
their great antiquity. Others are covered with shifting sands, said, “Mike, ‘tis a grate invinshun, wan thrain runin pasht th’
but enough are visible to enable skillful engineers to understand ither wan troo a hole in th’ ground.” “Shur ut is,” says Mike,
the system which modern civilization with its boasted attain- “but twud be a domned bad thing if wan av thim thrains wud
ments, has been incompetent to construct. miss th’ hole.”
o>
=“_-?
——

Wooden shoe pegs are used almost exclusively in the manu- Dr. Yama Kin, of San Francisco, enjoys the reputation of
facture of shoes in Turkey, and their preparation is the basis being the first Chinese woman doctor. She is also a pioneer
of an extensive industry. They are manufactured by hand from in the cause of enfranchisement of women
o>
pine wood in the most primitive manner. _—°>

The following cheap way to blue small pieces of steel is rec-

The entire drink bill of the United States last vear amounted ommended: Put core sand in a babbitt ladle; heat hot; put the
to $1,273,212,386. Fifty per cent was for beer; 31 per cent for work in and shake the ladle over the fire until the required color
whiskey, 5 per cent for wines and 14 per cent for tea and coffee. is obtained.
198 POPULAR MECHANICS April 5, 1902.

Popular Mechanics
discarded, and a new piece of the proper length obtained. The
new piece he threaded on one end to receive the mate of the
H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher flange on the other piece just referred to. At the other end he
cut the thread up for a distance of about 4 inches.
journal Building, ~ - ~ Chicago
His scheme required a lock nut and washer; the latter he
easily. obtained, but of the former the plant had none, so he
SUBSCRIPTION
sawed off the hexagonal end of an old globe valve and by run-
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
ning the pipe tap into it a little further than was originally done,
TE kicks lash er ane ahead ae ohneale aiaiiae ae. nee $2 00
—_ a
Foreign Countries, post paid......................0.05.. 3 00 4
a
>
LZZZAS
2
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue. | | =6 .
« S| 2 WASHER AND PACKING « S|
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan- Sa
— >
° Ye
i
°
: _ |e NUT et =
lca! and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple ame J J THREAD a
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the A Y 2PIPE B
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac-
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of = 2 TEE
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our 2 ree FLANGE
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro- UNION

ure from its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of

that date.
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the WASHER Nut K
country by Saturday morning.

Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.

Address,
Ol} O 7 tic“
POPULAR MECHANICS
Journal Building, - - Chicago Fig.2 Details of Pipe Repair

Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class. he made the required nut and screwed it on the threaded pipe
end as far as it could go, and followed it with the washer.
AN INGENIOUS PIPE REPAIR. Chis piece of the pipe was then screwed into the tee marked
A to the full extent of the thread projecting beyond the nut and
In a certain boiler room were a pair of boiler feed pumps with washer. ‘This permitted the cther piece being entered into the
suction pipes from three sources, and controlled by three valves. tee B and tightened up for good. The first piece was next backed
Chis network of pipes, valves and fittings were crowded into a out of A until its flange pressed against a rubber joint which
space of two feet between the pumps and wall. With the ex- had been cut for the purpose, and the flange on the other part of
ception of the flange joints at the pumps there were no unions, the pipe. A little careful manipulation of the pipes and rubber
says a writer in Steam Engineering. joint soon admitted of the both being entered and screwed up,
[he accompanying sketch, Fig. 1, shows the general arrange- making a tight joint.
ment, but not all the piping referred to; between the tees marked At the tee end of the pipe a piece of twine soaked in red
A and B there was a piece of pipe without any kind of a union lead paint was then wound around the thread in the direction
whatever, and these tees might be considered as immovable f the move of the nut, which was finally set up against the

LZ
Press, N.Y.
Pig.1. Showing Location of Pumps and Suction Pipe Repaired

bodies, not having even a small amount of spring as is fre- washer which in turn squeezed the twine against the end of the
quently met with in pipe work. tee and around the thread of the pipe. Just sufficient twine had
One night the pipe split near where the flanges C now are. been used to admit of a good pressure being brought to bear
Of course repairs were in order; but, to get the split pipe out against it, and yet allow the washer to meet the tee, and so
and a new one in, meant dismantling the entire piping, and be- make a good tight joint.
ginning to unscrew where the pipe-fitter left off until the de- This repair has held ever since. The engineer told me the
sired piece was reached. This method would cost considerable entire job did not consume more than two hours of two men’s
time. A bright idea came to the engineer. time. The moral is put plenty of unions in your piping. Costs
First, he sawed the split portion of the pipe out, a piece about mcre at first, but saves later.
two inches long, and unscrewed the remaining pieces out from
the tees. One of these pieces—that which enters into the tee There will be no more Sunday funerals in Trenton, N. J.
marked B—he again threaded and screwed on a flange. The The coachmen of that city have decided not to drive at Sunday
other piece being too short for further use in that place, was funerals. They are supported by the undertakers.
April 5, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

TO HOUSE A MAMMOTH POWER PLANT. EARLY LONDONERS USED BONES FOR SKATES

One of the most imposing structures at the Louisiana Pur- Fitzstephen, the earliest historian of London, tells of crude
chase Exposition will be the Machinery building. It is to house methods of skating in that early day: “When the great fenne
the Exposition power plant, the largest power plant ever shown of moore, which watereth the walls of the citie on the north
as an exhibit. The main entrance shows a triple arcade with side, is frozen, many young men play upon the yce Some tye
flanking pavillions in the center. The north front of 1,300 feet bones to their feete and under their heels and shoving them-

tl
ee
ne

>-

a
a e
e

MACHINERY BUILDING.
has an arcade of nine arches as a center feature. The two axes selves by a little picked staffe slide as swiftly as a bird flyeth
of these center features are 160 feet apart. The east facade will in the air, or an arrow out of a cross-bow.’
show a comparatively low building centered by a gable and In 1642 Edinburg had started a skating clr’) and was famous
emaller entrance feature. for its fine skaters. Blade skates were introduced into England
a from Holland in 1660 and were first seen in London in 1662
TELEPHONE THROUGH THE EARTH WITHOUT WIRES. John Evelyn, the diarist, under date of Dec. 1, of that year,
describes how “divers gentlemen performed before their ma-
Without wires and with instruments extremely crude, tele- jesties on the new canal at St. James park, with scheets, after
phone messages were exchanged over a distance of 200 yards the manner of the Hellanders.” Roller skates were employed
near Washington a few days ago. The instruments were the in Holland in 1770. In 1772 the first Englishr book on “The
invention of Nathan Stubblefield, a Kentucky farmer and his Art of Skating” was published by Robert Jones. Roller skates
14-year-old son. They were made on the Stubblefield farm were introduced in a scene of Meyerbeer’s “Prophet” in Paris
near Murray, Ky. The test was in the presence of a party of in 1849.
New Yorkers and. some newspaper men. As there was but one —_———__+e-—- -
single set of instruments, messages were only sent one way. In PENNY-IN-THE-SLOT HAIRBRUSH
a house used as the sending station was an ordinary telephone
transmitter mounted on a box containing dry cell battery and We expect almost any day to go out and run into a machine
induction coils. Wires connected the telephone to two iron rods on the corner where we can drop a nickel in the slot and get
set outside in the ground to a depth of two feet. Six hundred a hair-cut. Here is the next thing to it. A hair brush in
feet distant was placed the receiver similarly connected to two
iron rods set in earth, and set between them, connection being
made with wires.
Words and sentences emitted from the receivers were dis-
tinctly heard. The operator in the house played popular airs
upon a harmonica. The strains came through the receiver to
the ear of the listener. Mr. Stubblefield explained that the in-
vention simply harnessed the “electrical field,” which scientists which you drop a penny to release a catch by means of which
say is everywhere below the surface of the earth. The test rows of bristles passing around wheels are set in motion. A
was made over land and water, one instrument being placed in swimming hole where small boys have been told not to go would
a boat, with equal success. The messages could not be heard dis- doubtless be a good location for this affair.
tinctly at a greater distance than 200 yards, but this is believed
ea ees
to have been because of the crude instruments. New Zealand has an old age pension system, by which 12,405
ww
“oS people have received $1,059,820 in the three years of its exist-
A cement for marble is made from plaster of Paris soaked ence.

in a saturated solution of alum. This must then be baked in an ———_»-e

oven and ground fine in a mortar. A small quantity should be Rice, raw eggs and venison are the easiest things to digest.
used with water as plaster. It sets hard and may be rubbed At the other end of the scale are pork, cabbage and hard boiled See
down like marble and polished. eggs, which take four hours to digest. -
 200 POPULAR MECHANICS April 5, 1902.

THE “AMERICANIZATION” OF MEXICO ot the City of Mexico is probably the pleas PORTABLE ELECTRIC LAMP TESTER.
ntest and healthiest of any large city in il

the world. Its altitude of 7,472 feet above An English firm which manufactures
Old Fashioned Farm Wagon Gives Way to
Modern Conveyances. the sea level offsets its latitude Che mean electrical apparatus has just brought out
annual temperature is 59.79 degrees F a portable electric lamp teste By means
he month of May, the hottest of the year, of the instrument illustrated, all that is
\merican ideas have invaded Mexico t
has an average temperature of O4 55, and necessary is to remove the lamp from its
h an extent that they are revolution
December, the coldest month, of 53.00 Lhe holder and place it in that fixed to the
ng the old customs to which the natives
adhered continuously for generations population is 400,000. It is more compactly
In the accompanying illustration we show built and densely populated than any city
t Mexican farm team, yet a familiar sigh
Sil
of the United States. Of the foreign pop-
in the rural districts of old Mexico. This ulation there are 10,000 Spaniards, 4,000
vehicle is in striking contrast to the up- Americans, 3,000 French, 1,500 English,

to-date automobiles that have recently 1,.cco Germans and 400 Italians

made their appearance on the streets of

the City of Mexico lhe Mexican farm { Note We told of Mexican coffee and
team is pictured by Raymond & Whitcomb, tobacco in the issue of Jan. 25. The next
the famous tourists’ agents, as one of the issue will contain an interesting article on
passing sights of historic and picturesque the cost of living in Mexico.]
ld Mexico. Several Mexican railroads, all
->-so
of which are controlled by American cap-
itol, are soon to be converted into stand- PEA FLOUR, A NEW instrument,
FOODSTUFF. and to insert in the lamp-
ard broad gauge lines, the narrow gauge holder the plug attached to the flexible
roads which now prevail having proved cord. The pointer will thereupon indicate
Pea flour, with which the war depart-
inadequate to the growing demand for more the exact current taken by the lamp at the
ment has recently been making experi-
modern methods of freight and passenger supply voltage upon which it is being run.
ments, will be pleced on the market in‘a
traffic With the instrument is provided a table
short time for general use. Its qualities
seem to commend it as a valuable new whereby the efficiency of any lamp, in watts
In the City of Mexico narrow and dirty
streets are being superseded by broad food product. The flour is to be mixed per nominal candle-power, can be at once
asphalt avenues. More than 50 miles of with wheat flour. It improves the quality found from a knowledge of the aproximate
supply voltage, and a reading taken on the
electric street railroad have recently been of the bread, it is claimed, and causes it
to remain soft and moist for a much longer lamp tester. Another use to which this in-
built and 50 miles more will be in opera-
time. strument can be put is to show at a glance
tion in a year. Street sprinkling carts are
whether a lamp of unknown candle-power
coming into use. A great drainage canal The pea flour, says the American Miller,
is, say, an 8, 16 or 32; a question which is
has been built to carry off the deluging rain is prepared for the market by cooking the
often difficult to determine by mere inspec-
falls of the rainy season. Shade trees are peas with steam, then roasting them and
tion.
being planted. Modern business blocks of finally powdering them by roller process. —__~»-—__
the American plan are being erected. The It is extremely nutritious and is said to
SUBMARINE BOAT.
old patio style house—with a large court contain two and one-half times as much
in the center around which are built the of the substance that goes to make muscle A patent has been granted a Bridge-
rooms—which is intended for hot coun- and blood as does wheat flour. Nearly 59 port, Conn., man for a submarine boat
tries and which is entirely unsuited to this per cent of the pea flour is starch and more the motive power being electricity carried
a climate, is being encroached upon by the than 28 per cent is flesh forming element in storage batteries. For travel on the
compact American structure. The climate with practically no water

bottom of the ocean he _ has_ provided

wheels. When he comes to a nice smooth
stretch of sand, by attaching a few teams
of seahorses the batteries can be saved
for humpy places.
-—_-
=_-?S

Cigars having the appearance and flavor

of the genuine Havana article are made
in Chicago out of American tobacco leaf
through the aid of the “commercial mi-
crobe,” a bacteria discovered in real Ha-
vana cigars, which is now being nourished
on beef tea and raised in Chicago.
=
—_?°o>

Australia has proportionately more

churches than any other country, the num-
ber being 6,013 or 210 churches to every
100,000 people. England has 144 churches
to every 100,000 and Russia 55 to the same
A MEXICAN FARM TEAM. number.
 April 5, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 201

MACHINE FOR DRIVING SPIKES.

oo
~~.

Millions of spikes have been used in

building our railroads, and billions of
strokes by strong arms have been needed
to drive them. Now J. Verwin, track su-
perintendent of the Detroit United Rail-
way, has invented a machine which will
drive as many spikes in a day as a small ent
ee
2
army of men. ‘The spikes are straight Seg
23YI
SES
2pee

driven, too, and the heads are not pounded

off by that final tap which the average
spike driver cannot resist.
The Street Railway Review, in its ex- es
io
~~
cellent issue of March 15, gives a detailed
description of the machine:
This car is provided with a boiler, two
steam hammers, and a pair of tongs oppo-
site each hammer which are used for pick-
ing up the tie and holding it firmly against
the rail to be spiked. The ties are held in
position under the rail with a pressure of
four tons and each hammer drives two
spikes at the same time. The rail is held
ee
oN
to the gauge by a cross bar in front of
each hammer with a roller in each end of
it. This gauge must be very accurate or
the hammers will not hit the spikes. The
two spikes at each end of the ties are
driven home by two blows of the hammer
when cedar ties are used. Two men with
this machine can spike 1,200 ties per day,
which amounts to a saving of $15 per day
over hand labor. The car in use runs on
the rails of the track being laid; in our
ee
illustration it was set out on the street
TRACK SPIKER—DETROIT UNITED RY
pavement in order to get a good picture. er
a COMBINED CRIB AND DIVAN. WOULD CONVERT NEW ORLEANS
FIND VALUABLE PEARL IN A CLAM. WATER WORKS INTO OIL WORKS.
A furniture novelty this spring will be
Two men, Edwin Smith and William a metal crib which is easily changed to According to reports from New Orleans, ee
ee
8
wate
Stock, were digging clams in the Missis- form a divan. For dwellers in flats or John W. Gates is negotiating for the pur-
sippi River between La Crosse and Lan- small houses or persons desiring to make chase of the entire waterworks system of
sing, Ia., a few days ago, when accident- New Orleans for the purpose of trans-
ally one of the clams was jostled from be- forming it into a huge system for the con-
neath the footboard of the boat in which veyance of oil Che waterworks are
they were riding. Smith was about to owned by a private corporatior’. Residents
toss it over onto a pile of clams when of New Orleans have not patronized the
Stock said that the clam might have system to any great extent since the estab
brought good luck and advised that he lishment, most of them obtaining their
open it. Smith did so and discovered a water supply from their “back-yard cis-
pearl valued at $2,400. terns.” Hence the giving up of the water
ee pipes and plants to the proposed new usage
NOTHIN’ DONE. would not work any great hardship on the
people. Their is doubt, however, as to
Winter is too cold fer work; whether the underwriters and the city
NE
ee
Freezin’ weather makes me shirk. council will consent to the use of the
water mains and pipes for conveying oil Xe.
—S—
~ —
~—

Mr. Gates’ plan is to convert the reservoir

Spring comes on an’ finds me wishin’
of the city of New Orleans water works
I could end my days a-fishin’.
which holds 20,000,000 gallons, into a huge
tank for the storage of Beaumont oil, fur-
Then in summer, when it’s hot, A
Bee
5S
nishing it to every house and factory in
I say work kin go to pot.
the city through the 500 miles of connect-
ing mains. It is claimed that New Orleans
Autumn days, so calm an’ hazy, double use of a piece of furniture the plan
could thus be supplied with fuel cheaper
Sorter makes me kinder lazy. will be welcome. As shown by letting
than any other city in the world
down the gate at one side of the crib and
te
That's the way the seasons run. throwing a rug or carpet over the seat the
Seems I can’t git nothin’ done. crib is converted into neat and comfortable What pies are very conducive to sleepi-
—March Lippincott’s Magazine. settee. ness ?—Poppies
 202 POPULAR MECHANICS April 5, 1902.

WRITES WITH LIGHTNING. which gives the signal for the ear and A SCRUBBING MACHINE.
which with every click decoheres the lodge
tube, a shunt has been taken off to a sec- No more house-maids’ knee, for here is
Father Odenbach, of St. Ignatius Col-
ond sounder, which has a pen attached to the sister to the parlor sweeper. John A.
lege, Cleveland, O., who has long held a
it. This pen automatically records every Nelson, of Saline, Kas., has settled this.
recognized foremost place among American
click on a revolving cylinder. As the His machine, which is set on wheels and
scientists, has invented and set up in the
tower cap is 150 feet high and thunder Pushed like a baby carriage, consists of a
meteorological observatory on the tower
storms are generally at an elevation of 800 |
of the college building an instrument which
feet to a few miles, it is clear that there hh.
records every flash of lighting within
is plenty of opportunity for the electric
radius of nearly 100 miles. The apparatus
waves to strike the copper sheet and record
is extremely complicated, and not easy of
the number at a very great distance.
comprehension to one who has not a scien-
tific education. The theory, however, is Along the lakes an instrument of this
the same as that of the Marconi wireless sort, in good working order, will be of con-
telegraphy he electric waves, coming siderable benefit to the shipping interests. tub of water which is regulated to supply
from a great distance, or from near at Warning could be given by shore signal of the rotary scrubbing brushes below it
hand, are collected and brought through a impending thunder storms in time for These are seen at the forward end. Be-
series of delicate appliances to a recorder, crafts within reasonable distance of the tween the wheels is a mopping drum which
shore to get into harbor. does the rest. Power is secured by sprocket
which notes each impressien with a distinct
En chains to the rear wheels.
&

oS VE MANILA ‘ OE — egFOR BARBERS.

REO
b7
ees See NEW SCISSORS ‘
The quality of the American volunteer Here is an invention which is intended é
to meet all emergencies was demonstrated to prove a great time saver to the barber. é
by a recent big fire in Manila, that would Its object is to provide a pair of scissors
probaly have destroyed the city but for the with a comb attached to stand in a posi-
Sounder and
Americans. Capt. Harry L. Wells, of the tion most convenient for use in lifting the
Decoherer Second Oregon Volunteers, who had hair without being in the way while the
served as a fireman at home, rushed to the
— Pen
engine house and found the Filipino crew
all asleep. They said that they were tired
from fighting the fire earlier in the even-
ing, that the horses also were tired and
could not possibly draw the engine, but ’

that if the fire continued till morning they

Relay s
= Relay Battery
jit
would again turn out and see what they
could do. Capt. Wells said:
J
haihilieadl “That settled it. The lieutenant’s men
THE APPARATUS. hitched up the team with lightning speed,
and the ‘too tired’ horses went to the fire
click, similar to the click of a telegraph on the keen jump. Meanwhile the Fili- a
instrument, pine hose cart had been brought to the
Father Odenbach’s invention is abso- fire by its crew, stimulated by bayonets, but
lutely unique in America, and the _ first they could not be induced to go within two
lightning recorder ever devised or set up blocks of the blaze. From this cart I se-
cured two lengths of hose and manned ,
on this side of the Atlantic. An Italian
named Boggio has worked out a scheme them with half a dozen men each. We
then attacked the fire from my side of it J 2 i
for this same purpose, but in- practical
and coufmed it.” shears are cutting it. Thus there is no
working the instrument of Father Oden-
YO ysoo necessity for transferring the two imple-
bach’s is far its superior in every respect.
wie ments from one hand to the other during
Under the conditions prevalent in the
IMPROVED FEED BAG. the operation. The patent on this device
observatory the apparatus is simpler than
has been granted to Joseph Sansone of Des
that of Marconi’s.
Horses should hereafter be firm friends Moines, Iowa.
The “receiver” is enormous, consisting of Geo. L. Dale, for he has invented a aon ee
of the entire cap of the tower together with feed bag with room for air and which Last vear Spain purchased from _ the
the four ribs extending down to four tur- United States $17,000,000 worth of mer- :
rets, all of which are covered with sheet chandise, chief of which was raw cotton, ..
copper. From this mass of copper which more than ever before in the history of
Cun
is 400 to 600 feet, square, a wire is run the two countries.
down into the observatory, passing through wow
-_-?>

a lightning arrester. A national industrial exhibition under

[he apparatus consists, as shown in the the auspices of the Imperial Government
engraving, of a relay of 150 ohms capacity, is now in progress at Osaka, Japan, and
a sounder and two batteries. will continue until Aug. 1.
\ coherer is placed on the lever of the a
sounder and by this means the use of a de- permits of the grain being supplied only An international fishery exhibition will
coherer and its shunt is obviated. There as fast as eaten. Every time the horse be held in Vienna from Sept. 6 to 21 in
is no ground connection whatsoever. takes a mouthful he presses a valve which connection with the Eighth Austrian Fish-
From the sounder (see engraving), supplies more. ery Congress.

“Tee
April 5, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 203

HOW ELECTRIC HEATERS ARE MADE. electric car heating, those made by the Fig. 3 shows the switch where the current
Consolidated Car Heating Co., of Albany. is turned on and off. Fig. 4 shows the
The use and control of heat is one of the which now has its heaters in some 14,000 same switch with the cover removed. In
marks of civilization. The savage has lit- street cars. Each heater has two coils cold weather as much power is often re-
tle need for other than the heat of the sun These coils are made by taking a wrought quired to heat the car as to run it. The
which in the tropics curls and kinks his iron rod % inch square on which are electric heater takes more coal in the en-
hair even more effectually than the elec- strung round porcelain tubes the entire gine room to heat the car than if the car
trical device for the same purpose, which length of the wire, so grooved that a heli was heated with stoves: but the advantage
will be described later. The use of elec- cal grooves extends from end to end of the of safety, regulation, cleanness, and distri-
tricity as a heating agent came into notice rod. The wire for the resistance coil is bution of the heat make it altogether the
more desirable Current from a motor
car is conducted to heat a trail car by con-
necting the two cars with an_ electric
coupler, which is a ready method of con- yoalan
bei

necting the wires of each by means of a

—
: ONE OF THE COILS. at the end of flexible wires
plug and socket
In this event the current comes down the
with the development of the trolley cal wound in a close spiral spring so as to ge
trolley pole, is conducted t the trail car,
and was in fact largely the result of a as many feet of wire as possible. It is
positive demand. With the trolley came goes through its heaters, from the heaters ~~- NT
th
et
6n
then laid in this groove, and fastened at
along wires to the car axles, thence through
the production of electricity in such quan each end securely and copper wires at-
tities and at such cost as had never been the wheels to the rails and so back t
tached to conduct the electric current. The
dreamed of Che street car manager rid generator at the power hous This is
wire used 1s a specially galvanized iron
horses was also anxious to find what causes the sparks which may be seen
of his wire The same amount of heat can be
where the wheels of a trailer car touch
something better than a coal stove with obtained in two ways: by a short coil of
the rails, especially when the track
which to heat his car. So the inventors very high resistance or a longer coil of
less resistance \ small stove would be or has snow upon it
Next week we will present an entirely
red hot trying to heat a room which a big
cater dattays stove would do easily. But it is not well
different class of electric heaters and em-
ployed for a very different purpose
amulet to have red
feet of wire
hot heaters so a great many
are used to get as much sur
FARM
—__—.-»—
SLIDING DOWN HILL
CAR HEATER. face as possible

set to work and the result is a system of In Fig. 1 we show one of these coils A five-acre tract of land in Springville
electric heating from the most delicate na- completed ready to go into a heater. Fig valley, California, with nearly a hundred
ture up to entire buildings. We will de- 2 is a heater complete ready to fasten un- people—men, women and _ children—resi
scribe some of the most interesting heaters der a car seat. Any number of heaters dences, granaries and stock, is sliding down
These heaters are of course all founded may be put in a car but six of them will a hill. It was jarred loose by the earth-
quake of Feb. 9, and since has been mak-
ing its way toward the Santa Ynez river.
The moving field is part of the Solari es

wean
ea
REGULATING SWITCH WITH COVER REMOVED. REGULATING SWITCH WITH COVER RENOVATED.

on the same general principle of securing heat the ordinary street car. If it is de- tate, owned by James Kohler of Pasadena
heat by resistance, just as we saw a few sired to have, say two degrees of heat, After the earthquake that shook the Santa a
_

weeks ago in the carborundum furnace. one for ordinary heating and another for Ynez valley, a line of demarkation, the
True they are in many different shapes, colder weather, as in this latitude, then shape of a long elliptical curve, having the
and some are quite small while others are all the lower coils in all the heaters are appearance of a newly plowed furrow, was
very large, but they all have to get their connected by wires which lead to the noticed along the grain field above one of
heat by sending the electric current through switch and all the upper coils are con- the low bluffs from corner to corner of the
wires where it does not like to go because nected in the same manner. When the field. The space within the ellipse, five
the wires are specially chosen to make the switch is turned to “1” the lower set of acres, is sliding away from the remainder
flow as slow and difficult as possible. So coils heat; when turned to “2” the upper of the hill at the rate of eight inches a
the current in passing through, heats these set of coils also heat. In some of the many week. The crevasse now formed is twelve
wires and there is your electric heater. types of heaters, especially large cars, there feet wide at the surface and is several hun-
We have chosen as the best examples of is provided still a third degree of heat. dred feet deep.
 POPULAR MECHANICS April 5, 1902.

THE “SUBMARINE SUN.” now manufactured by the’ Naval Electri depth of 1,000 feet. It will burn from 10
Co., 95 Liberty st., New York. The lower to 20 hours on one set of carbons. The
Lamp that Lights the Water for Toilers at chamber of the lamp is inclosed in a glass lamp may be used wherever there is an
the Bottom of the Ocean. globe, hermetically sealed to the upper electric current either from a storage bat-
chamber by rubber gaskets. Inside the tery or from a dynamo.
The ‘once eternal darkness to human lower chamber is an inner globe and the saci
eyes at the bottom of the sea has been dis arbon. The glass globes withstand a pres-
BOAT 2,000 YEARS OLD.
pelled by the Yale Submarine Arc Lamp sure of 500 pounds, insuring safety at a

\ wooden boat believed to be nearly

2,000 years old has been dug up in County
Mayo, Ireland. The boat is beautifully
carved from the trunk of an oak tree. It
is 46 feet long and shows absolutely no
signs of decay. The wood was so hard
that hatchets scarcely made an impression
on it. Excursions are now being organized
to view this relic of Celtic handicraft. It
will soon be taken to the Dublin museum.
a ne
HUGE SWINDLES IN FOODS.

Wholesale impositions on the public is

revealed in Part X of “Foods and Food
Adulterants,” just issued by the govern-
ment printing office. The report, however,
fails to give the names of the prominent
packers and others who are said to perpe-
trate the gigantic swindles. Of ten sam-
ples of potted chicken and turkey exam-
ined, five were found to contain a large
admixture of pork. Game fowls, like the
pheasant and the woodcock, appeared at-
tractively on the label, but in the interior
of the tin were nothing but barnyard chick-
ens. “Wild Boar,” which might almost ex-
cusably have been tame pig, was really
beef. “Curry of Chicken a l’indienne” also
turned out to be beef. In specimens of
pate-de foie gras the enlarged goose livers
had been replaced with beef and pork.
_
>

Having reached the age of sixty Wil-

liam C. Whitney, who has amassed a for-
tune of several millions, announces that he
DIVER READY TO DESCEND WITH LAMP. believes it is time to retire.
~
No longer is it necessary for that class of f

workers who earn their living toiling be-

neath the waves to grope their way in the
ocean’s perpetual night. The new are
light might be called “the submarine sun,”
for it performs the functions for man’s ben-
efit in the water that the sun does on the
land. It lights the way for the diver, the
subinarine torpedo boat, and other subma-
rine vessels. The modest inventor who
withholds his name might be called the
Santos Dumont of the deep.” He makes
possible man’s invasion of the realm of the
fishes, while the noted aeronaut would ac-
quaint us with the dominion of the birds.
It was the explosion of the Maine that
led the way to the invention of the subma-
rine arc lamp. At that time incandescent
lamps were tried in the efforts to recover
the wreck, but the light being of only 150
candle power on land was wholly inade-
quate. Experiments were begun in the lab-
oratories of Yale which resulted in the sub-
marine arc lamp of 2,000 candle power, SUBMARINE ELECTRIC LIGHT WITH WIRES.
April 5, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

PATTERN FOR CEMENT CISTERN. GREAT DECEPTION IN SMOKERS’

PIPES.
FOR THE MADAM.
The general use of cement has been
applied in making cisterns instead of wall- Few men who smoke a pipe know what
-

ing up with brick and plastering. The new it is made of. Many lovers of the meet
Parsley may be kept fer a long time by way is quicker, cheaper than brick and schaum waste their breath against exceed
wrapping it in a piece of damp cheese lasts longer. The chief difficulty hereto- ingly deceptive imitations trying to color
cloth.
their high-priced treasure. Not one-twen
tieth of the pipes sold for meerschaum are
It adds to the flavor and digestibility of real meerschaum. ‘The literal translation
baked beans to add a half teaspoonful of of the word “meerschaum” means “toam
mustard to the water that is poured over of the sea,” but in reality it it a silicate of
them after they reach the baking dish. magnesia. The raw material comes from
\sia Minor Pits from 25 to 120 feet deep
Silken fabrics should not be dampened are dug, and as soon as the vein is struck,
before ironing and the iron should be but horizontal galleries, sometimes of consid-
moderately warm. erable length, are made. The stone, as ex-
tracted, is called ham-tash (rough block)
Use stonemason’s dust instead of soap and is soft enough to be easily cut with a
for scouring kitchen tables and floors; it knife. It is white and is covered with a
will make them beautifully white. fore has been in retaining the cement in
red clay soil. The best quality is called
place until it sets. A recent invention
“Spiegel meerschatfm” (looking glass
A rug that is getting old should have a provides a form outside of which the ce-
meerschaum) on account of its beautiful
backing of stout canvass sewed on it. This ment is placed. When hard the form,
luster when colored.
which is made in parts, can be taken down
will help to strengthen it and will prevent Pipe manufacturers have been equally
its curling. and is ready for use again. Any size Cis-
energetic in reproducing for unsuspecting
tern can be made with it.
smokers briar root pipes. There is not by
The women of St. Joseph's Catholic THE AMERICAN WAY. half enough briar root in the world to sup-
church, Hoboken, are conducting a novena ply material for one-third the pipes that
of nine day’s prayer to bring them hus- The radical difference between the in are turned out annually under this name
bands. tensity of purpose in America and England - +7
is illustrated in the following incident: WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY ON THE
HOW TO PREPARE POTATOES. During the past year one of our large LAKES.
manufacturing establishments found its
Thin fried potatoes—Pare and cut raw foreign trade growing so fast that it was Vesssls of all the principal steamship ———
potatoes very thin, with either the vegeta- advisable to be able to manufacture in
ae
ee
lines may soon be equipped with the wire-
ble slicer or a sharp knife. Put them in England. less telegraph system. A practical demon-
cold water and let them stand in a cold sids were asked on the construction of stration is to be made about May 1 by
place (the ice chest is best) from ten to a mammoth plant, but the best the English Joseph S. Schwab, general manager of the
twenty-four hours. This draws out the engineers could promise was completion of Northwestern Wireless Telephone and
starch. Drain them well. Put about one the works at the end of five years Now
lelegraph Company, of Chicago. Mr
pint in the frying basket, plunge into boil- five years to wait looks life a lifetime to a Schwab said:
ing lard, and cook about ten minutes. Af- Yankee. What did the Americans do?
“My company is not operating the Mar-
ter the first minute set back where the heat Within two weeks a small army of engin
coni system, as has been reported. We
will decrease. Drain and dredge with salt.eers and foremen were on their way over
own the Dolbear patent and the Shoemaker
Continue this until all are fried. Remem- and great quantities of building materials
improvement on it, which makes it of prac-
ber that the fat must be hot at first, and were loading in fast freight steamers. On
tical use. This will be the system employed
when it has regained its heat after the po- arrival of the engineers, 2,000 workmen
in the demonstration.”
tatoes have been added must be set back were employed, electric lights made day
—_____»-e—____—
where the potatoes will not cook fast. If out of night and the work went forward
the cooking is too rapid they will be like an express train. DOG DISCOVERS RICH ZINC MINE.
brown before they have become crisp. In four months a great factory employ-
Care must also be taken when the pota- ing 1,200 men was “busy.” A zine mine of immense wealth has been
toes are first put in the frying kettle that discovered in Kentucky by a dog. It is in
the fat does not boil over. Have a fork MUNCHES ROCK INTO MACADAM. Crittenden county, five miles from the town
under the handle of the basket, and if ——____.+—~ of Marion. The Rev. Dr. Charles Mont-
you find that there is danger, lift the A machine that grinds stone with as gomery in telling of the discovery said: -|=
a

basket partly out of the kettle. Continue much ease as a coffee mill grinds coffee is The dog chased a rabbit into the cleft
this until all the water has evaporated; being used in tearing down the Lake Shore oi one of the cliffs near Crittenden Springs.
then let the basket remain in the kettle. & Rock Island passenger station in Chi- In digging the rabbit out the boy found
He took
If many potatoes are cooked in this way cago. Great stones are piled into the hop- some peculiar mineral specimens.
them to town and it was discovered that
for a family, quite an amount of starch per of the huge rock-munching machine
can be saved from the water in which they and from an iron spout at the other side they were lumps of ‘turkey fat’ zinc, near- PS
ee
ee
a
ee
—
were soaked by pouring off the water and the fine macadam pours forth in a contin- ly 95 per cent pure.”
scraping the starch from the bottom of uous stream. This is mixed into cement A syndicate purchased land in the vicin- apne:

the vessel. Dry and use as any other and goes to make the foundation of the ity for $1,100. Now it has been found that
starch. new station. a great stratum of rich zinc lies almost on
Note—The first of this issue of articles
—_ -—-<+—op-
the surface of the earth. The beds are
on How to Prepare Potatoes began with Diluted ammonia will take orange stain apparently inexhaustible, and the investors
the issue of March 29. out of woolen goods and restore the color expect to make millions of dollars.
SS
 206 POPULAR MECHANICS April 5, 1902.

AN AUTOMOBILE FOR RAILROAD OR steam and no discharge is visible in the PARLOR CAR BERTHS FOR DOGS.
CITY DRIVEWAYS. atmosphere at a temperature of 40 to 50
degrees. ‘The weight is 1,400 pounds, and “I want to engage a section in a Pullman
the wheel base 6 feet from San Francisco to Chicago,” said a
Here is a vehicle that is equally at home : silititiediiaastinaniieic dainty voice to a Chicago’ passenger agent
on the boulevards of the city or in the STEEL WOOL. a few days ago.
wild-wood or mountainous flights of a rail “How many in the party?” asked the
road. It is the first vehicle ever built to Steel wool is a patented article, made agent.
run either on track or public highway. All of fine threads of solid steel, and bears a “Seven,” the woman replied.
“Seven!” gasped the agent, “and in one
section? Impossible!”
“Oh! No, it isn’t,” was the reply. “You
see six of the party are dogs.”
“That's different,” said the agent, “but
youll have to get a permit and then buy
a full rate ticket for each dog.”
Without a murmur the woman handed
over $545.50, and received the tickets for
her dogs, which she sent on to her agent
in San Francisco. The dogs were Japan-
ese Spaniels, the property of Mrs. Charles
oe
aie
agine
bial
5.
A. White of Chicago. These spaniels are
the most delicate dogs in the world. There
are only fifteen of them in America, and
they must have all the luxury that travel
and home afford or they will die.
san itlitaiinesaeicinnss
REGULATED FIRE ESCAPE.

A new fire escape has been devised by

that is necessary to convert it from an resemblance to curled hair. It is intended John Williams, of Belvidere, Ill. A pair
automobile to a railroad inspection car is as a substitute for sand and emery paper. of endless chains carrying small cars, each
to take off the pneumatic-tired wheels and It cuts more readily and uniformly than capable of holding one _ person, passes
substitute the wheels containing inside sandpaper, and does not as easily clog or

Gur
(Fx |

|
flanges. It seats seven persons. The car gum up, says the Wood Worker. It adapts © —J

is from the design of W. S. Rogers, vice- itself easily to the surface of carvings and ae

president of the Roller Bearing and Equip- moldings, and in corners where sand or
ment of Company, of Keene, N. H. It was emery paper could only be used with diff } fA.
HY '
built by the Steamobile Company, of which culty. It is therefore labor-saving. It
: ) |
|
Mr. Rogers is manager. The motive power is sold in various grades and commonly
may be either steam, gasoline or electricity. numbered as fallows: No. 0, No. 1, No. 2,
In front and beneath the driver’s seat of the No. 3 These are all designated as steel
| |
= eel}
car illustrated is a six horse-power engine wool. Then follow grades which are 2+
suplied by a straight shell boiler, with 428 known as steel shavings, and coarse steel

around drums at the top and bottom. The

lower drums has a crank which works a
piston, moving in a cylinder, one end of
which is V-shaped. In this a groove is
cut. The compression of air when the ap-
paratus is working causes the cars to de-
scend very slowly.
———.9---e———_——_—__

Albany, N. Y., is indignant at the re-

marks of Mr. Carnegie who stated that
he would give $175,000 for a library for
the “not too highly developed City of Al-
tubes. It. is equipped with a water tank shavings. It is put up in packages of about bany.”
of 36 gallons capacity and a 12-gallon gas- 18 ounces each, 50 of which constitute a
oling tank. The engine cylinders are 3x3% bale, the smallest quantity offered for sale. Some of the people here are making
ao
inches and power is transmitted by an ex- o>
early garden. It is warm and ground in
tra-heavy 114-inch chain. It is equipped What pies consider themselves quite good order but very windy.—Rensselaer
with an arrangement for super-heating the swell ?—Chappies. (Ind.) Journal.

ey
a
April 5, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 207

WASN’T VACCINATED ON THE AR —E—EEEEEEEEee,

Mistakes are often made in pen

It was at a dinner party, says the Gro-
or typewriter addressing. These
cer’s Criterion. The bright young man sat
mistakes are expensive. Use the
next to the young woman with beautiful
Elliott Addressing Machine, with
arms and neck. The fair companion sud-
which a mistake is impossible.
denly exhibited signs of nervousness. Two
Write for printed matter.
ie 5

of his best jokes passed by unnoticed. Her el!

face wore a look of alarm. al
“I am in misery,” she finally said. THE ELLIOTT ity

“In misery?” echoed the man. ADDRESSING na

Hy
|
N

“Yes, I was vaccinated the other day mo

MACHINE CO. Bi
Hh
and it has taken beautifully. I could al-
i 8
most scream it hurts so.” "5
The young man looked at the beautiful 100 Purchase St., Boston i .
arms, no signs there. 48 Dearborn St., Chicago ny |:
“Why, where were you vaccinated?” he 309 Broadway, New York \

asked, surprisingly. Ri
Bia
Hig
“In Boston,” she said, the smile chasing
Hi
away the look of pain. H
-—___+-#—— | YOU have a workshop you need
g The Model Maker. Send 2 cent
Published oethe3 SLOT MACHINE.
NEW
Passenger
YORK CENTRAL crema .
for one year to Box 156, Station B
RA||
SCENts vra cory A home made slot machine can easily be Cleveland, Ohio
HH
Ht! :>
constructed by any bright boy handy with int{
Fifty cents a year. Send five cents fora sam- tools. Referring to the cut the gum or hy
ple copy to George H. Daniels, G. P. A., Grand
Central Station, New York.
chocolate is stored at F; a hollow H in
Chrisman’s Paraffine Paint i
hi!

Mention Popular Mechanics. the drawer D enables the bottom chocolate

to be drawn out. The drawer is locked by For iron bridges, fences and structural
work; tin, steel, iron, felt or cotton A
MACHINERY, ENGINES the catch on C on the trigger B. To un- duck
good.
roofs.
Cotton
None
duck
better and few
the coming roof.
as
1%
SHAF TING, * » PIPE. lock the drawer, a coin is passed down the
PARAFFINE PAINT WORKS, ELDRED, PA ie
Everything in wood and iron used in con-
structing and operating; new and second- y
uand (rebuilt), cheaper than you can buy o”
anywhere else. Write us first.
ty
CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO., CHICAGO

Mention Popular Mechanics.

PIONEER
LIMITED
FAMOUS ee
ee

TRAIN
OF THE
SmUAR Our free
y\ 3 WORLD
“Are Your Hands
Tied?” tells on how to do it.
Thousands have largely increased
their salaries by following our plan.
Chicago---St. Paul---Minneapolis
WE TEACH a MAIL Mechanical shute A, and its weight resting on the trig-
Design; German; Spanish;
Milar free. State subject that interests you.
international Correspondence Schools,
Box 812, Seranton, Pa.
ger B, lifts it.
pulled out.
The drawer can then be
This allows the trigger B to
fall still farther, and the coin drops into
THE ST. PAUL ROAD
(Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)

Mention Popular Mechanics.

the till E. The shute A shoud be made EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
to take the coin and the trigger B
exactly, UNEQUALED

$1.95 UNION SUIT $1.95 to require the exact weight of the coin to
release the drawer Chis makes fraud more
is) Time tables, maps and information
furnished on application to
Workingmen’s Union Suits. Every Gar-
difficult.
ment made to actual measure. Send ——>-o— F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent
for Tirections for self-measurement. Chicago
LARGEST OVEN IN THE WORLD.
We sell direct from the factory to the
consumer and save all intermediate ex-
: 000090000003000000000
,
pense of handling. You get this. Write
for catalog or call. The world’s largest oven is in a temple
UNION SUIT MFG. CO. in Rajputana in India. At the annual fair, When the oven is nearly empty another
154 PIFTH AVE. (4th Floor) CHICAGO or pilgrimage to the shrine of Kwajah set of privileged people are allowed to en-
»” ention Popular Mechanics.
Chisti, in the temple, this oven is filled ter, and these all tumble in pell-mell to-
Mention Popular Mechanics. with rice, butter, almonds, and spices, and gether and scrape the cauldron clean of its
a gigantic rice pudding is cooked by means contents. The origin of this quaint cus-
SCIENCE GAINS ANOTHER VICTORY of a furnace underneath. Eight pots filled tom cannot now be traced and though
to the brim are set aside for the entertain- severe burns are the result of the strug-
FITS CURED
ment of foreign pilgrims, and then certain gle for the pudding no lives are ever lost,
Write for Reference
privileged persons are allowed to empty which is certainly a miracle, and is re
HOME TREATMENT (0., - 504 Stevens Building
Indianapolis, Ind.
the oven. To prevent them from being garded as such by the pious Hindus
burnt by the scalding pudding they are — oe
Mention Popular Mechanics. wrapped from head to foot in thick cloths. What pies might bite you?—Puppies
208 POPULAR MECHANICS April s, 1902.

‘‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. to cents per

line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to
a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
forwarded promptly without extra charge.
Attractions for Next Week.
SPECIAL.
There is no use in talking, American. people—and they are
ELECTRICITY.
to Make a Dynamo
sjooks and
How
Novelties.
to Make
How
a Storage
the greatest people in the world— do not like to read stuff that is
Battery.
drawings
Books illustrated
Price, 10¢ each.
with
Electric
working
Bell Fit
not interesting to them. That is one reason why the American
ting and Gas-Lighting Handbook. Tells how people are great. They pick out a subject that they have a nat-
to wire up bells, gas fixtures, etc. Price, 50e
Bubier Publishing Co., Box 709, Lynn, Mass. ural liking for; read all they can find to read about it; learn all
FOR SALE—One 1-H. P. motor. One 1-8
they can about it, and after a while know all there is to know
H. P. dynamo. Photos for stamp. Roy A. about that subject and enlighten the rest of the world on it.
Crihfield, Lincoln, Ill.
Popular Mechanics is interesting and instructive and you do not
FOR SALE—Job lot new electrical goods
given us to sell; list for stamp. We handle
have to waste your time when reading an article trying to figure
everything electrical and at lowest prices. out what it is talking about.
Stamp for catalogue. Dept. N., T. Binford
Electric Works, 994 Washington Blvd., Chi- Would it not be awful if all the great skyscrapers of great
cago, Iil. cities would tumble down some day? That is what one man
ENGINEERS, FIREMEN, MACHINISTS fears will result from corrosion of the iron. An article about it
and Electricians send for 40-page pamphlet
containing Questions asked by Examining Board will be in the next issue.—The hum of the spinning wheel is once
of Engineers to obtain Engineers’ license. Ad- more heard in Ireland, since it is now the fad of kings and queens
dress Geo. A. Zeller, Publisher, room 592 18
8. 4th St., St. Louis, Mo. to wear Irish homespuns. Popular Mechanics will tell you about
it.—Germans are great people at training animals. Their latest ex-
BUSINESS CHANCES. hibition is a flea circus, in which the tiny insects draw miniature
TO INVEST—If you have $2,000 to invest in
carriages, dance and fence. It is in the next issue.—But one of
first-class steam specialties and supply _ busi- the strangest things science has discovered of recent days is that
ness, write me. Box 363, La Crosse, Wis.
birds in migrating always travel with empty stomachs.—A gun
Dr.
FOR SALE—At
Justin Hayes.
% cost,
Mrs.
Sanitarium
Justin Hayes,
of late
West-
that will shoot 25 miles has been invented.—A young clerk was
ern Springs, Ill about to be sent to jail recently when an automatic time recorder
CANADA—LEARN PRACTICAL BUSINESS proved his innocence.—It may be that society women will wear
—Netting
®. Smith,
me
Lock
$8 daily
Box
for
572
years:
C,
by mail.
Windsor,
<A
Ont.,
trousers now because Lady McKenzie did so at a select luncheon
Canada. in South Carolina a few days ago.—You will also want to know
FOR SALE—Brewery; a_ great bargain. about the deadly sand storms of the American desert; how elec-
Moody. Keokuk, ia.
tric heaters are made; the origin of the tin soldier; a banquet of
FOR SALE—Good Barber Shop: established horse fiesh, and a score of other topics just as interesting which
ten years. 865 Ogden Ave., Chicago, Ul.
will appear in Popular Mechanics next week. It is written so
; FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE—122 acres all
plow land in McHenry county; well fenced;
you can understand it.
good well and windmill; price $50 per acre.
Address 400, Popular Mechanics.
WANTED-—S-foot Robinson or Keene cor-
nice brake. Geo. E. Roesch, Aurora, Il. MEXICO.—Wanted salesman to represent YOUNG MAN of 25 wants position where
WANTED—To buy a good second-hand en- us in the States to seli our line of Mexican he can learn electrical engineering Has
drawn work to the dry goods and notion knowledge of higher mathematics and gen-
gine, modern type, of not less than 150 nor
trade. Charles Mandeh, Jr., Monterey, N. L., eral drawing. J. Martz, 185 East Superior
more than 200-horse power. The Rood Lum-
Mexico. St., Chicago.
ber Company, Columbus, Ohio.
WANTED—Second-hand bran duster and 50 WANTED—Agents and salesmen; salary and SITUATION WANTED—As_ Demonstrator,
or 60 horse-power steam feed pump. Sam How- expenses to hustlers; answer at once. South- by lady; best references. 643 Harrison St.,
ard, Howardstown, Ky. ern Contracting Co., Lake City, Fla. Chicago, Ill.

* HELP WANTED. WANTED FOR U. 8S. ARMY—Able-bodied, SITUATION

good manager,
WANTED—Swiss_
expert bookkeeper,
gentleman,
writing six
unmarried men between ages of 21 and 35;
citizens of United States of good character languages, wants position. A. Borloz, 219 W.
WANTED—Machine and Drill Hands. S&., and temperate habits, who can speak, read llth St., New York City.
1), Chieago Heights, Il. and write English. For information apply in
WANTED—Machinists. Six good Bench person or by. letter to recruiting officer, 194 SITUATION WANTED—Engineer, 12 years’
Hand Machinists. 1720 Old Colony Bldg., S. Clark S8t., Chicago, Ill., or 16 Vermillion experience and well recommended. M. Shirts,
Chicago, Ill. St., Danville, IN. 673 8. Talman ave., Chicago.
-_
WANTED—Marker. Chicago Bridge & Iron MACHINISTS—Steady work for those who WANTED-—If you are looking for a compe-
Co., Washington Heights, II. cam earn good wages; state experience, etc. tent miller, one who understands the business,
WANTED—Draftsman; map work; $12. Address Submerged Electric Motor
nomonie, Wis.
Co., Me with years of experience, address J. B. Lind
say, Shelbina, Mo.
Sasse & Dinwiddie, Crown Point, Ind.
WANTED—Copper Plate Printers. M. M. SITUATION WANTED—Printer; all-round
Bear Co., 57 Washington St., Chicago, Il. POSITIONS WANTED. newspaper and job compositor; state wages
paid. Chas. Meyers, Berrien Springs, Mich.
WANTED—First-class Journeymen Steam
and Seript Type Casters. Inland Type Foun- SITUATION WANTED—German Gardener SITUATION WANTED—Repair man, steam-
dry Co., St. Louis, Mo. and Florist wants position in private family. fitting machinist and electrical work; best
Charles Mink Altenheimer, Oak Park, III. references; reasonable wages. G. B., 6447
WANTED—Contractors; expert builders of Parnell avy., Chicago, Ill.
concrete and rock dams; work waiting. Geo.
D. Benson, Laporte, Ind. SITUATION WANTED—By Ice Machine En- single preferred,
HARNESSMAKER—Good,
gineer; no brewery. Mathew Rocovich, 465 8. for all-around work; at once. H. Becker &
WANTED—Experienced Scrotl workers in Paulina St., Chicago, Ill.
iron and brass. Indiana Ornamental Iron
Son, Polo, Ill.
Works, Shelby St., Indianapolis, Ind.
CUBA—I will locate in Havana this year
“GOVERNMENT POSITIONS—Where they 5 dad we
and want a general representation for ma-
are and how obtained. Full particulars as to
salaries, dates, places of examinations
held soon
to be
in every state, etc., matled free.
NEWSDEALERS chinery, tools and hardware specialties; well
acquainted with languages and customs; ref-
erences; bond if necessary. CO. S. Lawrence,
Write for circular 123. Nat'l Cor. Inst., Wash- SUPPLIED WITH THIS Box 814, New Orleans, La.
ington, D. C. PAPER BY AMERICAN UNDERTAKER-—Young single man of five
DENTISTS—Two good dentists; must be all AND WESTERN NEWS years’ experience in the furniture and under-
around men and rapid workmen; $20 per taking business. Will furnish any _ state
week to start. New York Dental Co., 74% CoO.’S BRANCHES 2 2 license. Address Fred L. Griswold, Delton,
Itiverside ave., Spokane, Wash. es
Pa
Lh
Aa
RAPE RAPA raPVeP VehVah Mal aheh MessEIEIMEIPEIMRIMNEE
Mich.
 POPULAR MECHANICS
“WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT."

ST
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ne
ae =—
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eo
“

An Illustrated Weekly Review of the Mechanical Press of the World

—"
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= }
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Ae
Vor. I. No. 14. CHICAGO, APRIL 12, 1902. Price 5 CENnrTs. i
Bh |

MONSTER SAND WHEEL NOW BUILDING ty

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WEIGHT 1,000,000 POUNDS; HEIGHT 65 FEET; LIFTS 75,000,000 GALLONS WATER DAILY i
p
IN THIS ISSUE: |
Daring Feat of Bicyclist. Pumping Mines by Electricity. |
Electrical Experiments for Boys, Chap. 14. The Submarine Diver and His Work—Part I. i,
Mechanical Work for Boys—Making a Lady Kite. How Electric Heaters are Made—Part II. i
Forty-Six Articles—34 Illustrations. /

FOR SALE BY ALL NEWSDEALERS.

IPs, HET \) ~

TSONIAN
 210 POPULAR MECHANICS \pril 12, 1902.
MAMMOTH SAND WHEEL. FIRST PLASTER CAST OF A LIVING WOMAN.

One of the Largest Ever Built—Operated by Electricity. A New York model, Miss Bedella Patterson, posed for a
kneeling figure of “Psyche at Nature’s Mirror.” She is the
Comparatively few people have ever heard of a Sand Wheel first woman to pose for an “entire figure” plaster cast, to
and still fewer have ever seen one. With the aid of photogra serve as a model tor a wax impression. The pose depicts
pher and engraver we bring one to our readers this week Psyche in a recumbent position looking into a stream. It
Our illustration on the front page shows the wheel now required exactly seven hours to form the mold. The trying
being erected by the Robert Poole & Sons Co., Baltimore, for experiment was conducted by C. Van Burn, A. Tognieri and
the Calumet & Hecla Mining Co. Few shops in the country M. Asher, three noted sculptors. Miss Patterson said:
have the facilities for constructing such a mammoth. It is ‘The only injury I sustained was a slight burn on the wrist.
being buil t from the plans of the mining company’s engineer, \t first the plaster felt cold, but it soon grew agonizingly hot,
IX. D. Leavitt, of Cambridgeport, Mass., and is 65 feet in diam and I felt that if I could get out I would never pose again.”
er, weighing with its base plates and supporting columns The model of Psyche is being made by J. R. Palmerberg,
over 1,000,000 pounds. The shaft, or axle, is made of Krupp’s 710 Broadway, N. Y. At the conclusion of the pose the girl
crucible cast steel, 32 inches diameter, 27 feet long, with a 16 was completely exhausted.
ececeeitiiaiinisiliadareae
nch hole bored through the center, and weighs 42,000 pounds.
Journals are 25 inches diameter and 42 inches long. MILK CAN CLEANING MACHINE.
Two gun iron hubs are fitted to either end of the shaft,
each weighing 20,000 pounds, and from these hubs radiate People in cities have little conception of the vast number of
forty 4-inch steel arms or spokes, which support the rim sec- cans required to transport the milk product every day. There
tions on the same principle as a bicycle wheel; each spoke are several million of these cans and each one must be thor-
arranged with special nuts and threads for fine adjustment when oughly cleaned at least once each day. On account of their Gi

erected in place. The rim is built up in 20 segments. It

Banka
consists of two concentric rings, one on the inside for strength-
ening the entire structure attached to the radial spokes, and
another on the outside consisting of a toothed gear rim fas-
tened to the inside rim with bolts and keys. On the periphery
of the outside rim are cast staggered or stepped gear teeth,
and these teeth are milled with special tools to an accuracy
of one-thousandth of an inch variation. The pitch of the
working teeth is 4.7 inches, each row of teeth 12 inches wide,
making an effective working face of 24 inches. There are 26
teeth in each segment, or a total of 520 in the entire wheel.
To each side of the sectional rim is riveted a rectangular
plate iron box, carrying on ‘its inner side’ 275 buckets, 550
in all. The buckets are set at an angle which together with
the periphery velocity prevents discharge until a horizontal
position is reached near the top of the wheel; the distance
across the face of the wheel when the buckets are fitted being
about 12 feet. The lower part of the wheel dips in a shallow
pit, into which the refuse from the stamp mills flows, and as
it turns each bucket is filled with water, gravel or sand, and
carried up to be discharged at an elevation of about 50 feet shape this is no easy matter. Richard Nelson of Moncton, Md,
into a trough, where it is carried away by the water in sluice- has invented a labor-saving machine. The can is put over a
ways, the discharge being close to 75,000,000 gallons in 24 collapsible brush which is then expanded and made to revolve
hours. The pinion, or small wheel by which motion is given rapidly by means of a crank, at the same time a stream of water
to the large wheel, has 23 teeth in each row, and is 37 inches is forced into the can.
diameter, accurately milled to match the large wheel, and is
fitted to a shaft carrying on its outer end a mortise, or wood WOMAN MAKES BEST ATHLETES’ SHOES.
tooth wheel, engaging with an iron pinion fitted on the motor
shaft. The electric motor for driving is of 750 horse power, It is said that the only shoemaker in the United States who
speed 150 revolutions per minute. The large wheel makes possesses the secret of making perfect racing shoes for pedes-
about four revolutions per minute, and the periphery speed at trians is a woman. She is Mrs. Frazier, the widow of “Jack”
the inner edge of the buckets will be about 12 feet per second. Frazier, well known during his life as an athlete, as well as a
It is expected that the wheel will be ready for delivéry in maker of racing shoes. The Shoe Trade Journal says:
about four months, when 40 gondola cars will be required for “It is a curious fact that all the shoes worn by the pedes-
its transportation. Our illustration shows the wheel in present trians in the six-day go-as-you-please race at Madison Square
stage of construction—the buckets have not yet been placed in Garden were made by Mrs. Frazier. In the old days ‘Jack’
a
the wheel. Frazier fitted the leading pedestrians with their racing shoes-
Gettin
and before he died taught his wife the art of making shoes that
Jacon Jacobson, a windlassman, fell 70 feet, down a mining would not chafe or swell the feet of a long-distance runner.
shaft of the Fay Exploration company at Virginia, Minn., and Mrs. Frazier personally measures the feet of the athletes and
escaped without broken bones. cuts thé leather for the shoes. In a race like that at the Garden
a man well shod has an immense advantage over those who are
Eight million pounds of plates and 2,225,000 pounds of chan- not, and all the old-time pedestrians, as well as the new ones,
nels, angles and shaped steel are being used in the construc- appreciate the fact.”
ton of two battleships, New Jersey and Rhode Island, at the
Fore River ship yard, Quincy, Mass. They are to be among The area of Yellowstone park is equal to that of Delaware
the largest warships in the world. plus Rhode Island.
 April 12, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

BALLAST SPREADER. came near losing his life He fell from the top of the loop;
both his legs were broken, his ribs were smashed and he was
In ballasting a railroad the sand, gravel or crushed rock is injured internally. Harry Stewart, who made the attempt,
dumped from the cars in piles on either side of the track. Then also fell, but by a superlative etfort manages

men with shovels spread the material out evenly or as they say in a net that had been stretched for him and escaped serious
injury.
Vandervoord’s feat was accomplished at Coney Island. He

“trim” it. Here is a machine which may be set at any angle

required and which is drawn by a wire rope fastened to the loco-
motive.
soncenicaniniilaianiiliia 3
A new valve mechanism is said to have been tested on the
ee
-
Great Northern railroad in England with sensational results. It
is claimed that it reduced coal consumption 40 per cent and that
2 a locomotive thus fitted at 140 pounds steam will do more work
‘ than an ordinary one with 210 pounds.

q Thomas A. Edison has been made an honorary member of

Edison Hook and Ladder Company of Menlo Park, N. J., the
: truck house of which was formerly the laboratory of the inven-
tor. It was in this house that the telephone, the electric light
F and phonograph were invented.
—_—
++ —___—
i DARING FEAT OF A BICYCLIST.
aie
foams

y Loops the Loop on His Wheel While Bewildered Spectators =

' Look On.

Loop:ng the loop on a bicycle is the daring feat accomplished

3 by Robert S. Vanderwood after two others met with disaster
in the hazardous attempt. In this remarkable performance
Vandervoord had to ride for a short time with his head down-
ward, seeming almost an impossibility. But it was accom-
plished on the same principle that passengers in an ordinary
loop-the-loop car do not fall out when the car is at the top COMING OUT OF rHt Loor

of the loop and that water does not spill from a pail when the
will again attempt it this summer at Chicago. He made forty
practice trips before giving a public exhibition that amazed
the thousands who looked on. The Coney Island structure is
200 feet long, says the Motor Age, and the time which it takes
to make the trip is just 6 2-5 seconds There is about 100
feet of incline at an angle of 30 degrees. The accomparving
illustration, “On the Way Down,” shows Vandercoor he
act of completing the circu:t when he is going at the rate of
about 35 miles an hour. When he is head down at the top he
is traveling 17 miles an hour. The loop is egg shaped. The
incline is 4 feet wide, narrowing at the bottom to 3 feet and
widening again at the beginning of the loop to a maximum
width of 12 feet.
—
;
Paderewski refuses to sleep in a sleeping car unless his head
is toward the engine. This fact caused a great commotion
% at Davenport, Ia., a short time ago when the pianist’s sleep-
ing car had to be taken to the draw of the government bridge
across the Mississippi to be turned round. This draw is the
biggest turn table in America, but it was the first time it was
ON THE WAY DOWN.
ever used for that purpose
pail is wheeled around rapidly. Had Vandervoord paused a
fraction of a second while he was riding with his feet toward The steel lower masts being built at the Fore River Ship
the sky and his head downward he would have fallen and Yards at Quincy, Mass., for the seven-masted schooner, men-
probably have been dashed to death on the timbers below. tioned in Popular Mechanics, March 15, are the largest ever
Joseph Mack, who tried the experiment several months ago, attempted, each being 135 feet long and 31 inches in diameter
 212 POPULAR MECHANICS April 12, 1902.

OPAPP II Irsns VstareM Nel NeI Nes rele NSNIN Po NIRD eISSN IIIs face of the core, across the other end and back to the starting
point, thus passing entirely around the core lengthwise. The
Easy Electrical Experiments method of winding is clear from an inspection of the figure
FOR BOYS shown. Each of the coils when complete consists of slight
turns of this kind. There will be just room enough between
By L. P. DICKINSON the projecting brads for four turns to lie side by side, so there
bt
el
ea
ihh
eee
ee
Pee will be two layers of four turns each. These must be wound
CHAPTER XIV. very tightly and evenly, all kinks in the wire being smoothed
HOW TO MAKE A 1-20 HORSE POWER MOTOR.—WINDING out. Provide a quantity of little leather tags cut from an old
THE ARMATURE. shoe. Number one of these B-1, and fasten it firmly to the be-
ginning end of coil No. 1. When this coil is finished—that is,
when the whole eight turns are evenly wound—cut it off, leav-
In the last chapter directions were given for constructing
ing about six inches for connecting, and tag this end E-1, sig-
the armature core. Now we will proceed to wind this core
nifying that this is the end of coil No. 1. Then twist the two
with the necessary coils of wire. The brads projecting radially
from the ends of the spool are for the purpose of retaining the
wires together temporarily. Proceed then to wind coil No. 2,
tagging its ends B-2 and E-2. Coil No. 2 may be wound best
various coils in place upon the spool. Since we put twelve of
these brads upon each end of the spool, there will be spaces
in the space to the right of that occupied by coil No. 1. Pro-
ceed in this manner with the rest of the twelve coils.
between them for twelve coils of wire.
Before beginning the winding of the coils be sure that the Since each coil reaches around to the opposite side of the
core, when six coils are wound all the spaces will have wire in
NAS
Aeges
them. But this need cause no trouble. Start to wind coil No. 7
on top of coil No. 1, but begin on the opposite side of the core;
that is, coil No. 7 is wound in the space where it would naturally
fall, without any notice being taken of the fact that it is wound
outside of No. 1. Similarly, coil No. 8 is wound over coil No. 2,
but starts on the opposite side of the core.
Of course, where all these wires overlap on the end of the
spool, there will be formed a large bunch of wires. But this
will do no harm provided great care is used to prevent a bare
wire from touching its neighbor or the shaft. If the latter is
METHOD OF WINDING.
protected with paper, there will be no trouble. Do not, how-
iron washers in the core are completely covered with a layer ever, allow the ends of the coils to form a bunch which ex-
of paper. Also be very sure that the shaft is wrapped with tends more than one inch from the ends of the spool.
heavy paper, glued on as directed. The brass screws which Twelve coils should be wound, very smoothly and evenly,
hold the heads of the wooden spool in place should be sunk and the ends properly tagged, so that when we come to connect
below the surface of the wood, so that it will be impossible for up the coils later we can distinguish the projecting ends of one
a wire to touch them. coil from those of its neighbors.
There will be needed for the armature % pound of No. 18 If the core has been mounted upon the shaft as directed, the
double cotton covered magnet wire. Place it upon a reel or shaft will project 3 inches from one end and 2 inches from the
spool upon the work bench so that the wire may easily be other. The winding should begin at that end of the core where
unwound from it, taking care in handling the wire to keep it the shaft is the longest.
smooth and straight." Support the armature core, with its >>>
ii

TO RECOVER SUNKEN PALACES OF A KING.

Lake Nemi, Italy, is to be drained, in the hope of recovering

the magnificent floating gardens, or houseboats, built by the
crazy Emperor Caligula, forty years after Christ. A company
with a capital of $100,000 has been organized for the purpose.
It is headed by Signor Borghi, who made a previous attempt to
recover the palaces with grappling irons and took out many
decorations of bronze and marble that are almost invaluable.
Caligula squandered $100,000,000 that had been ieft him by
Tiberius. The floating gardens of cedar wood he had built to
gratify one of his fanciful whims. They were equipped with
jewel prows, rich sculpture, vessels of gold and silver, bath-
rooms of alabaster and bronze. The gardens were places of
amusement and temples in which the crazy monarch worshiped
himself. The floors were paved with glass mosaic, the window
I
Ie
SS
a
CS
and door frames were of bronze, and many of the decorations
SECTION OF ARMATURE. were of almost priceless value. The floating palaces, says Wil-
shaft, im front of this reel of wire, by resting the ends of the liam E. Curtis, were attached to the shore by chains. The pal-
aces lie in the mud about 200 yards distant from each other in
shaft upon two blocks with the core hanging between them, so
as to allow free access to the latter. Two or three nails driven thirty feet of water. Several efforts have been made to recover
them.
into the blocks will prevent the shaft from slipping off. >
“_-?
Having made these preparations, we are ready for the wind-
ing. Begin at any one of the twelve spaces and wind the first Cotton experts of Germany will send a commission to the
coil in this space. The wire is wound lengthwise along one United States to study cotton growing with a view of intro-
face of the core, across the other end, back along the opposite ducing its cultivation into German East Africa.
we

eos
April 12, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 213
HOW TO MAKE A “LADY KITE.” across the first band and tie the other end at the left shoulder.
Attach the kite string to the breast band at the point where
The “lady kite” is made on the same principle as the “boy the two strings intersect. Tie the knot so that you can slide
kite” explained in our issue of March 20.
The frame may be made exactly as the boy kite and then
“dressed” with tissue paper to represent a girl or it may be
made as in Fig. 1 of the acompanying illustration. Remember
the dotted lines represent the strings or thread and the other
on
lines indicate the kite sticks. Be careful with your measure- ee
eS
ee

ments so that each side of the kite corresponds exactly and is ~ee

well balanced. Also see that every point where the sticks in-
tersect is firmly tacked and bound.
To cover the kite use tissue paper of different color. First
oeee
paste together pieces of paper of different color to suit your a
~ “<x

taste. The paste should be made of flour and water and boiled. os
ere
——

Make the seams or overlaps not quite one-third of an inch

wide. Lay the paper on the floor using weights to hold it
down smoothly, and place the frame of the kite upon it. -

er
me

THE KITE COMPLETE.

the kite string up or down until it is properly adjusted. The

tail band is made by tying a string to the leg sticks at the
bottom of the breast band. Let the string hang slack below
the skirt and attach the tail to the center. You can make
the lady look as if dancing and kicking in the clouds by mak-
ing the feet of stiff pasteboard and allowing them to hang
loose from the line which forms the bottom of the skirt. The
THE FRAME, feet will move and sway with each motion of the kite
>>
Then cut out the paper around the frame, leaving an edge
of % inch. Don’t forget to make a slit in this edge every SAYS CLEOPATRA WAS A PHYSICIAN.
six or seven inches and at each angle. Around the head the
slits must be not more than three inches apart. This is to Was Cleopatra a physician? Zervos has unearthed old docu-
prevent the paper from wrinkling when it is being pasted. ment, says the Journal A. M. A., to prove that she was the
Put the paste on with a small brush. Cover the margin one author of several works on medical subjects. They show a
section at a time, turn it over and press it down with a rag. thorough understanding of the theme, he remarks, rare pow-
Now wait until the kite is dry, after which you may paint the ers of observation and enviable conciseness of statement. She
face, hands, head, feet and dress to suit your fancy. lived at the time the Alexandria school was at the zenith of
To make the breast band, punch holes through the paper its fame and may have taken a medical course there. It only
one upon each side of the leg-sticks, just above the bottom, required six months. She killed herself, according to Galen,
and one upon each side of the arm sticks at the shoulder. in the most scientific manner by having an asp’s poison poured
Run one end of the string through the hole at the bottom into a wound in her arm. She also embalmed Antony’s body
of the left limb and tie it to the leg stick; tie the other end with a dexterity showing great anatomical knowledge. Zervos
at the right shoulder. Fasten one end of another string of the refers also to several Latin works dating from 1586, 1597 and
same length at the bottom of the right leg; pass the string up 1612, which quote from her writings
214 POPULAR MECHANICS April 12, 1902.

Popular Mechanics
also necessary to have an engineer on duty all the time -lown
in the mine to watch the pumps. Now the pumps are operated
H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher with electric motors with power conducted from the surface
through a copper wire covered with waterproof material. We
Journal Building, - ~ - Chicago
illustrate this, showing the system devised and built by the
Gould Company, Seneca Falls, N. Y. The large cut shows
SUBSCRIPTICN
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
EEE RSE See FR, ae ee $2 00

Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.

Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan

WL
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed, we have
readers who desire to study all the details
made only a brief digest. and those
of the subject should pro-
of our
o&
are ong its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date.
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning.

Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.

Address,
Tint ite
Sa
i#

POPULAR MECHANICS
Journal Building, - + Chicago peer
eal

Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class.

PUMPING MINES BY ELECTRICITY.

Very few mines but have trouble with water; the deeper
tee
5ee
ed
the mine the greater the amount of water as a rule. To get rid
of this water pumps must be kept going night and day. Even

PORTABLE PUMPS CONNECTED.

DEEP MINE PUMPING WITH ELECTRICITY.

then the water sometimes comes in faster than it can be

the system of raising water from great depths. The pumps
pumped out, and work must stop until it is safe to proceed.
are placed at several levels and each set ra‘se the water two
There have been cases where two years have been spent pump-
ing out a mine which had been filled with water. or three hundred feet until it finally reaches the top and flows
away. By the electric system portable pumps on cars can
quickly be sent to any part of the mine and power supplied by
stringing a wire, which can readily be done, and the water dis-
charged through iron pipes or ordinary fire hose. In parts of
mines which require pumping at certain seasons only, the
wires and pipes are allowed to remain and the pumps ard
motor attached when needed. ey
ee

BEST PAPER OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.

Nicholas Ferrigno, Hurricane Island, Maine, writes: “In-

closed find remittance for which send me your paper one year.
You can tell the people that Popular Mechanics is the best paper
of the twentieth century; good enough for everybody, and espe-
EMERGENCY WORK.
cially for those who are mechanically inclined.”
———_--o__+—_
The old way was to pump by steam from boilers on the
surface. The loss in power in piping this steam down to the Capitalists represented by Cornelis S. Palmer of Chicago,
pumps 500 feet, 1,000 feet, or more, is very great. It was will establish a packing house at Uruapam, Mexico.
April 12, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

NEW GUN THAT SHOOTS 25 MILES.

SCHOOL FOUNDED BY PAUL REVERE.

New York, which long has been considered impregnable,

Important improvements are soon to be made at the Trade
school of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, because of the Sandy Hook and Coney Island batteries, might
founded by Paul Revere. The night sessions will probably go now be destroyed by a new and sensational piece ol artillery
into effect this year and other departures are to be made, by which has been invented by an American This gun with a

PUPILS AT WORK IN THE SHOPS OI THE M C. M. A. TRADE SCHOOL,

which the college will be operated on a larger scale than ever caliber of only 4% inches sends a steel shell weighing 550
*wee
-
before. pounds 24 miles with a velocity of 3,900 feet a second. It
Here pupils are taught the manual arts that are making is the improved Brown regimental wire-tube gun; rapid fire
America great. Bricklaying, carpentering and plumbing are and perfecte1 after 15 years. Col James S. Ingalls, U. S. A.,
included in the course of study. Graduates from a two-years’ retired, the well known authority on ordnance building, is au-
course are fitted to apply for a journeyman’s license and are thority for the effectiveness of this new weapon The range Fines
eome
nsgec
9

capable of holding positions in advance of many older heads and energy of the gun are attained by using a comparatively
who have spent much of their lives in practical experience. big powder chamber, together with a long barrel, and a spe-
They know not only how but why. The school, says Domestic cial carriage has been designed to stand the recoil that comes
Engineering, furnishes each pupil with bench tools, furnace from firing the gun at an angle of 40 degrees. The gun weighs
and all necessary material at the nominal cost of $15 per term only four tons and takes a charge of 26 pounds of smokeless ar
mre
a
—less than one-half the actaul cost to the association. powder. The tube and foundation are of curled steel 1-7 inch
+e. thick. Ten miles of wire are wound into one gun, giving a
TALKING MACHINE AS POLITICAL ORATOR. tube that will stand the heretofore unheard of pressure of

92,000 pounds to the square inch

Chicago Candidates Have Phonograph to Do Their Speech ee
Making While They Mix With Voters. OE
POT
DEADLY SANDSTORM OF AMERICAN DESERTS.

In Chicago where it is often necessary for a political candi-

date to make a dozen or more speeches during the day, go- Digging out railroads from under snow slides of the Rocky
ing from one hall to another from morning until night, the mountains is easy work compared to shoveling through sands
latest improved phonograph thas come to his assistence in a which the storms frequently pile upon the railroads crossing
time most opportune. Now the candidate may remain at home the American deserts. In this work a snow plow is useless.
in his easy chair or be passing cigars around in the audience Steam shovels are used but often the hand shovel is the only
while the phonograph is making his speech. It relieves the weapon that can successfluly combat against these formidable
candidate of the purely mechanical work of delivering the sand banks.
talk and gives him time to circulate among the voters. The The Arabian simoon is not deadlier than the sandstorm of
phonograph used in making these speeches is a new patent the Colorado desert. - Express trains cannot make head against
which speaks the words loudly and distinctly. The machine it, and sometimes they are blown from the track. Upon the
is “loaded” in advance so that the speech-making is inter- crests of some of the ranges are hundreds of acres buried deep
spersed with band music, and pauses are made on the film after in the fine white sand that these fearful gales scoop up by car-
each illusion to “that noble emblem,” “a government for the loads from the plains and lift on high to fling upon the scowl-
people, of the people and by the people,” “the land for which ing peaks thousands of feet above. Man or beast caught in
our fathers bled,” etc., in order to give the audience time one of these sand laden tempests has little chance of escape.
to applaud. The talking machine, as a vote getter, is the The man who will lie with his head tighly wrapped in coat or
birth of the present heated city campaign. It was put into blanket and stifle there until the fury.of the storm is spent ——

use by: Alderman William Butterworth and Cassius O. Smith. may survive. There is no facing or breathing that atmos-
republican nominees for aldermen, and proved so successful phere of alkaline sand, whose lightest whiff inflames eyes, nose
that its use is becoming quite universal in the Windy City. and throat almost past endurance.
 216 POPULAR MECHANICS April 12, 1902.

ee §notive which, also, was really a locomobile (Fig. 3) and was

LOCOMOTIVES OF A CENTURY § °°.) oS

An example is shown in Fig. 4 of an attempt to increase
[Being an illustrated history of locomotive invention, build
ing and progress. The facts are taken from a paper by ¥S. M.
Vauclain, read before the New England Railroad Club The
illustrations were gathered and engraved by the Baldwin Lo
PM) Works, by whose permission they are used.—Edito:

THE WORLD'S FIRST LOCOMOTIVE.

On March 24, the locomotive was 100 years old. On that

day 100 years ago Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian ap-
plied to the English government for a patent for steam en-
gines for propelling vehicles, as told in Popular Mechanics,
March 1 last. This was the first high pressure locomotive.

FIG. 3—OLIVER EVAN’S MODEL, 1804.

the tractive power of the locomotive—the invention of Brun-

ton in 1812. We thus record the first effort to improve, by
complication, the hauling power of the locomotive—an ignis

FIG. 1—TREVITHICK’S MODEL, 1800.

Mr. S. M. Vauclain, in a paper before the New England Fpaith

Railroad club, states that Trevithick’s first model (Fig. 1) was
made in 1800. Prior to this we had the creations of Newton,
Cagnot, Murdock, Nathan Reed of Salem, Mass. (the first

FIG 4—BRUNTON’S MODEL, 1812

fatuas which has proven the financial ruin of many well known
inventors of the nineteenth century. The next most noticea-

ane
ao

FIG, 2—TREVITHICK’S LOCOMOTIVE, 1803.

in America), and others, but their machines were all of lo-

comobile species. In 1803 Trevithick produced the first loco-
motive in the world to run on iron wheels (Fig. 2). In 1804, :
an American, Oliver Evans, of Philadelphia, produced a loco- ‘FIG. 5—SEGRIM’S LOCOMOTIVE, 1827.
 April 12, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

ble advance was made by Segrim in 1827 (Fig. 5), and repre- ELECTRICITY FIRES NEW YACHT CANNON.
sents the first application of the multi-tubular boiler, the
standard locomotive boiler of the present era. The latest swell thing in the yachting line is a rapid fire
(To be continued.) saluting cannon which the owner or captain fires from the
———__-_—.
> —_—_
bridge or any other part of the vessel by simply touching a
button. To the uninitiated observer who sees and hears the
INVENTORS’ ASOCIATION. piece fired at the right moment but without any one near, the

On December 12th last there was organized in Chicago an

association which means much to the mechanical interests of
the country and to those who are working and bringing
out new mechanical problems of use and value. Among its
objects are: to assist deserving inventors in securing needed
information and money; to assist in patenting worthy devices
= ae
where assistance is needed; an exchange of ideas between
members; to bring inventors who have marketable patents in aes
ar

touch with manufacturers who are looking for good articles

to manufacture. Also to maintain a meeting room with li-
brary, and exhibition rooms in Chicago and other cities for
displaying models, drawings, etc., belonging to the members.
Before being admitted to the association, the member must SEP
a
i
~
convince the examing board that he has actually invented ee
eee

something.
Meetings are held each month and at each meeting the pro-
gram which is of great interest, includes a lecture or address
by some eminent patent attorney. This course of lectures
alone is highly instructive and valuable. The public are ad-
mitted to the lectures without charge. The association has
been very carefully planned and brings together each month
a large number of practical men. The “crank inventor” is not
encouraged to join. The officers are: President, Wm. Ben-
nett Moore; vice-president, Ira D. Perry; secretary, Herbert
E. Speyer; and treasurer, W. W. Crowe. About 100 members operation is a mystery. The cannon is designed and built by
the Naval Electric Co., New York, which has adopted ‘he
have already been admitted and the association is growing
Hotchkiss naval pattern base. The piece when mounted a
rapidly. We shall have more to say of its work a little later
yacht has a very business-like appearance, and can when re-
+o.
quired be loaded with light shrapnel. The moment the anchor
LAW POINTS FOR EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYED. is let go or raised is the correct time to salute and not after
the boat has swung to the tide. By this method the discharge
-(Carefully compiled from the latest decisions of the highest is instantaneous and may be accomplished from any part of the
courts. ) boat.
——_—__-+e— — -
The duty of an employer to instruct an employe as to the
WHEN P. T. BARNUM WAS A DENTIST
danger of operating a machine does not exist as to dangers so
obvious that the employe is as familiar with same as is his em-
ployer. (86 N. W. Rep., 178.) Laughing Gas First Brought Into General Use Through the Efforts
Where an employer furnishes sufficient tools and appliances of His Firm.
with which to carry on the work, he is not liable for an injury
to: an employe which was caused by the failure of a fellow- Dr. W. A. Roddy of St. Louis gives an interesting description
of the discovery of nitrous oxid gas for dental work. It was
workman to make proper use of such appliances. (49 Atl.
first used for alleviating pain by Sir Humphrey Davy. Dr. C. Q.
Rep., gI.)
Colton, while delivering a chemical lecture in Hartford, Conn..
The employer owes an obligation to his employes not to Dec. 10, 1844, administered the gas to ladies and gentlemen on the
place incompetent or unskillful foremen over them. (38 S. E. stage to illustrate its effects on the human system. In_ the
Sete
cpr Rep., 911.) audience was Dr. Horace Wells, a noted dentist. During the ex-
Where there is a comparatively safe and a more dangerous hibition a young man to whom the gas had been administered
way known to an employe, by means of which he may discharge became greatly excited, performed sundry evolutions and badly
his duty, it is negligence for him to select the more dangerous catused and abrased his shine against the benches. When the naar
a
ae

method, and he thus assumes the risk of the injury which re- effects were over he declared he had felt no pain. Dr. Wells de-
sults. (108 Fed. Rep. 747.) termined to test the gas by having one of his own teeth extracted.
Where the employer is notified by a workman of a defect A large molar was removed and when the doctor recovered he
in machinery furnished for the latter’s use, and promises to exclaimed: “New era in tooth-pulling; didn’t hurt as much as
remedy the defect, the workman by continuing the use of the a prick of a pin.”
machinery for a reasonable time after the promise to repair The use of the gas slumbered until 1863, when P. T. Barnum,
does not assume the risk, and if by reason of the defect the the great showman, became interested in its possibilities, and the
employe is injured within the time, the employer will be lia- Colton Dental association was formed at New Haven, Conn., con-
ble. (62 S. W. Rep. 1124.) sisting of G. Q. Colton, P. T. Barnum and Dr. John Allen. The SS
ee
el
AS

association established branch offices in all the large cities

he statement by the foreman that he intended to move the
machinery slowly was not a promise of assurance that the de-
fects would be cured or dangerous places made safe. (108 Note—The next issue will contain an article on “How
Fed. Rep. 751.) Nitrous Oxid Gas Is Made and Used.”
 218 POPULAR MECHANICS April 12, 1902.

PRIZES FOR ALCOHOL MOTORS. ELECTRIC HEATERS. where the instrument is heated in one place
and used in another.
The German ministries of war and ag- Last week we studied the theory and ex For instance take the soldering iron. By
riculture make an offer for first, second amined the structure of electric heaters the old charcoal stove method a great deal
and third prizes of 10,000 marks, 5,000 employed in heating street cars. These ex of time was wasted in getting a desired
marks and 2,500 marks respectively, for amples were selected on account of their
the best alcohol motors for military number and because most of our readers
usages. These motors must be made in have seen and enjoyed them. ‘The same
Germany. They are to weigh less than application of heating, put up in different
eight tons and must be capable of drawing shapes and made as ornamental as desired
sixteen tons on good roads. The motor of is already used to some extent in heating
itself must be able to cross meadows, houses, bath rooms and offices. It is the
plowed lands and water eighteen inches ideal heat, less troublesome to start than
deep. The tires may be twenty inches
wide According to the terms of the FIG. 4—WITH REGULATION.
offer, these machines must be ready to
heat, then cleaning the iron; meanwhile
be tested in February, 1903.
The offer is a result of the initiative of the stove made gas, ashes and heat, all of
Emperor William, who has long been in- which were very undesirable and to an ex-
terested in alcohol motors and engines tent dangerous to health and property.
for the transportation of military supplies Now the solderer can use the same iron as
and the moving of artillery. many hours as he will. The electric cur-
German farmers are interested in the rent steadily flows into it keeping just the
idea because alcohol is made from pota- proper heat; until, his work done, he turns
off the current.
toes v1G. 1—MERCHANT TATLOR’S TRON.
-ww
-_>-?
The American Heater Co., Detroit, have
DANGER IN WATER KEPT IN ROOMS. a gas jet, and absolutely without any
smell or dirt, yet at the present price of
Here is something everyone should current it is a good deal of a luxury, al
know A peculiar property about ice- though entirely practical from a mechanical
cold water is that it attracts to itself a standpoint. The time is coming, however,
large quantity of the poisonous gases that when the cost of current will be greatly re-
are exhaled through our lungs and pores. duced and then electric house heating will
The colder the water the greater its ca- be common. There is enough power going FIG, 5,
pacity for holding impurities, and water to waste every day in the movement of
gone into the mantifacture of a great va-
which has stood during the night in a the tides to heat the country, not to men-
riety of heaters. We illustrate a few of
close bedroom is highly injurious to tion the waste power to be had from un-
them to give an idea of the scope of use,
drink. At a normal temperature a pitcher construction and utility.
of water will under these circumsiances
Take flat irons for instance. These are
probably contain in the morning from a
made in great variety for use in private page
"err"*
pint to a pint and a half of carbonic gas
house, hotel or laundry. Then there are eres
and a larger proportion of ammonia; tery
vee

the polishing irons such as hatters use;

when nearly at freezing point its capacity
corset irons; bust block irons, and several
for imbibing poisons is doubled.
-ww~>
types for the varied needs of tailors. Fig.
-_>-
1 shows a merchant tailor’s standard iron.
VENTILATION THROUGH WALLS.
FIG. 2—HATTER’S IRON.
The air of heated rooms is changed
quite rapidly through the walls in cold used waterfalls and dams, the wind and
weather, says Domestic Engineering. other sources of power.
More than twenty years ago Flugge esti- While extensive house heating is limited,
mated that this “spontaneous ventilation” as yet, the smaller applications are not,
would completely renew the air of small and in the mechanical and industrial arts
rooms every hour when the difference be- electricity has proved of the greatest im-
portance. By its use a positively uniform
tween inside and outside temperature is
25 degrees Fahrenheit; but a somewhat
a eS
slower rate has been obtained since by
ee
en
Se
IL,
2
I
IOTE
0DO FIG. 6.—CURLING IRON.
H. Wolpert in measuring the hourly
diminution of an excess of carbonic acid These weigh from 12 to- 30 pounds each.
in an unoccupied room. In a room of Fig. 2 is a hatter’s iron weighing 4 pounds.
2,000 cubic feet, with painted walls, the In all these irons the heat is made to go
passage of air per hour for each degree down toward the flat face of the iron
of temperature difference was somewhat which does the work. A person can iron
less than one-hundredth of the total air all day with the same iron without loss of
of the room. But the rate was consider- FIG. 3—SINGLE HEAT. a moment’s time. Flat irons cost from $6
able greater with masonry walls covered to $9 for house use, and from $8 to $20 for
with paper, and three times as rapid with temperature can be maintained. There is manufacturer’s work.
ordinary whitewashed walls. no overheating and cooling as is the case In small portable stoves there are many
 April 12, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

styles ranging all the way from a small one troller which enables the operator to se- TENANT FARMING.
to heat milk for the baby in the night up cure six changes in heat from barely warm
to good sized foot warmers. Fig. 3 is a up to a heat that would quickly burn if One of the striking things shown by the
small one three inches in diameter and five not deftly handled. There are heaters for last census 15 the remar©rk ible increase Ol!

inches high. Fig. 4 is the same style but boots, another kind for shoes and another tenant larm:ng
larger and has a heat regulator. The ves- for more delicate foot wear. The practical operated by tenants howed a < ynsider

sel to be heated is set on the flat disc . utilities to which electric heating is applied able increase by the census of 1890. For
which forms the top of this miniature are already extensive. the whole country, this percentage has in
stove. Fig. 5 is another style. These cost ————<—$—<—<e Hp. creased in the last ten years nearly twice
from $4 up. as fast as the percentage of population of
HOW TYPHOID FEVER SPREADS.
The ladies have complained many times the nation, four times that of the purely
when at a hotel on finding the gas
Ke agricultural population, and twice that of
Turner, as medical officer of health of the farms operated by their owners
the Transvaal, argues against the air-borne te

NN
DY. AS eS theory of typhoid. He does not deny its
THAWING FROZEN LEADERS.
possibility, but thinks that it is not usual
|
or even frequent. As regards flies, he holds
a similar opinion. He gives his observa- A difficulty often experienced at this
tions to show that the typhoid in South Af- time of the year is keeping leaders clear of
FIG. 7. FIG. 8.
rica is almost entirely due to polluted wa- ice. Where the gutter is connected direct-
cut off, and no means at hand to heat ter, says the Journal Am. Medical Assn. ly to the leader it is an easy matter to
the curling iron. Heaters for curling irons clear the ice in the pipe by means of rock
The filters sent out for the troops, he
are now made in great variety, some very salt and hot water, says the Metal Worker,
claims, were not used or quickly got out
small to be put in the travelling bag and but where a tube passes through the wall
of order and the soldiers continually vio-
connected to any electric light fixture. Figs. or any other part of a building, and an
lated hygienic laws in drinking from filthy
6, > and 8 show some of these. There is a elbow is the result, it can be accomplished
water-holes and other polluted supplies.
kind now being made for hotel use to be as follows: Referring to the accompany-
Quill, the ramy medical officer of Ceylon,
kept fastened to the wall. When the curl- ing sketch, let A represent the roof, B the
takes the opposite view, and gives data
ing iron is inserted the current is auto- parapet wall and C the flashing connecting
that were obtained by him in a large camp
matically turned on, and cut off again the with the tube E, which joins the leader D
formed at Diyatalawa in Ceylon for Boer
instant it is withdrawn. A good curling
prisoners of war. Here they are kept un-
iron heater costs $3.
der discipline and all possibilities of water-
Then there are the pancake griddles, borne typhoid guarded against so that this
toasters, broilers, plate warmers, foot cause of the disorder can be excluded. He
warmers, and electric glue pots and sealing maintains that the infection there was air-
DYNAIAC f WIRES borne, resulting from emanations from spe-
cifically infected latrines, infected dust, or
bacilli-laden flies.
>>
“o>?
rs

LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY PUZZLED

area
es:

ee

SOAs
The manager of a life insurance com- ca
Tus Meta W
pany in Philadelphia has received the fol-
lowing letter from a policy-holder: “I
FIG. 9—SHOE IRON, hold a policy in your company for $20,000,
=
wax heaters. There are also heaters for on which I have paid the yearly premiums.
use in surgery and hospitals. I now have to inform you that my physi-
cian advises me that I have a pronounced The pipe, it will be seen, extends upward,
Heat seems to enter into the manufac-
case of appendicitis and his diagnosis is to allow it to be easily reached from over
ture of almost everything; even a pair of
confirmed by a specialist whom I have con- the wall, and has a flaring collar, as shown
shoes must be ironed before it is ready to
sulted. I am told that the only hope of at F. <A small offshoot, H, can advanta-
ship. In this work a very little difference
saving my life is an operation, which, with geously be placed in the position shown.
Tone

hospital expenses, will cost $800, an amount When the leader freezes place rock salt in
that I have no means to pay. I am sensi- the tube E and the pipe at F, and if con- eto
oe
eens
a

Sle that I owe it to you, who have so large venient pour hot water into the pipe.
a pecuniary interest in my life, to give Should the ice melt on the roof and the
you the option to pay the cost of this op- water flow into the tube E when the pipe
eration to save my life that I may con- is not open all the way down, the water
tinue to pay you the yearly premiums on can overflow at H and will not back up on
my policy (I believe that I am otherwise the roof nor flow under the flashing C. If
strong and healthy), or in the alternative this precaution is taken the leader pipes can
to pay the $20,000 to my beneficiary within be kept open all winter
a few weeks. I am quite willing to be ex- —— _~+++e
amined by any physician you may name An international amateur rowing race
and to have you select the operating phy- will be held at Cork, Ireland, July 21, 22
FIG. 10—HOUSE HEATER.
sician. Immediate attention to this is, of and 23. Lord Lieutenant O’Brien of Ire-
in temperature, either too hot or too cold, course, imperative.” land will give a cup valued at $1,216,
may spoil the job. In Fig. 9 we show one A conference of the company officials which is not a challenge cup, but is to be
of these shoe ironing tools with the con- has been called to determine upon a reply. won “out and out.”
 POPULAR MECHANICS April 12, 1902.

The Submarine Diver and His Outfit copper, with all mountings in finest gun
metal, have three windows or lights of
Irom data supplied by A J. Morse
& Co., Boston, Buliders of Diving Apparatus for the U. 8. Navy,) heavy plate glass, and are large enough to
With the screwing on of his brass helmet underclothes. If going into very deep allow the diver to turn his head. In the
a diver hands his life over to the keeping water, cotton saturated with oil is put in Morse helmets, such as are furnished the
of his attendant and the men at the air the ears and a crinoline cap drawn down navy, a safety valve prevents water com-
pumps. Sumarine diving is the hardest tightly over the ears. A pad is strapped ing into the helmet (and instantly drown-
kind of work, requiring experience, skill, on the shoulders to relieve the weight of ing the diver) in case the air pipe is cut.
ingenuity and plenty of nerve. The occu- the helmet and frame. He then gets An escape valve permits the air te flow
into the diving dress, which in cold out thus maintaining pure air for the
weather must first be warmed, drawing it diver. A safety lock prevents the helmet
becoming accidentally unscrewed.
The helmet is now adjusted in place,

BELT AND KNIFE,

but the front plate is left off to admit air.

The life line is next tied around the waist,
brought up in front and secured with a
bit of rope around the neck. The waist
THE HELMET, belt is buckled on with the knife on the
pation, however, is often exciting and left side, and the air hose screwed into
commands good pay. the helmet. Two men are now ordered
An outfit for diving in moderate depths to “man the pumps.’ The diver steps
includes the following articles: Air pump, on the ladder which extends a few feet
DIVER IN ARMOR.
$250; diving helmet, $100; 2 rubber down into the qwater and the weights are
well up to the waist; an assistant opens
dresses, $80; 150 feet air hose, $54; pair put over the shoulders.
the cuffs with the sleeve expanders, the
diving shoes with lead soles, $12; 2 pairs The attendant now makes a most care-
diver pushing his hands through. He
diving mittens, $10; 2 pairs diver’s stock- ful and final inspection, and if everything
then puts on his canvas overalls to protect
ings, $2.50; pair sleeve expanders, $5; is right, gives the word “Pump,” and
the rubber suit.
basket to pack helmet and suits in, $15, screws on the front plate. Air now begins
The diver now sits down, the inner
and numerous bolts, nuts, tools, etc., to discharge through the escape valve in
collar of the dress is drawn tightly and
the helmet. He then takes the life line
tied with spun yarn, and the breastplate
carefully put on. This is in two parts,
between which the neck of the rubber
suit is tightly clamped. The _ shoes,
weighing 10 to 20 pounds each, are now
put on and strapped. If rubber mittens

ete
ar

ES

LEAD SOLED SHOES.

in his hand and “pats” the top of the

helmet with it, which is the order to the eye

»
diver to descend. While the diver is be-
eee
Fg
gts MORSE’S DOUBLE ACTION AIR-PUMP low no laughing or talking is allowed,
FOR SUPPLYING TWO DIVERS.
and the attendant must keep the life line
which bring the outfit up to $574. An in hand every instant. Some divers have
outfit for very shallow work may be had a rope ladder reaching to the bottom, but
for $375, while deep sea outfits cost $725, experts prefer simply a rope heavily an-
and up. This article will describe the chored as a guide down. After descend-
dress and how a dive is made. ing a few yards a halt is made to make
The diver having taken off his own WEIGHTS ABOUT WAIST. sure everything is in proper working or-
clothes puts on a diver’s flannel shirt, a are to be used, they are next clamped to der. If he feels oppressed he must rise
pair of diver’s drawers, carefully adjusted the cuff rings. He is now ready for the a yard or two, swallow his saliva several
and drawn up outside the shirt, then his helmet, which is fastened with clamps or times and not go down until he feels com-
heavy stockings. If the water is cold screwed on, according to the type of hel- fortable. If oppression, headache or sing-
he puts on two or even three suits of met. These helmets are made of tinned ing in the ears continues he must return
 April 12, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 221

slowly to the surface. To dive to great PRISONER FREED BY AUTOMATIC EVI. TABLE FOR VARNISHING SASH.
depths, such as 120 or 150 feet, requires DENCE. i
~
men of great practice and able to sustain A clever arrangement for holding win-
Automatic evidence proved the inno-
the consequent pressure. dow sash of street cars while being var-
cence of Joseph M. Mayer, charged with nished is described in the Street Railway
On arrival at the bottom he signals “All CS os
arps
apie
forging the name of the Chicago Tele- Review. It comprises a piece of Y2-inch
right,” which is one pull on the life line.
phone Company in Chicago. He was ar- board circular in form and about 18 inches
If he has to move away from the bottom
rested on complaint of a saloonkeeper on in diameter. Jo one side of this are fast-
AC
SPST
of the ladder rope in thick water, he must
whom a bogus check was passed. The ened four small chair casters and in the
carry a rope with him tied to-the ladder
saloonkeeper claimed that he was posi- other are inserted four small wooden pegs
rope to find his way back. If he loses his
tive in his identification. Mayer works projecting upward about an inch. This
way, he must at once signal to be drawn
for the retail store of Marshall Field & Co. circular piece is mounted upon a common
up. In traveling on the bottom he must
He testified in court that he did not leave table by means of a bolt passing loosely
return by the same path he went to avoid
the store until 5:30 o’clock, and hence
getting his air pipe and life line fouled
could not possibly have reached the sa- Sod
Soa
around some obstacle. Where a diving
loon at the hour the saloonkeeper claimed beeen
p>there
telephone is used orders are spoken after
to have received the check. The judge
calling with a signal on the life line. One
adjourned the case and personally in-
transmitter and receiver is fastened inside
spected the time recorder in the Field
the helmet, and another set is beside the amram
store. He found Mayer’s statement con-
attendant. The telephone wires are in-
"RNG
SpiheNSAE
HDY
s firmed, and the case was dismissed.
>
tet

NOT THAT KIND OF A LINE.

Ex-Speaker Reed had occasion to con-

sult with a political friend residing in through holes bored in the center of the
some town out west, and telegraphed him circular board and the top of the table.
to that effect. The railroad on which the The pieces rests upon the four casters and
friend had to travel had a serious accident is free to revolve about the bolt at the
and he telegraphed back: center. When a sash is to be varnished it
“Can’t come; washout on line.” is laid with the glass resting upon the four
The ex-speaker wired this reply: pegs. The painter stands at one side and
“Get a clean shirt, and come anyway.” as he varnishes each edge of the frame he
turns the circular rest to bring the work
SOCIETY WOMAN IN TROUSERS. immediately in front of him and does not
have to move from his position. This not
Since Lady Constance McKenzie of only saves time but is much more conven-
Scotland appeared at the luncheon given ient for the painter and also assures better
in the lawn of Mrs. Richard Steven’s resi- work with less risk of marring or scratch-
REMOVABLE WAIST WEIGHTS. dence in Aiken, S. C., wearing trousers, ing the side freshly painted.
top boots and a riding coat, the wearing — p< o————
closed in rubber and fastened to the life —
of trousers for field sports has become a CORRSION ENDANGERS SKYSCRAPERS
line. While the diver is down the at-
fad among women in the East. Lady
tendant must frequently get an “all right”
McKenzie was attired in full hunting cos-
signal through the telephone or by the Sky scrapers are in danger of collapsing
tume. Many other prominent society
life line. If no answer is received the in a few years because of corrosion of the eh
SE
ee
Ne
women of the South and East were pres-
diver must be hauled up at once. In re- iron structures which form their founda-
ent. Among the men there were William
turning from great depths it is more im- tion, according to a speech of General
portant to rise slowly than in going down.
C. Whitney, Capt. Woodbury Kane, Rob W. S. Smith before the Chicago Real Es-
ert L. Stevens and W. Butler Duncan.
The ascent from 120 feet should occupy ww
tate Board. He said:
five minutes in order to get accustomed to “Wherever sulphurous fumes come in
the great change in pressure from that “HAY LOZENGES” FOR HORSES. contact with iron and steel very rapid
depth to open air. Next week we will corrosion takes place—so rapid that in
explain the symptoms a diver experiences, A Yankee has invented a kind of con- instances where locomotives run _fre-
fectionery which is enjoyeil by army quently under a steel structure the fumes
and describe some of the things he must
horses in the Philippines and in South escaping from the smokestack have in-
and must not do.
ae Africa. It is known as the “hay lozenge,” jured iron beams and girders to such an
and owes its existence to the necessity extent that they were unsafe in less than oes
Miss Mary Pangborn of Baltimore is for providing transportation for food in five years. A notable example of that
traveling in Turkestan. At Bokhara she the countries where the roads are bad. kind was in the approach to the Eads
called on the Ameer and found him ab- To make the lozenge, hay is compressed bridge in St. Louis. I presume similar
sent, whereupon she seated herself on his by machinery into discs from 12 to 18 instances could be found in Chicago if a
royal throne and had tea served to her- inches in diameter and 2 inches in thick- little care was taken to look them up.
self and party. ness. The discs are packed and rolled “Any attempt to cover steel with per-
just as candy lozenges are, and are hung ishable paints to prevent corrosion are
from the horse’s back in slings. A single worse than useless. Common oil paint
The New York University glee club disc when cut open and loosened makes will lose its efficacy within five years; in
startled Brooklyn by opening their grips a good square meal for a horse for a mile. the meantime keeping the concrete from
and changing their shirts in a crowded Bote
—_—- contact with the steel and so robbing the
trolley car a few nights ago. Many of the What pies are placed on the table but steel of the protection the lime in concrete
women passengers left the car. never eaten?—Nappies. would give.”
 222 POPULAR MECHANICS April 5, 1902.
COLD STORAGE SHIPPING CRATE. owning a loom may always be known by
its unusual length. The machines used in
The cut explains the shipping crate re- manufacturing the homespun are amaz- FOR THE MADAM
cently patented for shipping fish, lobsters, ingly crude in appearance, but the fabric
etc. It consists of one tub within another they produce cannot be equalled by the
most perfectly equipped factory with the HOW TO PREPARE POTATOES.
finest machinery that skill of man has
ever devised. On one of these looms Lyonnaise potatoes—One quart of cold
was woven the Irish linen presented to boiled potatoes cut into dice; three table-
spoonfuls of butter, one of chopped onion,
Queen Victoria on the occasion of her
jubilee in 1887. The linen was said to be one of chopped parsley, salt, pepper. Sea-
the finest ever manufactured. The looms son the potatoes with the salt and pepper.
are handed down from one generation Fry the onions in the butter, and when
to another and the secret of their age
they turn yellow add the potatoes. Stir
belongs to the workers of another time. with a fork, being careful not to break 2)pa
ete
<7

ow
in
them. When hot, add the parsley, and
cook two minutes longer. Serve imme-
THE MYSTERIOUS LIVES OF BIRDS.
diately on a hot dish.
Note.—This series of articles on the
Science has never been able to explain
methods of preparing potatoes began with
the mysteries of the lives of birds. Herr
the March 29 issue.
Gatka has added another problem in dis- Ee
covering that birds in migrating always
travel with perfectly empty stomachs. DOES WATER PRODUCE FAT?
Olive Thorne Miller says: ‘*The remark-
able feat of sinking the body in water to No, of course not. Water contains
with ice between and on top. The fish any desired depth and holding it there none of the elements from which fat is
are put in the inner case without any without motion and without clinging to produced. There is a notion abroad that
ice. Air spaces permit circulation of air, anything is another unexplained secret. people who drink much water are liable
and small holes in the bottom keep the Geese, ducks, sandpipers and cormorants to get fat, says Medical Talk. In conse-
water drained, are all experts in this maneuver. We quence of this notion a great many peo-
smile at the idea of a sea bird, which is ple who think themselves too fat are de-
>>
ii

AMAZING PERFORMANCE OF TRAINED as much at home on the water as on land, nying themselves water and other fluids.
either needing or wishing to ride, yet the A great many other people who think
FLEAS.
tropic bird is said to occasionally vary they are not fat enough are swilling down
The latest addition to the many attrac- his wing exercises by alighting for a sail water hoping to get fatter. This is all
tions of Berlin is a flea circus. It is on the back of a tortoise which he finds bosh. Perfectly absurd. There are peo-
necessarily of small dimensions and every- lazily floating on the surface. Major ple who will get fat in spite of drinking
thing pertaining to it is small. It is won- Bendine tells of a little owl caught riding water. There are people who will get
derful what the flea performers can do. on the back of an unwilling gopher, with lean in spite of denying themselves water.
They draw miniature carriages, set Ililli- the air of such composure that the ob- But as far as water has any effect in the
putian “flying Dutchmen’, moving, dance server was convinced it was a common production or elimination of fat, its effect
ballet and go through the evolution of exploit of the bird. is to make people leaner.
>>
fencing with tiny swords. The circus ——— <-o-———_—_—_—_

can be viewed to the best advantage BASKET FOR TRANSPLANTING HOW TO PRESERVE EGGS.
through a microscope. : PLANTS.
The training of the flea is not an easy The efficacy of saturated lime-water for
matter. One method is to put the insect People who have to grow plants will preserving eggs has been well demonstrated
between two glass plates which are so catch the idea of a Maryland man who has by experiments conducted by the Canadian
close together that every time it tries to devised a wire basket, which is set in earth Ministry of Agriculture. Numerous other
jump it runs its head against the upper alleged preservatives were tried but none
ee plate. Finally it ceases to make any at- gave anything like the good results of the
tempts to jump. Once it is broken of lime-water. The eggs were left in the so-
this inherited habit the rest of the train- lution for more than six months. The
ing is made much easier. outward appearance was excellent; yolks
The feeding of the animal is done by the non-adherent, of good color and fairly
manager of the show, who bares his arm, globular; albumen somewhat more limpid
puts the flea on it and they eat his blood. than in fresh eggs and slightly discolored;
very slight stale odor; air space normal;
KINGS AND QUEENS WEAR IRISH poached eggs free from all objectionable
HOMESPUN. taste and of good appearance. Other pre-
and the seed or slip planted in it. When servatives tested with less satisfactory re-
The demand for Irish homespuns the time to transplant arrives, the basket sults were: lime-water plus 10 per cent
among the kings and queens of Europe with its contents can be removed without of common salt; 1o per cent solution of
has infused new life into the towns of injury to the roots of the plant. water glass (sodium silicate); 5 per cent
Donegal and Connemara, Ireland. In the
Betti
oD glycerine, and distilled water.
~~
little thatched cottages here the old- Wireless telegraphy has been successful- \ ><?

fashioned spinning wheels, many of them ly tested on the Great Lakes. The steam- Miss Mrytle O’Neill, a music teacher
centuries old, have been dusted, and fin- er City of Detroit sent and received mes- living near Atchison, Kas., has just ended
gers that had almost forgotten the work sages between Detroit and Cleveland and a twenty-six day fast, which, she says, was
are growing expert again. A _ cottage between Cleveland and Buffalo. done to purify her soul and character.
 POPULAR MECHANICS
April 12, 1902.
BANQUET OF HORSEFLESH.
Every mail order scheme can be made to
Horseflesh was the principal dish at «
show greater profits by the use of The
recent banquet in Paris. A Parisian jour-
nal in commenting on the meat remarked Elliott Addressing Machine. Sixty ad-
that it is an unreasonable prejudice that dress:s a minute at a cost of ten cents a
exists against horseflesh while people vo a thousand. Write for catalogue.
raciously devour pork, which is the flesh
of the most unclean of animals, and mack THE ELLIOTT
erel. which is the scavenger of the seas
so ADDRESSING
SAY “HELLO” IS VULGAR
MACHINE CO.
Evanston, the classic suburb of Chi
100 Purchase St., Boston
cago, has ruled that it is vulgar to say
“hello” when you take down the tele- 48 Dearborn St., Chicago
phone receiver. Instead you must say 309 Broadway, New York

a
a “good morning,’ ‘good afternoon” or
= seme
60 Ee ee
.
.cae = CRE
> re “good evening.” Only servants are per-
Mention Popular Mechanics,
mitted to say “hello.” Evanstonians ex-
A MONTHLY MAGAZINE pect the new rule to become universal
AND EDUCATION
OF TRAVEL
MAY USE AMERICAN CABLES. ht

PIONEER

,
The government of the Netherlands has
Fifty cents a year. Send five cents fora sam- submitted to the states general at the
ple pon to George H. Daniels, G. P. A., Grand
Central Station, New York. ~
Hague a telegraphic convention with Ger- FAMOUS
many, providing for a joint subsidy for
cables to the Dutch colonies in the far TRAIN
MACHINERY, ENGINES east. It is proposed to connect the OF THE
SHAFTING, * »* PIPE. islands of Menado and Celebes (in the
Everything in wood and iron used in con- East Indies) with the American Philip-
WORLD
structing and operating; new and second-
uand (rebuilt), cheaper than you can buy
anywhere else. Write us first.
pine cable, which will be connected with Chicago---St. Paul---Minneapolis
Shanghai. The importance of the conven-

THE ST. PAUL ROAD

CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO., CHICAGO
tion-lies in the fact that communication
Mention Popular Mechanics. will thereby be established with Europe
via America by cables belonging to var- (Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)
ious nationalities. EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
ol
ii
a

a
UNEQUALED
STRANGE BEDFELLOWS.

|
Time tables, maps and information
Little Tommie had been put to bed furnished on application to

alone. It was upstairs, and the thunder F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent a

rolled and lightning flashed unmercifully. Chicago

Tied?” tells you how to do it. He lay quietly until he could no longer
Thousands have largely increased 0900000000
their salaries by following our plan. stand it, and then his little nightgowned Mention Popular Mechanics.
WE TEACH BY MAIL Mechanical ana
or Electrical Engineering; Drawing} figure appeared at the head of the stairs.
Architecture; Bookkeeping; Ornamental
Design; German; Spanish; French, ete, Circu- “Ma!” he cried.

“THE WONDER”
lar free. State subject that interests you.
international C “Yes, my son,” came the calm re-
Box 812, Scranton, Pa.
joinder.
Mention Popular Mechanics. “T’m afraid, ma. It thunders so, and PORTABLE
I’m all alone.”
FOLDING
$1.95 UNION SUIT $1.95 “Go back to bed, Tommie,” came his
mother’s voice. “Don’t you know noth- REED ORGAN ~

Workingmen’s Union Suits. Every Gar- ing can hurt you?” Folds up to resemble a valise 12 by 15 by
ment made to actual measure. Send 20 inches; not too heavy for a lady to carry
for directions for self-measurement. Tommie went back to bed, but not to Has four and three-quarter octaves: peda!
We sell direct from the factory to the
consumer and save all intermediate ex- stay. pump; two reservoir bellows; swell; keys of
regulation size; music rack, ete. When
pense of handling. You get this. Write “Ma!” he cried again, and this time open organ is 34 inches high; keyboard 32
for catalog or call. inches long. Ready for use in one minute.
UNION SUIT MFG. CO. the little figure was half-way downstairs. Volume strong. Just the thing for lodges,
“Tommie,” called his mother, “don’t societies, glee club, trolley parties and open
154 FIFTH AVE. (4thFloor) CHICAGO air gatherings of all kinds Price $28.50;
ENTE
PO
TAO
IE

* ention Fopular Mechanics. you know I have told you nothing can $30 on lease plan. Address
_ ——EE =
hurt you, God is always with yon.”
Mention P opular Mechanics.
“Then, ma,” and this time there came
C. G. CONN,
ELKHART, INDIANA
WHAT IS SCHAPIROGRAPH? an audible sniff from the weeping Tom-
HE DUPLICATOR that cleanly mie, “you come up and sleep with God
Mention Popular Mechanics.
pe and let me sleep with pa.”—Lippincott’s
gives 150 c
15 min. AVOIDS: stencil, wash- Magazine for April. | YOU have a workshop you need - tose
aF nt
>
ing, delays and expensive supplies. The Model Maker. Send 25 cents
ana
¢, cap-size outfit $8.00, lasts man
years. PRACTICAL TRIAL without DEPOSI Eight of the leading London theatres for one year to Box 1536, Station B,
cheerfully allowed by
are now controlled by American man- Cleveland, Ohio.
The Mech-Schapirograph Co., 265 Broadway,N.Y
agers. Mention Popular Mechanics.
 224 POPULAR MECHANICS April 12, 1902.
*‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents per
line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to

Attractions for Dext Week.

a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
forwarded promptly without extra charge.

SPECIAL.
When it is great Popular Mechanics will tell about it. No
THE
$3 of good
OZARK
assets
LIVE
for
STOCK
every
COMPANY
dollar of stock
has
matter if it be in Hong Kong or Kankakee, Cape Cod or Kala-
issued. It owns 1,350 acres of land and has mazoo.
the right to graze on 30,000 acres more. Its
originators cleared last year 200 per cent Would you like to know about the Turkish Harem as it is
profits on the money invested. Shares $10,
sold at par. Write them care 109 Hartford today? Electricity and modern mechanics has worked wonders
Building, Chicago. The best investment on in this famed abode of the Sulta’‘n. Abdul Hamid and his 300
the market.
wives now talk with each other over the telephone; he can sum-
ELECTRICITY. Books and Novelties. How
to Make a Dynamo. How to Make a Storage mon any of these to him by merely touching a call bell; the
Battery.
drawings.
Books illustrated
Price, 10c each.
with working
Electric Bell Fit-
place is equipped with electric lights, hot water, gas, baths and
ting and Gas-Lighting Handbook. Tells how all the improvements of a modern American mansion; the sul-
to wire up bells, gas fixtures, etc. Price, 50c.
Bubier Publishing Co., Box 709, Lynn, Mass. tanas have their gowns made in Paris, dress in the latest French
PNGINEERS, FIREMEN, MACHINISTS
fashions and read French novels. Popular Mechanics has an
and Electricians send for 40-page pamphlet interesting article about it next week.—Paper stockings are the
containing Questions asked by Examining Board
of Engineers to obtain Engineers’ license. Ad- latest.
dress Geo. A. Zeller, Publisher, room 592 18
S. 4th St., St. Louls, Mo. .
There is just one woman harnessmaker in the world. She
lives in Chicago. Read about her next week.—“Famed Poisons
BUSINESS CHANCES. of Ancient Days” is in next week’s issue. There were the poison
rings of Pompeii, whose touch to food or drink would cause
MECHANICS, don’t stamp your tools. Cut
your name on them with Hercules etching death; tasteless, colorless, odorless poisons, the action of which
fluid. Temper no obstacle.
and receipt for 25c.
Full directions
Address J. G. Campbell,
could be timed so as to produce death in days, months or years,
Topeka, Kas., 305 Chandler St. as the poisoner desired.—Did you know that certain crimes are
KEROSENE & GAS ENGINES. Sizes from peculiar to certain seasons of the year? Poisonings, for instance,
1 to 60 horse power.
liable power known.
Cheapest and most re-
Mietz & Weiss, 128 to
are nearly always in May; murders in August, January and
138 Mott St., New York City. June, and thefts in January and February.—The Chinese used
35-HORSE BOILER, 25-horse Bocky engine to be able to tell the time of day by looking at the eyes of a
for
@e
sale. Gardner, 523 Blum St.. Union Hill,
cat.—A man out in Arizona has a scheme to wipe consumption
from the land by causing people to drink goat’s milk—A New
ELECTRIO MOTORS, dynamos, bought}
sold, installed; high-class repairing. Charles York man has invented a hen house which he claims will make
Borne, 53 Rose St., N. Y. hens lay. These are only a few of the half a hundred articles
TELEGRAPHY ‘taught by expert. The about people and things everywhere in next week’s Popular,
Paine Business School, 1931 Broadway, N. Y.
Mechanics’. ‘The world is its field. °
FOR SALE—At % cost, Sanitarium of late
Dr. Justin Hayes. Mrs. Justin Hayes, West-
ern Springs, Ill.
CANADA—LEARN PRACTICAL BUSINESS
—Netting me $8 daily for years: by mail. A. WANTED—First-class Journeymen Steam ENGINEER and machinist wants position,
©. Smith, Lock Box 572 C, Windsor, Ont., and Script Type Casters. Inland Type Foun- any plant; 18 years’ experience. N. Belfort,
Canada. dry Co., St. Louis, Mo. 168 Hudson ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

FOR SALE—Brewery; a_ great. bargain. WANTED—Contractors; expert builders of

concrete and rock dams; work waiting. Geo. DIE AND TOOL MAKER, first class, on
rea
er Moody. Keokuk, Ia. small, accurate work. Germany, 319 Cleveland
D. Benson, Laporte, Ind.
St., East New York.
FOR SALE—Good Barber Shop; established WANTED—Experienced Scrotl workers in
ten years. 365 Ogden Ave., Chicago, Ul.
iron and brass. Indiana Ornamental Iron PATTERN-MAKER. Al. Geo. Gardner, 687
WANTED-8-foot Robinson or Keene cor- Works, Shelby St., Indianapolis, Ind. Montgomery St., Jersey City, N. J.
nice brake. Geo. E. Roesch, Aurora, III.
MEXICO.—Wanted salesman to represent
us in the States to sell our line of Mexican SITUATION WANTED—German Gardener
“
HELP WANTED. drawn work to the dry goods and notion and Florist wants position in private family.
trade. Charles Mandeh, Jr., Monterey, N. L., Charles Mink Altenheimer, Oak Park, III.
Mexico.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS—Man_ who _ thor-
oughly understands running woodworking ma- WANTED—Agents and salesmen; salary and SITUATION WANTED—By Ice Machine En-
chinery, to go to Manila, P. I. Room 812, 135 expenses to hustlers; answer at once. South- gineer; no brewery. Mathew Rocovich, 465 S.
Adams St., Chicago, Il. ern Contracting Co., Lake City, Fla. Paulina St., Chicago, Ill.
CANADA—Traveling Salesmen to sell coai- MACHINISTS—Steady work for those who
tar chemicals and rubber goods. A. C. Smith, YOUNG MAN of 25 wants position where
can earn g wages; state experience, etc. he can learn electrical engineering. Has
L. Box 572, Windsor, Ont., Can. Address Submerged Electric Motor Co. Me knowledge of higher mathematics and gen-
WIRE WORKER—Ornamental iron and rail- nomonie, Wis. eral drawing. J. Martz, 185 East Superior
ing worker. Denver Iron and Wire Works Co., St., Chicago.
Denver, Colo.
POSITIONS WANTED.
ARCHITECTURAL DRAUGHTSMAN-—State SITUATION WANTED—As Demonstrator,
experience and terms. Joseph Schwarz, archi- by lady; best references. 643 Harrison St.,
tect, Sioux Falls, 8. D. WANTED—By young man with good tech- Chicago, Ill.
nical education position in mechanical engi-
BOYS are making $15 weekly soliciting sub- neering work. oxcellent draughtsman. Ref- SITUATION WANTED—Engineer, 12 years’
scriptions for Popular Mechanics, 604 Journal erences. Address 405 Popular Mechanics. experience and well recommended. M. Shirts,
Building, Chicago, Ill. 673 8. Talman ave., Chicago.
YOUNG MAN of 21 wishes to complete
WANTED—Machine and Drill Hands. §&., plumber’s trade. BE. 8. Miller, Genesee, Wis. SITUATION WANTED—Printer; all-round
150, Chicago Heights, III. newspaper and job compositor; state wages
WANTED—Machinists. Six good Bench paid. Chas. Meyers, Berrien Springs, Mich.
Hand Machinists. 1720 Old Colony Bldg., :
Chicago, Ill. NEWSDEALERS §
§
HARNESSMAKER—Good,
for all-around work; at once.
single
H.
preferred,
Becker &
WANTED—Marker. Chicago Bridge & Iron
SUPPLIED WITH THIS | Son,. Polo, Ill.

PAPER BY AMERICAN |;
Co., Washington Heights, Ill,
CUBA—I will locate in Havana this year
- WANTED—Draftsman; map work;
Sasse & Dinwiddie, Crown Point, Ind.
. $12.
AND WESTERN NEWS |and want a general representation for ma-

CO.’S BRANCHES © «2 }
chinery, tools and hardware specialties; well
acquainted with languages and customs; ref-
WANTED—Copper Plate Printers. M. M. erences; bond if necessary.
wrt
PPP C. 8S. Lawrence,
Bear Co., 57 Washington St., Chicago, III. Id
PAS
PPD
Is
Box 814, New Orleans, La.
 “WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT.”

POPULAR MECHANICS
An Illustrated Weekly Review of the Mechanical Press of the World

Vol. 1, No. 15. CHICAGO, APRIL 19, 1902. Price 5 CENTS.

Building a Bridge While Cars Run

— — 4

|a
Di
Re
SeS
ES

~~

Removing Old Span and Replacing with New (Courtesy Railway Review.) RN
A
SO

IN THIS ISSUE:
Used Cat’s Eyes for a Clock. Derelicts Impede Navigation.
Weight of a Body in Water. A Wall Papering Machine.
Electricity for Boys:—Making a Motor. Origin of the Tin Soldier.
Steel Rails the Secret of America’s Greatness. Locomotives of a Century.
How a Roquefort Cheese Is Made. The Harem as It Is Today.
The Submarine Diver and His Work—Part II. Sixty-Six Articles—27 Illustrations.

FOR SALE BY ALL NEWSDEALERS.

 POPULAR MECHANICS April 19, 1902.
REBUILDING A RAILROAD BRIDGE. USED CAT’S EYES FOR A CLOCK.

Without Interference With the Regular Operation of Trains. The Chinese used to be able to tell the time of day by looking
at the eyes of cats. Pere Hue while traveling in the interior of
When the county board decide to build a new bridge over Lost China asked a peasant boy if it were yet noon. The child
Creek the public travel either fords the stream, goes around a glanced first at the sky, where the sun was hidden by the clouds.
few miles or gives up travel for the summer. When a railroad He ran back into the bouse and reappeared in a moment with a
finds it necessary to put a new bridge in place of an old one the large cat in his arms. Pushing open its eyelids with his fore-
exigencies of operation require that the regular schedule of at finger—an operation to which the animal submitted with a pa-
least all principal trains must not be disturbed. A hot box on a tience evidently born of long habitude—he said carelessly:
passenger car often causes more delay than the taking away of a “Look ; it wants still an hour to noon.” When the missionary ex-
railroad bridge weighing hundreds of tons and replacing it with pressed his amazement at this primitive timepiece, other natives
a new one even heavier. explained to him that on cloudy days their cats always served
The bridge renewing illustrated on our front page shows how them as dials. They pointed out that the pupils of the creature’s
this is done. The old structure was a wooden truss bridge, the eyes grew gradually narrower until noon, when they were little
lower part of which was used by teams, while the track rested more than thin perpendicular lines, and that with the descent of
on the top. It was replaced one span at a time, by new steel the sun began their slow expansion.
trusses. o>
iid

To do this, explains the Railway Review of March 15, the new HENHOUSE THAT MAKES HENS LAY.
span was built on top of the old span, and when all was ready
the spans were lowered until the new part rested on the piers. A home-made henhouse that makes hens lay has been invented
From a temporary span seen at the top of the picture strong by Dr. E. M. Santee, of Cortland, N. Y., according to claims of
iron screw rods each 30 feet long were suspended. The spans to his friends. The house is built of single thickness of matched
be lowered were supported by the rods, which had large nuts pine boards and the floor is covered one foot deep with coal
bearing upon iron plates on the top chords of the temporary span. ashes. It has no glass windows, but light is admitted through
When all was ready these nuts were slacked off by means of openings covered with muslin. Muslin curtains are hung in front
gears operated by steam power and the old and new spans de- of the perches at night for warmth, and hangings of the same
scended. About one hour only was required in the lowering. material divide the compartments. During the winter Dr. San-
Thirty-four men in 80 days completed the work of taking out tee has found that hens kept in his house have averaged 100 per
and putting in 12 spans. The bridge is on the L. & N. R. R. cent more eggs than the same kind kept in the old style house
where it crosses the Tennessee river at Florence, Ala. built with double walls with air spaces between and provided
youn
—oL> with double floors and glass windows. On one occasion when
AUTOMOBILE SLEIGHS IN PRUSSIA. a test was made, the thermometer in the open air was five de-
grees below zero, while inside the muslin henhouse it was 40
In Prussia, where the snows have been particularly heavy above. The new house is 8% feet wide by 30 feet long and
this winter, the automobile sleigh has come into prominence cost only $15 to build.
as the latest fad. It is similar in construction to the passenger ww
ie

TECHNICAL SCHOOL FOR SOUTHERN WHITE BOYS.

The Manufacturer’s Record has undertaken a splendid work,

and is earnestly and successfully carrying into execution the es-
tablishment of technical schools in the South, for white boys.
The industrial work for the negro has been a great success, but
so far the white boy has been much neglected. The rapidly
growing importance of the South as an industrial factor in the
nation should secure to this movement the assistance it deserves.
One of the suggested plans is for each southern manufacturer
to pledge $125 yearly for four years to get these schools in
operation. They would reap many fold in the educated brains
of ambitious southern young men these schools would certainly
produce.
<p>
— >

HOW TO MAKE GOOD CIDER.

A man who has had experience in the making and keeping of

car in use for passenger transportation, save that the wheels cider says that it is possible to keep cider sweet for twenty years,
and not boil it, either. Boiling it spoils the flavor of the cider
have been done away with and the vehicle placed on runners,
while the motor is connected with what looks like a paddle The trouble with most people who make cider is that after it is
wheel of a steamboat in miniature. made it is let stand out in the heat until it commences to fer-
ao ment. As soon as the cider is pressed out of the apples it ought
CORUNDUM AND CARBORUNDUM. to be strained and put into sulphured casks and set away in a
cool place where the temperature is not above 50 degrees. There
One of our subscribers in Montana writes to report the dis- it will ferment slowl, and as soon as there is any sign of fer-
covery of something which he can use in place of emery. It ap- mentation strain the cider. When it gets enough twang to it to
pears to have some of the qualities of carborundum described be pleasant, put some wintergreen in the casks and keep the cider
in our issue of Feb. 22; he wants to know if it can be the same. in a cool, dark place.
not found ee
No, carborundum, as stated, is an artificial product
in nature, and is produced only by manufacture. What our The first effort to utilize the wireless telegraph system on land
reader has found is evidently corundum, which is a mineral is to be made by A. D. Matthews & Sons, a dry goods house of
and belongs to the same family as emery. Corundum and carbo- Brooklyn, N. Y. The firm expects to receive orders daily by
rundum, however, are radically different in composition. wireless telegraph from points hundreds of miles about.
April 19, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 227

PORTABLE ASPHALT PLANT. WEIGHT OF A BODY IN WATER.

The preparation of asphalt for street paving use involves quite A mass of metal weighs 100 pounds at the surface of the sea,
a process, in which a complete plant for the work is required. says a querist to Mines and Minerals. If it is immersed 10 feet
The railroads have for some time had such a plant on cars it weighs less; if 20 feet still less, and the deeper it goes the
built specially for the purpose. This train is sent to any point less it weighs. Now, I wish to know how much it weighs for

PORTABLE ASPHALT PLANT.

on the road where work is to be done. Where repair work only each 10, 20 or 100 feet, and I cannot find any work that will give
is needed a smaller outfit would answer. An Indianapolis firm me the formula.
is now building such a machine, which can be loaded on one flat The statement that a body weighing 100 pounds at the bottom
car, or hauled about the streets to any point desired. We illus of the sea will weigh less at a depth of 20 feet, or more than
trate the machine, which includes boiler, engine, mixer, cooker, when submerged to a depth of 10 feet below the surface, is not
elevator and rollers. correct as a general statement, says J. T. Beard in reply. The
ee ne ee buoyant pressure by which the weight of a submerged body
HOW TO STERILIZE A NEEDLE. decreased is exactly equal to the weight of the displaced liquid
whether it be distilled water, sea water, oil or other liquid. In
A doctor says if the needle is passed through an alcohol flame the case in question the weight of the displaced sea water varies
or boiling water, and used without touching the point with the between 1,025 and 1,028, principally according to its salinity
fingers it is safe. The average mother thinks if in removing a In areas of concentration, due to evaporation, formation of ic¢
splinter or other foreign substance she uses a needle instead of etc., sea water is densest at the surface and increases as the depth
a pin she has conceded all that is required of her, but the sur below the surface increases until a depth of 800 or 1,000 fathoms
geon, keen to the dangers of germ contamination, knows that a is reached, beyond which point the density of the water slowly
step further is necessary. The same authority also mentions the increases. In areas of dilution, caused by heavy rainfalls, melt
value in the mother’s medicine chest of a little gutta-percha ing of ice, inflow of streams, etc., the density of sea water in
tissue such as every one who has had a tooth filled will recog- creases slowly from the surface to a depth of 50 to 100 fathoms
nize. This will be found to be of great service in covering any The density then decreases as the depth increases until the depth
moist dressing of wounds, as it protects the clothing from the of 800 or 1,000 fathoms is reached. Beyond this depth, as before,
wet and also retains the moisture which it is needed to preserve the density of the water increases slowly with the depth. Thus
in the dressing. no law or formula will express the ratio of increase or decreas
ES
in the weight of a body submerged in sea water
ARMORY FACTORY IN TWENTIETH CENTURY.
-——

Among the many industries connected with the iron and steel SECRET OF MAKING THE FAMOUS INDIAN WAX-CLOTH
trades there is one survival from former times in England which DISCOVERED.
is of great interest. This is the mail chain armor manufacture
in Walsall. J. W. Hawkins & Co., Limited, who contract with For generations the commercial world has endeavored to di
the government for the supply of spurs, bits, stirrups, harness, cover the method employed by the natives of India in manu
buckles, chains, etc., also supply mail chain jackets and other facturing the famous Afridi-wax cloth and the wax or rogham
steel productions for use in India, Central and South America which it is made. At last the secret has been discovered by Dr
and other countries. These jackets of mail, which weigh from George Watt of Calcutta. The wax is made from the oil of wild
15 to 18 pounds, are worn by army officers, and sometimes by safflower (Carthamus oxyacantha) seed. The seeds are husked
Indian native princes, and are made of steel rings of % inch and pressed in an ordinary mill. They yield about 25 per cent
diameter. It takes about 3,000 rings to make a square foot of of a clear, yellow, thin oil, which is called “polli.” This is placed
armor. These rings are formed out of soft steel wire, which is in earthen vessels and boiled continuously for twelve hours. Then
revolved around mandrels 4 inches long and of the same diam- the whole is thrown into large shallow trays containing cold
eter as the rings required, each mandrel taking about 6 feet of water. By this treatment it is converted into a thick jelly-like
wire, and subsequently divided by a hand saw. Hardening is substance, which is rogham. It is then stored in kerosene-oil
accomplished by putting them upon trays and plunging them cans until required for the manufacture of the Afridi-wax cloth
when red hot into oil, after which they are polished in revolving Before being applied to the cloth it is mixed with some mineral
drums. color and drawn out into fine threads by means of a_ pointed
_o™
ii a style, with which the pattern is traced
The son of Spain’s Queen Regent will be crowned Alfonso There is an ever increasing demand for the cloth for household
XTIT, King of Spain, on May 12. drapings.
 28
ae te 4
POPULAR MECHANICS April 19, 1902.

|
eeee ee es ed ad ik i kel ie i ie ik i a a pressure. It may dull the point of the knife somewhat, but if
an old knife be used it will do no harm. There will then be
Easy Electrical Experiments twelve copper sectors of the shape shown at S.
FOR BOYS Now draw on the outer face of the wooden spool just made a
Mees
RaP
oP
stesmes®
Mase circle 1/2 inches in diameter. Divide it into twelve equal parts
By L. P. DICKINSON by lines running through the center. Place each of the copper
Tia
[Yel
LAr
PAT
tat
tie
All
LAr
sectors just made so that its broad end just coincides with this
CHAPTER XV. circle, and so that it lies exactly in the center of one of the sec
THE ARMATURE AND COMMUTATOR tions just marked upon the wooden disc. Fasten it there by a
¥g inch round-headed brass screw at its large end, and by a
If the directions given in the last paper for winding the arma very small brad, driven through the copper strip as close as is
ture have been followed, the entire surface of the latter will possible, to the inner end of the latter. Fasten the remainder of
have been covered with four layers of wire, distributed in the twelve strips in a similar manner to the wooden disc. As
twelve coils, each coil terminating in two wires whose tagged the copper sectors were cut frem a 1% inch circle, and the circle
ends project from one end of the armature. The first thing to upon the dise is I!2 inches in diameter, there will be a space
do after seeing that the winding is smoothly in place is to apply between each copper sector and its neighbor about 1-16 inch
what are called “binding wires.” These are shown at B in the wide. Be very sure that there is no metallic connection between
figure, and are for the purpose of holding the wires firmly in any two of the strips. They must not touch each other nor the
place when the armature rotates rapidly. The wires tend to fly shaft, nor must the brad which holds one strip touch the brad
outward, and they must be held tightly to the core by wires which holds the next strip, nor should it touch the shaft.
wound around the finished armature. Wind a strip of heavy Number these sectors from 1 to 12. Slip the commutator
wrapping paper '4 inch wide completely around the armature upon the shaft, so that sector No. 1 is opposite to coil No. 1,
with the copper sectors facing outward. Then connect the end
of coil No. 1 (E-1) and the beginning of coil No. 2 (B-2) to
sector No. 1. Connect the end of coil No. 2 (E-2) and the be
ginning of coil No. 3 (B-3) to sector No. 2. Proceed in this
manner, connecting the end of each coil and the beginning of the
next coil to a sector in the commutator. When you have gone
clear around the armature, connect the end of coil No. 12 and
the beginning of coil No. 1 to sector No. 12 of the commutator.
These connections should be made by twisting the two wires to
gether and passing one of them through a hole in the wooden
spool just above each sector, and clamping it firmly under the
brass screw. Draw all wires as tight as possible, and be sure
that the commutator is tight against the armature coils
ow (To be continued.)

|
a

|
OLIVE OIL GROWS BAD WITH AGE

|
Olive oil begins to deteriorate from the moment of manufac-
SIDE VIEW END VIEW ture, and much of that served in restaurants and sold in stores
of the United States is absolutely unfit for uss Robert P.
near one end, and upon this strip wind six complete turns of
Skinner, United States consul general at Marseilles, France, re-
No. 20 brass wire: This wire should be drawn very tight, and
ports:
should be evenly wound. Solder it smoothly at two or three
The consuming public in the United States would doubtless
different points around the armature, and cut off the ends very
secure more satisfying results,if the thousands of small retail
close and smoothly, so that there will be no sharp points project
dealers there could be made to understand that the stock must
ing. All superfluous solder should be smoothed off with a file, be kept in a cool, dark place at all times, and in an even.tempera-
so that the armature may rotate very close to an iron pole piece
ture. The rule more frequently than not is to see the handsome
without striking the latter. Wind a similar coil of brass wire
olive oil bottles standing like sentinels on prominently exposed
at the other end of the armature protecting the wires by a heavy
shelves, in well-heated rooms, with the full sunshine playing upon
strip of paper as before.
them a considerable portion of the day.
Now we come to the making of an important part of our motor,
There is a very great difference in the quality of the crops of
called the commutator. Turn out a piece of hard wood of the
different years, which, when good, permit the resultant oil to
shape shown in the side view of the commutator. The hub, or
be kept sweet sometimes for a number of years. On the other
smaller part, is 54 inch in diameter and ¥% inch long. The flange, hand, when the crop is bad, rancidity and congelation can
or larger part, is 2 inches in diameter and '% inch thick.
scarcely be prevented after the oil is twelve months old. The
Through the center is a hole just large enough so that the
crop was so bad last year that a number of crushers in Spain,
wooden spool will slip tightly upon the shaft. It must fit so
who in part supply the large packers of this region, refused to
tightly that it turns upon the shaft with difficulty.
make any deliveries whatever, preferring to abandon the busi-
Now cut out of a piece of sheet copper a circle 114 inches in
ness for a period rather than to allow their marks to be dam-
diameter. Bore a hole through its center % inch in diameter.
aged in reputation. The olive crop this year is considered as
Then divide the circular copper disc into twelve equal parts by good in quality as last year’s was bad.
lines running through the center. This can easily be done by
—— >-e—____
drawing two lines through the center at right angles, which will
divide the circular disc into four equal parts. Then divide each The Merchants’ National Bank of Chicago on the day preced-
of the four sections into three parts, and this will make twelve ing its union with the Corn Exchange National Bank presented
sections into which the circle is divided. With a sharp-pointed its employes with $100,000. The highest amount given to any
knife cut this disc into twelve parts by drawing the point con- one man was $12,000 and the lowest $50, which was to a mes-
tinually back and forth over these lines, using considerable senger boy employed but a short time before.
 April 19, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

COURTS OF GARDENS AND FOUNTAINS. ASCRIBES AMERICAN SUCCESS TO EDUCATION

The interior court of the monster Liberal Arts building at Alfred G. Mosley, C. M. G. A., will bring from England two
the Louisiana Purchase exposition will form a restful retreat industrial combinations of 25 members each, to witness and
for the sight seers who have grown weary in their mean- study American commercial conditions. Mr. Mosley said

Nee

a
es

PrtHe4
Tsk
PAI
EINE
x4
£ > on »

ee SR E 5

ee
Ube
. bo bo. fee ee

LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING FOR ST. LOUIS PFA

derings about the exposition giounds. The arcade develop- “It was years ago, when I was in South Africa, where I was
ment will form a cool, shady walk entirely around the court. associated with Cecil Rhodes, that I first came into contact
It will be diversified with architectural fountains, statuary and with American methods. For years we worked those mines,
vases, reproduced from the old Italian and Roman masters. both gold and diamond, without profit. Then the American
Vines and flowers will be employed in a garden walk at the engineers came along. They transformed the South African
attic story line. The lower court will be carried out in the mines into the splendid dividend paying: proposition they are
form of gardens and fountains. now.
The Liberal Arts building will cost $500,000. Although fol- “That set me to thinking. I found myself obliged to con
lowing the prevailing style of architecture—the Renaissance— fess at the start that the average American was a better edu
it adheres very closely to classic lines. The main facade will cated and a mote practically educated man than the English-
be 750 feet long and will have three entrances. On the 525- man. To this I attribute American success The American
foot facades are two entrances, one in each of the end pavil- not only works but he works intelligently.”
ions. The building is to be constructed without interior col-
umns, the exhibit space being spanned in one truss. BARGE WITH AIR CHAMBERS.
oo
EARLY LIGHTING IN LONDON. Here is the design of a barge with an air chamber running
its entire length on both sides The buoyancy thus obtained
“In the year 1668, for the safety and peace of the city of
London,” says the Water and Gas Review, “all inhabitants
were ordered to hang out lanthorns with candle, between Hal
lowtide and Candlemas.” In 1680 a Mr. Hemming contracted
to light certain streets with a new lantern having very thick
convex glasses. These lamps were set up at every tenth
house and lighted between Michaelmas and Lady Day from
6 p. m. until midnight and from the third day after full moon
till the sixth day after the new moon. In 1736 a new act
—
created a regular scheme for public street lighting, using oil
lamps. In 1786 London boasted of being the best lighted city
—_—
in the world. The great Dr. Johnson prophesied that the
streets of London would one day be lighted by smoke, by
which he intended to signify the gaseous vapor from coal
In 1803 Mr. Winsor publicly exhibited his plan of illumination irda
a

by coal gas. The first public exhibition of the electric light

was a failure. The Illustrated London News of Janaury, 1849, =

stated: ‘‘All hope of an extensive application of the electric

light must now be abandoned; but we shall still rejoice if
wg
a
me
pete
EIS
AE
DN
it can be employed as a special mode of illumination on great
public occasions.”
eee
Five million dollars in cash and $20,000,000 in negotiable secur
ities are carried across Beaver street, N. Y., twice every day, be- makes the boat practically unsinkable, at the same time presery-
tween the Seabord National Bank and the vaults of the Produce ing the centre of gravity. It is adapted for carrying ore, coal,
Exchange, while the bank is undergoing repairs. stone and similar cargoes of great weight
 230 POPULAR MECHANICS April 19, 1902.

THE HAREM AS IT IS TODAY.

Popular Mechanics
H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher Mechanical Inventions Work an Innovation in the Home of the
Sultan and His 300 Beautiful Wives.
journal Building, ~ - - Chicago
Late electrical appliances, other mechanical inventions and
SUBSCRIPTION
modern ideas are working a revolution in the Turkish harem.
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
The sultan’s mind is thus not entirely absorbed in thoughts of
CS A ee ne eee NOPE PT ee $2 00
the hundreds of Circassian beauties that surround him. The
Foreign Countries, post paid
sultan’s wives are called sultanas. There are now but about
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.
300 of them, as he has recently disposed of about 100 because
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan- they were growing old. The apartments of each sultana is
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub- equipped with electric bells; the imperial and the private harems
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the are brilliantly lighted with electricity. The sultan, Abdul
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac-
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of Hamid, may now talk to any of his wives over the telephone.
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro- The edifices are thoroughly equipped with speaking tubes, serv-
‘ure from its publishers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of ant’s call bells and almost every other convenience known to a
that date.
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the modern American or European mansion.
country by Saturday morning.
Mrs. Horace Porter, wife of the United States ambassador
Make ;Reunitanen by Draft,: ilies Order orstained: Sane, to France, was recently entertained in the harem and she has
Address, furnished some interesting information on this mysterious
POPULAR MECHANICS abode. William E. Curtis, in speaking of the instance, says:

Journal Building. - - Chicago Ladies of the imperial harem wear European dress. They
have French maids and order their gowns and hats in Paris.
Entered at the Chicago Postofice as Mail Matter of Second Class. The apartments of the harem are equipped with European fur-
niture. The meals are served in European style and the cooks
AN ALMANAC OF CRIME. are French. The French language is spoken generally among
the sultanas and they read French novels. The traditional
A volume published by a foreign criminologist is called the
harem, in which houris sit around on silk rugs with their legs
“almanac of crime.” Its object is to indicate those periods in
crossed and play guitars and eat sweetmeats, exists only in the
each year when various crimes are most likely to be committed.
imagination. The women live just like any other royal family,
Here are some extracts:
except that they are not allowed to receive company or enter
Murder.—Many cases of this crime occur in August, January
society and when they leave the palace they must wear heavy
and June; few in November, February and December.
veils. When the sultan’s wives are ill they are attended by the
Inianticide——Dangerous periods are February and May; very
male physician of the British embassy. This is also an innova-
few cases occur in September and December.
tion. Formerly no Christian physician was allowed in the
Poisoning.—May is the favorite month for criminals of this
harem. The patients are always veiled when the doctor visits
type. During September, as a rule, they remain absolutely idle.
them. Even if they are confined to their beds, strips of mull
Forgery—During April, October and December forgers are
are thrown over their faces.
most busy and also during the last days of every year.
The sultan does not now contract regular marriages and the
Cheft.—More crimes are committed in December and January
harem is a state institution. His wives are from the prominent
than during any other months of the year.
a>
families of the empire. When a rich pasha wants to secure the
ii ae
favor of the sultan, he offers him one of his daughters with
FAMED POISONERS OF ANCIENT DAYS.
a suitable dowry, as a wife, and if she is accepted it is a sign of
friendliness as well as a mark of distinction. When the gov-
Famous poisoners of ancient days seem to have reaped as great
ernor of the Circassian province, which is said to have the most
a harvest as do the patent medicine manufacturers of the pres-
beautiful women in Turkey, wishes to please his imperial master
ent time. Like them, their success was in the credulity of the
he will send him a handsome young girl as a gift, or when any
people. There were those who sold the wonderful poison rings
of his subordinates discover a young woman of remarkable at-
of Pompeii, whose touch to food or drink, they claimed, was
tractions they secure her for the harem, just as they would se-
sufficient to cause death. There was the preparation of arsenic,
sure a valuable horse for the imperial stables. The sultan does
tasteless, colorless, odorless, that might be smeared on one side
not always accept such gifts. He is supposed to be very fas-
of a knife with which a peach was cut, the poisoned half being
tidious, particularly now when he has reached the age of 60
given to the victim, while the murderer could eat the other half
years.
with impunity. Then we are told of the drinking cup that
All children born in the harem are legitimate and of equal
turned wine into venom, and the looking-glass with the magical
power of killing any one who looked into it. There were lineage and may inherit the throne if they ever become the
poisons whose action could be timed to a nicety; poisons whose head of the family, for, according to custom, the succession
evil influence would be exerted not immediately, but after months is vested in the oldest male in the royal family, whether he be
son, brother or cousin of the reigning sovereign. Until a quar-
or even years; poisons that left no trace, and many others. It
was to the interest of those who pretended to deal in poisons to ter of a century ago, all males of the imperial family, other than
magnify the wonder-working qualities of their remedies. Their the sons of the reigning sultan, were put to death in order to
credulous customers could make no public reclaimer if the drugs prevent conspiracies and to remove them from the way of the
failed to accomplish their purpose. Like the vendors of the oldest son. This wicked practice, however, was abolished by
wonderful drugs that in our day are sold so commonly to the present sultan, who thus far has shown himself to be hu-
mane and just.
change the course of nature or to develop the form, the presumed
poisoners of former generations had little to fear from legal The daughters of the sultan are married to favorite pashas and
prosecution if their recipes proved unavailing. Such stories, officers of the army.
> o-———
says the Journal ofthe American Medical Association, are like
the fairy tales, for advertising purposes, of the remedy that put The Illinois Central will build a double track road from Chi-
in coffee cures the tobacco habit without the victim’s knowledge. cago to New Orleans, to be completed in two years.

|
April 19, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 231

RUINED BY FREE RURAL MAIL.

Say Small Towns Must Go and Only Big Cities and Farms
LOCOMOTIVES OF A CENTURY
Will Be Left. [Being an illustrated history of locomotive invention, build-
ing and progress. The facts are taken from a paper by 8. M.
Vauclain, read before the New England Railroad Club. The
illustrations were gathered and engraved by the Baldwin Lo-
Merchants of small towns claim that the free rural mail is Sas Nd Works, by whose permission they are used.—Editor
ruining their business. According to their claims there will soon
>

be no small towns. The country will be composed of only large

cities and farms. That the farmer has been benefited, however, Sa3ow
Stevenson is generally looked upon as the “father of the loco-
there is no doubt. Congress appropriated $40,000 for the service motive.” He, it is claimed, invented the T rail, and Stevenson's
when it was inaugurated in 1896. The appropriation bill for the a
Se
2S
“Rocket” (Fig. 6) is by many regarded as the first real locomo es
fiscal year carries $3,500,000. The New York Times gives the
tive.
following interview with a storekeeper of a small town: The locomotives thus far described in this and the preceding
“This free delivery is acting as a sort of distributing agency
for your big department stores. How can I compete with huge
operations of such stores? These stores secure from the post-
master the names of all persons living in the postal district. To
each and every one is sent a catalogue and price list. Farmers’
wives pore over them more than they do over the Bible. They
are thumbed and read as a wonderful fairy story. All available
cash is dispatched to pay for things the farmer never heard of
before and got along well enough without. Do you wonder that
the country storekeeper is not sharing to the fullest in the pros-
perity of the country?”
wwe

STEEL RAIL THE SECRET OF AMERICA’S GREATNESS.

The invention of the steel rail is to make America the leading

commercial nation of the world, according to Franklin H. Head
in a recent lecture. He predicted that the open-hearth process
of making scrap iron into steel would replace the Bessemer
process, because cheaper and because such steel, he said, is
better than the Bessemer.
FIG, 6—STEVENSON’'S LOCOMOTIVE, “ROCKET” 1829
“Commerce,” said Mr. Head, “is the source of all wealth and
development. For the last seventy years England has been the
issues were all of English invention. We will now turn to
leading nation in commerce. But the development of the last
America, where the railroad and all that pertains to it has made
two or three years show that England has got to look out if she
wishes to keep that supremacy. It looks as if the United States
the most rapid progress and attained its highest state of perfec-
tion. The “Howard,” in 1830, was the first locomotive to be
is going to be the dominant nation of the world; if this is so.
it is owing to commerce and our commercial power is owing to built in Ameri®@. It was designed by a civil engineer of the
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, which was then little more than a
the invention of the steel rail.”
ow
>

CRYSTALIZED COAL TO STOP SMOKE.

Commodore O. P. Howell, U. S. N., believes he has made a

discovery that will forever abate the smoke nuisance. His plan
is to crystallize soft coal into lumps from three to ten inches in
diameter and extract the gaseous substances. The coal is to
be reduced to a powdered state. This is then heated and mixed
with other matefial and subjected to a hydraulic pressure of
20,000 pounds to the cubic inch, which produces a density of 95
pounds to the cubic foot. Successful tests have been made in ee

the presence of capitalists who are preparing to enter extensively

into the manufacture of the blocks. Besides making practically
no smoke, the coal subjected to the process burns three times
longer than loose coal and the volume of heat is greatly intensi-
fied.
The inventor says that the blocks can be manufactured from
refuse coal at mines, either from bituminous or anthracite coal
with equal success. It costs not to exceed 40 cents per ton to
manufacture the crude material at the mine into the finished
product. As soft coal can be used in the manufacture of blocks
equally as successfully as hard coal, the finished product can be
placed upon the markets of the Eastern cities at a lower rate FIG. 7—PETER COOPER,S MODEL, 1830.
than is now being paid for anthracite coal.
yt
iain
tramway operated by horses. In the same year Peter Cooper
The only known grave of a passenger of the Mayflower has successfully operated his experimental model (Fig. 7). He was
just been discovered in an old cemetery at Salem,’Mass. The followed by Johnson, Milholland, Winans and other great in-
gravestone is inscribed: “Here lyeth buried ye body of Capt. ventors of that day.
Richard More, aged 84 years.” But it was a jeweler whose great sagacity and business energy
 POPULAR MECHANICS April 19, 1902.

type which prevails even today and gives most excellent service
where the traffic is light. James, of New York, in 1832, first
applied the Stephenson link to a locomotive (Fig. 9). Horatio
Allen’s eight-wheel engine (Fig. 10), built in 1832, is the fore-
runner of the modern Fairlie class of locomotives. The same
aversion, however,—that to complication, common to all Ameri-
cans—sealed its fate, but the device marks another step in the
art.
ee
HOW THE EARTH’S HEAT MAY BE USED FOR POWER.

The Thermo-Electric couple, when perfected, may solve thi

problem of utilizing heat from the center of the earth as a
source of power, mentioned in the last issue. In Cassier’s
Magazine it is stated that if the couple can be made to generate
power to run large enterprises, a hole similar to an oil well
could be drilled into the surface of the earth a mile or more
FIG, 8—BALDWIN'S LOCOMOTIVE, “OLD IRONSIDES,”” 1832.
and the instrument, with the attached wires, lowered until the
« heat was sufficient to give the desired amount of energy.
enabled him to establish at this early day a locomotive works The principle of the thermo-electric couple is simple. When
to produce under contract locomotives for a fixed price. His a change of temperature occurs at the junction of two slips an
es

work was so well done, his many inventions so necessary and
useful, and his business policy so accurate and well defined that
his successors have been able, by adding thereto their meager
contributions to the art, to perpetuate his workshop until today
in placid Philadelphia we have the largest locomotive works in
of dissimilar metals an electric current is excited in them.
Many inventors have endeavored to turn that phenomenon to
account. Clamond built up a hollow cylinder out of alternate
layers of tin and an alloy containing antimony and heated the
interior with a gas flame formed around a perforated earthen-
ware tube. Harry B. Cox of Hartford has constructed a some
what similar battery, which may be run with a gas jet and leit
alone for a month at a time. The Postal Telegraph tested it
and fonud that it would work a telegraph wire. These and
other thermo-electric batteries, however, have thus far failed
to generate currents cheaply, but it is hoped that experiments
still in progress will lead to the discovery of the valuable secret.
The possibilities it holds out, such as giving us heat, power and
light irom the earth’s center, are so great as to cause many of
the present day to look upon it as incredible.
ind

HOW MAPLE SUGAR IS MADE.

Lillian C. Chase of East Fletcher, Vt., gives the following

interesting description of the process of making maple sugar
in her state:
It is an industry that will surely become extinct unless id
ated
iia
et’
a
Set

something can be done to preserve our maple trees or make

it worth while to raise and nurse sugar orchards with the
same care given fruit orchards.
FIG 9—LOCOMOTIVE WITH STEVENSON’'S LINK, 1832.
A good “run” of sap mearis toil night and day while the
the world. The Baldwin product is familiar to every country sap lasts, though we seldom “boil” the whole night, as we
in the world, with a capacity of more than 1,200 locomotives an were obliged to do before we had modern conveniences. We
nually, which is 40 per cent of the entire American production; tap the trees, making a half-inch hole, and the sap drops into
and all an evidence of the sound engineering and business sa- the buckets. It is emptied into large tubs fastened to sleds
gacity of the founder. and drawn to a covored building, in which are evaporators.
ne
ry
ob
Ae
The “Ironsides” (Fig. 8) was a single driver locomotive, a The sap flows constantly into one end of a corrugated pan
and is drawn out at the other end as sirup, ready for the
market or to be made into sugar. This sirup is then placed
in a large pan over another iron arch, like that for evaporator,
and boiled till thick enough to grain. It is dipped into smal rary

ne
aarene
pans while boiling hot and stirred with wooden paddles till
well grained, then poured into the molds or tubs.
Most of it is made into two-ounce cakes. Each cake has
SPENT:
to be lifted from the mold to cool on all sides. Then the
edges are trimmed with a knife and they are packed in differ-
a — @ es, f A ent-sized boxes ready for shipping.
a 7 Yay ay
The quality of maple sugar varies with the season, the very
first and last being the poorest. The color depends princi-
pally on the care of the makers in straining the sap and sirup
to take out the “nitre,” a sandlike sediment which is always
present. The best maple sugar is a light brown color about
FIG, 10—HORATIO ALLEN’S DOUBLE-ENDER LOCOMOTIVE, 1832. the shade of sandpaper.
 April 19, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

HOW ROQUEFORT CHEESE IS MADE.

The Genuine Is From Sheep’s Milk and

Cured in a Great Cave Near Roque-
fort, France.

France is foremost among the countries

of the nations of the world as a maker
of high class cheese. Sheep’s milk, goat's
milk and cow’s milk furnish the material
for the manufacture of 300,000,000 pounds
annually. Of this 14,000,000 pounds is ex-
ported each year. From sheep’s milk the
famous Roquefort cheese is made. Most
cheese sold in America as Roquefort is
made of cow’s milk and is imitation. The
genuine Roquefort is made from the milk
of the Larzac sheep and derives its name
from the little village of Roquefort fn
Southern France, which has been the cen
tral point of its manufacture since the first
SOT
ita
ep
eos century of the Christian era. Roquefort
cheese used to be carried from France to
the markets of Rome
The Larzac sheep are grazed by the tens
of thousands upon the hills and moun-
tains of Aveyron and adjoining depart
ments The curing, says Henry E. Alvord,
chief of the dairy division, United States
Department of Agriculture, is accomplish
ed in the famous natural cave in the moun-
tain behind the village of Roquefort and AUCTION SALE OF CHEESE AND BUTTER (IN MOTTES) AT PARIS MARKET.

the large vaults lately built in connection (From Report of Henry C. Alvord, U. 8S. Dept
with and supplementary to these caverns
The cool air currents, even temperature
bled by the growth of mold. The finish Gruyere, Emmenthal,,Cantal and Port S
and peculiar atmosphere of these caves ing and marketing of the Roquefort pro lut. The manufacture of the Gruyer:
cause the slow ripening and development duct is now mainly in the hands of two been a leading industry of the Jura moun
of greenish blue mold, which gives the tain region for centuries and also in the
large companies, having abundant capital,
cheese its characteristic appearance and the total output being more than 3,000,000 Doubs and Upper Savoy Its production
flavor. he cheeses are round, about 8 cheeses annually, or about 6,000 ton in this region amount $4,000,000
inches in diameter and 4 inches thick, the While Paris is the chief market, cheese is pounds a year h heese bore the name
average weight being 4% pounds When shipped direct from Roquefort to all parts of “Vachelin” t eg yr of tl
of the world roth century
oe
doth
eat
ieee
iY
alle cured the body of the cheese is quite soft
++
and an ivory white, except as it is mar Other famous cheeses of France are the
OPPOSITION TO MARCONI SYSTEM

Marconi is not ol
of wireless telegray ) larine
work Aside from thi g f an
independent compa p the 4

Great Lakes, the Am WW el

graph and Telephone company began at the
Highlands of Navesink, Apr 1, the
struction of a tower for the reception of et
a
ee

messages from incoming steamers to New

York. In order to build the mpan
Es obliged to purchase eight a f land
The tower is to be 130 fee g ! oO
have a base of 40 feet
' Sa
$3,000 TIP TO A BARBER
Ge
ee
a

J B. Duke Rave tip of $3,000 t 1 col

ored barber who shaved him on nis arrival

Cc
at Durham, N a fe - Gay ago The
ee
ee
barber was an enthusiastic member of St
Joseph’s Methodist church. While being
shaved Mr. Duke learned that the church
COOKING THE CURD FOR GRUYFERF AND EMMENTHAL CHEESE. owed $3.000 and a check was given t pay
(From Report of Henry C. Alvord, U. 8S. Dept. of Agriculture.) off the indebtedness
234 POPULAR MECRHARiCS April 19, 1902.

JUDGE LETS JURY GO TO A FIRE. The Submarine Diver and His Outfit
[In Passaic, N. J., the district court (From data supplied by A. J. Morse & Co., Boston, Builders of Diving Apparatus for
the U. S. Navy.)
house and the principal fire station are not
far apart. A trial was on in the court a Two hundred and four feet beneath the known to him, consequently there is an
few days ago when ex-Assistant Foreman water’s surface is the greatest depth ever increased pulse and peculiar gasping for
William McAllister of Truck No. 1 was attained by a submarine diver. This was breath; should these symptoms be marked
foreman of the jury and Assistant Fore- made possible by the latest improvements it is not advisable, while in that condi-
man Frylinck of Engine 1, and Firemen in armor, air supply, weights, life-lines, tion to allow the man to descend. When
Charles Lutz and John Catline were on etc. In an effort of a diver to reach a the nervousness is overcome and the man
the jury [They were listening attentively wreck in 240 feet the diver experienced calm, have him descend very slowly, swal-
o the important evidence when there was serious trouble at 130 feet and lost con lowing his saliva and not demanding too
a still alarm; the truck rolled out and the sciousness soon after passing the 200-foot much air, resting at times to recover his
firemen squirmed in their seats Other depth.
jurymen laughed at the firemen’s discom- Last week we examined the wardrobe of
fiture Then came the chemical engine the diver, dressed him for a dive and sent
and the firemen jurymen grew more impa- fim down. But it was only a short dis
tient. Some one in the hall screamed tance, say 30 or 40 feet. Then he begins
“fire.” The jurymen almost left — their to go deeper the dangers and difficulties
seats. Judge Watson took in the situa- increase rapidly. For while shell fish of
tian and turning to the jurvmen_ said: the most delicate nature have been dredged
“Gentlemen, you are excused for an hour from great depths they burst and die on
and a half.” The firemen rushed to extin being brought to the surface; and man who
ANCHOR WEIGHT.
giush4 the flames and the judge went to is constructed to live in the air would be oe

lunch crushed, and his muscles powerless to work equilibrium; and if the pressure should
—_——_+-e-___ his lungs at a few hundred feet, even cause too much pain in the head, gently >es.

STRANGE JELLY ON THE MARKET.
“Strange flesh” and strange coffee, men-
tioned in preceding issues of Popular Me-
chanics, are not the only adulterations the
\merican people have been deceived in
these many years as a result of unscrupu
lous dealers. The latest fraud exposed by
the investigation at Washington is strange
jelly. The representative of a wholesale
grocery firm in Chicago testified that the
jellies he sold were made from the skins
and cores of apples mixed with gluccse
The result was then put up in 30-pound
pails and sent out to customers with any
label they preferred. The firm was
natured about its labels. It deferred
tirely to the wishes of the customer
though supplied with plenty of air and in ascend a few feet, and the descent can then
the best diving armor ever made These be continued.
are some of the pressures per square inc 1 1 The constitution of the diver will regu-
at various depths: 20 ft. 8% Ibs.; 30 ft.. late the manner of his coming up. A man
12% lbs.; 40 ft.. 17% lIbs.; 50 ft. 2134 lbs at all sanguineous should ascend slowly;
8o ft. 3434 Ibs.: 100 ft. 43% Ibs.; 150 ft the brain being suddenly relieved from the
(limit) 65% Ibs.: 204 ft (greatest depth pressure causes a rush of blood to the
any diver ever descended) 88% lbs For head, and it may cause serious conse-
Set
een
Lee
great depths the air pumps are driven by quences. We would advise that a diver,
steam power insterd of by hand. Frem a strong constitutioned man, should not
the pressure indicated on the air pump ascend ata rate of over 2. feet every
gauge, one can easily calculate the depth second. This course applies only to depths
Tere,
at which the diver is working The ar not exceeding 80 feet; greater depths re-
mor and weights will weigh 240 pounds. quire more care in descending and more
The first time a man descends under time in coming up, according to the in-
good water he is usually suffering from inherent crease in depth up to the limit of 150 feet.
en nervousness, occasioned by the fact that he In ascending from very deep water, the
is engaged in an occupation hitherto un diver having been in a condensed atmos-

ww

— --e
—— ——

IMPROVED DIVING HELMET, WITH TELEPHONE, BATTERY AND CABLE,

 April 19, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 235
phere, and time shuold be given for the of oxygen, from the compressed air. It also TIRED OF HEWING PULP FOR UNCLE
muscles and tissues of the body to be re- promotes digestion, owing to the greater SAM.
lieved of the pressure by very slowly as- quantity of oxygen carried into the blood.
cending, or frequently stopping for a time Before a man attempts diving he should Canada is angry at being placed in the
at certain stages, to allow the body to be have a medical examination. Those who position as a hewer of pulp for the United
relieved of the greater pressure acquired come under any of the following classifica- States. The Canadian Forestry associa-
while working in the denser atmosphere, tions should not undertake diving: Men tion therefore has emphasized its demands
or to establish, as nearly as possible an with short necks; full blooded; who have for stopping Canadian pulp supplies for
equilibrium between the pressure absorbed headaches or are slightly deaf; who have American paper mills. It is claimed that
and the actual pressure of the water he spit blood or have palpitation of the heart; the United States manufacturers are an-
may be resting in. men with blood shot eyes or high color nually taking about 1,000,000 cords of pulp
~~
No diver should take any food for at wood from Canada at $3.50 per cord,
in cheeks; men who are hard drinkers, or
least two hours before commencing opera- who have had rheumatism or sun stroke. which in the shape of finished products
represents expenditure in the United gee:
SS
3

tions. If any kind of refreshment be re- Thus we see the dangers found in this
States for American labor and material =

E>
and profits for American manufacturers =

| exceeding $30,000,000
In Canada pulp wood in the raw is free 2oe
ae
ag?
nee
of duty. The lowest form of manufacture, Se-3r

known as mechanical pulp, has a duty of

$1.67 per ton imposed on it; chemical pulp etee
e we
—
eS
a
en

pays $3.33 per ton, while the duty on paper

is prohibitive. It is estimated that an ade-
quate duty put on Canadian pulp wood or
pulp would result in the establishment of
twenty paper factories in Canada, repre-
senting a cash investment of $8,000,000.
>>

WHICH FOOT IS THE LARGER?

The Shoe Trade Journal has got into

an argument with itself about which of a
person’s feet is the larger. It was former-
ly held, it says, almost unanimously that
the left foot led the right one in size; but
recently this opinion has been assailed by
some physicians and shoe men. The jour-
nal quotes a retailer who says that in the
case of workmen who strike blows with
hammers, picks, or other .tools, the left
foot is the larger, because the man throws
his weight on this foot when he delivers
the blow and thus causes it to enlarge by
THE DIVER AT WORK.
muscular development. The majority of
arene people when purchasing shoes, however,
quired, a biscuit, or dry cracker, with a occupation are vastly more within the man have only the right shoe tried on, in the
small amount of fluid, or anything that himself than attacks from without by belief that the right foot is larger and that
will not excite the digestion, may be taken sharks and other monsters of the deep that if the shoe fits that foot it will fit the
during work we have been accustomed to read about. other.
An eminent medical authority says: “The ———-_—---—___
men who work subjected to great pres SWEDISH OILING APPARATUS. INDIANS FLY FROM MOTHERS-IN-
sures should not eat one ounce more of LAW.
animal food than is needful to maintain T. F. Malmros, of Gothenburg, Sweden,
their strength, as, in my opinion, should has devised a successful system of oiling A Navajo Indian will not enter a house
they eat too much it increases the tendency piston rods, cylinders, slide rods, and slide in which there has been a death, and, as
to apoplexy. The bowels should be kept guides on locomotives. It consists in in- a consequence, his country is full of aban
regular, as when they are unduly gorged termixing oil and steam, coming through doned huts. After marriage these Indians
they press upon the diaphragm, obstruct the central steam-lubricating apparatus, dare not look upon their mother-in-law
the action of the lungs and _ respiration, through glander bushings expressly con- The most dangerous consequences would,
which leads to an embarrassed circulation structed for this purpose. The system has in their opinion, follow even a momentary
of the blood and a whole series of evil been tested on one of the express en- glimpse of them.
results.” gines of the state railroads with such good Accident sometimes brings about this
From an experience of many years, we results that all locomotives of the state most undesirable encounter. In such an
have no doubt that diving is not injurious railroads are to be equipped with the oil- event severe fastimg and praying alone can
when conducted under ordinary precau- ing apparatus. avert evil effects. It is not unusual to see
tions, and we have known of instances a dignified chief run like a frightened boy
where divers, who in their youth were British iron manufacturers have started to avoid the dreaded sight
sickly, have become strong and well, which a movement to form a gigantic combina-
can only be attributed to the effect of com- tion to fight American pig iron and steel, In 50 years the average height of the
pressed air upon their lungs, and the body for which there is a wonderfully growing English has increased from 5§ feet 7%
in general, as absorbing a greater amount demand across the sea. inches to 5 feet 814 inches
 230 POPULAR MECHANICS April 19, 1902.

FAN ATTACHMENT FOR SEWING MA- DERELICTS IMPERIL NAVIGATION. INVENTS A CLOTHES-LINE REEL.
CHINES.
Just how many derelict vessels are drift- A clothes-line reel that will wind up
\ fan attachment for sewing machines ing about on the waters of the oceans no the rope as expeditiously as the fishing
has been invented by George Geer of one knows; no record of them is kept. line is wound by the angler’s reel has
Richmond, Va. The fan is fastened to a The dread of all sailors, they wander at been invented by Paul Krex of South
frame supported on the machine-head and randum, often crossing the ocean, and Bethlehem, Pa. It consists of a frame and
is operated by the turning of the balance sometimes acting in such a strange man-
ner as to cause them to be looked upon
with a degree of mystery. Many boats
have sailed from port never to be heard
from again. Such a fate befell the Chi-
cora with her passengers and crew on
Lake Michigan, and many other vessels
on the Great Lakes have been swallowed
up so completely that not a vestige of
them has ever been seen or heard from.
Some believe that these mysterious dis-
appearances of ships on the oceans, lakes
and seas are caused by derelicts. That
many disastrous wrecks have resulted
wheel by means of a friction disk on the from their pathless wanderings is well
fan-shaft engaging the balance wheel. known. It is estimated that there are
The support is so arranged that it may be aboue fifty derelicts now being wafted
turned to hold the fan at different angles about on the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.
and elevations as may be desired by the Probably there are twice that many in the
operator of the machine. Pacific Ocean. Other oceans and smaller a pivot on which the line is wound and
bodies of water of Europe, Asia and Af- which is turned by means of an exterior
MAKE BIRDS PHOTOGRAPH THEM- rica have probably 300 derelicts that may arm. The line is attached to a strap on
SELVES. make their way into any of the connect- the shaft. A _ ratchet-wheel within the
ing waters at any time. In the lakes, frame holds the line in place and enables
Birds are made to take photographs of
seas and gulfs of the Americas there are it to be thrown out when released. The
themselves by the ingenious device of an
no doubt half a hundred more of these device makes it possible to draw a clothes-
English photographer. A piece of fat is
stray impediments to navigation, making line tightly and hold it fast.
placed at the end of a wire electrically
a total of 500 vessels that drift hither and
connected to the shutter of a camera.
thither about the waters of the world ENOUGH ARSENIC TO SUPPLY THE
Timid birds, like the song thrush, will ap-
guided only by the wind and currents. WORLD.
proach the bait and pick it up, and at once
“A ship to be legally a derelict,” says
the shutter is moved by this action and an Deposits of arsenic in the vicinity of
the Coast Seamen’s Journal, “must have
instantaneous exposure obtained. To get
been abandoned not only without hope North Hastings, Ont., are sufficient, it is
photos of nocturnal birds the wire is ar- claimed, to supply the world with the
of recovery, but also without any inten-
ranged to light a little magnesium as it drug. The Ontario government has been
tion upon the part of returning. It has
releases the shutter.
——__—.9-2-————_<_ been said that no vessel is a legal derelict petitioned to have arsenic placed on the
if a live cat or dog can be found upon it, bounty list in the belief that it would in-
PROCESS OF PREPARING FOUNDA- duce the investment of immense capital.
TIONS. for the presence of either animal is sup-
———_—__.---e—__<_{__
posed to be evidence that the crew intends
This is the idea of a Russian. Where to return. AMERICAN EXHIBIT AT LONDON. EAE
OPT

was
RENE foundations’ are to be laid in very wet “For many years we have had on land
soil or quicksand where excavations can F. C. Van Duser, secretary of the
a civilian army, a part of the duty of the
American Society in London, reports that
members of which is to arrest those in-
an American exhibition at the Crystal
dividuals who are dangerous to others or
Palace is assured, and says that more ap-
to themselves. Has not the time been er
ee
plications have been received than can
reached when a system of maritime police
be granted. The number and variety of
should be inaugurated by the ship-owning
the exhibits to be made will be repre-
AA
a
nations of the world for the purpose of sentative of the best manufacturers of
ame
protecting vessels from such dangers as America.
aS derelicts? The subject ought to be thor- nid
= >
oughly investigated and reported upon ELECTRIC GRAIN ELEVATOR.
eee
wn
2
with as little delay as possible.”
only be made with caissons he drives three ——_——.9---——___—_—__ The Princeton (Ind.) Elevator Co. is
pipes to the required depth. Through two operating what they believe to be the
ANOTHER FRAUD EXPOSED.
pipes liquid cement is pumped, and at the largest electric grain elevator. It was
same time water is dfa@h out by means “Deer surs,” she wrote to the medicine
formerly run by steam power. Electricity
of a pump attached to the middle pipe. is cheaper and safer.
ww >
firm, ‘“‘“my husband was all run down. We
—_—- >
tride your selabrated compound three
The “Sommersault cure” for obesity is The German government has virtually
botls, but it done no good. He’s ded. So
the latest in London. A West End sur- placed a ban on the Marconi plan of wire-
geon has fitted up a luxurious gymnasium
I brand you as a frod. Mrs. J. Pauking. less telegraphy. The Kaiser will have the
where very fat ladies come to turn somer- “P. S. He was run down by a otto- German warships equipped with the Slaby-
saults to reduce their flesh. mobeal.” Arco system.
 April 19, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

PEAS AND SAWDUST FOR COFFEE. in a drying box; if in a hurry, I place it A MECHANICAL MULE.
in the plateholder. At once the lather, if
More fraudulent adulterations of food properly made, will hold the paper to the Chis mechanical quadruped was invent
are being brought to light by the govern- plate without danger of its coming loose, ed in Germany and is for use on the stage
ment investigation at Washington. Al- and in no other process can the backing Che fore legs of the animal are those of
leged Java and Mocha coffee, sold by be so easily or quickly removed. All that
many leading dealers, was found to be is necessary is to slip a knife blade under
nothing more than an unholy union of one corner and peel the paper off, then
peas and sawdust. This is what the with a damp rag remove the film of soap
American people have been boiling for from the plate. The papers can be used
a breakfast beverage. Very little real many times
Java and Mocha coffee can be found
throughout the extent of the country. SAND TRAP FOR DRIVEN WELLS.
Some of the fraudulent dealers have been
considerate enough to substitute Brazil A sand trap for driven or artesian wells
coffee, which through cheaper, is really is the invention of Benj. F. Smith of Som
coffee. Other adulterations were made
by a mixture of cereals and molasses.

RUNS SEWING MACHINE BY HAND

POWER.
.*

Willie’s troubles grow apace, and more the performer himself. The hind legs ar
and more each day; for though the grind- worked by a lever system attached to the a

stone he has turned, still cannot go and legs of the operator. When he lifts his
SF
left foot the right hind foot also raises eerie,
weet

His hands are free to guide the beast and

a pair of artificial human legs complete
the principal necessities

ee
A BILLION TELESCOPIC METEORS
DAILY.
= = rr,

sui yn
Small meteors in considerable numbers
a
erville, Mass The flow of the water as are noticed by every person engaged in ee
tee

shown by the arrows is such as to deflect telescopic observations. Dr. See, of the
Naval Observatory at Washington, esti-
the sand to the bottom of the trap, while eae,
are
water is directly pumped only from the mates that 1,200,000,000 of these teles-
upper half of the trap. copic meteors appear in. the whole sky
daily. From ten to fifteen million
—_—_—_+-e__
meteors, bright enough to be visible to
PURGED OF MOSQUITOES, HAVANA IS
HEALTHY. the naked eye, encounter the earth daily,
according to the calculations of Prof.
Destruction of the germ-bearing mos- Newton. Most of these are consumed in
quitoes has purged Havana, Cuba, of yel- the atmosphere. The increment to the
low fever and made it one of the healthiest mass of the earth is exceedingly small. ER
eR
Se

of cities. A statement issued by the in- NS

sular division of the war department shows ee
Sa
play. For now his mamma has a scheme COMPLETE DINNER PAIL.
that the death rate has decreased from
ih
and when she wants to sew, she calls to This is the idea of Henry C. Atkinson of
21,252 a year to 5,720 a year. The report
Willie boy to come and make the machine Louisville, and contains in compact shape
states:
go. The grindstone turns ’round with a
crank while this goes forth and back, be- “The army took charge of the health
department of Havana with yellow fever
tween the two there’s little chance that he
epidemic for two centuries. It found Ha-
for work will lack.
& , vana feared as a thing unclean by all her
~~
neighbors of the United States, and quar-
OF INTEREST TO PHOTOGRAPHERS.
antined against as too dangerous to touch, ea
=»
A simple and effective process of back- or even to come near anything that she
ing plates is thus described by H. L. had touched, to the untold financial loss
Maloney in the Photo-Beacon: I have of both Havana and the United States. Ot .t Ly
BLAV AVE Aba BAD baby
ready several sheets of black or brown It has established the fact that yellow Wh.)

fever is only transmitted by a certain spe-

off | 1

paper, cut a very little smaller than the

plates. Then I take a shaving mug and cies of mosquito, a discovery that in its
place a round cake of shaving soap in it power of saving human life is only ex- napkin, dishes and the indispensable din-
and then stir up a lather with a shaving celled by Jenner’s great discovery, and ing utensils.
brush. I spread the lather on the sheet as time goes on it will stand in the same ————

class as that great boon to mankind.”

of paper with the shaving brush and place The plague now raging in India, ac
tee
the paper on the plate and roll into contact cording to information from Lahore, is the
with a print roller; then I wipe the lather Agents wanted in every town to repre- worst on record. The mortality is said to
from the edges of the plate and place it sent Popular Mechanics. reach 2,000 daily.
 238 POPULAR MECHANICS April 19, 1902.
MUSIC CONQUERS A MADMAN. FOR SOME ONE.

FOR THE MADAM Louis Coleman, a smallpox patient in I wonder why I toil away?
the St. Louis pesthouse, in a fit of de- My heart replies: *‘For some one!"
Why may I never rest a day’
lirium, attacked the attendants and pa- Because—because of ‘‘some one.”
HOW TO PREPARE POTATOES. tients, brandishing an ax, with which he I hear the tramp of many feet,
smashed all the beds and furniture in his I hear the racket in the street,
No. 3.—Potatoes a la Maitre d’Hotel: But over all I hear the sweet—
ward and adjoining rooms. The nurse
One quart of cold boiled potatoes, cut into Sweet little laugh of ‘‘some one.”
was knocked down. Health Commis-
dice; one scant pint of milk, one table-
sioner Fisher, with a corps of assistants, His work is never hard to do
spoonful of chopped parsley, three of but-
finally succeeded in overpowering the Who thinks all day of some one;
ter, one teaspoonful of lemon juice, salt, He labors well whose heart is true—
man and tied him to a bed post. Cole-
pepper, the yolks of two eggs, one teaspoon- And fondly true—to some one!
man continued to rave; opiates were ad-
ful of flour. Mix the butter, flour, lemon Men strive for wealth—men bravely go
ministered without effect; he writhed and Where danger is for fame, but oh!
juice, parsley and yolk of eggs together.
struggled and yelled until the attendants The sweetest joy a man may know
Season the potatoes with salt and pepper. Is just to toil for some one!
Add the milk, and put on in the double
declared they were “powerless to do oo
_>->

boiler. Cook five minutes; then add the more.”

WALL PAPERING MACHINE.
other ingredients and cook five minutes “Perhaps music will calm him,” said
longer. Stir often. Chzrles Hatfield, one of the attendants.
A Cleveland man has built a machine
With that he procured a violin and began
Oe =O in which a roll of paper is placed, and
to play “Sober Las Olas,’ (Over the
when a crank is turned the paper is trim-
EGG OPENER. Waves), the tuneful Mexican waltz.
med, covered with paste, laid against the
Soothed by the strains, says the Presto,
This little device, which is the invention Coleman gradually qnieted. The violinist
of H. S. Dotts, Thoburn, W. Va., consists kept on playing and the knotted cords in
the patient’s muscles relaxed slowly. His
hand fell to his side. He rested his hand
upon his pillow, stretched his limbs as
far as he could, bound as he was, heaved
a deep sigh and sank into a sound sleep.
He slept for several hours, and when he
awoke the fever had abated and the pa-
tient was rational and passive. The at-
tendant, Charles Hatfield, is still receiv-
ing congratulations on the charm worked
of a pair of saw knives with small sharp
by his violin.
teeth working in opposite directions and
operated like the handles of a pair of scis- _—-~

sors. AN HOUR OF AWE FOR OAKLAND, N. J.

own
nid

HAIR DRYING DEVICE. All Oakland, N. J., waited in awful sus-

pense for an hour a few nights ago while wall and firmly brushed into permanent
This device is made of parallel tines of a quantity of nitro-glycerine was burning position. When the ceiling is reached a
wire which are held by a handle, producing in the acid house of the Oakland Smoke- knife cuts the roll, and the apparatus low-
less Powder Works. The residents ers and is moved along for the next strip
rushed from their dwellings and none The machine can be adjusted to a very
dared venture closer than 400 yards from small fraction of an inch to make the paper
where the deadly explosive was on fire. designs match..
Struggling for places behind distant wu
—_—?e>

houses and knolls, they momentarily await- WILL DRIVE EAGLES TO AN AIR-
ed the expected explosion that they SHIP.
thought would almost annihilate the whole
a mammoth comb. The manner of its use town. Minutes and an hour passed and What the horse is to the land the eagle
is self-evident. W. W. Cowley, Cleveland, the nitro-glycerine burned away as quietly is to the air, declares Prof. Kaiser, a me-
ee
a
Ne
ee
— is the inventor. as logs of wood. When the flames chanical genius of South Germany, and he
a
ow
abated twelve men gathered courage to is training a team of a dozen eagles to steer
GOOD FURNITURE POLISH. approach the seat of alarm and run out a balloon. The professor has published a
a line of hose to play on the burning pamphlet on “How to steer an Airship with
An excellent recipe for furniture polish building. Others dampened the gun cot- Eagles.” By means of numerous diagrams
is given in the Furniture Journal, as fol- ton, which was kept in separate maga- and elaborate calculations he shows how
lows: zines. The fire was extinguished and no eagles can be harnessed and the weights
ey
ee Two quarts white wine vinegar, 4 oz. one was hurt. It is another instance of they can pull through the air. The pamph-
butter antimony, 2 oz. oil merbane, 8 oz. the freaks a fire will play. let is received with ridicule in Germany,
light sperm oil (very thin), 1% quarts soft but it does not daunt the ardor of the pro-
ti
water. Mix and shake well.
ee
fessor, and he is going ahead with his plans
For bruised surfaces that need repolish- The revolver with which President Mc- to drive eagles to his balloon.
ing use the following with a pad same as Kinley was killed, with the cartridges and >
“>

French polishing: the handkerchief with which it was con- Queen Alexandra has gone to Denmark
Take 1 quart of above compound. Add cealed when the fatal shot was fired, are to attend the celebration of the 84th birth-
6 oz. sperm oil, 4 0z. rotten stone pulver- preserved in the museum of the Buffalo day of her father, King Christian IX of
ized, 1 oz. tripoli pulverized. Historical society. Denmark.
i
|
April 19, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 239

There are many things that happen

To make a fellow glad;
There are many things that happen THERE HE GOES
To make a fellow mad; OR,
But the saddest thing on record,
As if decreed by Fate, HERE HE LIES?
Is the breaking of a shoestring
In the morning, when you're late.
Your business will be on the go, and on
—Shoe Trade Journal the grow if you follow up your customers.
owen Address one every second, cost 10 cts. a
CALF WEANER. thousand. Particulars free.

When new this is a very bright idea and

THE ELLIOTT
Mrs. Cow will readily comprehend the ADDRESSING
point of the joke without conferring with
MACHINE CO.
$00 Purchase St., Boston
48 Dearborn St., Chicago
309 Broadway, New York
“= a
~c

ar
Mention Popular Mechanics. _—-
<r

she.
ities
italian
ahah
sinew the neighbors. The inventor says it “com
prises a nose strap with prods and fixed
prickers arranged adjacent to the prods,
with movable prickers dispersed on either
Fifty cents a year. Send five cents fora sam~-
le copy to George H. Daniels, G. P. A.,
Grand side of the center prod.” It certainly does
Central Station, New York.
have that appearance FAMOUS
—————— ee
TRAIN
MACHINERY, ENGINES ORIGIN OF THE TIN SOLDIER. OF THE
SHAFTING, * » PIPE.
Everything in wood and iron used in con- The gay little tin soldier which comes WORLD
structing and operating; new and second- to us from across the sea had its origin
uand (rebuilt), cheaper than you can buy
anywhere else. Write us first. in extracting the solder from old sardine Chicago---St. Paul---Minneapolis

THE ST. PAUL ROAD

CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO., CHICAGO cans, and restored a fortune to a French- COOCOCOCOO
COCEECE
Mantton Poannlar VW ys oe Fees man who was made a bankrupt by the
Franco-German war. After the siege of
DO Paris by the Germans, says Harper’s (Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry.)

||
Weekly, the keeper of a Parisian wine EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE
YOU WANT A shop found himself completely ruined. In
UNEQUALED
BETTER POSITION? his prosperous days he ate sardines at
Time tables, maps and information
Send this ad. to us with your name,
nearly every meal, and great stacks of furnished on application to
occupation, and address, state what the cans were in his back yard. He F. A. MILLER, Gen. Passenger Agent
position you want, and we will explain
learned that the solder with which they Chicago
how we can train you for it, and help
you get it. were hermetically sealed was a valuable COC WOCCOOCCEC
commodity. He improvised a small fur-
INTERNATIONAL Mention Popular Mechanics.
CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS, nace, and after experimentais soon was
Box 812, Scranton,
placing the solder on the market. He
Penna. contracted
that could
for all the old sardine
be brought to him, and
cans
in a “THE WONDER”
short time found himself at the head of
Mention Popular Mecuaunics.
a prosperous business. Then it occurred
PORTABLE
FOLDING
$1.95 UNION SUIT $1.95 | to him that there was a lot of waste in
the tin that was thrown away after the REED ORGAN
Workingmen’s Union Suits. Every Gar- |
solder had been extracted. The thought Folds up to resemble a valise 12 by 15 by
ment made to actual measure. Send | occurred to him of making tin soldiers 20 inches; not too heavy for a lady to carry.
for directions for self-measurement. | Has four and vee quarter octaves; peda!
We sell direct from the factory to the | out of the waste. The result was the pump: two reservoir bellows; swell; keys of
consumer and save all intermediate ex- | establishment of several factories in dif- regulation size; music rack, etc. When
pense of ae You get this. Write open organ is 34 inches high; keyboard 3:
for catalog or call. ferent parts of France, and the man is inches long. Ready for use in one minute
Volume strong. Just the thing for lodges
UNION SUIT MFG. CO. now a muti-millionaire. societies, glee club, trolley parties and open
154 PIFTH AVE. (4th Floor) CHICAGO —— >-e—___
air gatherings of all kinds. Price $28.50:
SS
TN
HS

Mention Popular Mechanics. $30 on lease plan. Address

THE FAST FREIGHT.
Mention Popular Mechanics. C. G. CONN,
Railroad Classification.—“But,” we
ELKHART, .- INDIANA
We have boiled the hydrant water,
protested to the general manager of the
We have sterilized the milk,
One Horse railroad, “you advertise fast Mention Popular Mechanics.
We have strained the prowling microbe
Through the finest kind of silk; and slow freights, yet you tell us you only IF YOU have a workshop you need
We have bought and we have borrowed run one freight train a day. How is that?” The Model Maker. Send 25 cents
Every patent health device,
And at last the doctor tells us
“Well,” he answered, “we put the fast for one year to Box 136, Station B,
That we've got to boil the ice. freight in the front cars, and it reaches Cleveland, Ohio.
—Medical News. the town ahead of the slow freight.” Mention Popular Mechanics
 240 POPULAR MECHANICS April 19, 1902.
‘“‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents per
line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to
a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be

Attractions for Dext Week.

forwarded promptly without extra charge.

THE OZARK LIVE STOCK COMPANY has

$3 of good assets for every dollar of stock
Not an atom of beneficial knowledge was ever obtained from
issued. It owns 1,350 acres of land and has
the right to graze on 30,000 acres more. Its reading about murders, suicides, divorces, and such tragedies
originators cleared last year 200 per cent
protits on the money invested. Shares $10,
and social scandals. “How to do things” and “How things are
sold at par.
Building,
Write them care 109 Hartford
Chicago. The best investment on
done” is the kind of knowledge you need in this day when men
the market.
and nations are striving for commercial supremacy. Another,
ENGINEERS,
and Electricians
FIREMEN,
send
MACHINISTS
for 40-page pamphlet
thing:
containing Questions asked by Examining Board This old world hasn't time to stop that iit may learn your name.
of Engineers to obtain Engineers’ license. Ad- It doesn't care a rap about your blue blood or your fame.
dress Geo. A. Zeller, Publisher, room 592 18 The only thing this old world cares about concerning you,
S. 4th St., St. Louls, Mo. Is simply this one thing to wit, “Well sir; What can you do?”
So don’t waste time in hunting up a useless pedigree:
BUSINESS CHANCES. And don’t bewail the fact that you are not an LL. D.
But when the old world stops to ask: Well sir, what can you do?
Just roll your sleeves up elbow high, and say, *‘Well , I'll show you.”
FOR SALE—Patent 695,277. A safety switch
for
beef
overhead
and pork
track
cold
in slaughter
storage or
houses
warehouses
for
The above taken from a recent issue of Popular Mechanics
Addyess W. L. Clark, 199 Broadway, Everett, explains it exactly. That is the twentieth century idea.
Mass.
Next week Popular Mechanics will contain an interesting
WANTED—Second-hand
truck. H. R. Porter,
hook
Sec.,
and = ladder
Board of Fire
chapter on “How to Make a Small Electric Motor.” It will also
Commissioners, Suffern, N. Y. tell of an amusing sport, “How to catch fish with a jug.” Then
Cruising and racing catboat can be bought there will be accounts of late inventions, etc., that may give you
at less
Browne
than half the cost
Jones, 20 Broadway,
to
N
build
a
Frank
an idea of how to invent things yourself.
MECHANICS, don't stamp your tools. Cut There are two kinds of women—one that the woman ad-
your
fluid.
name on
Temper
them
no
with
obstacle.
Hercules
Full
etching
directions
mires and one that the man admires. Popular Mechanics will!
and receipt for 25ce. Address J. G. Campbeli.
Topeka, Kas., 305 Chandler St.
tell you about the latter next week.—The Mormons are spread-
ing out and are going to build a big temple in Denmark just like
FOR SALE —Iron tripod electric tower 125
feet high.
sicana,
Corsicana Gas & Electric Co., Cor-
Texas.
the one in Salt Lake City—Wanamaker turned bricks when he
was five years old for 2 cents a day.—There will be dozens of
FOR SALE—Tin shop, tools and stock. Lock
;
:
’
Box 23, Cerro Gordo, Il. other articles just as interesting in Popular Mechanics next
;
: 35-HORSE BOILER, 25-horse Bocky. engine week. .It is the Twentieth Century paper.
for sale. Gardner, 523 Blum St.. Union Hill,
N. J.

TELEGRAPHY taught by expert. The

Paine Business School, 1931 Broadway, N.

CANADA—LEARN PRACTICAL BUSINESS WANTED—Copper Plate Printers. M. M. CUBA—I want a general representation in
—Netting me $8 daily for years; by mail. A. Renr Co.. 57 Washington St., Chicago, Il. Havana for machinery, tools and hardware
Cc. Smith, Lock Box 572 C, Windsor, Ont., specialties. C. S. Lawrence, Box 814 New
Canada. METAL PATTERN MAKERS-—Gale Mfg Orleans, La.
Co., Albion, Mich.
FOR SALE—Brewery; a_ great. bargain.
Moody. Keokuk, Ia. ~ WATCH CASE REPAIRER—Meyer Jewelry WANTED—Position at seashore to repair
Co., 1016 Main St., Kansas City, Mo. and tend boats. Box 3, Madbury, N. H.
FOR SALE—Good Barber Shop; established
ten years. 365 Ogden Ave., Chieago, Ul. TEMPLETMAKER—Chicago Bridge & Iron ELECTRICIAN 24 years old; technical educa-
Co., Washington Heights, III. tion. Box 99, Union, Ia.
WANTED-—S8-foot Robinson or Keene cor-
nice brake. Geo. E. Roesch, Aurora, III. MEXICO—Salesmen to sell Mexican drawn TINNER, 16 years’ experience. P. O. Box
work in the States. Charles Mandeh, Jr.,
626, Lexington, Ky.
Monterey, Mex.
HELP WANTED.
“LINE ETCHER—H. W. Weisbrodt, Cincin PLUMBER, STEAM and HOT WATER
nati, O. FITTER. Chas. A. Clark, 6 Dean St., Adams,
ENGLAND — Electrical Draughtsman for
telephone instrument work. Electric & Ord Mass.
nance Accessories Co., Aston, Birmingham, BULLDOZER MACHINE OPERATOR
Eng.
Simons Mfg. Co., Kenosha, Wis. YOUNG MAN of 21 wishes to complete
plumbér’s trade. E. 8. Miller, Genesee, Wis.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS—Man_ who thor MARBLE CUTTERS—Pickle Co., 1901
oughly understands running woodworking ina- Broadway, St. Louis, Mo.
DIE AND TOOL MAKER, first class, on
chinery, to go to Manila, P. I. Room 812, 135
WANTED—Agents and salesmen; salary and small, accurate work. Germany, 319 Cleveland
Adams St., Chicago, Il.
St., East New York.
expenses to hustlers; answer at once. South-
CANADA—Traveling Salesmen to sell coai ern Contracting Co., Lake City, Fla.
tar chemicals and rubber goods. A. C. Smith. PATTERN-MAKER. Al. Geo. Gardner, 687
L. Box 572, Windsor, Ont., Can. Montgomery St., Jersey City, N. J.
POSITIONS WANTED.
WIRE WORKER—Ornamental iron and rail
ing worker. Denver Iron and Wire Works Co., SITUATION WANTED—By Ice Machine En-
Denver, Colo. WANTED—By young man with good tech- gineer; no brewery. Mathew Rocovich, 465 S.
nical education position in mechanical engi- Paulina St., Chicago, Ll.
BOYS are making $15 weekly soliciting sub- neering work. xcellent draughtsman. Ref-
scriptions for Popular Mechanics, 604 Journal erences. Address 405 Popular Mechanics.
Building, Chicago, I'l. YOUNG MAN of 25 wants position where
he can learn electrical engineering. Has
knowledge of higher mathematics and gen-
WANTED—Machine
150, Chicago Heights,
and
III.
Drill Hands. S&.,
2 : eral drawing. J. Martz, 185 East Superior
WANTED—Machinists. Six good Bench
? NEWSDEALERS ; St., Chicago.
Hand Machinists. 1720 Old Colony Bldg., } SUPPLIED WITH THIS } SITUATION WANTED—As Demonstrator,
3 PAPER BY AMERICAN }$ Chicago,
Chicago, Ill.
by lady; best references. 643 Harrison St.,
Ill.
WANTED—Marker. Chicago
Co., Washington Heights, Il.
Bridge & Iron
§ AND WESTERN NEWS ;
WANTED—Draftsman; map work; $12.
3 CO”S BRANCHES © © 3 HARNESSMAKER—Good,
for all-around work; at once.
single
H.
preferred,
Becker &
.
Sasse & Dinwiddie, Crown Point, Ind. Son, Polo, Ill.
POPULAR MECHANICS 7 dhe Mechanicay p ae ©
ress of the wordy
4
‘

Bo
Sie
ln
aa
le
Rm
Aisna

Vol 1, No. 16. CHICAGO, APRIL 26, 1902 Price 5 CENTS.

Queerest Water Works in the World

Courtesy of Modern Mexico

Mexican Irrigation Wheel Recently Discovered

IN THIS ISSUE:
History of the Fire Alarm Telegraph. Electrical Development in 20 Years.
How Excelsior is Made. Giant Electric Machines.
Electricity for Boys:—Making the Field Magnet. Fire that Burned 50 Years.
Fishing with a Jug Line. Birds that Never Come to Ground.
How Balloons Are Landed. Education to Prevent Train Wreck.
Locomotives of a Century :—Part III. Window Glass that Will Not Break.
Use of Cast Iron Boilers Increasing. Electric Controller for Dock Cranes.
Forty-five Articles---33 Illustrations.
FOR SALE BY ALL NEWSDEALERS.
 242 POPULAR MECHANICS April 26, 1902
ANCIENT MEXICAN IRRIGATION WHEEL DISCOVERED. CAST IRON BOILERS GROWING IN POPULARITY.
Strange Colony Who Live Apart from the Rest of the World and
Many Advantages Over the Wrought Iron for Low Pressure
Till the Soil With Crude Implements.
Steam and Hot Water Heating.
\ relic of the days when Mexico, unknown to the outer
world, enjoyed a civilization of its own, when Mexicans ate from America and Germany lead in the manufacture of cast iron
gold plates and gold glistened in the sands on the streets, is boilers which, for low pressure steam and hot water heating, are
this remarkable irrigation machine shown on the title page continually growing in popularity. Their efficiency is said to be
tlundreds of years ago with this device the ancient Mexican much greater than wrought iron because of the better arrange-
made fertile the barren soil. It made Mexico blossom like a ment of the flues and contact fire surfaces. The ratings vary
garden of Eden and the desert lands to give forth their most lus- from 5,800 to 8,000 British thermal units of heat per square foot.
cious fruits in abundance. Director Schiele of Hamburg in the Metal Worker of Jan. 18
(he old irrigation wheels were thought to have become ex relates the following advantages of the cast iron boiler over the
tinct when a short time ago a party of European tourists came W rought iron:

upon a district in Southeastern Mexico where they were found The ability to make the boiler in sections and send it either
in abundance on the shores of a crystal lake. Far isolated from as a whole or in parts; it requires much less room than other
any of the more progressive districts of Mexico, the region boilers; needs no brick setting and has a higher efficiency be-
was inhabited by a colony of peaceful, frugal Mexicans, who, cause of the better arrangement of the fire surfaces with conse-
though living in primitive smplicity, were at least free from quent better utilization of products of combustion; the desired
bondage, a boast that cannot be made by the poorer class of forms or shapes for the building of the fire chamber, fire sur-
Mexicans of any other part of the country. As crude as is this faces and some flues are readily obtainable; the lower selling
“irrigation wheel,” are the other implements employed by the price and the possibility of using a water grate, which can be
colony. Plows and spades of forked sticks and hewn boards, a part of the section and adding to its fire surface; the absence
knives of chipped rocks, houses of dirt and canopies of hides of rivet heads, offsets and joints and the resultant smooth fire
aided them in procuring a livelihood and in protecting them trom surface; cast iron is less sensitive to the process of rusting; cast
the elements. iron will take on one coat of rust only and does not peel off;
Che “irrigation wheel” is made entirely of wood. Its principal and the ability of cast iron to resist the influence of bad water
mechanism is a large wooden wheel which turns a belt to which on its interior surfaces and the effects of smoke gases on its fire
are attached a number of pails. The wheel is operated by man surfaces.
power. From its side protrude a number of wooden spikes The principal objection offered against the use of cast iron
which the Mexican presses down upon with his feet and hands boilers are their liability to fracture from extreme pressure or
with the motion of climbing a ladder. The pails attached to the sudden change in tempeature. A cast iron boiler has very little
belt are made of bamboo or hides. They are so arranged that capacity for storing heat. It is possible to have 114 pounds
they are in an upward position when ascending but gradually pressure on a steam system in 20 minutes after starting the fire,
tip downward and sideways when they begin to climb over the while, on the.ether hand, it is well known that they rapidly lose
summit of the wheel, thus emptying their water into a trough. pressure, necessitating the use of a reliable regulator. The pres-
This pours into another trough and on the water flows into sure to which the manufacturers test their boilers is from 30 to
a regular system of ditches, often miles in length The. water 90 pounds per square inch.
may be either emptied into a distant reservoir or flowed direct
rough
ly over the soil. The wheel and troughs are supported on WHEN THE EARTH’S GREAT HEAT RESERVOIR IS
in the
p les, made by cutting down trees and sticking them firmly TAPPED.
Ee ground. This is probably the oldest as well as the queerest
time
system of irrigation in existence at the present
| We have told in previous issues of efforts
heat from the earth’s center as a source of power.
made to utilize the
When once
| TO BUILD A MORMON TEMPLE IN DENMARK.
the sulphur dioxide engine, the thermo-electric couple or some
other means may be devised to tap this great heat reservoir, with
Money is being collected in the United States for the erection its inexhaustible supply of heat, beside which the coal deposits
of a Mormon temple in Copenhagen. It is proposed that the of the earth, consumed and unconsumed, pale into insignificance,
edifice shall be similar to the parent tabernacle in Sale Lake it will mean a new civilization, a new world, the greatest step in
City. to which about 500 Mormon converts come annually. There advancement, a hundredfold, that the earth has ever known
is local opposition to the temple and the propaganda. but the There will be no longer need of coal and the fuel problem would
work goes on, secretly or openly, without abatement Che sight be solved for all time. Manufacturing enterprises would drill
of the structure has long since been bought and paid for, though into the ground, not for water supply for their power plant as
the hostile Danish press says it will never be allowed to be built now, but for the power plant itself. Any one with enough land
Numerous Danes have become Mormons of recent years, it is on which to build his factory would be able to use his basement
claimed, and Denmark is regarded as a most promising field for as a power plant by extending it downward indefinitely. Owners
mission work in behalf of the sect. A Mormon newspaper and of apartment buildings would have no more trouble with steam
publishing house for the dissemination of tracts and books have heat, and the janitor who toils away during the day throwing
been established in Copenhagen. coal into the maw of the steam heater would only have to turn
a
a lever and let the heat on or off as desired. As there will be
America produces more copper than any other nation in the no waste of power when it is shut off, and no expense for turn-
world. The metal is now on the free list and as a result of the ing it on once the engine is in place, the tenants can have warm
low price 63,840,000 pounds were shipped out of the United rooms when the northeast winds blow in June. It wouid fill a
States during the first two months of this year. Last year cop- volume to mention all the things that suggest themselves as
per to the value of $31,600,000 was exporied. The manifold new happy possibilities for the time when the earth itself shall give
uses for electricity will greatly increase these figures in the man his light, heat and power direct. And Prof. Mendenhall
future. gives hope that the time is not far off.

Fishing has been carried on at Gloucester, Mass., since the The United States has 189,295 miles of railroads, which is
year 1623, or almost 300 years. more than is possessed by all the nations of Europe combined.
 \pril 26, 1902 POPULAR MECHANICS 243
THE FIRE ALARM TELEGRAPH

April 29 Marks 50 Years of Service

At 8:15 in the evening of Thursday
RTS
A \pril 29th, 1852, a small iron box might
have been seen fastened to a church at
the corner of Cooper and Endicott streets
os
\ man, breathless with running, reached
§ the box threw open the door, seized

; little crank within, turned it several times,

3 and every fire bell in 3oston, obedient to

is action rang out the first alarm to be

signalled with the Fire Alarm Telegraph. f
:
he echoes of these bells are heard today
In every city and almost every town in
the land.
Boston celebrates the 50th anniversary of
the above event on Tuesday next, and a
yrief history of the system which has
saved untold millions of money and thous
ands of lives will be found interesting at
this time. FIRST FIRE ALARM BOX, BOSTON,

HH:
7
nt
| I
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL WHISTLING MACHINE, (
i
‘ at

: Dr. W. F. Channing of Bost vas the mt

one who in 1839 suggest n application i
of Prof. Morse’s telegraph experiment if
F a fire alarm | 1845 he published A
! plans and in 1851 M C. Farmer, the fb
electrical 7 , f }
most expert
.
7 ‘ lay, joined if
! structing a system for B W qi
In 1859 John N. Gamewell put iW
$15,000
; :" chased __ the pater of Channing and h

Farmer, and devoted 35 years to the per .)

7 fection of the ystem whicl universally
known by his name Camewe died in ;
F 1896 at the age of 74 year Phe ystem
made slow progress at first New York “ei
j adopted it in 1869, at which time 20 citi
4 had fire alarm telegrapl |
The first signal boxes required sever '
; ‘ {
' turns of a crank or pulls on a lever, but ff
b the box of today responds to a single pull
' the hook or thumb piece. This sets in iy
' motion a set of clockwork which cannot +t
until it has sent in the number q,
y be stopped
=
: of its box to the central office to which )
ELECTRO MECHANICAL BELL STRIKER the box ts connected by wires The in
 244 POPULAR MECHANICS April 26, 1902

stant a street box is pulled the apparatus deriul display of the movement of a small door is touched. The alarm is to guard
in the central office responds by sounding army of trained men, with horses and ma- against the malicious use of the box.
the number on a tapping gong; the same chines, from many remote and_ isolated Among the many interesting accessories
number is recorded by the multiple pen points, springing into simultaneous and must be mentioned the electro-mechanical
register, and a set of cylinders revolve, powerful action within three seconds after
each one displaying a figure which taken the pulling of a little lever in a street box,
together correspond to thebox sending the miles away, it may be, from fire head
alarm, and setting the machine for action quarters
he operator now moves a lever and in So wonderfully perfect is the system that
stantly the box number is being tapped when two boxes are pulled at the same in
in all the engine houses on a small gong stant there is no confusion; one waits to

and recorded on a tape. The operator make its report until the first has finished
then goes to the manual dial transmitter speaking. In the central office an electri-
and by a few turns of the dial sets the cal annunciator board shows just what
companies are out of their stations.

box number and throwing a lever, in every In a fully equipped central office an au
engine house is sounded on the big gong tomatic line tester automatically tests all
the box number, while the indicator above the circuits of the entire system and once
the gong displays the number. All alarms in 20 minutes reports any grounds or
are therefore received simultaneously at openings in any circuit. Another ingenius
the engine houses over two distinct circuits, machine is the multiple pen-register, a
EXCELSIOR GONG AND INDICATOR.
and are registered and announced on two mechanical bookkeeper ; which writes down
sets of instruments on a broad roll of paper a record of every whistle which is often used where boilers
All of this is done within less time than signal which comes in or is sent out. can be found which are always under a
it takes to read this description of the pro- To return to the street boxes; there are good steam pressure. These whistles sound
cess, and usually before the alarm box several types of these. Some are keyless, their far reaching signals with distinct
stops running, after it has been pulled for some hold keys in a glass box to be broken blasts. Then there are the electro-mechani-
an alarm of fire, the alarm has been re- open when needed; others are opened by cal bell strikers which can be attached to
ceived at the central office, has been sent keys in the hands of police or citizens. any beil without interfering with its use
out over two independent circuits to the These keys are numbered, and a record for school, church or other purposes. To
engine houses, the firemen have responded kept to whom issued. The key cannot be enter into a minute description « f all the
Ce
to the call, the horses have been harnessed, withdrawn until an officer comes with a inechanism and the diversified functions of
and the engines are away upon their work release key. Some boxes do not even use the various apparatus which is included
of saving life and property from destruc- the hook but send in their alarm by the in a complete system would require many
tion. In the whole range of electro-mech- mere opening of the door. Some have pages, and so with the above general de-
anical appliances nothing equals this won- alarm bells which sour: loudly when the scription we will leave the machinery to

AUTOMATIC BEPEATER, MANUAL DIAL TRANSMITTER.

 April 26, 1902 POPULAR MECHANICS 245
“45

the electricians who care for it. We desire which weighs 2,600 pounds. A _ 17-horse- nearly always in the upper left hand cor-
in closing to acknowledge courtesies ex power motor is used, the normal speed of ner of the window or door drawing. As-
tended by President Joseph W. Stover, which is 650 revolutions a minute. A bestos could be repre sented by wavy

lines instead of straight, and can be ap-

plied to cloth, gum canvas or any com-
position material, such as pipe coverings,
paper mache, et No lining should be
as heavy as the outline of the object and
yet each line should be clear and evenly
drawn, and some of the finer work can
be put in with a pen
too
ENGLISH DESK TELEPHONE

}
Phe illustration shows the type of desk
telephone generally used in England. Like
the wall telephone, the receiver and trans

AUTOMATIC LINE TESTER.

who has largely contributed to the develop- vertical two cylinder motor and electrical
ment of the Gamewell system, of which device, says the Motor Age, is in front
company he has been president during the of the machine. Power is transmitted by
past 20 years, and to Mr. Frank C. Stover, means of a level and spur gear device
the company’s Chicago manager. mounted on the crank shaft. The differ-
a ential is carried on a counter shaft, the
AUTOMOBILE FOR CARRYING ACIDS. drive to the wheels being accomplished by
chains, one on either side. The iuel is
kerosene, the cost of which is .792 pound mitter are attached to a handle which
Made for a Dealer in Chemicals—Weighs
per horsepower, at a cost of one-half cent brings the ear piece to the ear and the
24,000 Pounds.
per mile. mouth piece in speaking position. A call
a is made by punching the button shown, 1n-
An automobile for the delivery of
stead as with us by the act of lifting the
acids, manufactured for a German dealer UNIFORM SYSTEM OF SECTION LINING
receiver
——___—.9-0-

A movement to systematize section lin

ELECTRICAL CONTROLLER FOR
ing in mechanical drawings has _ been
CRANE.
started by some of the leading draftsmen
and technical journals. The accompanying
Electricity is being generally used both
illustration shows the markings used to
designate materials as proposed for a here and abroad in operating the large
harbor cranes for loading great weights
standard system. These linings are now
in chemicals, is one of the oddest looking”® employed by the Central Institute and
devices in the horseless wagon line that by most of the leading craftsmen.
has ever appeared. It is called the Kuhl- At present wood is about the only ma-
stein-Vollmer tank wagon. The total terial on which all draftsmen agree with
weight is 24,000, and it can attain a speed regard to its lining. Glass, says The
of 8% miles an hour. It can carry a load Draftsman, is frequently shown with ver-
of 12,850 pounds, including the tank, tical lines instead of on an angle and
c

Pe
AT
NT
a
Sa

oA
Te
Bes as
WIRES

TS
into vessels. Often these pieces of freight
PUBELE COURSED PBL BOOP) COMCAL IE LAATA weigh 20 tons or more each. The great
crane which does the hoisting is operated
ae y SS) (sow uae e
ee
Qa Wie =—— | FalBARRA by one man by the simple movement of a
¥ ’Z2 \ 4 ———— | ate
#4
a Va on.) —
small lever, the massive crane with its
Roce OL OCH Pave wood
load moving up or down in the same direc-
UNIFORM SYSTEM OF SECTION LINING. tion the lever is moved
 246 POPULAR MECHANICS April 26, 1902
¢& é $5 ed AsPNs Na NaFNalMala alASAI As NaP RalValNalNas Melted tas AsPEsPEsP se ahtalas ess eshs hPa Valtata” of 2% inches. By holding this against the curved portion, on the
inside face of the iron, any irregularity in the shape of the iron
Easy Electrical Experiments can be quickly detected.
FOR BOYS The iron block shown at B is 1% inches wide, 1 inch thick and
Ode
ee
i
ls 2% inches long. Here again the amateur may, if necessary, use CN
By L. P. DICKINSON
te
el
ahd
el
ee
a

CHAP. XVI.-HOW TO MAKE A 1-20 H. P. MOTOR.

THE FIELD MAGNET.

In the preceding chapters directions have been given for con-

structing the armature, or the rotating part of the motor. Be-
sides this, there must be constructed the field magnet, which
surrounds the armature, and furnishes the magnetic field which
causes the armature to rotate.
The field magnet frame must be of iron, and this is where the
main difficulty comes in. The best form of frame could be made
by having it cast to the proper shape. But not every boy is sit-
nated so as to have access to a foundry, andbesides,
the difficulty
of constructing patterns properly would make it inadvisable to
attempt this method of construction. The form described in this
chapter has been designed with the idea that everybody has
access to a blacksmith shop, and can readily induce the man at
the anvil to do the necessary work, which is very simple.
Che form of the field magnets is clearly shown in Fig. 1, where
\ represents pieces of iron, bent into the shape shown, and
bolted together at the top, with a piece of iron, B, clamped be-
tween them. The strips A are made of a piece of iron bar % +
inch thick, 114 inches wide and about 8 inches long. As shown

B a a K

Fie 2.
two blocks of iron instead of one, if a piece of iron of the right
shape be not available, but the dimensions and construction given
are thought to be the simplest and best.
Having caused four pieces of iron of the shape and dimensions
shown at A to be constructed, have a machinist bore a %-inch
hole through each at the top, the hole being in the center and at
a distance of % inch from the end of the bar. Having procured
a ~~ a block of iron such as is shown at B, and of the size, just given, uy
la
ePae
Teer
as
© have two %-inch holes bored through it from one of the 1-inch
| faces to the other. "These holes should be so placed that the
e

strips when bolted to the iron block will lie closely together, with
i their outer edges even with the ends of the block. Procure two
— « i
bolts (preferably with square heads) 3% inch in diameter and 2%
°F Din
inches long. These are for the purpose of clamping the pieces
to the block. Before this is done, however, have a '%-inch hole
drilled through the projecting foot at the bottom of each iron
strip so as to able to screw the pieces firmly to a board.
With a file smooth off the faces of the block B, and the inside
¥ faces of the strips A, so that they will fit smoothly together.
Then bolt them together tightly. Then test the circular cham-
WOODEN BASE ber at the bottom to see if it is of the right diameter and form.
If there are any irregularities in it smooth them off with a coarse
file. If the faces of the iron block at the top are not square, it
e Fic. | may be found that the iron strips are not in line. File the blocks
until it is of the right shape to make the strips lie parallel and
in Fig. 2 there are four of these strips bolted to a piece of iron in line.
at the top. Procure a piece of board for a base, 1 inch thick, 12 inches
It may be well to state that the reader may exercise consider- long and 6 inches wide. Mount the field magnet frome upon this
able ingenuity in the choice of arrangement of his material.
board in its center, by means of heavy screws passing through
That is, if it should happen that no iron stock is available whose the holes in the projecting feet at the bottom. Be sure that the
dimensions are the same as those given, then the amateur can
magnet frame is parallel with the edges of the board and in its
modify the dimensions given to conform to his particular case.
center.
Be very sure, however, that the diameter of the circular chamber
at the bottom of the magnet is exactly 2% inches. Too much
[Nore.—Several requests have been received from readers ask-
care cannot be exercised in making the iron conform to the right ing for a printed scale to use'in connection with Chapter 9.
shape and dimensions at this point. For this reason it is well to Such a scale will be found on another page, where it may be cut
cut a circular disc from a piece of thin sheet iron, of a diameter out and used.—Epiror. ]
 April 26, 1902 POPULAR MECHANICS 247

POWER OF AN INDUCTION COIL. LIFE NET, BORN OF THE SKYSCRAPER.

Inquiry has been made regarding the power of the induction

Leaping from Great Height a Person Experiences but Little More
coil described in Chapter IX. There is no way of calculating
of a Jolt Than ‘n the Rocking of a Cradle.
directly the length of spark that such a coil will give, for this
depends upon so many uncertain factors. These factors are (1)
Not long ago persons in leaping irom burning building
the quality and length of the soft iron wires composing the core:
(2) the number of turns of wire in the primary; (3) the number risked being dashed to death on the pavement below Now
of turns in the secondary; (4) the sharpness of the break in the they may jump trom almost iny he:ght and not even receive

primary circuit by means of the vibrating armature. The second a jar. This ‘s made possible by the Browder life saving net
and third factors are easily determined, but the first and fourth considered by firemen as me of the greatest inventions of the

are very uncertain and variable he best that can be done is age This net is a natural outcome of the modern skyscraper
to compare the coil with others of similar dimensions As con Thoughts of the horrible fate of those entrapped in the top
structed, the coil will not give more than a '%-inch spark, al floors of these towering structures while fires raged below
though the current obtained will be as powerful as anyone can put the humane inventor’s mind to work and this, the latest
endure. If fitted with a condenser (which will be described in a
later paper) the length of spark may be increased.
a
NO REASON FOR ADVANCE IN IRON AND STEEL PRICES.

There will be an abundance of iron and steel to supply the

very great demand of the next year, according to estimates,
and no excuse for an advance in prices, which is threatened
The Railway Review says:
“The entire steel trade is threatened with a general advance
in prices because of the phenomenal requirements that are be
ing presented from all parts of the compass. Further on the
Review states:
“It looks from the common sense standpoint as though the
anticipation of iron and steel requirements would be over done.
Projections of new steel works are heard of almost every week.
The sounding and boring for ore lands is going on constantly
and large ore areas have been recently added to known fields
Che entire situation is full of interest and whatever comes or
goes we may rest assured that in 1903 there will be a sufficient,
and, in fact, an abundant supply of iron and steel material for
all purposes.”
—_—_+-e
MAKING A TEST JUMP. were
+
FISHING WITH A JUG LINE.
and most perfect life saving net, is the result. Introduced in
An interesting method of catching fish is in vogue on the New York just one year ago, it has already been the means
we
a

lower Mississippi river. The operator secures as many empty of saving scores of lives and those who have known its splen
gallon jugs as he can and corks them tightly. Then he fastens did service think its use should be made compulsory in all fire
the jugs to a strong line at intervals of about 30 feet. To the departments s
OE
TTI
TT
oF9
jug line are attac.ed numerous short fish lines about 10 feet The Browder life saving net is manufactured by T. F. Brow
long at the end of which are the usual lead sinkers and baited der & Co., Greenfield, O. When open and ready for use the
hooks. This done the outfit is put in the water and taking one net makes a circle 9 feet in diameter Around the circle are
end of the jug line he rows out into the middle of the stream thirty hangers, equal distance apart Each hanger passes
The jugs float down stream taking the baited lines along, and through an eye, and a coil spring about 14 inches long. The
eyes through which the hangers pass are connected by a oe
- = — “eee ie
leather strap to the heavy canvas, which forms the main body
of the net. Inside the canvas is a pad, composed of cotton
batting, nicely quilted, having a red center as a target at which
the rescued is to aim in making the leap. This pad is con-
nected to the canvas by thirty gum stretchers When the
jumping person strikes the net, instantly the thirty hangers
and coil strings move upward and inward to the center, thus
transferring the shock to the solid circle, and in case all the
tension of the springs should be taken up the shock is re
ceived by the circle and the men holding the net receive no
shock whatever. The rebound is also counteracted and the
person striking the blanket does not bound off it, or receive
even a shock. The net works automatically. It folds up in
thus several hundred feet of river are fished at one time. When halves or quarters, and can be dropped open and made ready
a jug goes d own the boatman rows to the place and pulls in the for work in an instant
fish. The river fisherman frequently floats several miles in this —
manner, or until he has caught a good boat load. The official souvenir buttons of King Edward's coronation now
>>>
ini being distributed in London are of American manufacture which
In place of the white tents used up to this time in the United fact is printed on every button. Thousands of them have been
States army, khaki-dyed ones will henceforth be purchased. ordered of an American manufacturer by a London firm
 POPULAR MECHANICS April 26, 1902
248

newspapers and in diplomatic

Popular Mechanics
There is mourning among
circles because the president’s son’s dog Jack is ill with
pneumonia.
H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher
Journal Building, - - - Chicago
Marconi declares that electric flashes from trolley cars in-
terferes with his wireless telegraphy, and the officials of Syd-
SUBSCRIPTION
ney will allow no electric car within one-third of a mile of
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
the new Cape 3reton wireless telegraph station.
BOP FOO. ..c00000. LP LOR eee eee ee eee $2 00
Foreign Countries, post paid.............. i 3 00 ee.
aacki
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue. Merchandise shippel from the United States to the Philip-
=
pines for nine months ending last September amounted to
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan-
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple $2,782,190, an increase of $1,140,218 over the same period for
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub- I1goo
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac-
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our Chief C. H. Downing of the fire department of Lynn, Mass.,
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro-
ure from its pubUshers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of is America’s oldest fire chief. He is 74 years old and has more
that date than sixty years of active service to his credit.
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning.

The Norwegian government is to make experiments with

Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.
oil as feul for boilers at the government navy yards at Carl-
Address,
POPULAR MECHANICS johansvaern, Horten.

Journal Building, - ~ Chicago

Senator Gallinger of New Hampshire sent to the library
Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class. of Congress the other day for a Bible. One of the oldest
employes in the library says that in forty-two years this is the
ENGLAND'S QUEEN AN AUTOMOBILIST. second time such a request has been made by a member of
either branch of Congress.

Queen Alexandra is becoming an accomplished automobilist

Japan will establish at its experiment station a model factory,
She now possesses a really beautiful Victorette, which is very
or technical school, for training workers in window glass
light and in appearance a2 most comfortable carriage. Her ma-
manufacture. All the window glass now used there is im-
jesty now drives herself all around Sandringham. She is gen-
ported and amounts to about $700,000 a year. Foreigners will
erally accompanied by the Princess Victoria and her private
be employed to teach the art. An American applicant for em-
secretary, the Honorable Miss Knollys.
+>
ployment as an expert glass maker should apply through the
tt.
Japanese legation at Washington.
FIND NEW MAMMOTH CAVE.
rms

The government of Canada has concluded an agreement

Some quarrymen éngaged in blasting rock in the canyon of
with Marconi for the establishment of the Marconi wireless
the Jefferson River, about fifty miles east of Butte, Montana,
telegraph system between Canada and Great Britain.
made an opening into a large cave.
Several days were spent in the cave and explorations made
covering an extent of ten miles or more to a depth of nearly HOW BALLOONS AND AIRSHIPS ARE LANDED.
one thousand feet. A large river with a cataract of about one
hundred feet was explored for a distance of several miles with- For effecting a landing a balloon is equipped withadrag-cable,
out discovering its source or outlet. an anchor with a suitable cable and an arrangement which en-
A few articles of stone and copper utensils and some bones, ables the aeronaut to quickly release the gas contained in his
believed to be human. were also ciscovered in one of the large balloon in case the hold of the anchor should prove insufficient
apartments explored. There were other evidences that at some to hold the strain. The valve of the balloon serves to let part
time in a prehistoric period the cave was used as a habitation. of the gas escape so as to descend gradually.
The belief of a scientist with the party of explorers is that an Scanning the country carefully in the direction toward which
earthquake closed the entrance to the cave and killed its inhabi- the balloon is drifting, the aeronaut chooses a suitable place for
tants the landing. The valve is opened and the balloon begins to sink.
i
When it has reached a distance of about fifty yards from the
WONDERS OF GOAT LYMPH CURE. surface the drag cable is dropped. The progress of the balloon
becomes a great deal slower, owing to the friction of the cable
Pe
ge
oe
ar
and the aeronaut can now decide where he wishes to land. A
——
Physicians from all parts of the United States and Europe are
arranging for a conference in Chicago to determine the limits of
convenient creek or ditch, with high banks, offers a suitable hold
= for the anchor, and the latter is allowed to slide down. For a
the new goat lymph treatment. Reports of seemingly mirac-
short distance it is dragged over the ground, but finally it takes
ulous cures of obstinate diseases by the use of goat lymph have
attracted the attention of the profession and a move is to be a firm hold and the wind lays the balloon on its side, the basket
made for the general adoption of the treatment, which has pro-
resting upon the ground. Then the moment has arrived for
Oo
pulling the “ripping cord,” a device for ripping the covering.
gressed beyond the experimental stage. One eminent Chicago
physician, in speaking of the project, said: “There is no longer
One strong pull and with a sigh the gas escapes from the balloon.
The voyage has reached its end.
any doubt but what goat lymph when properly administered
-_-?>
will effect cures in locomotor ataxia, paralysis, primary de-
mentia, chronic articular rheumatism and some forms of tuber- Artificial eyes were formerly painted on porcelain, which was
culosis. One of the strangest features of the treatment is that glued on flesh colored cloth. This in turn was fastened onto the
it not only conquers disease, but it restores the functions of face directly over the defective eye. Glass eyes were first used
youth to aged people.” in 1579.
 MECHANICS , 249
April 26, 1902 POPULAR

iron after having been in service on that road for two-thirds

LOCOMOTIVES OF A CENTURY “ cai a ordinary eight-wheel engine, since known as the

American type, designed by H. R. Campbell, was built by the
[Being an illustrated history of seoumnatbee taventien, et weston, fe ic chown ie Fie. 9 i ices
facts are taken from a paper by 5. M. 2. pon »
and progress. The g. 13 ype
before the New England Railroad Club. The Baldwin Locomotive . ; V
Vecciainn + even until today has been one of the very greatest
illustrations were gathered and engraved by the Baldwin Lo- perpetuated
comotive Works, by whose permission they are used.—Editor
P. M.J

FIRST APPLICATION OF FOUR-WHEEL TRUCKS.

The year 1832 records the first application of the Bogie or

four-wheel truck (Fig. 11), which has been generally used in

e
--A
iS
BRS
TS
He
Ree
es ahge
giMS ee
- es

>.

——

ee
See
ba

eeee
LOCOMOTIVE “OLD TRONSIDES™ ON THE GERMANTOWN AND NORRISTOWN RY., WITH FAC SIMILE OF ADVERTISEMENT AND TIMI

TABLE, WHICH APPEARED IN “POULSON’S AMERICAN DAILY ADVERTISER,” Nov, 26, 1832.

America since. It has been universally adopted in all recent factors in America’s wonderful development Specimens may
English designs. yet be seen in the most magnificent engines of the present time
The “Crabs” of 1832-34 (Fig. 12), the famed old engines of The Campbell engine immediately suggested the equalizing
the Baltimore & Ohio, have just recently been cut up for scrap beams which were employed on the engine “Hercules” (Fig. 14),

FIG. 12.—ROSS WINANS’ “CRAB,” 1832-34.

built in 1837 by Eastwick & Harrison, a Philadelphia firm of lo

comotive builders. Bolted stubs were also employed on this
engine instead of the gib and key
FIG. 11.—FIRST LOCOMOTIVE WITH FOUR-WHEELED TRUCK, 1832. The evear 1837
—f also records the first product of the once famous
 250 POPULAR MECHANICS April 26, 1902

ELECTRICAL DEVELOPMENT IN TWENTY YEARS.

The advance in electrical work in twenty years has been re

markable. The Electrical Review sums up the history briefly i»
a review in which the following is extracted:
In 1882 the are light was used to a limited extent for street
lighting, but the incandescent lamp was still a novelty The
telephone was confined to the larger cities. The trolley car was
practically undreamed of, and an electric motor was a curiosity.
Today $500,000,000 are invested in telegraphs in this country
alone. Five million calls a day are made on our _ telephones.
while the copper wites would reach to the moon and back six
times. The power used to make electric light for New York
City exceeds the combined engine powerof the entire navy of the
United States. As much money has been spent in building trol-
ley roads as the cost of the Civil War, while half a million horse-
power is required to operate these lines. More passengers are
carried each month than the entire population of China, while
during a year the number exceeds the population of the earth
FIG, 13.—H. R. CAMPBELL’S EIGHT-WHEEL LOCOMOTIVE, 1836. If the power of the trolley roads was all concentrated in one are
light it could be seen on the planet Mars.
22.4
Rogers Locomotive Works, the recent close of which is a source
of general regret. The first Kogers engine is shown in Fig. 15. NO IRON OR STEEL SHIP EVER BUILT IN CANADA.

Notwithstanding the abundance of iron ore Canada possesses,

a steel ship has never yet been built out and out in that country
All the vessels built there are of imported material. The Can
adian Manufacturer says:
“No iron or steel ship has ever yet been built in Canada, the
plates, angles, beams, etc., of which were made in Canada. We
have never yet had the facilities to convert the original raw
material into completed ships.” reves
ROR
mSne
ao
“eS

AUSTRALIA LIKES IT, TOO.

Robert A. Pearson, an extensive operator of roller flour mills

at Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, writes, “I have just
seen a copy of “Popular Mechanics” and am very much pleased
with it. Enclosed find money order to pay for a year’s subscrip
tion. If possible commence with No. 1, and send me the back
numbers.”
ww
=_-?S

Isaac Getting of McKeesport, Pa., recovered his speech, after

FIG. 14.—EASTWICK & HARRISON’S LOCOMOTIVE, 1837.
having been dumb 18 months, and then:talked himself to death.
The nurses and attendants found it impossible to keep him from
talking.
Tr
ep
ee
np
on
re

The United States imports about 10,000 tons of toys a year

from Germany, consisting principally of dolls.

More than 100 cases of art exhibits have been shipped from
New York in the past month for the First International Exposi-
tion of Modern Decorative Arts at Turin.

Dark Cloud, an Indian model, is making a fortune in New

York posing for illustrators and sculptors. He is considered
the best all round study model of his race.

eS

The Countess Castallane has started a movement to erect a

2 monument to President McKinley in Paris.

Miss Eva Arnold, of Alto Pass, a trifle more than four feet
tall, and weighing less than 100 pounds, is the smallest school
teacher in Illinois, yet she has among her pupils some of the
FIG. 15.—ROGER'S LOCOMOTIVE, 1837. largest, husky boys in the state and preserves among them per-
fect order.
It is remarkable in being the first locomotive to be sent west of
the Ohio river and it was the first locomotive to have four fixed There has been invented a machine which, in ten hours, will
eccentrics and counterbalance weights in driving wheels. paste paper labels on one hundred thousand tin cans. The cans
(To be continued.) roll down a chute, and each in its journey picks up a label.
 April 26, 1902 POPULAR MECHANICS

FOR THE SKILLFUL PLUMBER. ness that otherwise might have to be done TRAPPING CYLINDER DRIPS
while en route and will prove valuable to
A neat little trick that has been accom- patrons who forget articles which they Allow us to suggest to your readers
plished a few times by skillful plumbers is purposed taking with them. The _ tele- writes a correspondent to Power,—the
the removal of a sink or shower faucet phone company has agreed to give a spe use, upon the drips of an engine cylinder,
from a lead pipe without disturbing the cial wire connection between train and the
nary
ee of a steam trap which works upon the
woodwork back of the fixture, says the main office, says the Fourth Estate, and thermostatic principle, passing water but
Metal Worker. To remove the cock with- guarantees almost instant connection. This
———
out disturbing the woodwork, tacks or will enable the use of the telephone to
within about 30 seconds of the leaving
time of the train.
Seem a
WHEN WANAMAKER TURNED BRICKS.

When only 5 years old John Wanamaker

worked as an assistant brick maker. His
duty was to turn the bricks in the sun
until they were evenly baked. For this la
bor he received 2 cents a day and some-
times cleared 10 cents a week. When he
grew older he obtained a position as office
boy, which marked the beginning of his
rise to fortune. He worked as assistant in by
é
the office until he had climbed up to $6 a
week. He had been saving all the time
and soon he had enough to start in busi
anything, is quite a feat. To do it the
ness for himself. Seeing that he could get
plumber must heat the old cock so hot that
no further raise in salary he bought a lit
it will release itself from the solder by
tle stock of cheap furniture and started in
a twist with the hand, when it can be
to be a merchant
drawn out quickly. The new cock must be FIG. I. TRAPPING CYLINDER DRIPS
—__—~<-———-
already tinned and quite hot, ready in- closing when live steam or air of a tem
TROUSERS REVERSED.
stantly to take the place of the old one. perature above 212 degrees attempts to
The tinning of the new cock should extend pass. These traps can be arranged as in
At a recent reception in Washington
ERE
orate at least '% inch further than usual. When Fig. 1, discharging into open waste pipes
Doctor Mary Walker, attired in gentle
cool wipe fresh solder around the '%-inch so that the discharge can be easily seen,
man’s full evening dress, was presented to
space at A. In a great many cases the
Minister Wu. The champion of woman's ora single trap can be used for both ends
sink has to be taken down, a couple of of the cylinder by putting in check valves,
rights critically surveyed the distineuished
feet of pipe used, with extra solder, tacks as shown in Fig. 2. These traps are in
diplomat a moment. At last she let him
and screws, and possibly with some damage general use in Continental Europe for this
have it, with a look that might have ani
to the woodwork. All of this can be avoid- purpose and are regarded as part and par
hilated one less a philosopher:
ed, however, by a quick and skillful work-
man.
-—-

BOTTLE MESSAGE FOUND AFTER 28 —

YEARS. ee
Se

|
A bottle recently picked up on the coast
of Massachusetts contained a message say- \
>
ing that it had been thrown overboard from CHECK VALVE

the ship Hattie E. Tapley, of Bangor, on

r0 faery
ia

=
CHECK VALVE STEAM TRAP
April 13, 1874, in the Indian ocean. Capt. -t r 4.

George H. Tapley, of West Brooksville,

~ wer, WF
Me., who then commanded the ship, says FIG. 2. TRAPPING CYLINDER DRIPS..
ee
ee
ee
that he was in the Indian ocean in that
year and month, and believes that the in- “Why do you wear petticoats, Mr. Wu?” cel of the equipment of an up-to-date en
scription was written and the bottle set The minister, smiling blandly, as only a gine.
afloat by a German sailor. Chinaman can, replied:
In addition to relieving the cylinder
“Because it is the custom of my coun-
CAN TELEPHONE UNTIL TRAIN while under operation of any accumulation
try, madam,” and then, after a slight pause,
STARTS. to give his words all the effect possible, of oil and water, these traps remain open
“Why do you wear trousers, madam?’— when the engine is not operating, draining
A telephone system by which passengers April Lippincott’s Magazine. the cylinder and precluding the possibility
may be able to keep in touch with their ww of its rusting; and they remain open after
-_-?>
home folks or business offices up to the the engine is started until all water coming
time of the train’s departure is being in- Miss Leola Stidham, a Creek Indian
into the cylinder has been drained out of
stituted at cities along the routes of the girl of remarkable beauty, now a student
the drips, thereby making them an auto
Northwestern, Union Pacific and Southern of Hardin College, Mexico, Mo., acted
matic safety apparatus. We believe this
Pacific railroads. The new service
is to be as sponsor for the Indian Territory
division of the United Confederate Vet- fact, together with the general simplicity
in connection with the “overland limited”
trains. The promoters say the service will erans at the national reunion at Dallas, of the idea, will commend it to intelligent
aid in the transaction of important busi- Tex., April 22. engineers.
 25- POPULAR MECHANICS April 26, 1902

GIANT ELECTRICAL MACHINES.

Great Generators Which Produce 5,000 Horsepower Each.

hese are days of great things in engine and machine con

struction. A few years ago we measured large stationary en
gines by their hundreds of horsepower; now the hundreds excite
no interest and have grown into the thousands. It is compar-
atively only a little time ago, when all the generators for pro-
ducing electricity for light, railway or power purposes were
driven by a belt from an engine. Now only the smallest are so
driven, and instead the generator is placed beside the engine, and
one massive steel shaft is used for both engine and generator
Chis method is called direct connection. Then in all electrical
machines the fields were stationary and the armature revolved

FIG. 2.—ROTATING FIELD READY TO RECEIVE COILS.

the coils, and Fig. 3 shows the coils in place on a portion of a

rotating field. When completed the revolving field is placed
within the armature frame shown under construction in Fig. 1.

Pe
RNR
Lo2

ae—

FIG. 1—ARMATURE FRAME OF 5,000 K. W. ALTERNATOR,

Now there are types in which the fields are rapidly revalved and
are made a part of the flywheel which as such has disappeared.
For the operation of the elevated railway cars of the Metro-
politan road in New York some interesting machines have been
built and installed by the Westinghouse Electric & Manufactur-
ing Co. Fig. 1 shows the armatute frame of a 5,000-kw. alter-
ator, which is nearly 40 feet high. The frame for this immense
structure is cast in six pieces and weighs hundreds of tons. In
this type of alternator the armature is stationary and the field
revolves; and the field current instead of the armature current
passes through the brushes and collector rings. This class of r~ | :
\ ; ~ ’
machine is adapted to high voltage or large current output. Fig ee ae So ee at — —

2 shows the rotating field under construction ready to receive FIG. 3.—PORTION OF ROTATING FIELD SHOWING COILS IN PLACE.
 April 26, 1902 POPULAR MECHANICS 253

FIRE THAT BURNED HALF A CEN- THE KIND OF WOMAN MAN ADMIRES. DISPLAY RACK FOR LIGHT GOODS.
TURY.
Thre is a difference between the “worn A home made stand for displaying tin
Began in Carbon County, Pa., Before the an’s woman,” says the Inter Ocean, “and covers or light flat goods is illustrated in
Civil War and is Just Now Out. the weman a man likes. The mans woim- the Metal Worker. The stand is made as
an, like the poet and painter, is born, not shown in Fig. 1, as follows A t-inch
made, and is essentially feminine—a most base board, 17 inches square, rests on the
A fire that started in Carbon County, womanly woman. Sympathetic and affec narrow sides of two 2 by 4 joists. From
Pa., before the civil war has just gone out. tionate by disposition, she is just sugges the corners of this base board are erected
It burned for 53 years continuously, some- tively clinging and dependent enough to two corner posts, I inch square, which step
times illuminating the heavens for miles arouse all a man’s protective instinct, ap in a top board of I-inch stuff measuring
about. When it first broke out more than pearing submissive to his higher author It inches squart About half way from
a half century ago, there were heroic ef- ity, lovable at all times, and the happy the bottom board to the top board is placed
forts to extinguish the maddened flames, possessor of that intangible but necessiry
but as days, weeks and months measured trait, ycleped charmed. Were she as beau
the time of the unequal battle, the fire- tiful as Juno, as wise as Athene herself,
fighters surrendered to the flames. Many, the lack of this peculiar fascinating auality
then in their youth, who fought the fire, which so enslaves tie miasculire heart
have died of old age, and still it burned would not render her attractive eve to the
on. Children whose earliest recollections most callow of youths. This ideal woman
was this seeming perpetual conflagration, knows and likes man as he really is. She
ee
apne
have passed the meridian of life in con- never gossips about nor belittles her sis
stant view of the burning pile. ters. She has a kind word for them «t
It was a mountain of coal that fed this all times but rarely, if ever, do they like
most remarkable fire on record—a mine her, and really the fault is on neither side,
in Summit Hill, Pa. The mass of coal as she understands them quite as little as
towered seventy feet above the cavity they comprehend her, and never at any
where the fire first started and the veins time does she appear at her best before
outcropped at the top. The Western Fire- them. Modest at all times, she is never
man says: prudish. Thre is nothing a man dislikes
Of late years the fire had so eaten up in- more than a prude. Always cheerful she
to the hill that at night it could be seen for is, and the man likes her honest friendship
miles. and perfect candor. Her wardrobe may be
The final act of this fire was witnessed limited, her clothes inexpensive, but she
by just one man. He was on his way knows how to wear them gracefully. This
home from work when there came from woman you have all seen and often you
the mountain the noise of explosions. He have wondered why the men admired her
drew nearer. There was a gust of flames so.”
eo ————_—_
and ashes went up into space; the peak
of the hill had fallen in and the great fire CORPSE ENTITLED TO BAGGAGE.
was.out. The final work of destruction
lasted but a half hour. Fig. 2.—Construction of the Corners of Shelves,
A corpse can have a trunk checked on
=
_?°>
its account, if the relatives desire. The
BIRDS. THAT NEVER COME TO traffic manager’s association have decided a Y%-inch wooden shelf to stiffen the con
GROUND. that as the corpse is riding on a first-class struction. At intervals of about 3 inches
ticket it is proper to allow 150 pounds of between this and between the top and bot-
baggage also. The question recently arose tom boards are placed 16 shelves made of
Olive Thorne Miller has discovered that
when five mourners with six trunks and tin plate. The edges are turned and flat
there are whole families of birds that spend
one corpse all wanted to travel on six tick- tened down. Then a short cut is made
their lives in the air and never come to
ets. The corpse won. in each corner on the diagonals and the
ground. These are as odd, she says, as
corners are bent down as shown in Fig. 2
the birds that live continually in the water. ————_-_ <-> —
The sheets are then tacked to the uprights
In some of the tropical forests where trecs HIS KNITTING VEXED PARLIAMEN.- through the bent down surfaces, complet-
are between 200 and 300 feet in height, TARIANS. ing a useful and inexpensive piece of store
the epper branches and the air above them
furniture.
are the home of countless birds and insects
Members of the British parliament re —— ee
and monkeys. More than 200 feet from :
joice that Mr. Catheart Wason, the mem-
the earth below they find not only light WINDOW GLASS THAT WILL NOT :
ber for Orkney and Shetland, has aban-
and air but food in plenty, and even water BREAK.
doned his long pursued habit of knitting
in the various reservoirs of the giant
in the smoking room of the House of
plants and creepers. In the new building of a boiler works
Commons.
ni factory in Germany the ordinary panes of
The London Mail says: “Mr. Wason
CAPTURE OF A YOUNG SEA COW. glass were impracticable on account of the
used to explain to inquirers that his eye-
nearness of the works to the railway lines
sight was very bad, and that, as he could
A young manatee, or sea cow, was re- As a result pneumatic glass stones have
not be always reading, he took up knitting
cently captured on the beach at New been used. From the outside the appear-
as a pastime. The innovation, though quite
Smyrna, Fla. It was about four feet long ance is the same as the so-called “Butzen”
an innocent one, annoyed a number of old panes. They are translucent and at the
ome
ere
eng
one
—2

and was evidently helpless. The specimen

Parliamentary hands, and of late Mr. Wa- same time as strong as the stone wall in
will be preserved for scientific purposes, as
son’s knitting needles have not been in evi which they are set. They will withstand —_-
it is probably the first newly born manatee
ever captured.
dence at Westminster.” any blow that the walls will stand
 254 POPULAR MECHANICS April 26, 1902

EDUCATION TO PREVENT TRAIN MAY WEAR WOODEN NECKTIES.

WRECKS.
\ syndicate comprising English cap- FOR THE MADAM
Education is considered the surest pre italists has been formed to promote the
ventive of train wrecks by the Chicago, sale of “tie silks,” composed of 50 per
cent wood pulp and 50 per cent artificial CHAIR ATTACHMENT.
Burlington & Quincy. On that road the
rules of the Master Mechanics’ Association silk. Samples are being submitted to
Here is shown a recent idea for an at
and the Superintendent's Association have the wholesale neckwear manufacturers,
tachment to any ordinary chair to provide
been adopted, and every applicant for the and considerable experimenting is taking
position of fireman must tell in writing the place In point of price this material
schools he has atterded and the opportu shows advantage over conventional fab-
nity he has had for education Graduates rics. Its lustre, feel and general appear-
ind all those having been afforded the bet ance closely resembles genuine silk.
ter schooling facilities, it 1s understood, Oe
will be given the perference. Before the GOAT’S MILK FOR CONSUMPTION.
applicant is even given an opportunity to
tell of the educational advantages he has Believing that with a treatment of goat's
enjoyed, however, he is compelled to un- milk he can accomplish the complete eradi
dergo an examination on simple questions. cation of consumption, Dr. Robert Wil
hen if he passes this and is admitted as liams is establishing an immense goat camp
an applicant, he is given the second ex- in the Mogollon mountains of Arizona
amination in writing, in which arithmetic, Williams claims that he himself .was cured
history, grammar and common sense come
of consumption by a diet of goat's milk,
into play. The educational test is given and he has experimented on hundreds of
by a committee composed of the road fore- a substitute for the regulation baby high
others with alleged similar results rhe
man and chief clerk of the master me- chair. The cut is self-explanatory
idea of the cure came to him by reading of —<»-<___
chanic. The road officials claim that they the wonderful cures of goat lymph. He
make these requirements regarding firemen HOW TO FREPARE POTATOES.
argued that if the lymph would cure loco
principally because it is from firemen that
sl . . - -

motor ataxia, paralysis, chronic articular No. 5—Souffle potatoes—Peel the pota-
engineers are made. rheumatism and similar diseases, there toes; cut the sides square, and trim off the
OS must be virtue in goat milk for pulmonary corners, so as to give all oval shape. With
affections. He has compiled statistics from one even cut slice them one-eighth of an
NOVEL MOTOR SLED.
experiments with his goat herd to demon- inch thick the length of the potato; they
strate that the government could establish must be all the same shape and size. Soak
The motor sled is the latest novelty ex- in Arizona a series of sanitariums where them in cold water for half an hour; dry
hibited by the Whipple Cycle Company. more than ten thousand patients could be them on a napkin, and fry them in fat
It is the invention of Ira’ H. Whipple. accommodated and treated at no expense. which is only moderately hot until they
The machine is one of the standard type The profits from the goats in wool, hides are soft, but not colored. Remove and
of Mitchell motor bicycles with front and meat, he claims, would be more than place them on a sieve to drain and cool.
wheel removed, says the Motor Age, ani sufficient to pay for the care of the patients. Then immerse them in hot fat, when they
a pair of steel runners attached to either
will puff into balls. Toss the basket and
end of a 4-foot axle of generous propor-
— The biggest launch that has ever taken remove any that do not puff. Sprinkle
tions, placed crosswise of the fork. The with salt, and serve them on a napkin or
place was at Wallsend, England, recently,
runners are kept parallel by being mount- as a garnish. Holland potatoes best suit
when a floating dock built for use in Bur-
ed upon steering knuckles and connected muda was put into the water. The lifting this purpose; it is impossible to get the
by a system of linkage similar to that capacity of the dock is 17,500 tons and its same result with most of the other varie-
used upon most automobiles ties
area is 69,000 square feet.

NAIL HOLDING IMPLEMENT.

With this instrument the most inexperi

enced woman can drive a nail without any

re
ee

danger of pounding her thumb. A spring

ess
i
gripper holds the nail until started then ré
leases by pulling the handle away
—___+-e—___—
Alarmed at the prevalence of the cigar
ette smoking habit among society women
of New York and Chicago, the W. C. T.
U. has inaugurated a crusade against the
habit in social circles.

It takes about three seconds for a mes-

sage to go from one end of the Atlantic
WHIPPLE’S MOTOR SLED. cable to the other.
 April 26, 1902 POPULAR MECHANICS ————
temat ee

MECHANICAL TOY. .

8
g
Do you realize that your office boy
There seems to be a great demand these
days for mechanical toys. Even quite young or girl, with an Elliott Addressing
children prefer those toys which have ac Machine, will do the work of twenty
tion and are most life-like Truly this me clerks? Sixty addresses a minute a
=

a
a
cost 10 cents a thousand.
Ss
eh
ne
=
ts
caIE
THE ELLIOTT
ADDRESSING
ee
ee
ee
MACHINE CO. ene

{00 Purchase St., Boston

nent
48 Dearborn St., Chicago
309 Broadway, New York ae
~~

chanical age takes hold of the individual

before he leaves the nursery. One of the
most recent toys is that of a boy riding a
SPANGENBERG’S fatnemeric
PRACTICAL
EXPLAINED TO THE PRACTICAL MECHANIC
bicycle, the invention of O. H. James, Mo 194 Pages. SENT PREPAID TO ANy
azo
ADDRESS ON RECEIPT OF 50.
gollon, N. Mex. The toy is driven by a Thi- work is written for such as need a plain, a
ee
ee
ee
>

spring. easliy understood, self-teaching book. A book

Fifty cents a year. Send five cents fora sam- that will not require »ny explanations by a
ple copy to AB H. Daniels, G. P. A., Grand +e -— teacher in order to be understood A book that am
nt
=
Central Station, New York. shall enable the learner to make all necessary
TROLLEY WINS ELECTROLYSIS SUIT. calculations and solve the problems required in
industrial pursuits and trades. Agents wanted

MACHINERY, ENGINES The city of Dayton, O., has had a “case

GHO
PUBLISHER
A.
AND
ZELIER
BOOKSELLER OF SCIENTIFIC ELEC-

SHAFTING, »* » PIPE. in court several years, claiming damage 18

TRICAL AND PRACTICAL
Ss, Fourth Street,
BOOKS
St. Loul«, Mo.
Everything in wood and iron used in con- from the electric railways of that place for
SEND FOR NEW 96-PAGE CATALOGUE
structing and operating; new and second-
uand (rebuilt), cheaper than you can buy a damage to water mains which had been
anywhere else. Write us first.
damaged by the escaping electric current
CHICAGO HOUSE WRECKING CO., CHICAGO
from the electric roads. The case has been WHAT IS SCHAPIROGRAPH ?
Mention Popular Mechanics. watched with great interest by all electric THE DUPLICATOR that cleanly
multicopies anything written with
railway people. The decision was in favor pen and typewriter. One original
gives 150 copies, BLACK ink, in
DO of the trolley roads. Inventions and im 15 min. AVOIDS: stencil, wash-
provements of the last few years have ing, delays and expensive supplies.
na
ey
ne
ee
=
YOU WANT A made it possible to prevent escape and leak
Price a
years.
ee cap-size outfit $8.00, lasts man
PRACTICAL TRIAL without DEPOSI
BETTER POSITION?
ao
cheerfully allowed by
age of the current to an extent which will
The Mech-Schapirograph Co., 265 Broadway,N.Y
cause damage
Send this ad. to us with your name,
occupation, and address, state what
position you want, and we will explain
how we can train you for it, and help It is said that the loan of $5,000,000 to —-

“THE WONDER”
you get it. be raised by Corea will be financed in the
INTERNATIONAL United States instead of Japan
CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS,
Box 812, Scranton, SCALE FOR VOLTMETER.
PORTABLE
Penna. FOLDING
A request has been made that a scale for REED ORGAN
Mention Popular Mechanics. the voltmeter described in Chapter 9 of Folds up to resemble a valise 12 by 15 by
Easy Electrical Experiments for Boys, be 20 inches; not too heavy for a lady to carry
Has four and three-quarter octaves; peda!
THE published The accompanying = sketch pump; two reservoir bellows; swell; keys of

BUYERS’ GUIDE
reguiation size; music rack, ete. When
shows stch a scale, full size. It can be
open organ is 34 inches high; keyboard 32
cut out and applied directly to the volt inches long. Ready for use in one minute.
Volume strong. Just the thing for lodges.
meter. The instrument should be so ad societies, glee club, trolley parties and open
justed that one cell of gravity battery will air gatherings of all kinds. Price $28.50:
-to the— $30 on lease plan Address
ERT
Ee
-
cause the pointer to move from 0 to I
American Pianos, Organs upon the scale Then the remainder of the
ELKHART,
C. G. CONN,
INDIANA
and Other Musical Instruments. points upon the scale will be approximately

The “BLUE BOOK” of American correct

Pianos and Organs.

An invaluable aid toal) intending purchasers
of pianos.
Besey music dealer, and all conservatories of
music and music schools should have a copy.
aR
EPRI
MEY
a Theestimates of instruments are fair and just.
The aescriptions aré exact and complete.
Price 25 cts. per copy. $2.50 per dozen.
THE PRESTO COMPANY, Publishers,
324 Dearborn St, + CHICAGO, ILL.
 250 POPULAR MECHANICS April 26, 1902.

‘‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents per

line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to
a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be

Attractions for Dext (Week.

forwarded promptly without extra wetinand

THE OZARK LIVE STOCK COMPANY has

$3 of good assets for every dollar of stock Is it not remarkable the amount of inconsistency some people
issued.
the
It owns 1,350 acres of land and has
right to graze on 30,000 acres more. Its
possess? An English minister says that heat hinders religion
originators cleared last year 200 per cent and that there is very little religion in the United States because
profits
sold at par.
on
Write
the money invested.
them care 109 Hartford
Shares $10,
everything (except the street cars) is overheated—an English-
Building, Chicago. The best investment on man, whose king frequents the races, goes to concert halls on
the market.
Sunday and brews beer. Wouldn’t that—but we must not use
WILL sell interest in patent on packless
valve Most practicable, durable and satis- slang in Popular Mechanics. An article about this Englishman’s
factory
large
valve
profits.
made.
Address
Enormous
406 care
demand
Popular
now;
Me-
theory will be in the next issue.
chanics, Now it has been discovered that it is dangerous to wear whisk-
ers; because whiskers, it is said, are receptacles for deadly disease
ain: tad CHANCES. germs. What will the germ theory lead to next? Read about it
Ik YOU Ww ANT a machine, tool, or - anything next week.
in a mechanical
get it, write
line and don't know
Popular Mechanics.
where to They have even got germ-proof armor, which is said to be
more of a necessity than bullet-proof armor in these days of
FOR SALE—A 28-foot steam launch, kero-
sene oil burner. Munroe Bros., Joliet, Ill peace (except in the Transvaal, the Philippines, a few other
WANTED—Agents for Popular Mechanics in
nations and Kentucky). We will tell all about it next week.
every town in the United States and Canada. But one of the best discoveries of recent days is: “A Sure
FOR SALE—Patent 695,277. A safety switch Trick to Catch Bass.” It is the secret of an old Minnesota
for
beef
overhead
and pork
track
cold
in slaughter
storage or
houses for
warehouses.
guide who has been induced to part with it for the edification of
Address W. L. Clark, 199 Broadway, Everett, Popular Mechanics readers. Of course you will want to read
Mass.
about that. A few of the other things we will tell about are:
WANTED—Second-hand
truck. H. R. Porter,
hook
Sec., Board
and _ ladder
of Fire
A one-man torpedo boat that can dart about under the water
Commissioners, Suffern, N. my and blow up the greatest battleship afloat; the Sultan of
Cruising and ‘racing catboat eann be bought Morocco has barred automobiles from his land because one of
at less than half the cost to build.
Brow ne Jones, 29 Broadway, N. Y
Frank them ran away with him; two women who work at the forge as
blacksmiths; where the world’s supply of cork comes from:
MECHANICS, don’t stamp your tools. Cut
your name on them with Hercules etching electrical experiments and mechanics for boys; many late useful
fluid. Temper no obstacle. Full directions mechanical inventions.
and recel .Po 25c. Address J. G. Campbell,
Topeka, , 805 Chandler St. * Remember, “When it is great Popular Mechanics will tell
FOR ar ern tripod “electric tower 12 about it.”
feet high. Corsicana Gas & Electric Co., Cor.
sicana, Texas.
KOR SALE—Tin shop, tools and stock. Lock
Box 23, Cerro Gordo, Ill.
35-HORSH BOILER, 25-horse Bocky euxine
9g me Gardner, 523 Blum St.. Union Hill, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS—Man who thor- WANTED—By young man with good tech-
oughly understands running woodworking ma- nical education position in mechanical engi-
chinery, to go to Manila, P. I. Room 812, 135 neering work. xcellent draughtsman. Ref-
TELEGRAPHY taught by expert. The Adams St., Chicago, Ill. erences. Address 405 Popular Mechanics.
Paine Business School, 1931 Broadway. N. Y.
o_o
CANADA—LEARN PRACTICAL BUSINESS CANADA—Traveling Salesmen to sell coai- WANTED—Position at seashore Do repair
—Netting me $8 daily for years; by mail. A. tar chemicals and rubber goods. A. C. Smith, and tend boats. Box 3, Madbury,N. H.
C. Smith, Lock Box 572 C, Windsor, Ont., L. Box 572, Windsor, Ont., Can.
Canada, ht a OC
>, ELECTRICIIAN 24 years old; tec hnic al educa-
FOR SALKE—Brewery; a great bargain. BOYS are making $15 weekly soliciting sub- tion. Box 99, Union, Ia.
Moody. Keokuk, Ia. ok Sa scriptions for Popular Mechanics, 604 Journal
FOR SALE—Good Barber Shop; established
Building, Chicago, Ill. TINNER, 16 years’ experience. P. O. Box
626, Lexington, Ky.
ten years. 365 Ogden Ave., Chicago, Ul. METAL PATTERN MAKERS—Gale Mfg.
Co., Albion, Mich. PLUMBER, STEAM and HOT WATER
HELP WANTED. WATCH CASE REPAIRER—Meyer Jewelry
FITTER. Chas. A. Clark, 6 Dean St.,.Adams,
Co., 1016 Main St.. Kansas City, Mo. Mass.
TINNER in country shop. W. F. Goldspohn, -
Arlington, Wis. TEMPLETMAKER—Chicago Bridge & Iron YOUNG MAN of 21 wishes to complete
Co.. Washington Heights, II. plumber’s trade. E. 8. Miller, Genesee, Wis.
FOREMAN in foundry employing 100 mold-
ers. X Y Z, P. O. Box 672, N. Y. City. MEXICO—Salesmen to sell Mexican drawn
TOP BUILDER, seat trimmer. Laporte Car- work in the States. Charles Mandeh, Jr.. DIE AND TOOL MAKER, first class, on
riage Co., Laporte, Ind. Ee small, accurate work. Germany, 319 Cleveland
LINE ETCHER—H. W. Weisbrodt, Cincin- St., East New York.
UPHOLSTERER—Robert Keith Furniture &
Carpet Co., Kansas City, Mo. nati,O.
PATTERN-MAKER. Al. Gee. peneate, 687
WIREWORKERS—Great Western Ornamen- BULLDOZER MACHINE OPERATOR-- Montgomery St.. Jersey City,N.
tal Iron Works, 107 First Ave. N., Minneapo- Simons Mfg. Co., Kenosha, Wis.
SLTUATION WANTED—By Ice Machine En-
lis, Minn. ‘ : MARBLE CUTTERS—Pickle Co. 1901 gineer; no brewery. Mathew Rocovich, 465 8.
AGENTS to represent Popular Mechanics in Broadway, St. Louis. Mo. Paulina St., Chicago, Ll.
every town in the United States, Canada and
Mexico. ~~POSITIONS WANTED. YOUNG MAN of 25 wants position where

:i
ENGLAND — Electrical Draughtsman for he can learn electrical engineering. Has
telephone instrument work. Electric & Ord- knowledge of higher mathematics and gen-
WANTED—Permanent "situation in factory eral drawing. J. Martz, 185 East Superior
nance Accessories Co., Aston, Birmingham, as steam fitter and general mechanic by first
Eng. class experienced man. Best of references. St., o—.
Address 407 Popular Mechanics.
tertestas® ~~
TINNER and furance man; 18 years’ expe- Oe ie ie aad eaP earash Rare eP™

CANVASSERS
rience. J. H. Tugoning, Shullsburg, Wis.
~ POPULAR MECHANICS is the Want
dium for Manufacturers and Inventors.
ey
Me- NEWSDEALERS ;
SUPPLIED WITH THIS
Are Earning Good Wages
Taking Subscriptions for YOUhave a workshop you need PAPER BY AMERICAN

fe
Popular Mechenics. ¥ ¥ IF The Model Maker. Send 25 cents AND WESTERN NEWS
Write Us.” ¥ # #¥ ¥ #¥ fer one year to Box 136, Station B, Co.’S BRANCHES 2 2
Mad
Ra
af
aD
Pat
DIED
AP
Cleveland, Ohio.
POPULAR A pa —<e SA Cw
>

ce
Frustrated Weeks, pm
ie Press ofe
the e

= Se el iH)
A
tel
}
Her

CHICAGO, MAY 3, tgo2. Price 5 CENTS.

ELECTRIC HEADLIGHT RENDS THE SHY

Latest Electric Device to Prevent Collisions, Used on Fast Passenger Trains of the
C..M. @ St. P. Ry.
From a midnight photograph taken by this wonderful signal light.

IN THIS ISSUE:
Camels Draw American Machines. “Eels” in Wheat Flour.
Woman Built New York’s First Sidewalk. Sure Trick to Catch Bass.
Driving Machinery by Electric Motors. “Shop Notes.”
Convention by Long Distance Telephone. Largest Chain in the World.
Cork and Where ItsComes From. Germ Proof Armor for Physicians.
Electricity for Boys—Building a Motor. “For the Madam.”
Cleaning Small Terra Cotta Sewer Pipes. Squirrels Injure Telephone Lines.
Storage Battery for Auto Gas Engines. How Excelsior is Made.
Boats for Prospectors. Locomotives of a Century—Part IV.
Birds of Mystery Come Again. Fifty-nine Articles—35 Illustrations.

r’oR SALE BY ALL NEWSDEALERS.

 258 POPULAR MECHANICS May 3, 1902.
HEADLIGHT THAT PENETRATES THE SKY. CAMELS DRAW AMERICAN MACHINES.

he new electric headlight which throws shafts of light ver-

Methods of Farming in Siberia, te Which Land Great Shipments
tically and horizontally as mentioned in a previous issue of Popu-
Yankee Implements Are Being Made.
lar Mechanics, is being installed on passenger trains of the Chi-
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad. The light marks a new
era in railroading as a safeguard against wrecks. The vertical A Russian team hitched to an American machine is a queer
light penetrating the sky may be seen above hill tops and trees combination that even makes the Russians smile. Such an admixt-
for miles about and thus give warning to a train approaching from ure is illustrated in the accompanying cuts showing the latest
any direction. improved American farm implements being drawn by camels in
woo
_-o> Siberia. Russians with the praiseworthy spirit of progress they
YOUNG WIFE IS A BLACKSMITH.

Wealthy Boston Girl Has a Professional Rival in Mrs. Faber

of California.

Miss Lydia Weld of Boston, who was thought to be the only

woman blacksmith in America, has a rival at the other end of
the continent in Mrs. Sarine Ann Faber, of Santa Rose, Cal.,
the young wife of Mr. C. F. Faber. Miss Weld, as told in
Pepular Mechanics, March 15, is a student of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. She is of wealthy parents and en-
gages in the vocation through choice. Mrs. Faber assists her
husband at the forge also “for pure love of the work,” as Mr.
Faber is well to do and at the head of a prosperous establish-
ment. The couple are newly married and she prefers being in
his company in the blacksmith shop to the drudgery of the
household. She has acquired wonderful skill in her three years
of training and now can make welds, shoe a horse, and set a
Mower Drawn by Siberian Camels.
tire as neatly as her husband. Both Miss Weld and Mrs. Fa-
ber show the splendid results of their muscular training. Both
are now manifesting, are perfectly willing that their territory be
are of athletic form, with muscles like men, agile step and faces
invaded by American mechanism, but they refuse to acknowledge
glowing with youthful health that are the envy of all their fem-
the superiority of the horse over their beloved camel.
inine associates.
a ee “Hitch an Asiatic camel to an up-to-date farm implement,”
said one Russian, “and you have a modus operandi that is just
SAYS HEAT HINDERS RELIGION. one on the Yankee.” The camel, the Russian claims, has superior
endurance to the horse, he can cover more ground in a day,
Everything in America is overheated except the street cars, requires less careful attention, is hardier and can pull a greater
according to the assertions of a London minister in discussing load. Some of them declare that the camel would be as great
“Pulpit Handicaps in America.” Heat, he declares is a foe to an addition to the farming industry of America as is the Ameri-
devotion, and says that the churches in America are so heated can farm implement to Russian agriculture. The American
that one is steeped in a warm languor, which is completely sub- farmer, however, is inclined to consider the Russian over zealous
versive of extreme devotional feeling. in his appreciation of the camel, and is content to stick to the
The Americans differ with the Englishman, and claim that
horse.
—————
warm churches are conducive to warm devotion. They quote
Heavy shipments of American farm implements into Siberia
Mr. Spurgeon, who declared that no one was ever converted by the firm of D. M. Osborne & Co., Auburn, N. Y., are working
when his feet were cold. This they say is the reason there is so a revolution in the old Russian methods. Everywhere may be
little religion among the English, whose king patronizes the seen plows, reapers, mowers, rakes and every other kind of device
races. brews beer and attends Sunday concerts and wine gardens. for tilling the soil, all of American manufacture. The shipments
It is charged that most of the churches in England are so cold
that a person has to shiver throughout a sermon and it is impos-
sible to get heated up to a truly religious pitch.
=
—_->

NEED OF VENTILATION.

It is not the actual overheating of rooms, but their lack of

ventilation that makes colorless faces. In well-regulated houses
the maid opens the windows of the sitting and dining rooms
every morning before breakfast for five or ten minutes, even
on the coldest winter days. But by noon the furnace heat has
exhausted all the oxygen in the house, and this devitalized air
is taken into the lungs of the occupants for the rest of the
day. With a good furnace a house should be aired three times
a day. Visitors entering a house in winter time are sure to
find the atmosphere oppressive, but after fifteen or twenty
minutes they forget about it and are content to remain in it for
an indefinite time. English girls are noted the world over for
the fresh coloring of their complexions; they never live in fur- Rake Drawn by Camels in Siberia.
whose doors and windows are kept care-
nace-heated houses,
fully closed. The open fires are sufficient for heat and ventila- are yet being made and the demand is increasing. Siberia, once
.
tion.
7
the home of the Russian exile, is as a result blossoming forth
 May 3, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 250
with verdant fields, adding wondrously to the world’s commerce well as a celebrated belle. She undertook the management of
and to the power of Russia. To American farm implements and all her husband’s affairs. Across the street from her handsome
the Trans-Siberian railroad equal credit is due in the development home she built a row of business houses. It was a little out of
of Siberia. the line of traffic, and she decided to attract special attention to
it. She therefore sent for a number of large, flat flagstones and
ve"
whe
WONDERFUL MECHANICAL DRAGON. laid a fine sidewalk, not only in front of her property, but up to
the street on either side. Polly Spratt’s pavement was the talk
A most remarkable stage dragon, which to the audience has of the town, and her store was always thronged. Ladies came
Se
every appearance of a living monster, spitting fire, flashing its from Philadelphia to shop at this wonderful New York store.
eyes, wagging its tail and gnarling as it drags its ponderous Mrs. Provoost made such a fortune that she kept a two-horse

T
e e

—ay

Ss
~~>

en

enn

———-~

ae
ae

mr
Pa
aeee
ne
et

Steamer ‘Castello’? Loaded with Farm Implements Destined for Black Sea Ports

form along, has been constructed in Paris for the production coach, a thing which no one but the governor had ever been
of “Siegfried,” by Jean de Reszke. known to do. Her success caused others to follow her example.
The body is built of a series of circles, the diameter of the =
>

trunk being such that two men can easily find room in the in- KANGAROO TAIL FOR SOUP BEATS OXTAIL.
terior. The head is mounted on sliding rails and the tail, which
is independent and can be moved at the proper moment, has The Australian meat trade in England has received a further
similar ingenious machinery for showing the writhing of the extension by the arrival at Smithfield of large supplies of kanga-
monster. The total length of the body is 41 feet. In the Wag- roos’ tails. These strange imports are intended for the purpose
nerian musical drama the dragon is slain by “Siegfried,” who is of providing Britishers with a new table delicacy in the way
impersonated by Jean de Reszke. of kangaroo-tail soup. This has long been a highly popular soup
> at the antipodes, while on its recent introduction to Paris it also
met with much acceptance by the patrons of the leading hotels
WOMAN BUILT NEW YORK’S FIRST SIDEWALK.
and restaurants, supplanting not only oxtail, but even the more
prized turtle at many establishments. The dealers have received
The first stone sidewalk in New York was laid by a woman, large orders for the supply of kangaroo tails to some of the prin-
Mrs. Samuel Provoost, more generally known by her maiden cipal west end and city restaurants in London.
name, Polly Spratt, in the early part of the last century. Polly SRS
Spratt’s husband died young, says William Rittenhouse in For- Capt. Morse, chief signal officer of the Department of Cali
ward, leaving a fortune and large importing business. Polly fornia, has opened negotiations for the installation of a system
Spratt was an exceedingly wise business woman all her life, as of wireless telegraphy between army stations in Alaska
 260 POPULAR MECHANICS May 3, 1902.

DRIVING MACHINERY BY ELECTRIC MOTORS. so much consequence, but in a large concern tons of coal are
burned every year with nothing to show in return. Recent prac-
The amount of power required to turn the shafting and pul- tice is all in favor of having an electric motor attached to each sige
ANT
sain
leys and drive the belts in a large manufacturing plant is very
much greater than most people would think. This power really

St
ts
ae
OB

iid

we

Carbonator Operated by 4% H. P. Motor. Emery Grinder and Two-Spindle Drill Press with % HL. P. Motors.

ee——

Se
eA
2

ae

-
5 H. P. Motor Direct Connected to 10 ft. Sheet Iron Shear.

produces nothing—does no actual work; it is simply the expen- machine to drive it. The engine drives an electric generator;
sive method of transmitting power from the steam engine to the the power is carried through wires, which need not show or
machine where work is done: In a small plant the loss is not of take up any valuable space, with comparatively little loss in
 May 3, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 2061

transmission to the machine. When the machine is idle no CONVENTION BY LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE.
power is wasted. Then there is the great saving in wear on
belts, and the first cost of steel shafting, hangers and belts is Farmers 40 Miles Away Remain at Home and Hear Proceedings
all saved. Five hundred feet of shafting, with necessary hangers, of Meeting.
costs considerable; 500 feet of wire but a few dollars—and it

Kankakee county, Ill, enjoys the distinction of being the

home of the first political convention by long distance tele-
phone. When Congressman A. J. Hopkins addressed the Kan
kakee county Republicans a few days ago, 200 farmers, at points
from 15 to 40 miles distant, heard his remarks almost as dis
tinctly as if they had been included among the enthusiastic hun
dreds at the Kankakee court House. On a desk near where
the speaker stood a _ specially equipped telephone instru-
ment was stationed which was connected with wires running to
farmers’ houses all over the county. The transmitter was held
in such a manner that not a word of the congressman’s address
was lost by the 200 farmers who in different parts of the county
pressed the receivers to their ears
That the farmers might lose none of the proceedings Manager
Robert Knapp of the Central Union Telephone company, re
peated all the nominations, so that they too were telephoned
broadcast over the wires and all the rousing applause that
greeted the names of favored candidates was plainly heard by
the farmers in their homes.
—e sae
CORK AND WHERE IT COMES FROM.

More than one-half the world’s supply of cork is furnished

by France and her North African possessions. The entire pro-
duction, estimated at 2,204,000 pounds, comes from those coun ————
a

tries whose shores are washed by the Mediterranean sea and

ee
the Atlantic ocean, extending from Morocco nearly to Bor
deaux. The only producing countries, therefore, are Portugal,
Band Saw Driven by Motor. Spain, France, Italy and North Africa (Tunis, Algeria and Mo- aoa
=

rocco). The corks with which champagne bottles are stopped

lasts a lifetime. A small shop need no longer go to the expense pe
come from Catalonia, which probably produces the finest cork.
of engine and boiler but may either put in a large motor to drive ~ree
Cork is the outer bark of a glandiferous tree. It is a thick,
its shafting, or better, put a motor on each machine. The number
rough, fungous cleft bark. This outer bark is taken off and a
and variety of these small machine motors is great. Motors
new epidermis is formed, which in six or seven years becomes
are built for every class of work; some require speed, others fit for use.
power, and stiil others both. The General Electric Co., which Eighty-five per cent of the total consumption of cork is ab
has made a specialty of this work, have scores of these small sorbed by the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany
motors for every conceivable purpose. We illustrate a few, show- and Russia. The demand is increasing every day and it may
ing a variety of work done. The machine is started by simply soon exceed the supply. A fortune awaits the man who may de-
eR
ST
eT
SE
A
turning a small switch or lever and as quickly stopped. vise a wood pulp or other composition that will serve as a sub-
aa
_?e-?>
stitute for cork.
Joseph Jefferson went hunting recently and killed some wild —_—_~-+e —
geese. At the close of dinner next day he said: “When we The town of St. Ulrich in the Tyrol, is inhabited solely by
sat down, my children, you noticed a goose stuffed with sage. sculptors. All the men, women and children there and in the
Now you may observe a sage stuffed with goose.” neighborhood live by sculpture. ane

The Rev. C. C. Carpenter of the Trinity Church, Meriden, Man averages 5% days’ illness a year between the ages of 21
Miss., broke his shoulder in a bicycle accident, and his wife and 30 years; 7 days between 30 and 40 years; 11 days between
preached the Sunday sermon. 40 and 50, and 20 days when he is between 50 and 60 years old

Gear-Cutting Machines Driven by Motors.

 |
iy
Easy
daha
hahtalNalValMah

Electrical Experiments
POPULAR MECHANICS

in a certain direction will go around the second coil in the oppo-

site direction. That is, the current would trace an imaginary
letter S in going around the two coils.
May 3, 1902.

The appearance of the

FOR BOYS finished magnet is shown in Fig. 2.
The supports for the shaft next claim our attention. Direc-
By L. P. DICKINSON
eee
i ed
ie
ee
A
TOA
~~.
e

CHAP. XVII. HOW TO MAKE A 1/20 H. P. MOTOR.

WINDING THE FIELD MAGNET.

Having made the frame of the field magnet, the next thing is
to wind the coils of wire upon the frame, which are to excite
the magnet. For this purpose there will be required four pounds
of No. 16 double cotton covered magnet wire. Make also four
pieces of wood, % inch thick, 3% inches long, and 1% inches
wide. In the middle of each of these cut a slot % inch wide
and 2% inches long. These are to form the ends of the coils
of wire and are for the purpose of holding the wire in place.
Smooth them off nicely with sand paper, and round the corners
a little. Unclamp the magnet frame from the iron block and
clamp the two pieces forming one side firmly in a vise. In this
way they are firmly held in position until the wooden strips
just mentioned are in place, and the wire is wound.
Fic 2
The manner of fastening the strips in place upon the core is
shown in Fig. 1. Make four strips out of fairly thick sheet iron,
tions were given in the preceding paper for mounting the field
14 inch wide and 3 inches long. These are shown at S in Fig. 1.
magnet upon the base board. At one end of the board, and at
With a knife, cut away a little from the inside of the slots in
a distance of 2% inches from that end of the field magnet, mount
the wooden heads of the coil so that they will slip on to the iron
a piece of wood, cut from a board % inches thick. This piece
cores and at the same time allow the strips of sheet iron to be
of wood is tapering in shape, being three inches wide at the bot-
inserted between the iron and the wood. Then bend the ends
tom, tapering to two inches in width at the top. Its height is
of the iron strips up at right angles, so that there will be a free
2% inches. It is to be placed so that its center is on a line
space between the wooden strips 2 inches long. There should
drawn lengthwise through the center of the board, and is at
right angles to this line. It is fastened to the board by screws
passing upward through the base board. The distance of 2%
inches mentioned is measured between the end of the magnet
frame and the inside edge of the upright strip.
At the other end of the board is another exactly similar piece,
only it is at a distance of 134 inches from the magnet frame.
These uprights are shown at B and C in Fig. 2.
‘To be continued.)
ii

THE SCHOONER AS A MONEYMAKER.

There is more money in the multi-masted schooner, according

to recent calculations, than im the steel freight steamer. The
Fic | Marine Journal says:
Actual figures of voyages show gross earnings for a five-
be two of the iron strips on each side of each iron core. Now
masted schooner carrying 3,600 tons of coal of $11.11 per ton,
slip the strips and the pieces of wood mounted as in Fig. 1
while the actual expenses were $6.66 per ton, leaving a profit
arrae
—
Pad
a along the iron core so that the upper one is I inch from the
of $4.45 per ton on the year’s business.
upper end of the iron core. To fasten it there, apply a coating
A steamship of equal cargo capacity would earn on 36 voy-
of glue (not mucilage) to the surface of the iron between the
ages at 60 cents $21.60 a ton, while the expenses would be about
wooden strips, and wrap firmly around it two layers of heavy
$16 a ton, leaving a profit of $5.60 per ton on the year’s business.
paper, two inches wide. ‘This paper is for two purposes. First,
This difference in favor of the steamship would be offset by the
it holds the iron strips and the wooden heads firmly in place.
fact her original cost is $55 per ton against $27 per ton for the
Second, it protects the iron core so that the wire to be wound
schooner, the advantage to the latter thus being $26.40 per ton
upon it shall not touch the iron.
carrying capacity.
In the space thus formed on each pair of iron cores is to be
—_—-— >
wound 10 layers of the magnet wire already mentioned. In
starting the winding bore a small hole through the lower of the Thomas W. Lawson is to be the name of the world’s first
Re
SPS
SR
eae
t=A
wooden strips close to the core, on the outside of the frame. seven masted schooner, told of in Popular Mechanics March 15,
Through this hole pass the beginning of the wire which is to now nearing completion at the Fore River shipyard, Quincy,
ns
form the coil. Then wind ten layers very smoothly and evenly. Mass.
It will be necessary to hold the iron core firmly in this and the
other operations by clamping one end of it in a vise. After the A Burlington train made a run of 14.8 miles from Eckley to
coil is complete, fasten the outer end so that it cannot uncoil, Wray, Col., recently at the rate of 98.6 miles an hour. The Con-
and then put the frame together by means of the bolts at the tinental Limited of the Wabash has made a new record from
top. Connect one terimnal of one coil to the one terminal of Tilton to Granite City, making 180 miles in 180 minutes includ-
the other in such a way that the current going around one coil ing stops.
 May 3, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 203

SAY WHISKERS DISSEMINATE DISEASE GERMS. FANS IN RAILWAY CARS DRIVEN BY COMPRESSED AIR.

Whiskers are collectors of dangerous disease germs, according R. M. Dixon, of East Orange, N. J., has invented a system of
to New York scientists and their wearing should be prohibited. using air compressed on the locomotive as a means of driving
The Milk Commission of New York has, in consequence, taken fans and in the coaches of the train. As the present system of
steps to force milkmen to shave off their beards lest they convey
germs to the milk. Nothing is more detrimental to the public
Se
EI
ns
health, it is claimed, than the wearing of beards by doctors, and
every municipality should force its practicing physicians and
8"STII
og
surgeons to be clean shaven and wear skull caps when attending
patients. Long whiskers, according to this latest sensational dis-
covery, are more to be feared in the dissemination of contagion
than the rat, which has been known to carry plague from the e
-—

country to another. Germs of divers degrees of danger are said

aca
See
ee
to cling to the whisking whiskers as fragments of loadstone
would cling to a needle.
sieenineisnininiibibiiiiieniniiialinn Compressed Air to Cool Cars
set
ottnin
none
tip
Olle
ii

CLEANING SMALL TERRA COTTA SEWER PIPES.

air compression on most roads would not admit of air being
diverted to drive fans the inventor preposes to place a compressor
In many cities terra cotta sewer pipe of six to twelve inches oy
ek
eae on the left side of the locomotive and conduct the air through
in size has been laid on side streets. When these become clogged
a
the steam pipes which of course, are not in use in summer when
up considerable difficulty is often experienced in removing the
fans are needed.
obstruction on account of the small size. More often the trouble i -————

MANHOLE MANHOLE
STORAGE BATTERY FOR AUTO GAS ENGINES
RI
Tf
SE
ere SS =m
A new storage battery to furnish ignition by electric sparks

Yy for the gas engines of automobiles is described in the London

AL

Yi) Electrical Times. It is known as the “Armored” accumulator,

ROPE and is inclosed in a celluloid case. Each plate consists of a
pasted lead grid of very light section, which gives a maximum
of active capacity for the size of plate employed Around this
Yj),
Uj
YYW);

YY
yf Uy
YY
Mf

/
Yi, Yy . N SS]
Yf 4 rm. ——
~ bs 4
ae/ oe
4

; - : }
. = —. =

L |/ y
i Z y y 200 . SS SSS od
eee
Se
777/, Vy
SSIS ps METAL WORKER
Flushing and Cleaning Small Terra Cotta Sewers.—Fig. 1.—
Floating a Line Down to Draw Cleaner.

———
a

occurs between the house and street in pipes of four or six aan
ae
en

inches diameter. -—
The Metal Worker, in a detailed article April 12 tells how to
clean the pipes. The two illustrations give an idea of an easy ~

way to open the pipes. A float of wood or an empty bottle is

put in at the upper manhole E and floated to manhole D, where
it is fished up and by means of the cord the flexible cleaner is

? .z
ee
EE
aa
mel

FLEXIEL
G8
CG.
SS
GR
SSCLEAKE
CARE SSS
8 Gh
SG ww S
ww
SSS

Fig. 2.—Flezible Cleaner in Use,

New Storage Battery Grid.

drawn through as seen in Fig. 2. This flexible cleaner is the

plate is an envelope or case, chiefly consisting of circular holes
full size of the pipe and is drawn by a strong cord. ‘The float
surrounded with lead. This envelope gives the necessary
first sent through may be small and draw a light cord.
strength and mechanical support to the grid. Between the case
>>
>
and the grid itself, on both sides, is placed a sheet of perforated
In England and Wales more than 60,000 persons die of con- ebonite or celluloid. These act as separators, entirely preventing
sumption annually and the deaths from this disease throughout the paste from falling out of the grid, and from causing a short-
Europe are more than a million a year. circuit through bridging across the plates.
 264 POPULAR MECHANICS May 3, 1902.

Popular Mechanics
BOATS FOR PROSPECTORS.

H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher A great deal of prospecting for woods and metals is being done
this year along the bays and inlets of the shores of British Col-
Journal Building, - - - Chicago
umbia. The Mining Record of Vancouver, in a report from
Herbert Carmiachael, government assayer, says of the prospector’s
SUBSCRIPTICN
boats.
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions, These craft were built of a considerable size considering that
NG a PRAM an deh wis'eisanede cad owed essen $2 00
Foreign Countries, post pa@id.............ccc.ccceececees 3 00
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan-
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac-
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro-
ure from its pubUshers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning.

Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.

Address,
POPULAR MECHANICS
Journal Building, - - Chicago

Entered at the Chicago l’ostottice us Mail Matter uf Second Class.

Prospector’s Boat.

A commission of experts representing the cotton manufactur- they were invariably cut or dug out from a single cedar tree,
ers of Lancashire, Eng., have come to the United States to inves- being often 4o feet long by 1 feet beam, but it must be remem-
tigate the cotton industry in America. bered that a canoe with 7 feet beam could be made out of a
cedar having a diameter of only 6 feet.
New Orleans is trying to get the next convention of the This was accomplished, after hollowing out the canoe by fire
National Association of American manufacturers. and chipping, by filling it with water and heating the water by
throwing in hot stones; then while the wood was soft and pliable
The Chicago Presto’s Blue Book of the Music Industries, en- forcing out the sides with sticks acting as stretchers.
titled, “The Buyer’s to American Pianos, Organs and Other A danger is always present with cedar canoes. They may split
Musical Instruments,” is just off the press. It is a handsome con- in a sea from end to end: this is more liable to occur when the
ception and a worthy effort. canoe is old and the bottom has worn thin.
It is doubtful if sails were used by the Indians before the
St. Louis is to be made the headquarters of the consolidated advent of the white man. Those used now are a sprit sail of rect-
hardware companies, of which E. C. Simmons, of the Simmons angular form with a long gaff, this is kept from falling off the
Hardware Co., will probably be the president. wind by a line from the peak, in fact it is the end of the main
sheet carried to the peak and forming a loop.
J. E. Butler, an educator of Bessemer, Mich., says that every It appears to be only a matter of a few years till the canoe,
school and college should be equipped with a stage for theatrical as now used, will disappear and the Columbia river boat will
performances as a means of instruction in history. take its place. The Indians are getting quite expert at the
oo
_-?
building of these boats, which are usually from 20 to 26 feet
long.
ELECTRIC MACHINE FOR DRAWING WIRES INTO CON- a
DUITS.
BIRDS OF MYSTERY HAVE COME AGAIN.

A miniature trolley car for drawing cords or wires into con- The Evening Grosbeak, known as “the bird of mystery,” has
duits is the invention of a Philadelphia man. A small electric made its appearance in the vicinity of Chicago this spring in
large numbers, after an absence of many years. As a result, all

TZ
ee =
ZAZA
—_
—=
the woodlands in the vicinity are thronged
anxious to study these strange birds, which have no
with ornithologists
system in
=
their migration and which seem to disappear from an entire
country almost in an hour. It is useless to search for a Gros-
beak in the afternoon. They keep up an awful chattering through-
J out the woods until noon, when not another note issues from
their throats and they seem to vanish as completely as if swal-
lowed by the earth. Where they hide themselves during the
afternoon hours is a mystery. Although there have been hun-
dreds of expeditions in the quest for years past, until last June
- TS but one evening Grosbeak’s nest had ever been discovered. The
first and only man to find their nests during the nesting period
and discover the secrets of their methods of rearing their young
was Francis J. Birthwell, the ornithologist, while traveling in

|
Motor Drawing Wires in Conduit.
—
Mexico. While trying to descend from the tree in which the
motor taking current from overhead is geared to the axle of one

|
nests were discovered his feet became entangled in the rope and
pair of wheels and the return circuit is made through the rails he was hanged. His death was a severe loss to the ornithological
on which the machine travels. world and adds an additional interest to the birds of mystery.
May3, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 265

LOCOMOTIVES OF A CENTURY secre 2: co:'ett 3m Winer-otoe mune sands te

In 1844 the first eight-coupled freight locomotive (Fig. 18)

among those who have advanced locomotive building during the

[Being an illustrated history of locomotive invent'on, build- 19th century. In 1846 Mr. Baldwin introduced his eight wheel
ing and progress. The facts are taken from a paper by 8. M. . = . ies .: = a un tonal Mea - 7
Vauclain, read before the New England Railroad Club. The locomotive connected with flexible beam truck (Fig. 17) for
illustrations were gathered and engraved by the a Lo- freight service. This was so successful that it was not until
comotive Works, by whose permission they are used.—Editor > . ~ '
P. M.) 1855 that Mr. Baldwin was finally prevailed upon to abandon this
design and place the cylinders horizontally
In a design for a locomotive with horizontal cylinders Winans
The year 1838 marked the beginning of a new era in railroad
building. It was then that Norris made his supreme effort for
the Baltimore & Ohio railroad resulting in the construction shown
in Fig. 16, which exemplifies many of the leading characteristics of

RP.
as igh
ee

ws ea Se . > A ee
. Sail: @ % wf Ree
+ siete Ciaran
Fig. 20.—Winan’s “‘Delaware’’ with Horizontal Cylinder, 1846

once more succeeded where many had failed. His engine shown
in Fig. 20 was built in 1846. It was the first locomotive to burn
anthracite coal successfully, and thus enabled the Reading rail-
road to haul coal to Philadelphia by burning coal instead of wood.

Fig. 16.—Norris Locomotive, 1838.

LAW POINTS FOR EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYED

the modern engine. In 1840 American locomotives were exported

- Where an employe is serving under a contract providing for
to England. The first of these were built by the Norris Loco-

—ay

_—_—-

—~

ee
a
ee
E
et
oe

Fig. 17.—Baldwin’s Flexible Beam Truck.

motive Works of Philadelphia, now absorbed by the

Baldwin Locomotive Works. Fig. 19.—Baldwin Eight-Coupled Locomotive with Flexible Truck.
his discharge should the employer “find” the employe “unfaithful
or improper in the performance of his duties,” the employer can-
not arbitrarily discharge him. (72 N. Y. S. 1095.)
One who works during the dinner hour does not for that reason
alone become a volunteer, so as to relieve the employer of liability
for an injury to’ him resulting from defect in the premises.
(65 S. W. R. 835.)
An employer must furnish reasonably safe appliances required
in the work he engages workmen to perform, and keep them in
good repair. (30 So. Rep. 880.)
Where an employe has knowledge of certain dangers incident
to the employment, the failure of the employer to give adequate
warning of such dangers does not render the latter liable for
an injury resulting from same. (65 S. W. Rep. 693.)
It is the positive duty of the employer, which he cannot dele-
gate so as to relieve himself from a failure to discharge it, to
use reasonable care to place fit and competent persons in charge
Fig. 18.—Ross Winah’s Eight-Coupled Locomotive, 1844. of his work. (111 Fed. Rep. 330.)
 266 POPULAR MECHANICS May 3. 1902.

A MECHANICAL SCARECROW. SURE TRICK TO CATCH BASS. MUNICIPAL OWNERSHIP FOR NEW
ORLEANS.
A curious machine has been invented by William Humes, Minnesota’s most suc-
Alexander C. Davis, of Lafayette, Ind., to cessful guide, has long held a secret for New Orleans has voted for municipal
take the place of the time honored scare- catching bass, which worked with wonder- ownership. Bids have been received to fur-
crow which has about outlived its useful- ful results. Humes always rows his em- nish the city with light for ten years for
ness. The new device consists of a box ployer past many lily beds and other like- $2,648,000, and at the beginning of the
ly places and will keep on rowing until eleventh year the entire plant becomes the
he can find a single lily pad growing from property of the city. At present New Or-
20 to 30 feet out from its fellows. leans is paying $2,215,000 for lights for ten
“Cast from here,” he then commands, years, but without the prospect of even-
“and land within three feet of that pad; tually owning the plant. A more important
let your bait sink deep before you begin economy yet is that the bid specifies for
to reel in, and reel slow.” the construction and illumination of 1,000
The angler will in eight cases out of ten more arc lights than are at present in use.
get a savage strike before he has taken _—-
ii
ae
cain
eee
wE
O LD
in two yards of line, and will have a fight RAILWAY HANGING IN MIDAIR.
lasting from five to fifteen minutes. Cast
—
after cast will have the same result until A railway track hanging high in the air
sometimes half a dozen black bass have is the remarkable result of a washout on
been taken, and in no case will the bait the Italian railway near Brindisi. The
have struck more than six feet from the huge embankment spanning the deep val-
solitary pad. Then Humes rows on in
aan Pd search of another place of the kind. His
theory is that water minnows, undersized
incasing four bright paddles which are croppies, and such fry are curious and as-
turned by the wind, and in revolving re- semble about the lone lily pad to find out
flect shafts of light from two lamps which about it. The bass congregate there to
burn in either end of the box. The box feed upon these small fish. He always uses
may be placed at considerable distance from live frogs for bait in such fishing as he
the territory to be guarded and set so as says the bass are tired of the minnows. aihe
ae
Te

to throw light in the direction most desired. >>

++ MURPHY S ORDERS.
“EELS” IN WHEAT AND FLOUR. seemeemmmemacnaed Cal
Murphy was a raw recruit who joined
Here is a new kind of microbe to add the cavalry without ever having rode a
to the constantly increasing collection of horse in his life. Of course he got the
the microscopic menagerie. This one has worst bucker in the whole troop.
a well developed Latin name, but in plain “Now, my men,” said the sergeant, “no
language is a wheat eel. In form it is a one is allowed to dismount without or-
miniature salt water eel. It is at home ders from a superior officer. Remember
in the wheat seed and retards the forma-_ that.”
e
ee
“Murphy,” shouted the sergeant, when
he discovered the man spread out on the
ground, “you dismounted.”
ley had stood for more than 30 years, but
“T did.”
exceedingly heavy rains turned the valley
“Did you have orders?”
into a river and in spite of the culvert
“T did!”
under the track, the whole of the embank-
“From headquarters, I suppose?”
ment gave way. The rails and ties, as will
“No, from hindquarters.”
be seen in the illustration, were left intact
“Take him to the guard-house!” ordered
hanging in midair.
the sergeant. >>
_-?>
OQ

INVENTIONS TO NO PURPOSE. FEAR THE ILLINOIS MAY BE BLOWN

UP.
Every week from one to three patents
a
9
=a Dangerous ammunition hoists on the
are granted for non-refillable bottles.
There seems to be a general idea through- Battleship Illinois, which is to represent
the United States at King Edward's coron-
= out the country that a fortune awaits the
tion of starch in the kernel, giving it a ation, leads to the fear that the ship may
perfect bottle which cannot be refilled. As
pepper-like appearance, says the American a matter of fact there is no demand for
be blown up if the position of the motors
Miller. It is also found in the flour made such a bottle and inventors are simply is not changed. It has been discovered
from such grain. There may be several wasting time, effort and money in trying that the electric motors for boisting am-
TERS
cae hundred of them in a pinch of flour the to perfect something nobody wants. munition are located inside the magazines
size of a pin head. It is getting to be an instead of on the outside as they should
ee almost impossible thing for a person to be FROM A CANADIAN BOY. be. The result is that every sparking of
a real Simon-pure vegetarian. these motors leads to much apprehension
Geta
oe John W. S. McElroy, Canton, Ont., regarding the safety of the magazines
Bishop C. H. Fowler, of New York, writes: “I like the paper very much, as which are full of smokeless powder of a
claims to have traced the late President it is ‘written so you can understand it,’ highly inflammable character. Electrical
McKinley’s genealogy back to the first king especially the Electrical Experiments for experts in New York have urged that an
of Ireland. Boys, which I am following up.” alteration be made without delay.
 May 3, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

WHEEL PAINTING MACHINE.

SHOP NOTES In factories where buggies and wagons

are made many parts of the vehicles re
PRINCIPLES OF THE STEAM _IN- of water flowing at 83 miles an hour; then ceive their coats of paint by being im
JECTOR. to overcome the steam in the boiler it is mersed in a tank of paint. Here is shown
necessary to increase the speed of the a recent invention for treating the wheels aa
ee
Kage
os

When J. H. Giffard, the inventor of the water to, 83 miles per hour.
steam injector, tried to introduce the in- The steam chest of a locomotive is ac
strument, says the Practical Engineer, he tually under greater pressure than the
was told to read the first rules of motion; boiler; this is due to the momentum with
that he must be mad to suppose that steam which the steam flows through the pipes. —SS
oS
ee

from one part of the boiler would force In the same manner the velocity of the te

its way back into another part of the same steam through the injector is so great that
boiler. For nearly a year he could not ob- it not only has force enough itself to enter
tain authority from anyone to even give the boiler,.but also it carries the water with
his invention a trial, and then he was per- it. Under favorable circumstances it is fonie
ei
a Se

even possible to force it into a boiler hav —-

«-

ing a higher pressure.

Fig. 1 shows the interior mechanism of
a Penberthy steam injector. V is the tail
pipe, X, coupling nut; R, steam jet; 5,
suction jet; Y, delivery jet; T. ring; O,
plug; Z, overflow cap; P, overflow valve;
ita
ntact
rtm.
a
N, overflow hinge. The wheel is suspended in a covered arched
>
hood and the wheel dipped in the paint
HOW TO TREAT A BELT. tank. Then it is raised out of the paint
and the wheel rapidly revolved by means of
The man who will put resin on his belt
a hand crank. The surplus paint is thrown
is either a fool or a knave, says Rex in
off against the hood and runs back into the
Power. The belt is less generally under-
tank to be used again.
stood than probably any other staple me-
—___0--e
chanical appliance. No person ever bought
Fig. 1.—Injector. WHAT A B. T. U. IS.
Penner
a cheap belt that was a good belt.
mitted to apply it to a locomotive with the The utility of belts may generally be
idea of proving to him that such a thing gauged by the price paid for them and One of our readers asks the definition

was impossible. The action of the injector when you induce some one to sell you a of B. T. U. ,
belt at a lower figure than the price first These letters stand for British Thermal
is similar to that of the blast pipe in a
quoted, you, not the dealer, are the loser. Unit, which is the quantity of heat neces- re
-
locomotive. The rush of steam in this
case forms a partial vacuum into which Often belts are made uneven, and with sary to raise the temperature of one pound
air is forced by the atmospheric pressure the best of care, soon get out of shape. of water one degree Fahrenheit at its

of 15 pounds per square inch. We sometimes find a belt that ordinarily point of greatest density, which is 39 de-
Giffard took a pressure of 100 pounds runs easy on the pulleys, suddenly incliped grees Fah
+e -
per square inch, and showed that a column to run to either one side or the other of ————.

the driven pulley. Either the belt has LARGEST CHAIN IN THE WORLD.
of water 2 3-10 feet high presses upon
been too slack or the load has been in-
STEAM
creased from want of lubrication or other ‘The Lebanon, Pa., works of the Stand-
fT ivf cause. In either case it will run off if ard Chain Company, of Pittsburg, have
nal
t= you insist on applying the power. The just completed the longest and most pow-
¥
LYye remedy would be to either take up the erful chain ever made 4 second of the
ala, belt, thoroughly oil the journals or take mammoth chains is to be turned out as
off the extra load—maybe a combination soon as possible and both will go to the
AlddNsS
Youe
of all. Eastern Shipbuilding Co., of New London,
Then the belt may run to one side of Conn. They are to be used on two great
the driven pulley when the driven shaft vessels to ply between San Francisco and
gets out of line with the driving shaft. In Japanese ports.
this case the belt runs to the low side The big chain is what is known as a
of the pulley. cable chain of 33-16 stud-link. It is 2,000
If two shafts are parallel and there is feet long, and withstood the strain of a
a high place on the pulley, then a belt new 600,000-pound testing machine at the
OL
ywz7I0g
will run to the high place: but if the shafts works of the Philadelphia Machine Tool
are out of line and the face of the pulley company. The test was witnessed by sev-
straight, then the belt will run to the low eral experts, including a representative of
Fig. 2.—Interior View.
side or that closest to the driving shaft. the British Lloyds Register association.
its base with a force of one pound, there- The remedy would be to line up your shaft-
fore 100 pounds pressure is equal to a pipe ing. The will of the late Col. John W. Mc
of water 230 feet high. Now water will Kee, who died recently in Philadelphia,
rush from the bottom of such a pipe at a W. K. Vanderbilt, Jr.. has announced in conveys $2,000,000 for the erection of @
speed of no less than 83 miles an hour. Paris that he will take his automobile over Catholic church, rectory and convent. Me
A boiler having a pressure of 100 pounds the Paris-Berlin course this summer in an Kee was probably the wealthiest regro
per square inch is just balanced by a jet effort to beat Fournier’s famous record. the world.
 268 POPULAR MECHANICS May 3, 1902.
A DOCTOR'S “EVER-READY” AUTO. GERM PROOF ARMOR FOR PHYSICIANS MOVING SAFES WITH AUTOS.
ien

\ Brooklyn doctor who uses an auto- A germ proof armor which enables the An automobile truck is now employed
mobile in his practice found that he ex- wearer to defy the presence of the most for moving iron safes. It has two propell-
perienced great delay in getting up steam deadly contagions is now worn by physi- ing motors and a third elevates the safe
after receiving a call. An inegnious in- cians in attending patients in pest houses to its place in the building. It requires
vention of his is the result. From the and by embalmers in preparing the bodies of three men and six and a half minutes to
wall of his stable hangs a rubber tube ter those who have died of dangerous conta- place a safe on the seventh floor. For-
minating in a gas burner, says the Motor gious disease. It has proven of great value merly it required eight men two and a half
Age. On arriving home he places the in preparing infected premises for disin- hours.
burner dimly lighted under his boiler. The fection.
gas is controlled by a small tap in his bed- The armor is called a disinfector’s suit, CARRIER PIGEONS IN COAST FISH-
room. When the physician receives a sud- and is manufactured by the Durfee Em- ERIES.
bauenra
RT
pS
OT
LT
sei
ae

den call in the night he turns up the gas balming Fluid Company, Grand Rapids,
and by the time he has dressed and reached Mich. It is more serviceable in protecting
the stable has enough steam up to start A cold storage company on the Pacific
the physician against germs than is the bul-
away immediately after lighting his burner. coast employs carrier pigeons in determin-
let proof armor in protecting the soldier
—-o-~————— ing the amount of fish received at the va-
AN ARITHMETIC FOR ADULTS. rious stations. The birds are carried to the
fishing stations each day, says the Fishing
A long felt want is filled in a simple, Gazette, and released,early the following
comprehensive arithmetic for everybody, morning with notes giving the amount of
published by George A. Zeller, Room 592, fish received at the different stations during
18 S. 4th street, St. Louis, Mo. It is call- the previous night. French fishermen use
ed Spangenberg’s Practical Arithmetic. pigeons extensively for the same purpose
The volume is in no respect a text book, in the sardine and other fisheries.
but is a manual for the adult containing >>>
oe

just such handy information as he needs in DON’T BE A KNOCKER.

his industrial pursuits, trades and sciences.
ww
> The following is going around in the
REAL CRUSOE FOUND OFF COREA. Kansas newspapers. It is good advice any-
where. Read it and see: “If there is any
The steamship China brought to Hono- chance to boom business, boom it. Don't
lulu the story of a real Japanese Robinson pull a long face and get sour in your
Crusoe, who lived for 17 years on a de- stomach. Get a smile on you. Hold up
serted island near Gensan, off Corea. The your head. Get a hold with both hands,
man was discovered by the Japanese mas- then pull. Bury your hatchet. Drop your
ter of a fishing schooner, who thought him tomahawk. When a stranger drops in, jol-
a monster from his wild appearance and ly. Tell him that this is the greatest town
did not dare land. He reported to the on earth. It is. Don’t get mulish. Don’t
Japanese government, which sent a tor- roast. Just jolly. No man ever helned
pedo boat in search of the mysterious man himself by knocking other people down
on the island. He was found and brought No man ever got rich trying to make peo-
back to Nagasaki. The man had been ple believe that he was the only man on
so long without companionship that he earth. You can’t climb the ladder of fame
German Proof Armor. by stepping on other people’s corns. They
was reduced almost to imbecility. His hair
and beard were long and unkempt, and from bullets of the enemy. There is no are their corns, not yours. And they’re
he had almost lost the power of speech. opening through which any one of the tender. Keep off the corns.”
He had been cast away on the island 17 swarms of deadly germs exuding from the —

years ago and had subsisted since that time infected patient can enter the patient’s sys- LABORATORY FOR STUDY OF LAKE
on seaweed and fish, living in a cave. He tem. The suit is made of canary cloth FISH.
was entirely without implements of iron or and white duck, and is in one piece. It is
any means of utilizing the scanty materials put on over the regular clothing and shoes. A government laboratory for the study
of nature which the island furnished. The hood draws snugly around the face
of fish of the great lakes is to be estab-
ao
Sow by means of a cord. The mask is provided lished at some point in Illinois, Indiana.
NEW HARBOR FOR AUSTRALIA. with isinglass windows through which the Michigan, Wisconsin. Minnesota. Ohio,
wearer may see and lintine over the mouth Pennsylvania or New York. The site is to
ee
ee
Sa
An outer mail steamer harbor is to be and nose which permits breathing. The be selected by the United States fish com-
xonstructed at the entranceof the Port lintine is saturated with a powerful disin- mission. Senator McMillan, who at the
sere }delaide river at Light’s Passage, Port fectant when in use and is absolutely imper- direction of the Committee on Fisheries at
Adelaide, New South Wales, Australia, vious to fetid effluvia. The suit is drawn Washington, has reported favorably on the
says the Journal of Commerce of Mel- tightly at the arms and feet by means of bill. said:
Tees

bourne, Australia. It is proposed to rubber gathering cords, and rubber gloves “The important commercial fisheries car-
straighten the channel at its mouth and are worn. The suits may be bought for $6 ried on in these waters warrant the estab-
er
oS
make it 400 feet wide at bottom, with a or $7 each. lishment of a laboratorv at which the va-
>>
heavy wall of stone 7,000 feet long on each ini a
rious biologic-economic problems con-
side behind the wharves. The work will Alcohol impedes growth. The abuse of nected with the nrosecution and develop-
cost about $2,500,000. meat in the case of very young people also ment of the fisheries mav be studied. Such
impedes growth. Salt water helps the de- a station would be a valuable adjunct to
,.There is one titled personage to every velopment of growth and baths in water the fish cultural work carried on hy the
roo commoners in Russia. containing sea salt are very beneficial. covernment and the various states.”
 May 3, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 209

LET CHILDREN MAKE MUD PIES, HE THE SOLILOQUY OF THE HASH,

FOR THE MADAM SAYS.
The hash lay on a plate.
“I am a thinking entity,” it said.
A SENSIBLE CASTOR. In summing up the misfortunes of the
“I’m lying here in state;
children of the wealthy, Percival Chubb, at
“T am alive, altho’ my parts are dead.
a meeting of the Society for the Study of
A ball bearing castor is now being It felt a sudden thrill,
Life in the Tuxedo in New York, said:
made, the working and construction of Then rose a clamor shrill:
“Our wealthy children are disreputably
which is shown in the cut. It cannot pos- “Oh, hold you're rash;
clean—too much tutor and too little father;
sibly tear a hole in carpet or rug, as it We parts are still ourselves, altho’ in hash.”
too much clothing and too little mother,
Murmured the Mutton: “Ah, how yellow
too much boarding school and too little
were
home. They are little patterns of anaemic
The cowslips in the fields ;how passing fair
primness. They exist merely for their
Was all about when I, a merry lamb,
clothes. A good roll in the mud is what
Began the life which led to where 1 am!”
they need. Mud pies, that blessed institu-
ied Said the Potato: “Warm was the brown
tion of happy normal children, would be
earth
their salvation Parents must decide
Of the bright hillside where I had my
whether the upholsterer, the tailor or the
birth:
child shall rule the home.”
What joy of growth within my bosom
———__—_.---
oe————————
welled,
UNIQUE HOLIDAY HOTEL MENU. How curled my tendrils, how my tubers
swelled!”
Walter H. Maxwell, manager of the Pal And mused the Beef: “How green our
ace Hotel, Cincinnati, is noted for his orig- Texas plains!
inal ideas. The latest of these is exem- With what a novel grandeur nature reigns,
is free to roll in any direction and is cen- plified in his unique conception of holiday What vast expanses! how our pulses
ter bearing. The upper part is a spring menus. On the page opposite the list of stirred
which prevents dropping out, but allows dishes, says the Hotel World, he publishes As we swept onward in a mighty herd!
the castor to be easily withdrawn when a history of the holiday, why it is cele- I see the flying steeds, the sudden dash”
desired. brated, etc. Thus he explained Easter Sun- “Mee—ow !”
wow
—_—- >
day as being the “most important movable “Bow-wow!”
REMOVING PAINT FROM OLD OAK. Christian church holiday,” and he showed Said the rest of the hash
that Easter cannever come before March —__—_»-#—___-
e
a en
Dissolve as much potash in hot water as 22, nor after April 25. STEEL TIRE FIRE ALARM.
the water will take, and, while still hot, —_-?

stir in sawdust so as to make a fairly SULTAN OF MOROCCO BARS AUTOS. Worn out steel tires from the big driv-
stiff paste. Spread this an inch thick over
ing wheels of locomotives are coming into
the wood, and after a few hours the paint Believing he has discovered in the auto-
use as fire alarms in New Jersey, says the
or varnish will wash off with cold water. mobile a French plot to end his life and
Fireman’s Herald. These tires are hung
annex his territory, Muley Abdul Azziz,
If necessary, the process can be repeated on
any part. This will not hurt the oak, Sultan of Morocco, has prohibited the use
though it may for the time being give a of the machines in his country. The sul-
whitish tinge; but rubbing over with boiled tan was recently presented with a French
oil will restore the full natural color. automobile and after a few trips declared
—_—3--—___—_—_—__ it the best thing he had ever seen. One
day he was out taking a spin and the
FOLDING ROCKING CHAIR.
steering gear became disarranged. His
machine got to going and he could not
A rocking chair which can be folded up stop it. One of his tires burst but the
to occupy a very small space has been in- sultan kept on going. Then he hit a big in a tower and a striker attached to be
rock. The automobile stopped but the sul- worked either by hand or electricity. The
tan went on. He was not seriously in- towers are from 50 to 8o feet high. When
jured, but when his chaffeur could not ex struck a quick blow with an iron tongue
plain to his satisfaction how the accident or hammer a tone is produced which is ex-
happened, the Sultan grew angry. He sent tremely penetrating and can be heard a
for his blacksmith and ordered the ma- long distance.
——_~0@
chine broken up. Then he issued a decree
prohibiting the use of automobiles by any An appropriation of $15,000 is to be
of his subjects. He has long had the idea made for the establishment of storm warn-
that the French longed for his country and ing signals at Glen Haven, Mich., and
eR
ire is firm in his belief that they had schemed South Manitou and the construction of a
to bring about his death by means of their telephone or telegraph line between the two
automobiles. points in the interest of navigation.

vented by W. T. Seemp, Pocahontas, Ark
The cut fully explains its operation and
construction.
Because it was held that the light in the The National Railroad Company of Mex-
statue, “Liberty Enlightening the World,” ico, capital $65,350,000, has been incorpo-
in New York harbor, is of no commercial rated at Salt Lake City, Utah. Its object
value, a proposition to appropriate funds is to build a railroad from Laredo, Tex.,
for lighting the torch was defeated in the to the City of Mexico. Edward H. Warren,
House and the torch is to remain dark. of New York, is president.
ga
en
ne
 270 POPULAR MECHANICS May 3, 1902.

STUDENTS’ HEADQUARTERS AT GIVEN AN ENTIRELY NEW FACE. “SQUIRRELS INJURE TELEPHONE

WORLD'S FAIR. LINES.
Rufus Janman, a Clover Leaf engineer,
Of all the buildings that will comprise caught in a wreck near Kokomo, Ind., a Squirrels which swarm in the stately
“the Mystic City’ of the Louisiana Pur- vear ago, is wearing a new face as the re- trees of the university town of Madison,
chase Exposition those of the Washington sult of a marvelous feat in skin grafting. Wis., have worked serious damage on the
University will probably be the only ones In the wreck the engineer had both ears telephone lines, according to the charges
left standing after the big show is over burned off close to the head, his chin and of the linemen and officials. Madison has
These buildings will be seven in number, nose were torn off, his eyelids cut off and been suffering from an exceedingly bad
built on 110 acres of ground. They are of his entire scalp torn away, not a hair be- telephone service and the officials could not
red Missouri granite. Central and most ing left on his head. After a year’s treat- tell why it was. They have discovered
magnificent of the buildings is University ment he was released from the hospital that the squirrels have beey dining on the
Hall, which will be headquarters for stu last week. For nearly 200 consecutive days tar cement and binding strings used for
dents who visit the world’s fair from all Janman was on the operating table, where the insulation of the telephone cables. In

aie
aed

- ial ein
eatt ae aal Students’ Headquarters at St. Louis World’s Fair.

over the world. The central entrance con- long strips of skin were cut from his legs many cases they have nibbled away the in-
sists of a massive tower, 77 feet high, and applied to the face. An occulist re- sulation, cut into the wires, making cross
topped by four octagon towers, one at each paired the eyelids, making them as good as connections, and caused delay and worri-
corner. The tower and the octagon corners new. By degrees a new chin and nose were ment in other ways. The little beasts
are battlemented with elaborate holdings in grown. The ears and hair could not be re- have been permitted to gnaw their way un-
cut stone encircling the embrasures. In placed, but a wig was given him, the long, disturbed into anything that took their
the western end of the university group flowing locks of which concealed the spot fancy. Of late they have kept the force
will be located a large amphitheatre and where the ears formerly were. of linemen busy repairing damage, and
gymnasium, which will be used for the >_>
have worked faster than the linemen, as
physical culture exhibit and exercises dur- there as many of them. The telephones
ONLY WOMAN HARNESSMAKER.
ing the exposition. University Hall will have been in use for only a few years, but
cost $210,000. The entire cost of the build- the squirrels have been there since the
Miss Maud Dennison, 850 Cortland
ings is to be $740,000. It will be 325 feet street, Chicago, is probably the only woman foundation of the school which dominates
long by 118 feet wide. hagnessmaker in the world, and is an ex- the town, and the chancellor and his pro- m

a -—
pert at her trade. She has been admitted fessors would rather have the squirrels.
The British Government has placed or- to membership of the United Brotherhood 2 —————_
ewer
Bae
oI
ders with the Clyde shipbuilding firms for of Leather Workers on Horsegoods, hav-
The town of Bandon,Ireland, is hopelessly
four new fast cruisers and a. battleship, ing the distinction of being the only woman
insolvent. The gas works have been seized
costing in all $16,000,000. in the union, which has a membership of
10,000. Miss Dennison worked at the trade to satisfy a debt; the supply of coal and
An ordinary railway engine will travel for four years. She was born in Louisville. by products have been sold at public auc-
about 1,000,000 miles before it wears out. Ky., and is 28 years old. uon and the town is left in darkness.
 POPULAR MECHANICS

DO FLAT DRAWING TABLES MAKE

LONG NECKS?
This is the question which a writer in
The Draftsman discusses in an argument
No Progressive Merchant, Manufacturer, or
Organization can afford to be without
The Elliott Addressing Machine for address.
ee
ing Envelopes, Cards, Wrappers, Statements,
Shippings Tags, Circulars and Time Cards.
Our Catalogues explains fully.

\
><
/ {
[A
4
D» THE ELLIOTT
ho > paeve
ADDRESSING
against the use of the flat table for draft MACHINE CO.
ing work. He also illustrates the dire ef
100 Purchase St., Boston
48 Dearborn St., Chicago
309 Broadway, New York

SPANGENBERG'S fatnemere
ARITHEMETIC
EXPLAINED TO THE PRACTICAL MECHANIC
194 Pages. sENT PREPAID TO ANY 500
fects of the flat table and the comforts of ADDRESS ON RECEIPT OF °
Thi work is written for such as need a plain,
an adjustable one. easily understood, self-teaching book. A book
>t
Fifty cents a r. Send five cents fora sam- ind that will not require uny explanations by a
le po to Sones H. Daniels, G. P. A., Gran teacher in order to be understood A book that
HOW EXCELSIOR IS MADE. shall enable the learner to make all necessary
Bentral Station, New York. calculations and solve the problems required in
industrial pursuits and trades. Agents wanted.
Excelsior, which is an American inven-
A New MONEY MAKER tion, is made of bass wood and poplar. The PUBLISHER
7HEO
AND
A. ZELLER
BOOKSELLER OF SCIENTIFIC, ELEC-
For Agents. A household neces- TRICAL AND PRACTICAL BOOKS

sity. 70,000 sold in Minneapolis. — logs are sawed into eighteen inch lengths 18 S. Fourth Street, St. Louis, Mo.
Jo, sells for 2c. Agents making $7.
perday. Millions will be sold. You and split in halves. A _ series of knife SEND FOR NEW 96-PAGE CATALOGUE,

show what it will do and it sells itself. points run down the face of the block, cut- ee
ee
People borrow money to buy it. Beats
everything as a money maker. Send ting into the wood in parallel lines that are

“THE WONDER”
0 cents TO-DAY for sample outfit.
Domestic Mfg. Co., spaced according to the width of the fiber
to be made. A following knife slices off
Mention Popular Mechanics.
the whole face of the block thus served. PORTABLE
The fibers curl and commingle as the knife
DO sets them free. An excelsior machine
FOLDING
YOU WANT A makes two hundred to three hundred REED ORGAN
strokes a minute, every stroke cutting off
BETTER POSITION? a tier of fibres across the face of the
Folds
20 inches;
up to resemble
not too heavy
a valise
for a lady
12 by 15 by
to carry.
Has four and three-quarter octaves; peda!
Send this ad. to us with your name, block. pump; two reservoir bellows; swell; keys of
occupation, and address, state what ww >
regulation size; music rack, ete. When
position you want, and we will explain
—_—- open organ is 34 inches high; keyboard 32
inches long. Ready for use in one minute.
how we can train you for it, and help FISHING ON A BIG SCALE. Volume strong. Just the thing for lodges,
you get it. societies, glee club, trolley parties and open
air gatherings of all kinds. Price $28.50;
INTERNATIONAL Those who have a fancy for fishing on a $30 on lease plan. Address
CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS, really large scale should go to Reikiavik in
Box 812, Scranton, the spring and take part in the line fishing
C. G. CONN,
Penna. for large Greenland sharks. Even the bait ELKHART, - - INDIANA
it original, consisting as often as not of
Mention Popular Mechanics. the head of a small seal; otherwise, im-
mense strips of seal flesh are used. The The Key toa
THE line is every now and then given a jerk
GoodSit

BUYERS’ GUIDE
by the way of stimulating the shark’s ap-
petite and it is finally hauled to the surface, is a technical education. Great
industries require trained workers.
its desperate revolutions being neutralized Carnegie’s partners rose from the
ranks. We teach by mail. We have helped
by a stout swivel, the liver cut out, and the thousands to better themselves. A few
—to the—
huge carcass as a rule cut adrift, though at FREE SCHOLARSHIPS
American Pianos, Organs times the flesh is eaten after being hung
for some time.
in Meehanieal, Electrical, Steam, Textile Ke:
ing; Heating, Ventilation and Plumbing — includ-
ing Mechanica! Drawieg— will be awarded to
-

and Other Musical Instruments. early applicants. The only expense is the actual
cost of instruction papers and postage.
Handbook descrihing courses, methods
The “BLUE BOOK’ of American French has been made the official lan- and regular terms on application.
Pianos and Organs. guage of the Quebec legislature. All the
An invaluable aid toall intending purchasers
ofanne. records will be kept in French, but Eng-
very music dealer, and all comservatories of lish speaking members will be permitted fe
music and music schools should have a copy.
The estimates of instruments are fair and just. to speak their own tongue.
The descriptions are exact and complete.
Christmas day in Tornea, Finland, is less
Price 25 ets. per copy. $2.50 per dozen. King Edward has endeavored to re- than three hours long. At Spitzenbergen
THE PRESTO COMPANY, Publishers, vive the ancient custom of taking snuff. the longest day is 3% months. At Water-

324 Dearborn St, - CHICAGO, ILL. A snuff-box is handed to him each day bury, Norway, the longest day lasts from
May 21 to July 22 without interruption.
at dinner just before the desert.
272 POPULAR MECHANICS May 3, 1902.
‘“‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents per
line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to

Attractions for Dext Week.

a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
forwarded promptly without extra charge.

Communion rules as it always has and always will. No per-

THE OZARK LIVB STOCK COMPANY has son, family, institution, city or nation ever amounted to anything
$3 of good assets for every dollar of stock
issued. It owns 1,350 acres of land and has when it worked for its own interest alone. It is what men, cit-
the right to graze on 30,000 acres more.
originators cleared last year
Its
200 per cent
ies and nations do for the advancement of the world in general
profits on the money invested. Shares $10, that counts. China shut herself out from the world that she
sold at par. Write them care 109 Hartford
Building, Chicago. The best investment on might retain all the good things for herself. Rome spread civil-
the market. ization over the whole earth; but for Rome we might yet be bar-
WILL
valve.
sell interest in patent on packless
Most practicable, durable and satis-
barians. Now who will continue to go down in history as the
factory valve made. Enormous ‘demand now; greater—a Roman or a Chinaman? Popular Mechanics tries to
ace profits. Address 406 care Popular Me-
chanics, aid the people everywhere in the general advancement of Me-
chanical arts. “The World is Its Field.”
BUSINESS CHANCES. In Germany alcohol is supplanting coal, gas and oil for fuel
PARTNER—With $5,000; wholesale liquor and light. An alcohol locomotive there pulls a train of twelve
business. N. K. Liq. Co., Minneapolis, Minn.,
239 Third avenue N. cars. Popular Mechanics will tell about it next week.
WANTED—Engines, pumps, heaters, air com-
In France rats are of nearly as great commercial value as
pressors, electric motors and dynamos for are hogs in America. Rats of Paris are raised to clean bones,
cash; no dealers. J. H. Enright, 316 West
Randolph street, Chicago, Ill. their furs are used for trimmings, their skins for gloves and in
IF YOU WANT a machine, tool, or anything fact every part of the rat is turned into money. Read about it
in a mechanical line and don’t know where to
get it, write Popular Mechanics. Ta
next week.
FOR SALE—A 28-foot steam launch, kero
“Why can’t you make paper like that?” said a man to a pa-
sene oil burner. Munroe Bros., Joliet, a per manufacturer a few years ago, as he held forth in his hand
WANTED—Agents for Popular Mechanics in an old hornets’ nest. Paper then was high, raw material was
every town in the United States and Canada.
scarce and the demand was great. The man with the hornets’
FOR SALE—Patent 695,277. A safety switch
for overhead track in slaughter houses for nest and the paper manufacturer sat themselves down to study.
beef and pork cold storage or warehouses.
ga W. L. Clark, 199 Broadway, Everett,
“If a hornet can make paper from wood,” said they, “why can’t a
Mass. man make paper from wood?” And that is just what they did
WANTED-—Second-hand hook and ladder end today we have the great wood pulp paper industry, one of
truck. H. R. Porter, Sec., Board of Fire
Commissioners, Suffern, N. Y. the most important in the country. We will tell about it next
MECHANICS, don’t stamp your toels. Cut week. We will also tell about how unscrupulous manufacturers
your name on them
fluid. Temper
with
no obstacle.
Hercules
Full
etching
directions
force us to eat jelly made from old boot legs; how the nature of
and a for 25c. Address J. G. Campbell, our immigration has changed so that Italians, Slovak and He-
Topeka, Kas., 305 Chandler St.
brews instead of Irish and Germans are now filling our country;
FOR SALE—Tin shop, tools and stock. Lock
Box 23, Cerro Gordo, IIl. about how the great natural gas supply of Indiana is becoming
TELEGRAPHY taught by expert. The exhausted and factories are forced to close, and about three or
Paine Business School, 1931 Broadway, N. Y. four dozen other things just as interesting and instructive. Pop--
CANADA—LBEARN PRACTICAL BUSINESS
4 ular Mechanics interests nearly everybody. }
—Netting me $8 daily for years; by mail. A.
g — » Lock Box 572 C, Windsor, Ont.,
‘anada.
‘FOR SALE—Brewery; a great bargain.
Moody. Keokuk, Ia.
ENGLAND — Electrical Draughtsman for TINSMITH. L. Mickenberg, 27 Siegel street,
FOR SALE—Good Barber Shop; established telephone instrument work. Electric & Ord- Brooklyn, N. Y.
ten years. 365 Ogden Ave., Chicago, Ill. nance Accessories Co., Aston, Birmingham, MANAGER stove foundry. Box 469, P. O.,
Eng. Louisville, Ky.
HELP WANTED. thor.
PHILIPPIND _gSLANDS—Man, who | -
PLUMBER. W. CG. Swinington, 1109 West
- FOREMAN IRON BEDSTEAD plant; Cres- oughly understands running woodworkin Duval street, Jacksonville, Fla.
cent Bed Company, Orange, South Peters and “ainety. to go to Manila, P. 1. Room 812, 135 ~
WANTED—Permanent situationin factory
Tchoupitotlas streets, New Orleans, La. Adams St., Chicago, Ill. as steam fitter and general mechanic by first
tlass experienced man. Best of references.
CABINETMAKERS, American Car and Fdy. CANADA—Traveling Salesmen to sell coai-
Address 407 Popular Mechanics.
Co., St. Charles, Mo. tar chemicals and rubber goods. A. C. Smith,
L. Box 572, Windsor, Ont., Can. TINNER and furance man; 18 years’ expe-
VULCAN, Steam Shovel operator. Box 746, rience. J. H. Tugoning, Shullsburg, Wis. =
Atlanta, Ga. BOYS are making $15 weekly soliciting sub- POPULAR MECHANICS is the Want Me-
~ PLUMBERS—THREE
UNION. H. L. Burns, scriptions for Popular Mechanics, 604 Journal dium for Manufacturers and Inventors. —_-
Spokane, Wash. Building, Chicago, Ill.
WANTED—RBy young man with good tech-
PATTERNMAKERS.
The Balkwill Pattern METAL PATTERN MAKERS—Gale Mfg. nical education position in mechanical engi-
Works, 970 Hamilton street, Cleveland, Ohio. Co., Albion, Mich. neering work. xcellent draughtsman. Ref-
oe Car Works, Pullman, erences. Address 405 Popniar Mechanics.
MEXICO—Salesmen to sell Mexican drawn
work in the States. Charles Mandeh, Jr., YOUNG MAN of 21 wishes to complete
TINNER in country shop. W. F. Goldspohn, Monterey, Mex. plumber’s trade. EH. 8. Miller, Genesee, Wis.
Arlington, Wis.
LINE ETCHER—H. W. Weisbrodt, Cincin- PATTERN-MAKER. Al. Geo. Gardner, 687
TOP BUILDER, seat trimmer. Laporte Car- nati,
riage Co., Laporte, Ind. Montgomery St., Jersey City, N. J.
UPHOLSTPRER—Robert Keith Furniture & POSITIONS WANTED. YOUNG MAN of 25 wants position where
Carpet Co., Kansas City, Mo. oS Se he can learn electrical engineering. Has
AGENTS to represent ed Mechanics in knowledge of higher mathematics and gen-
every town in the United States, Canada and STEAM and HOT WATER FITTER. Wm. eral drawing. J. Martz, 185 East Superior
exico. A. Bennett, 739 Summer avenue, Newark, N. J. St., Chicago.
FOREMAN in cornice shop. “B. L.,” 845
#lenmore avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

CANVASSERS “PATTERN
Marion street,
FITTER.
Brooklyn, N.
A.
Y.
Boudreau, 341 NEWSDEALERS
Are Earning Good Wages SUPPLIED WITH THIS
Taking Subscriptions for IF YOU have a workshop you need PAPER BY AMERICAN
Popular Mechanics. ¥ # The Model Maker, Send 25 cents AND WESTERN NEWS
Write Us.” ¥ ¥ # 2 # for one year to Box 136, Station B, Co.’S BRANCHES 2 2
Cleveland, Ohio. NPD
RDNA
RaP
sat
III TT...
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POPULAR MECHANICS ‘ <=
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Vol 1, No. 18. CHICAGO, MAY, Io, 1go2. Price 5 CENTS.

TINY TORPEDO BOAT ALARMS NAVIES

The Latest Terror of the Deep

IN THIS ISSUE:
Origin of Paper Made from Wood. Locomotives of a Century; Part V.
Making Table Jellies from Old Boots. Trackless Trolley Cars Coming.
Wonderful Wood Carving Machine. Shop Notes.
Alcohol as a Motive Power in Germany. Safety Railroad Signal Worked with Gas.
How Fire in a Mine Was Put Out. To Make Paper Stockings.
Electrical Experiments for Boys: Completing Automatic Controller for Street Cars.
the Motor. Rats of Great Commercial Value in France.
Storage Battery Cars a Failure. Wedding Trip on a Fire Wagon.
Metals Under Water 300 Years. Mummy Worries London Court. ae
Natural Gas in Colorado. Electric Police Ambulance a Success.
Fifty-five Articles—28 Illustrations.
FOR SALE BY ALL NEWSDEALERS.
 POPULAR MECHANICS May 10, 1902.
ONE-MAN SUBMARINE TORPEDO BOAT. HORNET’S NEST SUGGESTED PAPER FROM WOOD.

Wenderful Little Swifiming Machine That Is to Be the Dread Discovery that has Revolutionized the Trade and Become a Huge
of the More Formidable War Ships. Industry.

Making paper from wood, a method discovered by Dr. Hill, of

A new terror of the deep has made its appearance in the form
Augusta, Maine, has in a few years risen to one of the most im-
|: of a tiny torpedo boat, only 11 feet long, built for one man only,
: portant industries of the country. It has revolutionized the pa-
}5 the invention of Thomas J. Moriarty, of the Newport Manufac- per trade of the world and made it possible for a great newspa-
turing Company, Newport, R. I. It can dart about on top of the per to be sold at one cent.
water, under the water, and defy the most tempestuous seas. An old hornet’s nest led to this most valuable discovery of
The greatest war vessels of the earth’s powers would be at Dr. Hill. His friend and neighbor, the late James G. Blaine,
its mercy in the event ot war. With no danger of detection the had told him that there were not enough cotton and rags in the
little boat can slip down, plant a torpedo on the bottom of the world to supply the newspapers and other publications with their
largest man of war, make its escape and rise to the surface raw material. That was about 28 years ago, when paper was 30
again im time to see the monster iron clad be blown into frag- cents a pound. One half the newspapers of the country must
ments have gone to the wall but for the idea suggested to Dr. Hill
Looking like a fish as it glides about on the surface, like a by the hornet’s nest. He took the nest to the superintendent of
fish it can drop down into the ocean’s depths and change its a paper factory, who was his friend.
course at the operator's will. It will open up’anew to man the “There, why can’t yon make paper like that?” he asked. They
mysteries of the deep and make him at home in the realm of sat down together, took the nest apart, analyzed it carefully and
the fishes. To the water it is what the perfected flying machine while it appeared complicated to them they decided that if a
will be to the air. hornet could make paper out of wood, man could do the same.
Almost as long as man has been trying to invent a flying ma- The doctor discovered that the hornet first chewed the wood into
chine he has been trying to invent a one-man sub-marine boat, a fine pulp before making it into nest material. The question was,
but this is the first time he has succeeded in devising such a how did they get the fiber? That has not been exactly solved to
boat—one that will delve into the mysterious deep, rise and sink this day.
at the will of the operator. “The boat is guided, submerged and Such was the beginning of the wood pulp industry. Now the
controlled by one person only,” says the American Shipbuilder, logs of wood are floated down the river to a pulp mill. In a
“and is provided with a conning tower about the size of a surprisingly short time each log comes out in a great sheet of
bucket. The operator rests in an inclined position in a padded pulp ready to be sent to the paper mill.
frame. This position gives free play to his legs in operating
the pedals connected with the propeller shaft. The man keeps
MAKE TABLE JELLIES FROM OLD BOOTS.
his head in the conning tower, which is provided with a glass
front through which can observe his coarse and objects about
The American the Kind of Economy that Leads to False Pre-
him. Two handles, connected with the propeller shaft, are in
tense.
easy reach of his hands.”
In addition to the foot and hand power there is a little en-
France is not the only nation that knows how to practice
gine, also connected with the propeller shaft, which is utilized
economies. Scraps and shavings of the iron mills and forges,
for moving the boat while on the surface and also in filling the once thought too small for consideration, are now turned into
air tank. A submersion tank permits the boat to be submerged
writing ink and into that beautiful dye color, Prussian blue.
until the base of the conning tower is level with the surface of
Fusel oil, a dangerous poison, becomes oil of apples or of pears,
the water. Four movable fins enable the boat to rise or plunge
for flavoring purposes.
beneath the surface when in motion.
Beggars’ rags are turned into pilot coats and the seemingly
A torpedo, suspended in a casing beneath, serves as a keel.
worthless sawdust into newspapers. Even as the unsavory drain-
When’ this has been discharged, a collapsible keel is let down
age of the cow barns becomes a basis for the most fashionable
from a rétess in the bottom of the boat. A stern rudder con-
perfumery ; and the tar waste of our gas works is turned into the
trolled by a lever in front of the operator steers the boat to
most exquisite aniline dyes and into saccharine, the sweetest of
either side. The torpedo when released, has a motive power
all substances. Old boot legs, soles and uppers, bits of harness,
of its own, which is intended to send it forward to its strik-
and the hoofs, tendons and like worthless scraps of our butcher
ing point, while the operator hastily escapes in his boat, applying
shops, chemically treated and colored and flavored with the pro-
the combined power of engine or motor, arms and legs in his
ducts of equally “useless truck,” find their way to the best of
propulsion.
tables as “pure fruit jellies.” Such is the American method of
The boat is equipped wich numerous ingenious devices for its
inventive economy.
safety, but should anything go wrong, the operator wears an in-
flated jacket, and the touch of a spring throws open a hatch,
RATS OF GREAT COMMERCIAL VALUE IN FRANCE.
permitting him to skoot to the surface like a cork. Mr. Moriarty
was long in the employ of the United States government and is
In France more than anywhere else the science of economy is
regarded as one of the country’s most skilled mechanics.
carried almost to a fine art. The common sewer rats of Paris
Pow
are raised to clean the flesh from bones that are to be used in
STEAM HAMMER FOUR STORIES HIGH. manufactures, but that must not be boiled to clean them. When
full grown the rats are killed, their furs are used for fur trim-
There is now being taken down at the works of the Bethlehem mings, their skins for gloves, their thigh bones for the highest
Steel Co., a piece of machinery which has attracted the interest grade of “ivory” toothpicks; their tendons and bones are cooked
of engineers in all parts of the world. It was built several years down to make those beautiful gelatine capsules which our phy-
ago to make armor plate for the navy and has now been sup- sicians often give us medicine in and their teeth are used for
planted by more improved methods. It cost a fortune to erect. tipping fine burnishers for bookbinder’s use.
—_——_.»---—__—_
It struck a blow of 125 tons and shook the earth in all directions
for a mile when the blow was given. It was the largest of its The total daily production of wire nails is 40,000 kegs or
kind ever built. The. plant also includes a 14,000-ton capacity 14,000,000 kegs a year, of which the United States Steel corpora-
forging press which requires 15,000 horse power to operate. tion produces 27,000 kegs a day.
May 10, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

CARVES WOOD WITH HUMAN SHILL. =

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Working Tab:e of Automatic Carving Machine,

A reyolution is being worked in wood carving. For years it WEDDING TRIP

has been the dream of inventors and woodworkers to devise a
machine which would do for furniture makers what the labor
saving machinery has achieved in the manufacture of shoes. A
certain amount of preliminary carving has been done for several
years. The rovgeh carving of the ornamental wood work of
sleeping cars is done by machinery, but has to be guided by a
skilled man and finished by hand. The Furniture Journal for
April 10 contains a full description of a machine built by S.
Waupen & Bros. of Chicago, and which we illustrate herewith.
Tkese machines when once started carve eight pieces each at
one time without any attention from the operator until the oper-
ation is finished. For example, eight panels 9 by 25 inches each
are made at once and absolutely alike. Fifteen minutes is spent
in setting the machine and two hours and a quarter in carving.
Thus the eight panels are made in an average of 17 minutes each,
which by hand work would take a skilled carver several days.
The inventors are Frank Streich and Chas. L. Rurhs.
=
iid
The American Consul, at Vancouver, B. C., reports
opening there for a plant to manufacture mill saws.
ev ON A FIRE WAGON. oe
Firemen with a supply wagon attached to the hook and ladder
truck went to the depot at Morristown, N. J., to meet Matthie-
son L. Toms, a fellow fireman who was returning with his bride
from a ‘honeymoon. When the bridal couple got off the train
they were immediately seized by the four firemen and carried to
the decorated supply wagon. The driver whipped up the horses
and away they went dashing through the principal streets of the
city, the fire-gong ringing and the horses straining their every
muscle in the wild flight. A maddened throng pressed hard be-
hind in their eagerness to go to the supposed fire. The wagon
and truck brought up at the fire house where the bride and bride-
groom were escorted inside. The disturbance was in celebration
of his recent marriage to Miss Florence Fisher, of Jersey City.
ee
A New York firm recently sent a man to Manila to build a
furniture factory to employ about 400 hands. The agent became
disgusted with the Filipino workmen and has gone to Hong
a good Kong to establish the factory where a more satisfactory class of
labor can be had among the Chinese
 270 POPULAR MECHANICS May. 10, 1902.

TRAINS DRAWN BY ALCOHOL LOCOMOTIVES. company of Nuremberg exhibited a 12 horse power military field
lighting wagon, in which a dynamo driven by a double-cylinder
Wonderful Advancement of Spirit Motive Power in Germany. Spirit engine, generates electricity for lighting a camp, headquar-
ters or group of hospitals. It was self propelling and had a speed
Alcohol is made to perform many functions in Germany, from of 10 miles an hour. Theoretically alcohol has only three-fifths
illuminating a night lamp to running a train of twelve cars. of the thermal value of petroleum, but it has been found that for
Through special encouragement of the crude alcohol industry motor purposes 28 per cent of the theoretic energy can be ultil-
Germany now excels all other nations in its advancement. It is ized against a maximum of 15 per cent in case of petroleum
and its products. This advantage is still further increased by an
admixture of 16 per cent of benzol.
_—-
-_-?

EXHAUSTION OF GAS SUPPLY CAUSES DISTRESS.

Cheap Fuel for Indiana is No More and Small Industries Are

Leaving.

The rapid exhaustion of the natural gas supply of Indiana is

working consternation among the smaller industries in the gas
a regions of that state. The natural gas companies of Indianapolis
and Muncie have served notice that they will not supply natural
gas for fuel purposes after October next. Some of the indus-
tries established there entirely on the strength of the cheap fuel
have been abandoned and others are preparing to move away. The
American Tin Plate Company and the American Sheet Steel
company have already abandoned the use of fuel gas in favor
of coal. The conditions are causing sorrow among the poorer
EQUIPMENT OF A GERMAN FARM DISTILLERY
classes who must forever be deprived of the cheap fuel they have
used for power, lighting, heating, cooking and in many parts is
so long enjoyed. The Metal Worker says:
supplanting petroleum, gas, electricity and coal. As an illumin-
“The failure of the natural gas supply will naturally arrest
ant it is a rival of the electric light. Its cleanliness, freedom t » a considerable extent the industrial development of that part
ay
from odors, make it especially desirable for motor carriages, of the country. It is said that whereas every foot of territory in
engines for operating creameries and small manufacturing plants the Indiana gas belt has been drawn upon, the pressure is dimin-
near dwellings. At its present price Of 1314 cents a gallon, it is ishing rapidly, indicating that the supply is giving out with the
as cheap as coal or coal oil. prospect of eventually ceasing altogether. For some time past
The alcohol for commercial usage in Germany is mage from
ee
the reports of the state gas inspector and the government exports
potatoes, crude molasses, sugar, grain and other substances. have foreshadowed the exhaustion of this-fuel.
wwe
ii

REMARKABLE CHANGES IN IMMIGRATION.

Immigration statistics for the past three years show a re-

markable increase in the number of percentage of Hebrews, Poles,
Slovaks and Southern Italians. In 1899 the great bulk of Amer-
ican immigration was Teutonic and Irish, while that from East-
ern and Southern countries, was hardly appreciable. Now the
conditions have reversed and 68.6 per cent of the total immigra-
tion are Hebrews, Poles, Slovaks and Southern Italians. Here
are some figures that reveal the truly remarkable conditions:
’
’
'
1899. 1900. IQO!.
i} ee 65,639 84,346 115,704
' EE Oe Ro Ee rE re 37,415 60,764 58,098
' WUE Wihb cada nda sadaeeiewe wee 28,466 46,938 43,617
ScaMGiMAVIAN.. ........ eee 32,502 40,277
EE tae Wale ts adc cede avalseee meee 32,345 35,007 30,404
RN Ward as skates acudesatcanins 26,632 20,684 34,712
NE fie icteds ed accaecget akan eae 15,838 29,243 20,343
ers —_—————_.---

Portable Alcohol Engine. HOW FIRE IN A MINE WAS PUT OUT.

More than 30,000,000 gallons were produced and used last year.
Alcohol locomotives for pulling trains of cars were exhibited at In a paper before the Central Mining Institute of Western
a special exposition which has just closed at Berlin. Frank H. Pennsylvania, James Blick, mine inspector, describes several mine
Mason, United States consul general at Berlin, says: fires. One of these was caused by a night driver falling asleep
“These locomotives, which can pull trains of a dozen cars and letting his lamp set fire to a heap of hay in the underground
each, are adapted for service on large farms and sugar planta- stables. All the miners escaped, and the mine was sealed up
tions and for mining, tunneling and engineering operations. The for three weeks, during which time the fire burned constantly.
locomotives are of the vertical cylinder type and carry a fly Cracks in the rock and earth allowed air to reach the fire. Then
wheel to. balance and regulate the motion of the engine. Caloric a 7-inch hole was bored down to the mine and 5,000,000 feet of
engines built especially for the consumption of alcohol were ex- carbonic acid gas passed down. Steam pumps also poured a
hibited in motion, geared to motor pumps, circular and band deluge of water. After three mionths’ work the fire was extin-
saws, mills for grinding corn, or turning the machinery of dis- guished. There had been no loss of life, but the mine and the
tilleries. There were numerous motor carriages. The Schuckert company owning it were both ruined.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 277

STEAM TO SUPPLANT SAILS. ment of a small workshop in which marketable wares were made
and in which the boys were able to earn enough after school
The great fleet of sailing vessels which for more than a century hours to keep them in school. The boys took up the work with
has been going out from Gloucester, Mass., is destined to give enthusiasm, became self-supporting, continued in school without
place to steam propelled fishing boats. The first one of the new charity and laid the foundation for learning a useful cratt
type which it is believed will be adopted has just gone into Miss Marguerite A. Springer will attend the Chautauqua at
service. This boat has 300 horse-power, carries 26 men, is 141 DeFuniak Springs, Fla., in the effort to establish a similar work
ing center in the South. The new movement has the endors« ih
ment and support of Chicago clubs, churches, clergymen, edu
cators and philanthropists.
eo
CHICAGO'S FIRST LAKE SHIPMENT OF WHEAT.

The first shipment of wheat from Chicago via the lakes was
made in 1838. The shipment consisted of 78 bushels. H. A
Foss, of the Chicago Board of Trade, in a paper reported in the
Grain Dealer’s Journal, says:
“The historic 78 bushels were shipped in bags to Buffalo on
the steamer Great Western by Mr. Charles Walker, of Walker
& Co. The second shipment of wheat from Chicago was from
Newberry & Dole’s grain warehouse in 1839, which was the
Steam Fishing Vessel.

feet long, 24 feet beam, and draws 10 feet. Compartments for

the storage of the fish are cooled by a modern refrigerating
machine. A condenser distils sea water intro drinking water, while
steam heat and electric light provide luxuries the fisherman on
the Banks has never known before. Two sails are provided for
emergency use.
——_+-e
CURRENT DRIVEN WATER ELEVATOR.

This device is intended for use in irrigation work, and con-

sists of a set of buckets carried on an endless cable which is
driven by the current of the stream. The buckets are so shaped
and hung that when they enter the water they open and form a
.

~ EMICAGO 1839.
Chicago's First Grain Warehous«

first one in Chicago and was situated at the north end of Rush
street bricge. This shipment comprised 3,678 bushels, and was
bought from farmers’ wagons and hoisted by hand power to the
upper story of this warehouse, pulley-blocks and ropes being
used; it was then transferred to the brig Osceola from bins in
the upper story by forming a line of men who passed the grain
in buckets, precisely as bucket-lines were used to pass water at
A Current Motor, era
Ae
apes:
ee
ee
ed
fires before the introduction of fire engines. It was then poured
broad paddle on which the current pushes. When the buckets through a spout to the deck of the vessel and into boxes holding
turn to ascend they close and deliver their contents into four bushels. These boxes were then carried to the hold of the
a trough. The number of buckets and the length of cables are vessel by two men.”
determined by the force of the stream and the height to which ae Semen
a

the water must be 1aised. PREDICTS NIAGARA WITHOUT WATER.

PUPILS’ EFFORTS IN LEARNING TO PAY FOR THEIR Turbines for electrical power are to obliterate great Niagara
EDUCATION. falls, according to the predictions of Lord Kelvin, in a speech
before Columbia university. He said
The theories of Ruskin and William Morris will be given prac- “I fervently hope to see the day when we shall have the
tical demonstration in Chicago in the establishment of a local transmission of electrical power over 300 miles with a voltage
workshop in connection with a school, under the jurisdiction of of 40,000. With the wonderful transmission of power at Niagara
Re
a
7
os
eee
NERC
1
the Industrial Art League. Here it is purposed that the efforts Falls my dream looks to be near fulfillment in the close future.
of the pupils in acquiring an industrial art will be utilized to “And let me tell you American people there may be a time
pay the expenses of their schooling. It may be connected with when the waters will flow no more over that great horseshoe,
the Jewish Training School, a non-sectarian institution which but instead there will be a beautiful growth of vegetation far
is operated on a similar principle. At first many of the boys more superb than any water flowing in torrents over the preci-
coming to this school were forced by lack of means to leave the pice, water that will find its way down countless turbines, spread-
institution in order to go to work. This resulted in the establish- ing light and power for hundreds of miles in all directions.”
 278 POPULAR MECHANICS May 10, 1902.

Nata
ta/ed al al ed AAP Ad Na NaPNaP NahNalNalMalMads RIES LPL LalNalNal el SIL aS al aft Now remove the uprights, remove the pieces of wood from

$ Easy Electrical Experiments the shaft, and unwrap the paper from around the armature.
These have served their purpose, and may be thrown away.
FOR BOYS The bearings just made will probably fit the shaft too tightly,
and should be carefully reamed out until the shaft turns very
Br kl... P. DICKINSON
freely, when oiled, but not loose enough to rattle. In replacing
Led
the upright strips, care must be taken to put them on at the
CHAPTER XVIII. ASSEMBLY OF 1-20 H. P. MOTOR.

The different parts of the motor are now complete, and it re-
mains only to assemble these parts in their proper order. The
diameter of the armature is such as to leave a little less than 1%
inch clearance all around, when it is placed in the circular cham-
ber at the bottom of the field magnet. It must be mounted in
its bearings so as to revolve freely in the center of this space.
To do this remove the wooden uprights at each end of the
board. Wrap around the armature enough paper, evenly wound
on, so that the armature with the paper wrapped upon it shall
just slip into the circular space designed for it. The paper is
only a temporary arrangemeut for locating the armature in the
center. Place it so that the ends of the armature project equally
from each side of the magnet. Also be sure that the com-
mutator is on that side of the magnet which has the widest
clearance between the magnet frame and upright piece. If all
directions have been followed, there will be at least 1 inch of
clear shaft projecting from the commutator end of the arma-
ture, and 1% inches projecting from the other end.
Measure the height of the shaft above the base board. In
the middle of the two uprights, bore two holes, whose centers
are the same height above the base as the center of the shaft.
These holes should be % inch in diameter. When these uprights
are replaced, the end of the shaft should just come even with the
outer surface of the upright on the commutator end, and on the
opposite end should project at least % inch beyond the upright,
to allow room for a pulley.
End View of Motor.
Make four pieces of wood, 1% inches square, 4 inch thick and
eat with a smooth hole through the center just large enough to fit
ee
tightly upon the shaft. Slip one of these upon each end of the same end and in the same position as when the bearings were
shaft. Replace the wooden uprights, allowing the shaft to pro- cast, as otherwise the shaft will bind. The bottom of the up-
rights should be very smooth and square for the same reason.
———
There will be a little room for the shaft to slip sidewise, if
all dimensions are correct. At the commutator end, the latter
should be kept at least %4 inch from the bearing by means of a
et
a
eee
brass ring of that width slipped upon the shaft. Be very sure,
however, that this ring does net touch the commutator seg-
ments. Failure to observe this precaution will render the motor
useless. At the other end of the shaft a narrow ring should
also be slipped on, so as to keep the armature from moving
sidewise. This last ring is also very important, as it keeps the
armature wires from striking against the bearing, and must not
be omitted.
METHOD The brushes which are to press upon the commutator and
BRUSHES AND carry the current to the armature must next be made. These
OF MAKING
COMMUTATOR should be cut out of very thin sheet copper, very springy and
BEARINGS flexible. They are about 1% inches long, % inch wide and of the
shape shown at S. One is attached to the upright as shown at
A. It bears firmly against the commutator on a vertical line
ject through the centers of the % inch holes in the uprights. passing through the center of the shaft. The other spring of
Then slip the remaining two pieces just constructed upon the the same size and shape is shown at B, and presses against the
ends of the shaft, and push the four pieces of wood tightly commutator directly below the shaft, as shown by the dotted
against the uprights. Screw or clamp them there with a car- line.
penter’s screw clamp. sore a % inch hole from the top of each These springs are connected to binding posts as shown at C,
upright down into the circular chamber thus formed in the which connects with one terminal of the field coil. The other
wooden upright. Then melt some babbitt metal, or if this can- terminal of the field connects to A.
not be secured, lead will do very well, and pour it through the The battery to run the motor is connected to posts B and C.
1% inch hole so as to fill the space between the shaft and wooden The motor should then run in the direction indicated by the
uprights. The cbject of the square pieces of wood which were arrow. If it does not interchange the wires which run to C and
just slipped upon the shaft is to make a little chamber in the A from the field coils.
upright into which the melted metal is poured as just described. The motor is designed for a maximum capacity of 5 amperes
Accordingly they must fit the shaft tightly and must fit smoothly and eight volts. A suitable battery for running the motor will
against the faces of the upright. be described in a later paper.
 May 10, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

STORAGE BATTERY CARS A FAILURE IN EUROPE. A HARDWARE LOCOMOTIVE.

Not less than four or five million dollars were spent in the A locomotive 42 inches long and 20 inches high was recently
United States in an effort to secure a storage battery which displayed in a New York hardware store window, says the
could be used in street cars. The effort has been abandoned
because the sudden and severe strains on the batteries caused
by starting the cars destroyed the batteries in a short time, and
no road was able to earn cnough money to keep up the renewals
of the battery plate.
In Europe, however, it was believed we had abandoned the
batteries either because we could not make perfect and durable
cells, or more likely on account of our prejudice in favor of the
overhead trolley. Hence in many cities on the continent the
storage battery system was installed after American experts had a

predicted certain failure. In England nearly all the storage Se

ns

roads have changed te other systems, but German roads have

persisted in the hope of success. Even these are now giving up
the fight. At Hanover, where there are 165 miles, of which 55
are in the city, the country branches have used the trolley while
S
the 274 city cars ran by storage batteries carried on the cars
The London Electrical Review says:
An Ingenious Locomotive
“The experience gained from the working of this large num
ber of cars shows that battery traction is too costly, that the Metal Worker. It was made entirely of goods usually kept for
heavy weight of the cars wears out the permanent way too sale in such a store. The smoke was Russia hemp rope un
quickly, that defects arise which militate against the cars afford- twisted.

ing an efficient service, and that the danger of explosions is —— oe

always present.” METALS UNDER WATER 300 YEARS.
At Arnsberg the government commissioner has ordered the
batteries removed and the overhead trolley to be substituted. At Strange Effect of Sea Water on Substances Dug Up on the French
Halle the battery cars were put on because the University Coast. .
authorities feared the overhead wires with track return current
would disturb the laboratory instruments, but the company cannot An old fire arm, resembling an ancient arquebuse, cannon
exist long if forced to use the batteries. So far the University balls and shells, and other metalic objects, which had been under
will not consent to a change, and the city may soon be without water for 300 years, were brought from the sea bottom recently
street car service. At Berlin the storage cars have caused so while dredging in the harbor of Brest, France. They are be-
many accidents the police have ordered their removal and the lieved to have been thrown overboard in a fight with the Span-
adoption of an overhead trolley system. iards in 1594. The chemical analysis of the exterior and interior
——__—_.§---@——___—_. of the arquebus barrel showed copper on surface 80.3 per cent;
DISPATCH TELEPHONE FOR ELECTRIC LINES. inside, 82.9 per cent; sulphuret of copper on surface, 9.8 pler
cent; tin on surface, 9.7 per cent; inside, 9.4 per cent; lead, only
on The fast running cars of the electric lines out in the country traces in both cases. The excellent preservation after 300 years
are generally single track roads, and in their operation the tele- submersion, show the great length of time that bronze of anal
phone takes the place of the telegraph of steam roads. By this ogous composition, or containing only traces of lead, iron or in
>

means the dispatcher can direct the movement of cars many zine will endure in sea water.
a
The cannon balls and other cast iron objects were all incased
in a hard coating, probably an inch thick, made up of sulphurets,
sand, rust and calcereous concretions This coating required a
hammer and chisel to break it, says the Engineering News, and
came off like a mold, leaving the objects encased, little altered
in appearance and simply covered with a viscid black 1
layer, disa
greeable to the smell It was a mixture of hydrogen sulphid
and silica. The iron, however, had undergone that type of de
composition known as the softening of cast iron. Specimens
could be cut with a knife7 as easily as graphiter 1 in a pencil,
eal
and|
showed a similar brilliant black section, which tarnished quickly
upon exposure to the air. It broke easily and was readily re
duced to powder in a mortar.
TS
RR
* ae
A HANDY TOOL.

A correspondent of the Blacksmith and Wheelwright sends

Telephone for Electric Lines.
that paper a sketch of a tool that he uses as a tire puller. If
miles away, give orders for a wait at passing points, or clear that it can be
th reader will note its construction he will see
the line for a special car in a fast run. These telephones are
fastened to the trolley poles at frequent intervals and the con
ductor can always get orders as to what to do. The system
illustrated here is made by the Ericsson Telephone Co., of New
York.
COT
PE
CER
TNR
I
A| Ee used in a great variety of situations where it is necessary to
Bubonic plague has appeared among the kangaroos in the “yank” something, and such situations occur in factories
zoological gardens of Sydney, New South Wales. sometimes. The device is simple and requires no explanation
 280 POPULAR MECHANICS May 10, 1902.

MARINE OAK FURNITURE.

Popular Mechanics A Chicago furniture dealer who has a fine summer place at
H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher
the sea shore, has conceived the novel idea of a complete set of
Journal Building, - - - Chicago furniture in oak finished to represent the appearance of such
T =: SSS,
SUBSCRIPTION
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
NS bs acne nail cen daa aaea a eae ne sae $2 00
Foreign Countries, post paid............. Rar iwalee noone 3 00
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan-
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac-
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro-
‘ure from its pubUshers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning.

Address,
POPULAR MECHANICS
Room Furnished Like a Ship.
Journal Building, - - Chicago
articles as have been colored by long years at sea. The entire
Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class. finishing of a room is intended to be a copy of a captain’s cabin
of a sailing vessel; even to the mast and binnacle. The idea is
NATURAL GAS IN COLORADO. specially good for dens or summer homes.
+e
Oil and natural gas discoveries are creating great excitement MUMMY WORRIES LONDON COURT.
now in Colorado. A writer in Mines and Minerals says:
Some time ago we had a forcible example of the existence of Remains of an Alleged Peruvian Princess in a Railroad Mix-up.
natural gas at the junction of Piceatee Creek and White River
in northwestern Colorado. A well had been put down gn certain Another mummy has got into trouble: this time a royal prin-
gas signs in search of oil. The driller, to amuse his fffends, in- cess. The London court of appeals is all upset over a trial in
cautiously lighted it. The result was a column of fire shdt near- which a mummy, supposed to be the remains of a princess of
ly a hundred feet into the air, seriously burnt the operator, de- Peru plays the principal role. The mummy was shipped over the
London & Northwestern railroad, and the alleged royal rela-
tives of the alleged royal mummy want $50,000 damages for in-
juries the mummy is said to have sustained. The company con-
tends that the “mummy” is not a mummy at all, but only the
embalmed body of some person who died long after the conquest
of Peru and that legally the plaintiff can have no property in a
corpse. To identify the contents of the mummy case as the re-
mains of this esteemed princess of the Incas is the perplexing
question the court is called on to decide.
—__.<-oo—_—_—_——

BARK SUNK BY A MONSTER WHALE.

Whole Side of the Kathleen Stove in—Crew Rescued by the

Burninc NaturRAt Gas on Wuite RIvER, CoLo, Captain.

stroyed the machinery, and illuminated the neighborhood ‘for Survivors of the whaling bark Kathleen, of New Bedford,
several weeks with a geyser of fire so that you could read fine which was sunk by a monster whale, 950 miles out from Per-
print at- midnight for miles around. We visited the spot two nambuco, have reached New York. Chief Bowman Manuel
years. later and found a circular pond about 12 feet in diameter Viero tells the following story of the exciting encounter:
in which the water was churning around from a powerfully bub- “We had struck a school of whales and had killed three. One
bling gas body in the center. At a safe distance we set the pond was tied up alongside. Two others were being towed toward
on fire and it blazed up to a height of several feet, throwing out the ship. It was about 5 o'clock in the afternoon when my boat
a great heat. We left it burning. started a buster. He sounded and we went after him. I got
ww
“eo
him on the rise with a harpoon and got him good. He sounded
EE
aa
“When it is great Popular Mechanics will tell about it.” again, but he came up quickly. As he came up he saw the ship
and he made for it like a torpedo boat. The line by which the
eager
ry
The Baldwin Locomotive Works is building 50 oil-burning harpoon was held went through the cleats like blue'smoke. I
locomotives and 69 coal-burning for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa had to cut the line to save ourselves. The Kathleen was only a
Fe railroad. quarter of a mile away, and he hit it just a little aft of amid-
ships. He just stove its whole side in and the ship went over
Mike (to the chemist): “The dochter said, ‘Take wan of these on its beam ends. The whale gave it a slap with his tail and
ure
a eenrst
pills three times a day.’ I tuk wan of thim wanst, but the man sounded. That was the last we saw of him. The Kathleen went
doesn’t live that kin take wan of thim three times.’—Dental down in about thirty minutes. The captain had got everybody
Digest. off by that time.”

———

Bester
May 10, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 281

the locomotive. It was James Milholland’s “Illinois,” shown in

LOCOMOTIVES OF A CENTURY
Fig. 25. This locomotive was equipped with wrought iron driv-
ing wheels seven feet in diameter and attained a speed of 75
[Being an illustrated history of locomotive invention, build- miles an hour. The cylinders were 17 inches
}
in diameter and
ing and progress. The facts are taken from a paper by 8S. M.
30 inches stroke. These locomotives were the most idvanced
Vauclain, read before the New England Railroad Club. The ee
illustrations were gathered and engraved by the Baldwin Lo-
Sas ed Works, by whose permission they are used.—Editor
P. M. re Ria a S
—

Teo
The ten-wheel engine which was tenaciously adhered to for
freight service for the last half of the 19th century, first made ——————
—
—_

its appearance in 1846, having been brought out by Septimus

Norris and John Branch. This engine is shown in Fig. 21. It

|
i on. % co
pee
t— “oa
Wl
inne?
ois
cnitwente
ps

ae
i}
'

ee,
ean
ee

Fig. 23. Ross Winans’ “Camel, 1851

and mechanically perfect machines produced at that period. It
was the beginning of the modern flyer, which has now reached
such an advanced stage as to prove that mechanism in this line

Fig. 21, Norris’ 10-Wheel Locomotive, 1846.

is now being rapidly superseded by larger and heavier power

* ed)
for heavy freight at slow speed. ihe
, iaf »\*) A

/
Again in 1848 Winans astonished the locomotive world with
his Camel (Fig. 22). The perfected camel is shown in Fig. 23,
a type yet well remembered by many Americans.
in 1851. While awaiting
It was built
the construction of a tunnel one of
i a7 lade
enn —_—™

these engines was used by the Baltimore & Ohio to work a Fig. 24, Wilson Eddy’s Locomotive Gilmore,”’ 1851
has exceeded the capability of the man \s stated in Popular
Mechanics, page 140, it is easy to build an engine at this day
that will run 150 miles an hour, but where can be found the

Fig. 22. Ross Winans’ Original “‘Camel’’, 1848.

temporary line with a grade of 530 feet to the mile, the weight Fig. 25, Milholland’s Passenger Locomotive, 1852.
of the engine and traim aggregating 50 tons. man to drive it? It is beyond the physical endurance of an
In 1851 Wilson Eddy, with whom all New Englanders are engineer to stand the nervous strain of running an engine for
familiar, introduced the “Gilmore” (Fig. 24), with wheels 6 feet any length of time at 150 miles an hour
9 inches in diameter. The placing of the cylinders of an 8
wheel engine horizontally, as shown in this design, was thus Charles C. Klein, of Urichsville, O., left his home rather
early established as an assured feature in’ this type. than fill the office of mayor, to which he was elected against his
We now come to the first engine to burn anthracite coal, will, He did not return until some one else had been made
which marks a distinctive step in the wonderful evolution of mayor.
 282 POPULAR MECiuANRIiCS May 10, 1902.

TRACKLESS TROLLEY CAR IS COMING. SPRING FLOODS CAUSE GREAT DAM. but it seems that the shipping interests are
AGE. unable to fortify themselves against the
The trackless trolley car, a European danger.
conception, described in Popular Mechan Spring floods in the eastern portion of the +e
is, a short time ago, is to make its appear United States this season were the heaviest PASSING OF THE TALLOW CANDLE.
ane in America, Artemas B. Upman, of in twenty years. Railway tracks and
Boston, has been given the right by the bridges were swept away by the maddened The tallow candle is on the eve of ex-
local authorities to erect poles and string waters,.and all overland shipping interests tinction. The beeswax candle still re-
wires for a trackless trolley system to run suffered considerable loss. The accompany- mains and is growing more popular, not-
automobiles by trolley between Franklin
and Franklin Falls, N. H
a a
AMERICA’S PRODUCTION OF COPPER.

At.
America produced 24,035 tons of copper 7

in March, while all the mines of Europe

combined produced but 8,789 tons. During
the last three months American production
amounted to 63,321 tons, which is 3,842 tons
less than the corresponding three months of aw

last year. The exports amounted to 51,226

tons, an increase of 25,955 tons, compared
with Igor.
ae ee
a
ELECTRIC POLICE AMBULANCE A SUC- y vie aa
i > lee
“a
CESS. 2 I

The electric police ambulance, after a

severe test, has been placed in regular serv-
ice by the police commissioners of Hartford,
Conn. The first order was made about a wi

year ago, and now the commissioners have ee . a Nadie:

placed a second order for the same type of Lie: ER Bow ig nt se Ree
<2 3 Teitlarabhgeeaptte TS 2, .wk i|
vehicle, having decided to do away with the
Railroad Bridge Wrecked by Recent Flood.
old style ambulance entirely. The records
of the department, says the Motor Age, ing illustration shows the recent wreck of withstanding that it :s the most expensive.
seem to have completely demonstrated the the Central of New Jersey Railroad bridge, Fully 85 per cent of candles burnt in
great advantage of electric over horse- caused by high water, at Easton, Pa., as Great Britain are made from paraffin wax,
drawn vehicles for this class of service.
>
_-?

THE LAST WORDS OF JACKSON.

aaa e
ne
On May 10th we celebrate the thirty- “memeree,
rN |
ninth anniversay of the death of Stonewall
Jackson.

“He died in a house that is still standing

at Guinea Station in Virginia, on the line
of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Po-
tomac Railroad,” says Edward M. AIl-
friend, in May Lippincott’s Magazine.
“His left arm was amputated at the
shoulder, being taken out of the socket.
When he closed his eyes in death his little
daughter, then two or three years old, lay
on his breast with his right arm over her.
“His dying words were: ‘Pass the in-
fantry rapidly to the front.’ ‘Tell A. P.
Hill to prepare for action.’ ‘We will pass
over the river and rest under the shade of
the trees on the opposite side.’ He was de-
lirious, and, like Napoleon's, his mind, as
gg
agar
nT it feebly fulfilled its last offices, was with
his military past.
“So sank to rest one of the knightliest
soldiers that ever ‘wore sabre on his thigh.’
Another View of Same Bridge.
“As General Dick Taylor said of him,
How to estimate his genius I know not, illustrated in the Railway Conductor, one more or less stiffened by varying admix-
for he was ever superior to occasion.’ ” of the foremost railway journals of the tures of stearine. Then come stearine
me
Re
lee
4
a world. Washouts and wrecks, not quite candles themselves, and finally beeswax,
The fare on the Congo railroad for 250 so serious, occur every year at about this spermaceti and other candles composed
i miles is $100, or 40 cents a mile. season, causing loss of millions of dollars, of mixtures of more or less rare waxes.
f
May 10, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS

CORN OIL.

SHOP NOTES Did you ever hear of corn oil Not thi
kind that removes corns from the feet in
AUTOMATIC COMMUTATOR GRINDER. white shellac, thin it down with alcohol, twenty-four hours, but a merchantabk
and by dipping the bulb in this it pro- product sold by the barrel. There are al
An English machine for automatically duces a splendid imitation of frosted glass ready several mills for manufacturing corn
grinding the commutators of electric gen- when a clear white light is required. Care oil, and the American Miller describes the
must be taken to have the shellac very latest and largest mill, which will consume
thin, otherwise it will not run smooth. 32,000 bushels of corn daily and } produce
If you use green, purple, red, blue or any 100 barrels h
of the oil The oil 1s made i i
other color, buy a package of egg dye of from the germ of the corn, and in this coun MS,
the color required, dissolve it in wood al- try large quantities are used by linseed oil
cohol and pour it into the shellac. By people, varnish and soap makers. Othe
aEI
using this or any transparent coloring a large quantities are exported t Europe, i
vast number of beautiful tints can be and come back nicely labeled and is con
made that will blend with your color sumed here as olive oil at fancy retail
scheme. prices,

To go about it properly and to get the ><> f;;

‘Ok

best results, after preparing your shellac NO COAL IN SWITZERLAND.

bt
pour it in a vessel deep enough to im-
merse the lamp. Take a piece of wire Not a pound of all the coal burned in
iytee
Switzerland is dug within the borders of
oi. 9
Commutator Grinder. and fasten it around the socket of the a he

lamp, then bring one end of wire back that country. It must all be imported from
erators is here illustrated. It operates by
over the end of the lamp to opposite side elsewhere. The Swiss are now waking up
friction, and can be adjusted and the grind-
of lamp to form a loop, then dip it in the and asking what would happen to their rail
ing finished in two hours.
solution and hang it up to drip and dry. ways if outside nations took a notion to
ww
_—-o?S
While mixing your color bear in mind cut them off. Thorman, a noted Swiss en-
SMALLEST SCREWS IN THE WORLD. gineer proposes to harness enough water
a)

that the more dye and the less shellac the

deeper the tint will be, and vice versa. falls to furnish all the power now made
The smallest screws in the world are those ott
Any of these colors can be removed with from coal. He has already selected 33 sta
made for watches. They are cut from steel
tions in different portions of the state where
;
wire by a machine. The fourth jewel-wheel wood alcohol.
ii a total of 86,000 horse power is available
screw is next to invisible, and to the naked
ENGLISH TRACK BRAKE. lo install these water power stations and é
eye it looks like dust. With a glass, how-
change the railways from steam to electri
ever, it is seen to be a small screw, with
Track brakes on street cars are in gen- system will cost $31,000,000. The railways
two hundred and sixty threads to an inch.
eral use in England in addition to the usual are at present using 30,000 of steam hors« nian
hie
aAa
These little screws are four one-thou-
wheel brakes. The brake consists of a power.
sandths of an inch in diameter, and the ————_2 oo p>- —_
wooden shoe held in an iron frame which
heads are double in size. An ordinary
can be pressed down firmly on the rail. EIGHT HUNDRED TONS OF STORAGE
lady’s thimble would hold one hundred
BATTERIES.
thousand of them.
In determining the number, says the A storage battery company in the east _—-—
Analyst, one hundred of them are placed is now shipping 823 tons of storage bat
on a very delicate balance, and the number teries to Seattle, Wash., for the Seattle a
of the whole amount is calculated from Tacoma electric line. The batteries will be
the weight of this. All the small parts of placed in the power house and store up
the watch are counted in this way, probably power during those hours when travel 1s
fifty out of the one hundred and twenty. light, and give it back when the work 1s
After being cut, the screws are hardened heavy and at times when the engines would
and put in frames, about one hundred to otherwise be overloaded
the frame, heads up. This is done very
a
rapidly, but entirely by the sense of touch
WAR ON GERMAN PATENT OFFICE.
instead of by sight,sothat a blind man could
English Track Brake.
do it as well as the owner of the sharp- Chicago inventors have made protest to
est eye. The heads are then polished in an A new type of this brake has just been
brought into notice which uses compressed Germany because of alleged unfair methods
automatic machine, ten thousand at a time
air to apply the shoe to the rail. The air of the German patent office. It is claimed
The plate on which they are polished is that many of the most important American
covered with oil and a grinding compound, is let into the cylinder A and forces down
inventions are denied admission to patent
and on this the machine moves them very the piston B which in turn presses the
in Germany and are thereafter appropriated
rapidly by a reversing motion, until they shoe H. The action is quick and power-
by the German manufacturers.
are perfectly polished. ful.
nmpaiteiaeiiiiitiiaainimsaniai —___<--> in anil
HOW TO COLOR ELECTRIC LAMPS. The largest loaves of bread in the world ORIGIN OF TURKEY.
are those baked in France and Italy. They
Very often much effectiveness can be are often as much as six feet long. “Daddy,” asked little Ephraim, “whar did
worked out in a window trim with the de fust tukkey come from?”
aid of colored lights, says the Dry Goods London has just awakened to the fact “Nebber yo’ mine askin’ irreligious ques
Reporter. Colored lights are expensive. that American capital has purchased all the tions,” said the old man; “an’ we’en Pahson
The following formula will explain how great steamship lines that enter the new Thompson come fer dinner Sunday doan’
to color electric lamps, thereby saving a trans-Atlantic company, under the control yo’ fink yo’ hab ter ask whar dat tukkey
big part of the expense. Take a little of J. Pierpont Morgan and others. come from, eider.”
 284 POPULAR MECHANICS May 10, 1902.
NEW GAS SIGNAL ON THE I. C. decrease in the tank pressure. In describ of fire. The deduction drawn is that when
ing the device the Railway Age says: lyddite is used there is danger for a
The carbonic acid gas signal recently in A tank charged with carbonic acid gas friendly vessel at least 2,000 yards away.
stalled on the Illinois Central railroad and placed’ at the foot of the semaphore The Outlook compares lyddite with a
promises to reduce the cost of operating furnishes an independent source of power boomerang and points out that to be of
for each signal. The tank is charged with a any service it must be dropped right on
pressure of about 12,000 pounds per square board a hostile vessel, as “if the projectile
inch, and 1s provided with reducing valves does not hit the right place it will fly
by which a working pressure of from 25 to back and slay the slayer.”’
50 pounds is obtained for operating the
arms. The device is electrically controlled, MAY REVOLUTIONIZE CEMENT IN-
the current being supplied with a battery DUSTRY.
at the ends of the pole. The current mag-
netizes a solenoid which opens a valve, ad Blind Professor of Ann Arbor Devises a
mitting the gas to a small cylinder, by Furnace for Its Manufacture.
means of which the semaphore arm is
raised. When it is desired to clear the A furnace for the manufacture of Port-
tracks, the solenoid is shunted, relieving a land cement, which threatens to revolution-
locking bar, opening an exhaust in the gas ize the present methods, has been devised
cylinder and allowing the arm to lower at by Prof. Edward D. Campbell, the blind in-
its own weight. The gas in the cylinder structor in analytical chemistry in the uni-
further acts as a cushion for the weight versity at Ann Arbor, Mich. It is alleged
of the arm and its connecting rod. Space that at the conclusion of his tests the
is provided for an additional gas cylinder product will be turned out on just as scien-
for the operation of another arm when tific a basis as is steel at the present time.
necessary The pit for the tanks is also Prof. Campbell said:
———————— large enough for two, so that when the “It is the first furnace to be built in
pressure in one has decreased to near its which you can make cement under actually
point of uselessness another can be put in, known conditions of time and temperature
its connection changed and the first re- and the condition of the flame passing
moved for recharging. A gauge indicates
through it.” I can hold the temperature at
the exact pressure of the gas tank, as well
any point so that the furnace will not vary
as that being used for operating the sema-
five degrees.
phore.
“T take a mixture of clay and marl and
iid
gradually raise the temperature and make
LYDDITE LIKE A BOOMERANG.
a series of tests. Then I take a different
Carbonic Acid Gas Signal, Illinois Central. mixture and find the influence of each in-
The extraordinary effect of lyddite has
tt dividual constituent upon cement. The
semaphore arms to one-fourth of the former been revealed by the statement that during
complications or possibilities of the differ-
t

cost, as it is claimed that the chemicals in the recent experiments with the hulk of
ent conditions of mixture, time, and tem-
a single tank provide sufficient pressure to the old British battleship, Belle Isle, shells
perature, makes the series long, but when
I finish the work there will be some tables
that ought to be of great commercial bene-
fit to the manufacturers.”
KING IS ENTITLED TO HEADS OF
Sennen
WHALES.
Edward VII has the right by statute to
the head of every whale caught on the coasts
of the British Empire. The tail is to go
to Queen Alexandra, according to the Brit-
ish laws, so that her wardrobe may be pro-
vided with whalebone. The king is also
=
ee
ae
ip
es
Aerent
see
entitled to every sturgeon brought to land
in the United Kingdom; one of them,
caught in the Thames, was on the table at
Queen Victoria’s wedding banquet. The king
should receive, too, every year from divers
BE DP APAAD
persons, a tablecloth worth three shillings,
+7 two white doves, two white hares, a cata-
pult, a pound of cumin seed, a horse and
halter, a pair of scarlet hose, a currycomb,
a pair of tongs, a crossbar, a coat of gray
fur, a nightcap, a falcon, two knives, a
lance worth two shillings, and a silver
ee
needle from his tailor.
Carbonic Acid Gas Signal, Illinois Central.
lance worth two shillings, and a silver
operate the arm between 13,000 and 15,000 containing that explosive threw fragments needle from his tailor.
a
times. In a signal at Sixty-seventh street upon the attacking vessels, 300 yards dis-
in Chicago, 1,200 movements of the arm tant. Other fragments dropped close to John D. Rockefeller has given $1,000,000
have been made so far with no appreciable a gunboat 2,000 yards abeam of the line to the Southern Educational movement.
 May 10, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 285
WEDDING RING AND DRESS COAT THE DAIRY SCHOOLS OF RUSSIA.
FOR THE MADAM RELICS OF BARBARISM.
Phenomenal Growth of Butter Industry Re-
The wedding ring and the dress coat are sults From Their Establishment.
PROFESSIONAL SHOPPERS IN LONDON
relics of barbarism, according to Prof.
Frederick Starr, of the University of Chi- The dairy schools of Russia have brought
Professional shoppers are employed by
cago, in an address to the “coeds.” He that country to the front as one of the
large dry-groods firms in London to test
said: “The wedding ring is a most note- foremost producers of butter, cheese and
the ability of shop assistants. To find out
worthy example of the survival of primi- milk in the world. The industry, while
whether every customer is politely served
tive customs. It was the ring by which not more than thirty years old there, has
a number of lady customers are employed
the slave was dragged from the market grown to such enoimous proportions that
to call at the various departments. They
after sale by her new owner. The dress Russia now exports more than 25,000,000
are told to give as much trouble as possible
and sometimes to leave without making a _ = _ —— ames
<i oe, ey “ oe
eee OS —_
purchase after looking at nearly everything a

in the department. In America such per- eats

sons are called “spotters.”
sth ellaiacitiasiacaitaie
ORANGE JUICE AS A BABY FOOD.
Swe
Aen
It is not generally known that a few
drops of ripe orange juice squeezed into a CRE
etre
ng

teaspoon is a very wholesome thing for in-

fants a month old, says Osteopathic Health.
pone
They not only accept it greedily as a
treat, but it proves a tonic for digestion and
promotive of good health. A teaspoonful
a day for a baby six months old is one of
the best remedies for rickets.

EBONY STAIN FOR WOOD.

Cherry is the best wood for ebonizing.

When well done, it is almost like ebony;
the counterfeit can only be detected by an . ES
~ ee
expert. Here is a good receipt for prepar-
ing the stain: 4 oz. shellac and 2 oz. borax Shipping Russian Butter to London from Siberia—from Report of
Henry C. Alvord, U. S§. Department of Agriculture
dissolved in half gallon of water and
boiled: add half oz. gylcerine and aniline coat is simply the garment worn by your pounds of butter annually. Of this the
ancestors when they went hunting. Be- London market alone takes 5,000,000
black. Apply with a soft brush.
aoa
—_-> cause they were gentlemen they thought pounds. Most of the Russian creameries
ONLY ELEVATOR GIRL IN THE they had to ride in their long tailed coats, were established within the past ten or
WORLD. so they split the coats up the back, cut twelve years. One at Bolgoda receives
the coat away in front, added buttons at 1,400,000 pounds of milk and produces 60,
Miss Margaret Donnelly of New York, the back to hold the tails up out of the way 000 pounds of butter annually One in
has the unique distinction of being the only ~—and there you have your dress coat. The Novgrod receives 4,000,000 pounds of milk
elevator girl in the world. She runs an servant wears it, not because he used to and makes more than 160.000 pounds of
elevator at the Margaret Fahnestock Train- hunt and ride horseback, but simply be- butter. Another in Tobolsk, Siberia, uses
ing School for Nurses, which will soon en- cause he had to wear out the old riding 3,500,000 pounds of milk and produces 135
tirely dispense with boys as elevator con- coats of his master. 000 pounds of butter
ductors. Miss Katie O’Connor is taking ———--e- —__ The first of these dairy schools which
lessons from Miss Donnelly and in a short TO MAKE PAPER STOCKINGS. have added so much to Russia’s commerce:
time will be given charge of an elevator
was founded by the government of Twor
herself. Miss Donnelly said: A Londoner has perfected a method of in 1871. Two others were established shortly
“T have been running the elevator here manufacturing paper stockings. They will afterward by the governments of Riasau
for five months. At first I was timid but be retailed at a price equal to about three and Toula, At this time melted butter only
I soon got used to it all. Visitors here cents a pair in American money. The was exported from Russia, and Turkey was
often sgand in the elevator and look for paper is made into a sort of strong twine, the only market. Now the work is super
the boy, and when I slam the door and which is roughened to give it a woolly look vised and assisted by the central govern
pull the rope, they get pale and look half and then knitted into real stockings. The ment. Western Siberia has been the region
frightened out of their wits. But I would Shoe Trade Journal says: last developed and in which progress has
not hurt anybody for the world. It seems “Cheap paper stockings would help. the been most rapid. There are now in that
to come natural to me to run an elevator, shoe business in some respects, and we see region «334 creameries and in European
and I wonder that more girls do not take no reason why theysshould not be soldyby Regia about *1,000.
it as a profession. The passengers wouldn't the shoe dealers. Much of the complaints ca
oe
have so much to fear then, as women are made against shoes’ hirting the feet is
more careful than men or boys.” really caused by clumsy, lumpy darning.” A company has been formed for the r
aoa =
ii i opening of the rich emerald mines of S«
The First National and the Metropolitan The new parliament buildings at Berne, mondoco, Columbia. The mines were dis
National banks of Chicago are to consoli- Switzerland, costing $1,600,000, were open covered in 1537 and worked to advantage
date. The new institution will be Chicago's ed April 1 with a speech by President until 1792, when they were closed by orde
first $100,000,000 bank. Zeemp and impressive ceremonies. of the king of Spain
 286 , POPULAR
AUTOMATIC CONTROLLER
A careless motorman will turn on the full electric current in
starting his car and thus use twice as much power as he should.
Where several hundred motormen are doing this several hundred
times a day the total amount of power wasted requires the use-
leas burning of a great many tons of coal—and coal costs money.
Besides, the strain on the motors wears them out faster than
they should. Numerous attempts have been made to perfect a
MECHANICS May 10, 1902.
FOR STREET CARS. the controller handle from point to point the mechanism in the
iron case, by a combination of contact points, cuts out the resist-
ance and the motor gets proportionately more power.
With the automatic controller illustrated herewith, the motor-
man has only two points or speeds, the gradual increase in flow
of power being built up by the working of a miniature motor.
This mechanism will only operate at a certain speed and cannot
be hurried in its work. When the handle is moved to the first
point the car motors work in series, which gives power without
speed; at the second point the motors are worked in parallel,
which gives greater speed but less starting power. With the
new device should the trolley pole leave the overhead wire or
current from the power house be interrupted, the controller
automatically returns to the “off” position. In case anything
should happen to the motorman, of he takes his hand from the

Top Plan View of Mechanism.

device which would make it impossible to waste the power.

Such an arrangement is already in use on two elevated roads,
where cars are run in trains. We illustrate a new apparatus
which it is expected will do the same on single trolley cars.
————
The amount of power which goes into the motors of a trolley
car is governed by the machine called a controller, incased in
a sheet iron box on the car platform and worked by a crank

Se

Rear View of Master Controller.

handle, the automatic controller instantly shuts off a#l the power
and the car would come to a stop. The device may be applied
to a single car or a train of cars. It is the invention of E. R.
Gill, and is manufactured by the Invention Development Co.
of New York.

France is first in Europe in point of fast trains, the fastest

averaging 58 miles an hour. England comes second, the fastest
time being 55 miles. Third is Germany with 51 miles and next
Belgium with 49.

Miss Lillian Wald, of New York, is at the head of the Social

Halls association which has raised $200,000 to establish model
saloons to sell light wines and beer of good quality and encour-
oeeege
age the use of temperate drinks.

Front View of Master Controller. A bible valued at $50,000 was purchased in Europe by J. S.
which the motorman turns. It has various “points,” usually Morgan, nephew of J. P. Morgan. It is the work of Italian
nine in number, each one representing additional power. In monks, written on parchment, beautifully illuminated with its
eee
ee

starting, the motorman should gradually work from the first to covers studdéd with rubies, emeralds, diamonds and sapphires.
usually the fifth point, and when the car is under fair headway
he can more quickly increase to the highest point. In moving Water power in the Philippines is said to be plentiful.

a
nae
May 10, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS RQ
7

WHEN MOTHER PUURED THE TEA.

No Progressive Merchant, Manufacturer, or
Thar’s English cooks an’ German ceoks, an’
French cooks now-a-days, Organization can afford to be without
A-fixin’ funny dishes in a thousand modern
The Elliott Addressing Machine for address.
ways,
Sut jest somehow or other things don't taste ing Envelopes, Cards, Wrappers, Statements,
the same to me, Shippings Tags, Circulars and Time Cards.
As in the olden, golden days, when mother
poured the tea. Our Catal ogues explains fully.

Her snowy rolls an’ steamin’ toast an’ waffles THE ELLIOTT
rich and brown,
Are far ahead o' all this trash ye git to-day in ADDRESSING
town.

An’ life was sweet as honey, an’ full 0’ joy an’ MACHINE CO.
glee,
In boyhood’s sweetest, fleetest days, when
mother poured the tea
48 Dearborn St., Chicago

I see her now, the household queen, in her

SPANGENBERG'S frunemene
accustomed place,
Presidin’ o'er the merry board with all a mon-
arch’s grace,
ARITHEMETIC
EXPLAINED TO THE PRACTICAL MECHANIC
An’ good old Dad an’ little Nan an’ Fred an’ 194 Pages. SENT PREPAID TO 4NY 50
ADDRESS ON RECEIPT OF .
Sue and me,
Wuz feelin’ prime at eatin’ time, when mother Thi work is written for such as need a plain,
easily understood, self-teaching book A book
poured the tea that will not require sny explanations by a
teacher in order to be understood A book that
shall enable the learner to make all necessary
But mother’s gone long years ago, up to a calculations and solve the problems required in
fairer clime, industrial pursuits and trades. Agents wanted.
Fifty cents a r. Send five cents fora sam-
le oar to docu H. Daniels, G. P. A., Grand An’ things don’t taste exactly like they did in GHO A. ZELIER
entral Station, New York. childhood’s time, PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER OF SCIENTIFIC, ELEC-
TRICAL AND PRACTICAL BOOKS
’Tain't eause I'm never hungry, I’m as chipper

4 fl NEW MONEY MAKER

18 S. Fourth Street, St. Louis, Mo.
as can be, SEND FOR NEW 96-PAGE CATALOGUE.
But food don’t taste jest like it did when
For Agents. A household neces-
sity. 70,000 sold in Minneapolis. —
mother poured the tea
Hilton R. Greer, in “What to Eat."

“THE WONDER”
Jo, sells for 2c. Agents making $7!
perday. Millions will be sold. You ——
show what it will do and it sells itself.
People borrow money to buy it.
“THE GOOD OLD TIMES.”
everything as a money maker.
10 cents TO-DAY for sample outfit.
Send
PORTABLE
Domestic Mfg. Co., Minzea:
Who has not heard people talk of “the FOLDING
Mention Popular Mechanics.
good old times?” Here are a few of the
advantages our forefathers enjoyed at the
REED ORGAN
DO beginning of the century: Folds up to resemble a valise 12 by 15 by
20 inches; not too heavy for a lady to carry.
There was not a public library in the Has four and three-quarter octaves; peda!
YOU WANT A United States.
pump;
regulation
two
size;
reservoir
music rack, ete.
bellows;
When
swell; keys of

BETTER POSITION? Almost all the furniture was imported open organ is 34 inches high; keyboard 32
inches long. Ready for use in one minute.
from England. Volume strong. Just the thing for lodges,
Send this ad. to us with your name, societies, glee club, trolley parties and open
occupation, and address, state what An old copper mine in Connecticut was air gatherings of all kinds. Price $28.50;
position you want, and we will explain $30 on lease plan. Address
how we can train you for it, and help
used as a prison.
you get it. There was only one hat factory, and that C. G. CONN,
made cocked hats. ELKHART, INDIANA
INTERNATIONAL
CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS, Virginia contained a fifth of the whole
Box 812, Scranton, population of the country.
Penna. A man who jeered at the preacher or
criticized the sermon was fined.
Mention Popular Meebanics.
Two stage coaches bore all the travel be
tween New York and Boston. is a technical education. Great
industries require trained workers.
A day laborer considered himself well Carnegie’s partners rose from the
THE paid with two shillings a day.
ranks. We teach by mail. We have
thousands to better themselves. A few
helped

BUYERS’ GUIDE FREE SCHOLARSHIPS

The whipping post and pillory were still
standing in New York and Boston. in Meehanleal, Electrical, Steam, Textile Kagineer-
ing; Heating, Vontilation and Plambing — includ-
Trousers were fastened with pegs or ing Mechanica! Drawing — will be awarded to
early applicants. The only expense is the actual
—to the— laces. cost of instruction papers and postage.

American Pianos, Organs

Handbook deacrthing courses, methods
The church collection was taken in a bag and regular terms on application

at the end of a pole, with a bell attached to

and Other Musical Instruments. arouse the sleepy contributors. American School of Correspondence,
The “BLUE BOOK’? of American ——__»-o Boston, Hass.
Pianos and Organs. The Coliseum, at Chicago, where circuses
An invaluable aid toall intending purchasers and big commercial exhibitions were for- WHAT IS SCHAPIROGRAPH?
ofgenes. :
very music dealer, and all comservatories of merly held, is to be transformed into a ‘THE DUPLICATOR that conte
music and music schools should have a copy. multicopies anything written wit
The estimates of instruments are fair and just. mammoth indoor garden during the sum- pen and typewriter. One origina
The descriptions are exact and complete. r 150 copies, BLACK ink, in
mer. 5 min. AVOIDS: stencil, wash
Price 25 cts. per copy. $2.50 per dozen. ing, delays and expensive supplies.)
. cap-size eutfit $8.00, lasts man
The battleship Illinois will represent the
THE PRESTO COMPANY, Publishers, . PRACTICAL TRIAL without DEPOSI

324 Dearborn St, - | CHICAGO, ILL United States

onation.
navy at King Edward's cor-
The Mech-Schapirograph Co., 265 Broadway,N.Y
eT

288 POPULAR MECHANICS May 10, 1902.

‘‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. to cents per

line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to
a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
forwarded premgey without extra ap.

Cc HE AP Pow ER
Attractions for Dext (Week.
A SAVING OF ONE DOLLAR FOR EVERY
day in the year if steam is used, such is the
safe, rellable water power that goes with
Elmira Mills, sufficient for any small manu- It would amuse you to see them respond to a fire alarm in
facturing business, good
ing, ete., ready to attach
water wheel, shaft-
any kind of ma-
Paris. In the case of an ordinary fire, if it is nearly meal time,
chinery. If a‘larger business is wanted the the firemen will sit down and eat first. If something else should
mill contains a good steam plant, if not
needed I will allow $500.00 for it. My price turn up they may wait until the next morning and sometimes
is $500.00
years with
in cash
interest
and $50u.00
at 3 per cent.
a year
I have
for five
re-
they wait for days after the alarm is turned in before going to
ceived more money for grinding feed every’ the fire. Popular Mechanics will have an article about it next
year than will meet payments, interest, in-
surance and taxes. There is no machine week.
shop,
here.
lathe, or wood working machinery
Mill building 36x48, three stories; also
You have read in this issue about a great whale that sank
office, engine and boiler room. My home a ship. Such happenings are very rare in this day when ships
and ninety acres for sale also. J. M. CUS-
SONS, C hatfie ld, Minn., C. & N. W. Ry. are strong and whales are few. In the next issue we will tell
about a big rise in the price of whalebone corsets because of the
Ce SPECIAL. enormous shortage in the whale crop.
THE OZARK ILIVE STOC K “COMPANY has Mechanics sometimes become very extravagant when they
$3 of good assets for every dollar of stock
issued. It owns 1,350 acres of land and has
get rich. President Schwab of the United States Steel Corpora-
the right to graze on 30,000 acres more. Its tion is going to give a dinner soon at which he will have a beef-
originators cleared last year 200 per cent
profits on the money invested. Shares $10, steak pudding that cost $2,500. It will be in the next issue. An
sold at par.
Building,
Write them care 109 Hartford
Chicago. The best investment on
Indiana man has stopped raising corn and wheat and has gone
the market. ; to raising quail. He will devote a 400-acre farm to the enter-
WILL
valve.
sell interest in patent on packless
Most practicable, durable and satis-
prise and says that quails are as easily domesticated as chickens
factory. valve made. Enotmous demand now; and much more profitable. Two wild geese were killed by light-
large profits. Address 406 care Popular Me-
chanics. nir, recently while flying over in flocks. Can a ‘bullfrog catch
a bird? That is a question that is now worrying scientists. All
BUSINESS CHANCES. these things and about 40 others will be told about next week in
CAN SELL Real Estate any where. Special Popular Mechanics. It is a Journal having the world for. its
facilities. I have people with property in the
West who want to go East, etc. Comnrigssions field, which tells you how to do things, and is written so you
reasonable; ‘no sale, no pay.’ Address 409, can understand it.
Popular Mechanics. ; = >
NOVELTIPS—Anything you avant, in any
quantity. Write for prices and latest nov-
elty, non-capsizable ink well; can’t spill. <Ad-
dress 410, Popular Mechanics.
FOR SALE—Second-hand 60-light dynamo,
good as new and guaranteed; in use only MEXICO—Salesmen to sell” Mexican drawn
short time; taken out to put: in a: 120-light
HELP WANTED. work in the States. . Charlés Mandeh, Jr.,
machine. For sale at a bargain. Address Monterey, Mex.
408, care Popular .Mechanics. ’ PLUMBERS. H. L. Burns, Spokane, Wash.
FREE—A fine set of Guatamala' Jubilee to CABINETMAKERS, American, Car and POSITIONS WAN TED.
the first 25 applicants sending us 15 cents in Foundry Co., St. Charles, Mo.
stamps for our 100-variety packet. (Without neARPENTERS. 328 East Ohio St., Chicago, on
any doubt the’ finest 100-variety packet on l nee J. E. Ruark, Winches-
the market for the money.),: Send at once er,
~ COMMERCIAL ARTISTS. Woodward &
and receive the cream. The Marshall Stamp Tiernan Printing Co., St. Louis, Mo. TINSMITH. Box 86, Berkick, ‘Pa.
Co., 3474 Jefferson Ave., Chicago.
FACTORY HANDS. American Can Co., PLUMBER. Thomas‘ McSpedon, 328 E
FOR SALE—Desirable manufacturing busi-
ness in the west. Write for full particulars. Maywood, III. rad Sixtieth street, New York. $ —
Address 411 Popular Meclianics. CABINETMAKERS., American Car and Fdy. STEAM and HOT WATER FITTER. Wm.
Co., St. Charles, Mo. A. Bennett, 739 Summer avenue, Newark, N. J.
“IF YGU WANT a machine, tool, or anything
in a mechanical line and don’t know where to VULCAN Steam Shovel operator. Box 746, FOREMAN in cornice shop, “B. L.,” 848
get it. write Popular Mechanics. Atlanta, Ga. ae. RY hs, of Glenmore avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
FOR SALE—A 28-foot steam launch, kero PLUMBERS—THREE UNION. H. L. Burns, PATTERN FITTER. A.- Boudreau, 341
sene oil burner. ~Munroe Bros., Joliet, Ill. Spekané, Wash. ee eta! a| Marion street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
WANTED—Agents for Popular Mechanics in PATTERNMAKBERS. The Balkwill Pattern MANAGER stove foundry. Box 469, P. O.,
every town in the United States and Canada. Works, 970 Hamilton street, Cleveland, Ohio. Louisville, y.
FOR SALE—Patent 695,277. A safety switch en ee Car Works, Pullman, PLUMBER. W.CG. Swinington, 1100 West
for overhead «track -in slaughter houses for l Duval street, Jacksonville, Fla
beef and pork cold storage or warehouses. -TINNER in country shop. . F. Goldspohn, WANTED—Permanent dituation- in. factory
Address W. L. Clark, 199 Broadway, Everett, Arlington, Wis. as steam fitter and general mechanic by first
Mass. class experienced man. Best of references.
TOP BUILDER, seat trimmer. Laporte Car-
MECHANICS, don’t stamp your tools.. Cut riage Co., Laporte, Ind. Address 407 Popular Mechanics.
your name on them with Hercules etching TINNER and furance man; 18 years’ expe-
fluid. Temper no obstacle. rel directions ~—PHOLSTERER—Robert Keith Furniture &
Carpet Co., Kansas City, Mo. rience. J. H. Tugoning, Shullsburg, Wis.
and recei 3ne 25c. Address J. G. Campbell,
Topeka, . 305 Chandler St. AGENTS to represent Popular Mechanics in POPULAR MECHANICS is the Want Me-
every town in the United States, Canada and dium for Manufacturers and Inventors.
FOR a shop, tools and stock. Lock
Box 23. Cerre Gordo, Ill. Mexico. WANTED—By young man with good ~ tech-
ENGLAND — Electrical Draughtsman for nical education = in mechanical engi-
FOR SALE—Brewery; a greut bargain. neering work. cellent draughtsman. Ref-
Moody. Keokuk, Ia. telephone instrument work. Electric & Ord-
mance Accessories Co., Aston, Birmingham, erences. Address 405 Popular Mechanics. _
~ FOR SALE—Good Barber Shop; established ng. YOUNG MAN of 21 wishes to complete
ten years. 365 Ogden Ave.. Chicago, Ml. plumber’s trade. E. 8. Miller, Genesee, Wis.
CANADA—Traveling Salesmen to sell cvouai-
WANTED-—Second-hand hook and ladder tar chemicals and rubber goods. A. C. Smith, PATTERN-MAKER. Al. Geo, paminer, 687
truck. H. R. Porter, Sec., Board of Fire L. Box 572. Windsor, Ont., Can. Montgomery St., Jersey City, N. J
Commissioners, Suffern,
N. Y. _
BOYS are making $15 weekly soliciting sub-
covieecene for Popular Mechanics, 604 Journal
Building. Chicago, Ill. 2 >
CANVASSERS METAL PATTERN
Co., Albion, Mich.
MAKERS—Gale Mfg. ; NEWSDEALERS }
Are Earning Good Wages 2 SUPPLIED WITH THIS }
Taking Subscriptions for | YOU poem a cases you need $ PAPER BY AMERICAN }
Popular Mechanics. ¥ # FYThe Model Maker. Send 25 cents 3; AND WESTERN NEWS {¢
Write Us.” ¥ #¥ # # #¥ for one year to Box 136, Station B, 3 CO.’S BRANCHES 2 © 3
Cleveland, Ohio. .
 eview _

Vol. 1, No. 10. CHICAGO, MAY 17, 1902. Prick s CENTS

Intersection of Subways--100 Miles Now Being Built

IN THIS ISSUE:
Cutting Iron Tanks with Electricity. The Microscope as a Life Saver.
Treatment of Burns. Shop Notes.
Wild Geese Killed by Lightning. Mark Twain as an Engineer.
To Start a Four Hundred Acre Quail Farm. Can a Bull Frog Catch a Bird?
Easy Electrical Experiments for Boys—Making a Set Train Plows Through Raging Torrent.
of Telegraph Instruments, Chapter 1. Electrical Fly Trap.
French Writing Machine for the Blind. Large Rotating Armature.
Two of the Largest Bridges in America. How to Make a Wooden Pulley.
What Is the Use of Eating Meat? How to Work Steel into Tools.
Locomotives of a Century—Part VI. Ten Mile Trip Under the Sea.
Fifty-five Articles—32 Illustrations.
FOR SALE BY ALL NEWSDEALERS
 290 POPULAR MECHANICS May 17 1go2.

How Chicago Was Undermined While the City Slept

Western Metropolis Awakes to find a Great Tunnel System Has Been Secretly Built
Under Her Busy Thoroughfares
Chicago, the “wide-awake” city, whose inhabitants “never conduits for the cable and wires of the new telephone company;
sleep,” read in wonderment of the great underground tunnels be- ior cars in the delivery of mail from the central postoffice to
iz built in New York and Boston; pictures illustrating the substations; for the carrying of newspapers from the newspa-
vrand engineering feats of these tunnels were viewed with ad- per offices to the outer districts; for the delivery of packages
miration, and the next morning Chicago awoke to find that every of merchandise from the big down-town stores to the outlying
one of her own business streets had been tunnelled with the districts, and for many other purposes. They will serve to greatly
{ greatest underground subway in the world relieve the congested condition of the down-town streets. The
|
4 When was it done? How was it done? were questions the tunnels -are forty feet beneath the surface and their extreme
} high municipal dignitaries asked in astonishment. The entire depth, it is claimed, will prevent their being used for an under-
i
city was bewildered. It has not recovered yet. People had ground street railway system for passenger traffic.
passed along the streets as usual; the same throngs had crowded For the principal business streets the tunnels are 12 by 14 feet,
the retail districts and no one had noticed anything unusual. No while in outlying districts they are 6 by 8 feet. They are as
one, not even the mayor, dreamed-that the very heart of the city dry as the surface and follow the center line of the street.
was being catacombed with a veritable net of subterranean pass- At street intersections sign boards are placed corresponding to
ages underneath every important street. When Chicago finally those on the surface. Thus one may walk for miles along the
recovers her breath she will find that 100 miles of these tunnels electric lighted caverns with the same certainty of location as on
have been constructed. the street above. Construction has been pushed night and day.
Not from the windy city, not from the ‘hurrying” western Instead of brick walls, the floor, sides and roof are made of con-
metropolis did the enterprise come that built this mammoth and crete, which is held in place by wooden forms until hard. As
remarkable tunnel system. From far away New Mexico and fast as two feet are excavated the retaining walls are built. To
from two small towns in the east four quiet individuals with prevent water coming in during the excavation the tunnels are
money slipped inté the “windy” city and while it was “windying” made air tight and big pumps constantly maintain a high air
so hard and. s@ loud that it cotld*hear nor see nothing that was pressure. As fast a8 earth is dug it is loaded into cars and run
going on beneath the surface, undermined the whole metropolis. hack on side tracks. Late at night these cars are drawn to the
“And this was while I am Mayor,” said Carter Hanrison, “and foot of a shaft and lifted on an elevator and emptied into wagons.
while we are aldermen,” said Hinky Dink and Bath House John. These loading towers are located in obscure alleys and present
“What if they had been Spaniards and we were yet at war with no sign of life during the day. About midnight they suddenly
Spain? They might have blown up the city and everybody in it spring into action; lights blaze, cages rapidly rise, unload and
and we would never have known anything about it until we and descend, while an endless procession of wagons coming in at
the skyscrapers and the stockyards and the packing houses were one end of the alley, depart at the other. A wagon is loaded to
heaped in a pile of riven ruin together.” And then there was the its fullest capacity every two minutes. With the greatest pre-
Bell Telephone Company, which heretofore has as carefully cision and activity this work continues until 5 a. m. Then sud-
guarded Chicago—its
field of prey—as the lion guards its food- dently the lights are extinguished, the last wagon rolls away,
stocked den to see that no rival come within its bounds, to even the doors of the tower close and shut it in, the elevators stop,
get a smell of the luxurious monopoly it was enjoying. and all signs of life vanish. Meanwhile at another elevator.
Telegraph & Telephone Company supplies of cement crushed stone and sand have been pouring
Two years ago the Illinois
to construct an underground tele- down a 24-hours’ supply of construction material. The con-
quietly obtained a franchise
crete is mixed in long machines driven by electric motors. The
phone service in Chicago. Some thought the franchise was made
men working at the ends of the tunnels are changed at fre-
ineffective by the insertion of a clause forbidding the company
quent intervals for rest, as the work is not only hard but is
to tear up a foot of pavement or to disturb the surface of the
pushed with all possible energy.
streets in any way under penalty of forfeiture of its entire plant.
Had these tunnels been constructed 15 years ago they would
Nearly all had forgotten about the franchise, excepting the men
have made an estimated saving of a million dollars a year spent
who. toiled away night and day under Chicago’s streets, when
in tearing up pavements to bury pipes and wires. The telephone
not long ago a man rushed breathlessly into Mayor Harrison’s
system to be installed will be operated without any exchange.
office and told him that he had discovered that there were tunnels
When you want a connection you set a dial to the number de-
under every street in Chicago. “Impossible,” said the mayor.
sired and if the telephone wanted is busy you get a signal; if
“Who could have done it?” The man took him down under
Chicago and showed him, and then Mr. Harrison called to mind not you engage in conversation without the annoyance and lia-
“But that franchise Lility to mistakes which attend calling through an exchange, as
the franchise, granted two years before.
at present.
provided that not a foot of pavement should be disturbed, and OS
somebody has got himself in trouble.” But further investigation
proved that sure enough the tunnel had been built without re- NEED HAVE NO FEAR OF SIBERIAN WHEAT.

Ti
cis
moving of the pavement or giving noticeable outward sign
any
eSeger
of the work in progress underground. The dirt had been carried A practical grain man who has just returned from Siberia,
away through holes in alleys in the night time. says the Grain Dealers’ Journal, is convinced that if that coun-

Those who are furnishing money for the enterprise are C. B.

try did produce a large crop of wheat it will take years to pro-
New Mexico; C. D. Simpson and T. H. vide the machinery and intelligent men to harvest and market it.
er
Eddy. of Alamagordo,
This, it is said, may serve to pacify those who have manifested
Watkins of Scranton, Pa., and J. B. Russell of Wilkesbarre, Pa.
alarm at the enormous wheat fields of India, Russia, Australia,
They are investing $10,000,000 in the work and have got twice
Not a cent has been Argentine and Siberia, and who fear that American wheat will
that much more to spend when required.
No bonds or stocks have some day be crowded out of foreign markets by the surplus of
asked from the citizens of Chicago.
for sale. The tunnels are to be used as Siberia.
been or will be offered
May 17, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 201

RIFT IRON TANKS WHILE OPERA

GOES ON.

Electricity Is Used in the Work and Singers

Are Not Disturbed.

To avoid disturbing a performance « f

the grand opera at the Auditorium in Chi
cago, an electric arc was made to perform
the functions of hammer and chisel in cut-
ting up four large wrought iron tanks for
femoval from the Auditorium building.
. ~ ~
There were a number of music and dra- =
matic schools in the Auditorium building
also, but the huge iron tanks were cut into ’
small pieces and hauled down the elevators >
without disturbing any one. The work
progressed almost noiselessly and with
wonderful rapidity.
The four tanks were each 12 feet high
and 24 feet in circumference. They were
located on the fifteenth floor of the Audi
torium tower. They were installed there
many years ago when hydraulic elevators
were in use. For ten years, during which
time the elevators have been operated by
steam equipment, the tanks have been use-
less.
The electric arc was used to cut the iron
shells into small transportable pieces that
they might be carried down the elevators.
The operation was conducted by Contractor
J. E. Haschke. It was by the same process
as was employed in removing a “sala-
mander” from a blast furnace in Buffalo,
mentioned in Popular Mechanics, Feb. 8,
when a light of 308,000 candle power, the
strongest artificial light ever known, was
produced. In this Buffalo operation all who
looked at the light were blinded tem-
porarily and some suffered the greatest
agony for days after. In describing the
cutting of the iron tanks at the Auditorium
the Western Electrician says:
“The wiring feeder in the tower is tapped
* . ° Cutting up on Tanks it > Electri t
and the 110-volt direct current is reduced up tron Tanks with the Electric A
to 30 volts by a special cheinical resistance TREATMENT OF BURNS. which soft cloths dipped in oil may be ap-
or voltage reducer of Mr. Haschke’s inven — plied, and covered with cotton batting. If
tion. Only about 75 or 80 amperes of curt In treating burns of a serious nature, the the feet are cold, apply heat and give hot

wi Peg raseen , : first thing to be done after the fire is ex- Water to drink, and if the burns are very
“One terimnal of the electric circuit was , — he ce
tinguished is to remove the clothing [he Serious send for a doctor p
attached to the tank and the other to the ; bl TI , ’
, . greatest care must be exercised, as any pie rhe presence of p g gn
carbon, the later being held by a suitable |, , : F 1, . hat
ie in dali ial ited - ; thing like pulling will bring the skin away, S"0Wing tha
° e ela fas e : d a wnt ° 2
: *~ too; so, if the clothing is not thoroughly so
heat by the arc formed between the metal ; er ‘
- wet. >< oO -to s re ) - _ 7. YT
and the carbon. The arc was about 2% -‘ ee e ee ee: A STRONG ELEMENT OF SUCCESS
. - : , Ing to remove it, says Health
or 3 inches in length, and after it penetrated if rarer vip ;
f rtions of clot ill not drop off
the shell the molten metal squirted to a Pt ms of clothing will not drop off, Che other day I wandet nto the pres
" e : allo t to r j | "1 i} }
distance of 15 inches on account of the in- *’°™ them to remain. Then make a thick dent’s office of a great industry which had
tense heat of the arc. A shell was cut at -
%°Uton
] t ‘> of
of common° T oO!
baking
hb: 1g sod
soda and T d
water,
ys -
joon built up o1 cr. by strict intesrits =

° ° 1 sof * Ss an : ) » dl :
the rate of one foot in two minutes, In “Pp soft cloths in it and lay them over th and by absolute caution. from nothing 1
° . ° re - . ‘ , . liotl » 7 P : ‘ ; S

cutting 465 running feet of the tank, onlyo ured parts, and bandage them lightly to millions
I of dollar
bOiial riter in l A mie
two carbons, costing 25 cents each, were keep them in position. Have the solution con Tiechetmen

equire
required.” by you,_and
, the instant any
yi part of a cloth
' One of , the first things
,
I read on the
——__-e shows signs of dryness, squeeze some of table bef , mee
° abie eToOTe me were these ne which
“It: is easy
:
enough to be ‘ pleasant the solution on that part. Do ,
not remove
.
have
lAVe
been
Ce!
thene y atk wor!
' nad Pp word
5 of
af
Wien life flows along like a song; the cloth, as total exclusion of the air is
But
a tiiethedeesmaneteworth
a while
ee necessary, and ;
little, if; any, pain will1, >.be the- business
.
8 y § ie a . ’ your lips, you'd keep fro s
When everything goes dead wrong.” felt as long as the cloths are kept saturated Of these five things bew

—Ella Wheeler Wilcox. This may- be kept up for several days,

. after OfAndwhom
how you
and speak,
when toand w uu speak,
 292 POPULAR MECHANICS May 17, 1902.

MULTIPLE PUMP CONNECTION. WILD GEESE KILLED BY LIGHTNING.

On account of low pressure in the water mains the owner of a During a thunderstorm at Zechliner, Hutte, Germany, two wild
large private dwelling in New York found difficulty in getting geese that were flying over in flocks, were struck by lightning
water on his top floor. To save expense of steam pump and and instantly killed. One of them as it fell through the air
tank he put in hand pitcher pumps connected with 34-inch and buried itself deep in the sand, was witnessed by Leonard
Joseph. On the abatement of the storm, another wild goose was
found about a mile from where the first one was picked up. The
only wounds upon the birds were a narrow but direct opening
a little more than an inch long on the neck of the first bird and
a small puncture on the neck of the other. Judged by the posi-
tion in which the birds were found, their flight was in opposite
directions. The wounds in each instance were instantaneously
fatal. During the storm only five flashes of lightning were
observed.
a Se
{ THE WORLD'S LARGEST PRODUCING OIL WELL
—<
| 2". cao Pipe
|
\ McLean pire LEAD PIPE Probably the largest producing oil well in the world, is in the
Bibi-Eibat field, Russia. During the first few days it flowed
i) \

| 180,000 barrels a day. The well is more than 1,800 feet deep
| }
pcnece VALVE A —— |
— > ==) CHECK VALVES and all the best wells strucks in this district are deeper than
14°C ead PIPE bd 2 J
the average struck in the older territory. This well continued
a J {i || gRO Floor) ( a.
WATER LEVEL T4s Meta. Worrrn
flowing for thirty days during which it produced more than
CITY suppLY-+) — 2,000,000 barrels. Notwithstanding its enormous flow the own-
branches to the 1%-inch supply pipe on the third floor, to which ers lost money by it. During high winds the oil from the great
point the water rose. The Metal Worker, in describing the gusher was showered over villages a mile away. It fell in such
installation, says it was found necessary to insert check valves profusion for a time that the people, not knowing of the source,
to prevent one pump drawing air from the others. When this became frightened and declared it was raining oil. In some
was done the arrangement worked nicely, as there was always sections it caught fire and it was with difficulty that the town
water in the pipes above the check valves. was saved from destruction. Thus very heavy damages had
iat,
ind to be paid to property owners. Besides the well was on govern-
ment land and the oil men had to pay a royalty almost equal to
BIG STEEL PLANT FOR CHICAGO.
the selling price.
wow

The United States Steel corporation will build a huge plant

TO START A FOUR-HUNDRED-ACRE QUAIL FARM.
in Chicago, where it intends to concentrate its western works.
The plant will cost not less than $3,000,000 and will employ
Indiana Man Says the Birds Are as Readily Domesticated as
ee
5.000 men. It will have a capacity of about 200,000 tons annually,
Chickens.
and occupy a mile of frontage on Lake Michigan.
ww
7?
cle
Rs
SH
=
SS
LS The 400-acre farm of Harley Smith in Jay County, Ind., is to
HAT TRUNK. on
nnn
anneal
See
be given over to the raising of quail. Mr. Smith, who has en-
gaged in quail raising to a less extensive degree for several
A trunk to transport ladies’ hats is the recent invention of a
years, says that the quail can be domesticated and can be made
decidedly more profitable than any other kind of fowls, both on
account of the rapidity with which it multiplies and the little
trouble and expense required to prepare the birds for market.
He has raised quail by setting the eggs under a hen and bring-
ing them up with the barnyard fowls. He says they were as
gentle as the chickens and ducks. As a means of starting his
industry he has not permitted a gun to be fired on his place for
five years, until now the quail from the woods come around his
barnyard and eat with the chickens. The land is overflowingly
stocked with the birds and their nests are thick in the under-
brush and fence corners. He will secure the eggs from the nests
this summer and hatch them in an incubator. He will keep the
females and sell only a part of the males, and he hopes to have
Trunk for Hats.
not fewer than 1,500 egg-producing birds when the season of
1903 opens.

St. Louis man. The hats are held by springs and the most ee
industrious baggageman will not be able to injure them. It costs Russia $6,500,000 for the support of the Czar and his
>> family; Turkey is taxed $5,000,000 fer its sovereign;
Several years ago the Kingdom of Aracaunia was offered to Austria, $4,600,000; Prussia, $3,900,000; England, $3,075,000,
Andrew Carnegie for $20,000,000. It was when Achilles I was and Italy, $3,080,000.
king. He sent the Count de Belligrade to Pittsburg to confer
with the steel magnate. After a conference of six weeks the Nine cars of fresh halibut and one car of Puget Sound sal-
Pittsburger decided that the iron in Aracaunia was not worth mon have arrived in Boston from Vancouver, B. C. The ship-
$20,000,000, and he passed up the proposition. ment was termed the “halibut express.”
==

ee
May 17, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 293

A DEVICE FOR WINDING A ROPE ON DRUM PROPERLY. ONE BILLION MINUTES SINCE CHRIST WAS BORN

A correspondent of Mines and Minerals describes a visit to a

Slow March of Time Contrasted With the Rapid Accumulation of
mine where he found the engineer guiding the hoisting rope onto
the drum with a bar. This had been done several years and a Billion Dollars.

required time and attention. The correspondent “cured” the

trouble and tells how it was done: At 10:40 a. m. April. 28 exactly one billion minutes had
I herewith give a sketch and description of the arrangement, elapsed since the birth of Christ, according to the present reck-
which consists of an ordinary sheave wheel 12 inches in diame- onings of the Christian church. In that time nations have come
ter, working directly in front of the drum on two horizontal and gone, civilizations have waxed and waned, and the very
shafts each 1% inches thick. The distance from drum to wheel formation of the earth has changed. It has taken the world
is 4 feet, and top of sheave wheel is 4 inches above level of reeling through space with great velocity nearly 1,902 years to
bottom of drum. The rope is passed over the wheel and has a unwind a billion minutes, but it took J. P. Morgan only a few
pull upward of 4 inches at that point. The wheel runs loose on hours to wind up a billion dollars. Even Mr. Carnegie could
the upper shaft and it is enclosed by a yoke through which both “bite his thumb” at Chronos, says the Record Herald, and at
shafts are passed to prevent lateral motion. At the lower end the rate of forty millions per annum not hear the faintest
reverberation of a golden clank or jingle in his trousers when
25 years had elapsed. Who said that time was money?
[hus if some person could have been bor at exactly the same
time Christ was born and had been living throu gh all the ages
since to the present time and had accumulated a dollar every
minute of his life, and had not spent a cent of his accumulations
for living or any other purpose, he would just now have rolled
up his first billion dollars and might claim peerage with Mor-
gan or Schwab or Rothschilds or Rockefeller or Carnegie or
2 some other of our present kings of commer
The calculations which determine this duration of time are
a i
made by Prof. Schubert of Hamburg. He figured out that at
ad
gl —2 my il
4 Z

~~ Jou,
midnight of April 27, allowing for all leap years and all other
4 corrections and eccentricities of our calendar, precisely 999,900,360
minutes had elapsed and the remaining 640 minutes necessary

t= to complete the billion were exhausted

a
April 28 at 10:40 a. m.

Device ror WinpING Rope on DRUM. WHALE CROP FAILS—CORSETS ARE HIGHER

of the yoke a cord is attached (preferably sash weight cord) Seas Scoured in Vain for the Big Fish of the Whalebone Variety,
which passes around a small pulley wheel on a line with lower Which Will Soon Be Extinct.
bar and continues up to a horizontal timber overhead, passing
around three more small pulley wheels as shown. A weight of A big rise in the price of corsets is imminent because of the
20 pounds is attached to the end which hangs close to left hand failure of last year’s whalebone crop. In fact the indications are
of engineer as he stands at his levers. that the crop for future years will continue to grow smaller for,
When an empty trip is being pulled in, the weight is hung like the buffalo, the whale is rapidly becoming extinct. Genuine
on small hook provided for that purpose and is taken off when whalebone is so scarce that it is rarely found in corsets costing
loaded trip is coming out. less than $10 apiece.
It must be remembered that the rope always wound in a But 28 whales were caught last year \ year ago, says the
bunch at the end which appears in side view of engine room Fishing Gazette, there were 200,000 pounds of whalebone in the
before using our scheme, but now it winds evenly and in the American market, but by Oct. 15 of that year the supply had
right direction at all times, and if the rope should wind to left declined to 78,500 pounds. At a recent sale the price of whale
end of drum this device will work just as well by simply chang- bone was quoted at $2.50 per pound, and New Bedford dealers
ing the cord and weight to the right instead of left as it now say it will advance to $4. These and a few other facts indicate
stands. We pull a trip of 70 tons and our system is head and that the once important whale fishery is fast approaching the end.
tail line. In 1846 the American fleet consisted of 722 vessels, with a ton-
_—- nage of 331,406, and the catch of that year amounted to $21,000,-

CONDUITS IN CITIES. goo. Eight years later it had declined to $10,766,522, and in
1880 it was $2,659,725. By 1804 the United States had only &§
The placing of city telephone and electric light wires in con- vessels engaged in the business, and the receipts fell to $982,009.
duits is growing in favor, says the Electrical Review in an Mineral oil and substitutes for whalebone have seriously dam-
editorial. The first cost is high, but repairs are small and inter- aged the trade, but if a new fishing ground could be discovered
ruptions to service are few. The demand for telephone wires is it would be profitable. The Antarctic seas have been explored
increasing very fast; provision should be made for at least with but poor success. In another 20 years there will probably
twice the number of wires at present required. The trend of be no whaling industry. Sea after sea has been depleted of the
opinion seems to be that there is no particular danger in run- whalebone variety, and the San Francisco fleet is having poorer
ning both telephone and light wires in a joint conduit if sep- luck every year in the Arctic
arate manholes are provided, as the telephone workers are less ee
accustomed to the high voltages of the lighting companies. There M. Lockroy, former minister of French marine says that the
should be a distributing pole in the center of each block, placed sub-marine boat may be detected only by a balloon or airship
in the rear of the buildings served. This plan would save Its black form under water, he says, will be easily distinguish-
much unnecessary opening of streets. able from a height
 204 POPULAR MECHANICS May 17, 1902.

ee ee ee eee ee ee ik i ik ee i kh
. the bolt. Place the other at such a distance that there will be
1'4 inches of free space between the two. Cover the iron bolt
Easy Electrical Experiments lLetween these pieces with a layer of heavy paper glued in place.
Raf
Pastestastasmes®
FOR BOYS One of the circular pieces should be kept at the proper distance
trom the head of the bolt by a wedge made of wood inserted
By L. P. DICKINSON
between the head and the wooden piece. The position of the
PUT
es
Ele
ahah
haPal
Net
ha
eeee ee ee ee eti ie
other circular piece can be regulated by turning the nut upon
CHAPTER XIX. the bolt. Wind the space between these two pieces with 12

HOW TO MAKE A SET OF TELEGRAPH INSTRUMENTS.

The writer well remembers the satisfaction experienced with

4 r
on 5h
his first set of telegraph instruments, made at home and oper ‘Bs

ated by a home-made battery. Such a set can be made with

the simplest tools and with a fair amount of mechanical ingenu-
ity, and will work admirably.
For material there will be needed for each instrument, a small
quantity of pine board % inch thick, two iron bolts 3 inches
long and 5-16 inch in diameter with a nut on each, a small piece
of thin sheet iron and eight ounces of No. 24 double cotton
covered magnet wire. The bolts mentioned are the kind used
by carriage makers and carpenters. The sheet iron can be FlG.2
obtained by putting an old tomato can into a fire until it is
layers of No. 24 double cotton covered magnet wire. Repeat
melted apart, and the tin upon its surface is all melted off. This
this operation with the other bolt, thus forming two coils with
leaves the iron of which the can is made free from tin, and its
the bolts as cores.
surface may be cleaned with a bit of sand paper.
The strips of iron which were cut out are to connect the bolts
Take a piece of board 6% inches long, 4 inches wide and %
together at the end where the heads are. Remove the tem-
inch thick. This is to serve as a base board upon which the
porary wooden wedges and insert the strips of iron between the
instrument is to be built. At a distance of 334 inches from one
heads of the bolts and the heads of the coils. Put them in first
end, mount an upright board 4 inches long and 2% inches wide.
from one direction and then from the other, so that the
3eing as long as the base board is wide, it extends completely
slots will run in alternate directions. The finished magnet will
across the latter. Before screwing it to the base board, bore
then look like the one shown in Fig. 2. Now remove the nuts
two holes in it 5-16 inch in diameter, at a height of 1 inch from
from the end of the bolts, using great care not to disturb the
one edge, and 1% inches apart. The appearance of this piece is
wooden heads of the spools, and insert the ends ot the bolts
shown in Fig. 1 at A.
into the holes in the upright piece first constructed. They should
Procure two bolts, of the kind previously described, and of
project through the piece about 3% of an inch and are clamped
the size mentioned. These are shown at B in Fig. 1. The head
firmly in place by screwing the nuts up tight against the board.
end of these bolts is usually square. Cut out of a piece of sheet
This will hold the coils firmly against the board, and at the same
iron about fifteen pieces 254 inches long and 1 inch wide. Near
time clamp the strips of iron at the rear end of the coils very
each end cut a slot just wide enough to fit the end of the bolt
tightly together.
just close to the head. The distance between the centers of these
Fasten the piece of board with its attached magnets to the
base board by screws passing up through the base board. One
end of one coil of wire should be connected to one end of the
other coil in such a manner that a current going around the
coils will go around one magnet coil in a direction opposite to
ot ; the direction in which it goes around the other. Connect the

| i
free ends to two binding posts. The appearance of the appara-
tus as thus far constructed is shown in Fig. 2. In the next
chapter we shall see how to complete the instrument.
{The telegraph instrument described in this series, which will ex-
tend through three issues, can be operated on a line a mile long by
using sufficient battery. For a short line of a few hundred feet
small battery power will suffice. ‘‘How to Construct Dry Batteries’’
will fotlow.—Editor P. M.]
>

“WE ENJOY YOUR PAPER.”

FiG. 1
Prof. M. E. Valentine, Superintendent of Schools, Columbia-
slots should be 1% inches. The cutting can be done with an old ville, Mich., writes:
pair of shears. There should be enough of these strips to form “We enjoy your paper. My class in electricity gain many
a pile about 3-16 inch high when tightly pressed together. These valuable. points. Will you please in the near future explain how
are shown at C in Fig. 1. to make a dry battery? Thanking yotf in advance for the kind-
> Next cut out four circular pieces of wood, % inch thick and ness, I am, yours for the success of Popular Mechanics.”
1% inches in diameter. Through the center of each cut a hole {The article on dry batteries will appear May 31.—Editor.]
just large enough to fit tightly upon the iron bolts. These ——_—~-e—___—.
pieces of wood are to form the heads for the spools of wire to Shortage of skilled help in the manufacture of furniture has
be wound upon the bolts which are to form the cores of an caused a big increase in wages paid to the better classs of work-
electromagnet. Their appearance is shown at D in the figure. men. This is not through any organization or union, but through
Slip two of the circular wooden pieces upon one of the bolts. a constant tendency of the manufacturers to bid against each
Place one of them at a distance of 3-16 inch from the head of other for good workmen.
 May 17, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 295

//

a3a

Fig. 1—Cantilever Bridge for the Wabash R. R. Across the Monongahela River at Pittsburgh; length of Main Span 812 Feet

TWO OF THE LARGEST BRIDGES IN AMERICA. TO JUDGE A RIVER’S BREADTH.

Massive Spans Being Built

by the Wabash—Tunnel 4,450 Feet It is necessary to make use only of the eyes and the brim of a
Long. hat to measure the width of any ordinary stream, or even of a
Two of the largest bridges in America are being built by the good-sized river, and here is the way to do it, says the Marine
Wabash railroad company to span the Monongahela river at Journal.
Pittsburg and the Ohio river at Mingo Junction. They are Select a part of the river bank where the grounds run back
of the cantilever type, says the Railway Review, and mark an- level, and, standing at the water’s edge, fix your eyes on the op-
other advancement in American bridge building. Both struc- posite bank. Now, move your hat down over your brow until
the edge of the brim is exactly on a line with the water-line on
tures are double track.
The center span of the Monongahela bridge is 812 feet long the other side. This will give you a visual angle that may be 6

with 346 feet anchor arms. The central towers are 126 feet used on any level surface, and if, as has been suggested, the
high and the depth of the suspended span is 60 feet. The mas ground on your side of the river be flat, you may “lay off” a cor-
sive piers are 70 feet above high water. They are 22 feet thick responding distance on it. To do this you have only to hold your
at the neck with a center section hollowed out. Chey are of head perfectly steady, after getting the angle with your hat brim,
supporting your chin with your hand, if necessary, and turn
concrete ashlar faced with sandstone.
slowly around until your back is toward the river. Now, take
Two enormous tunnels, one 4,450 feet long and the other
3,250 feet, are included in the 60 miles of continuous heavy work careful note of where your hat brim cuts the level surface of the
ground as you look over the latter, and from where you stand to
ne made necessary by the road’s entry into Pittsburg. The former
that point will be the width of the river—a distance that may
tunnel is at Greentree Burrough and the other under Mount
readily be measured by stepping. .If you are careful in all thes« me
Washington. A steel viaduct will be used for the approaches
details you can come within a few feet of the river's width
which carry the tracks to the depot and from the bridge across
ieitieiialniiiaeinnes
the Panhandle and Pittsburg & Lake Erie tracks to Mount -
RUSH FOR GOLD TO THUNDER MOUNTAIN.
Washington.
The Ohio river bridge will be similar to the Monongahela
errs
structure. Its anchor arms will be 290 feet long. The bridge There is a great rush of gold seekers to the Thunder moun- nt
ectes

affords a clearance of 90 feet above low water. AIL piers are tain district of Idaho. Tales of fabulous strikes, both placer and
carried down to rock with pneumatic caissons. quartz, come back to civilization from this land of gold, which is
about 200 miles north of Boise and far away from any railroad
FRENCH WRITING MACHINE FOR THE BLIND. At present flour is selling for $50 a barrel and food of all kinds is
very scarce. During May and June when the trails are free from
ENO
RRA
CeJn snow and even greater rush is expected to this miners mecca.
A machine which enables a blind person to write as he reads,
From Boise and other railroad points nearest the new camp, big
from the left to right, has been invented in Paris. The writer
parties will set out and by the middle of June it is estimated
can thus correct as he writes without displacing the paper. He that 30,000 men will be in the district. Reports from the camp
has but one alphabet to learn, which he can acquire in six les- indicate that there is great difference in the ore and that most of
sons. The machine is composed of a metal frame with a mova- it will be valuable only when worked by costly machinery. Col.
ble copper reglet, which slides across the frame. A pointed in- Dewey, of Nampa, Idaho. is said to own the richest claim in the
strument presses on small mobile keys, which are hollow, and in district.
their turn press on raised metal points. The characters formed ———
are thus in relief on the side of the writer, who can verify his The American Steel and Wire Company of New York has
writing without displacing the paper. The machine also enables been awarded the contract for furnishing 3,343,000 feet of copper
the blind to calculate arithmetically. It may be folded and car- wire for the electrical power circuit of the world’s fair. The
~
ried in the pocket. contract price is $200,000.
~~
-_-?>

C. F. Bishop and his wife. Americans, while riding in an auto- A machinery insurance which provides an indemnity against
mobile through the Posilippo tunnel in Italy, were set upon by the loss of time from stoppage due to breakage or other similar
peasants and severely beaten with clubs. causes except fire, is being given a trial in New England

Fig. 2—Cantilever Bridge for the Wabash Railroad Across the Ohio River at Mingo Junction, Ohio; Length of Main Span 700 Feet.
 206 POPULAR MECHANICS May 174? 1902.

Popular Mechanics WHAT'S THE USE OF EATING MEAT?

H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher Cereals, Fruits, Nuts and Vegetables Better, Healthier and
Journal Building, - - - pein Cheaper.

SUBSCRIPTION
There is no use in eating meat anyhow, declare many people
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
who have subsisted without it for years and thrived. Cereals
RR ER nee dul dite XRlammemee $2 00
Foreign Countries, post iis eacttu ke ip ieacaiatiaecieas
ot aint 3 00 and nuts have all the ingredients of meats requisite to the sus-
Advertising rates, $2 aad column inch per issue. tenance of the human body. Besides they are healthier in that
they contain fewer of the elements of disease and less waste;
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review r of the mec “han
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple that is, one does not have to eat such a great quantity of the
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub- food to obtain the necessary nourishment.
lications from which Illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac There are nearly twice the amount of life-sustaining qualities
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our in cereals that there are in the same quantity of meat. Foods that
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro contain every element of meat and are much healthier are found
ure from its pubUshers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date in Indian corn, wheat, oats, rye, rice, etc Nuts of all kinds are
Vopular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning. ir healthier and much cheaper than meat at the rate it is sell-
ng now. There is more nourishment in a half cup of nut ker-
Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter. nels than in a double extra porterhouse that might cost from
Address, $1 to $4 in a restaurant. And then the system is not over-
POPULAR MECHANICS burdened in digesting the nuts as in the case of the steak, in
Journal Building, - - Chicago which the system has to separate the 75 per cent of useless mat-
ter from the 25 per cent of real nourishment. In nuts only about
Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class. 5 per cent is waste and not more than 10 per cent in cooked
cereals. If eaten raw the cereals would contain 95 per cent real
LOCOMOTIVE AND FIRE ENGINE COMBINED. nourishment.
Then there are all kinds of fruits, delightful to the taste,
A combination switch engine and fire engine is a novel con healthful and nourishing, and cheap. Especially are the fruits
rivance that has worked with remarkable success in the yards commendable in springtime and summer. Far better are they
at the Port Tampa terminal of the Plant system. The switch than spring medicines
engine is equipped with a fire pump located on the rear of the Yes, a person may live on the very best of the land, enjoy
tender. When a fire breaks out the engine utters a shrick and better health than he has ever known before, take greater pleas-
ure in his meals and reduce the cost of living to less than half
what it has formerly cost him if he will entirely dispense with
the use of meat. Here are a few of the luxuries that might
grace his table:
Apples, oranges, bananas, pineapples, peaches, plums, grape-
fruit, berries of all kinds, musk-melons, water-melons, dried
fruits, such as prunes, apples, peaches, rasins, figs, apricots, etc.;
nuts, such as almonds, peanuts, pecans, walnuts, butternuts, hazel-
nuts, chestnuts, cocoanuts and countless others; and then there
is honey, milk, eggs, butter, cheese, ete.
And with all we forgot to mention vegetables—the product of
the truck garden.
a .
Louisiana has the greatest percentage of illiteracy of any
state in the Union. In that state 122,638 males 21 years of age
and over, or 37.6 per cent, are unable to read and write. The
next most ignorant states are: Hawaii, with 34.4 per cent
illiteracy; Mississippi, with 33.8 per cent; Alabama, with 33.7
per cent; Georgia, with 31.6 per cent: North Carolina, with
Locomotive with Fire Pumps. 29.4 per cent, and New Mexico, with 28.3 per cent. The most
enlightened states are: Nebraska, with but 2.5 per cent illiteracy;
starts out at a speed that leaves all other fire engines far in the Iowa, with 2.7 per cent, and Kansas, with 3.4 per cent. The
rear. It is generally in the act of quenching the blaze while the
most illiterate great city is New York, with 6.5 per cent, and
the most enlightened Boston, with 4 per cent of illiteracy.
horses of the regulation fire engines are struggling along over
the pavements. The Railway Review says:
‘The operation of the pump is through a 5-inch suction hose Small Boy (proudly to male parent)—‘‘Father, why am I
and a 2'2-inch force pipe with hose connections. As the engine like George Washington?”
can be run to any fire that could happen on either of the piers, Male Parent—‘Because, my darling boy, you have never told
the protection of the property against fire is thus seen to be well a lie.”
provided for.” Small Boy—‘No, father. It is because I have just cut down
ww that new cherry tree that you planted last spring.”
_c°?>
Male Parent—“But you are unlike the illustrious George, my
meee
eee
apg
s “Continue to cook well, attend well to your sauces, and they son, inasmuch as his father said to him, ‘Come to my arms, my
will reflect honor upon you and redound to the national pros- darling boy,’ while your father is now going to escort you to the
perity.”—Extract from the speech of President Loubet to the wood shed ard tan your hide till the frightened neighbors will
assembled cooks at the culinary show at Paris hear your anguished shrieks for five blocks.”
 May 17, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS ‘

the amount of repairs necessary, many tubes having to be re

LOCOMOTIVES OF A CENTURY moved

rhe
to get at any one which might be defective
most notable example of the many attempts to provide a
[Being an illustrated history of locomotive invention. build- locomotive boiler of the wagon top
ing and progress. The facts are taken from a paper by S. M type is found in the “Madi
Vauclain, read before the New England Railroad Club. The son,” (Fig. 27) built by Rogers
illustrations were gathered and engraved by the Baldwin Lo
one Works, by whose permission they are used.—Editor In 1861 the “Mogul” locomotive appeare: It was built by

We now come to a period of locomotive building 1853 to 1861

~—that ended with serious interruption in its former rapid prog
ress because of the civil war. Five years of comparative inac-
tivity followed but after this lull was over the progress was
greater than ever before. _It was continued steadily since until
now the American locomotive threatens to revolutionize the
railway transportation ef the world

Fig. 28—RBaldwin Mog Is61

the Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Louisville & Nashvill

railroad This locomotive (Fig. 28) is undoubtedly the first
*‘Mogul” with a flexible truck It is a ten-wheel design with

Fig. 26—Rogers’ Locomotive with Wagon Top Boiler, 1855

In 1853 Mr. Baldwin abandoned the half-stroke cut-off he had

used since 1845 and introduced his variable cut-off. His oppo gen
So
sition to the Stephenson link was enduring and not until the
pressure of his associates was brought to bear did he consent to natructed

its adoption. The plan of casting the cylinders with a half saddle
a two-wheel sliding Bissell truck in front of the cylinders.
was introduced by Mr. Baldwin and naturally so, because his in
clined cylinders were bolted to a circular smoke box, and as John P Laird, at Altoona, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, con-
verted a number of the Camel engines on that line into Moguls
the cylinders were lowered to the horizontal the saddle assumed
its present shape. He even went so far on the old “Seneca” (Fig. 20) as to omit
the second pair f drivers and add the truck
In 1855 Norris built the Phleger boiler (Fig. 26) which was
= ~>-so
one of the early improvements in the regular locomotive boilet
The first attempt to introduce water tube boilers, reversing the PUMP OIL WITH GASOLINE MOTIVE POWER.
order of things and pessing the water through the tubes, was
In a test of the new gasoline oil-pumping plant installed in
the state lunatic asylum at Austin, Tex., the contents of two
full loaded oil cars were forced through the pipe from the rail-
road tracks to the asylum, 6,700 feet, in two hours. Ten gallons
of gasoline, costing $1.35 (a very high price for gasoline), were
used. Each car contained 3,200 gallons The capitol is on a
hill, which made the work more difficult
“One gallon of gasoline,” says the Age of Steel, “costing 13%
cents was used in moving 540 gallons (16 barrels) of oil a dis-
tance of more than a mile and a quarter up hill.” In addition
. there was an immense saving as compared with the former
system of drayage and a much more expeditious and satisfactory
handling of the oil. In draying by tank wagons it is impossible
to fill the tanks to their full holding capacity
-- >>

The Tower Hill hotel of Tower Hall, R. I., with ten acres of
Fig. 27 Norris’ Locomotive with Phleger Roiler, 1855. land and four cottages has been donated by Gordon Mackay of
Newport for a manual training school for colored children.
made by Dimpfel about the same period. Many of these were Booker T. Washington, Mr. Holly of Philadelphia, and Dr. Bu-
built by Mr. Baldwin and ultimately abandoned on account of chanan of New York will be trustees
 208 POPULAR MEvxwuARiCS MayL 17,
/ 1902.
J

THE MICROSCOPE AS A LIFE SAVER. war with the germs with which they are TEN MILE TRIP UNDER THE SEA.
continually in contact. In this battle with
It Reveals the Great Army of Disease Germs the human cells as long as they are strong Che submarine torpedo boat Fulton made
Waging War with the Cells of a ten-mile trip under water from Sandy
the Human Body. Hook down the Jersey coast on its way to
Washington, it being the first ocean voyage
The most valuable mechanism in saving ever made by a submarine vessel. It was
life and warding off disease is the com 30 feet under water most of the time. The
pound microscope. What the compass is to trip to Washington was marred by an ex-
plosion of the gasoline engine which in-
jured five men. ‘The boat, however, was
not seriously impaired. The boat was built
at the Morse Shipyard, Brooktyn
ae
BIT FOR DRILLING WELLS.
Blood Cells Eating up Bacteria

The sinking of hundreds of oil wells,

and the person is young, diseased germs
some of them to great depth, in Texas, has
can get no foothold. 3ut when the cells led to the invention by a Corsicana man of
are injured or weakened by lack of nutri- a new rotary drill illustrated herewith. The
Showing Germs of Consumption
tion or approaching age then the vigorous
(highly magnified.)
bacteria can invade the organism. Thus in
the mariner, the Bible to the preacher, this the end the bacteria most often win. As
wonderful instrument is to the physician.
soon as the germs find a weak spot and
It is combination of lenses which makes begin to invade the organism a kattle
SAS,

the minute world visible. If we could wear is on. The blood rushes to the spot a
SS

these microscopes like spectacles we could certain cell that has the ability of eating ppc
ZZ
vita
avoid the poisonous bacteria just as we up the invading germs. ‘The tissues that
a
wae
Mahia
avoid the poison ivy. As it is we only sus- are invaded swell and prevent the germs Za
Y

pect their presence when the tissues be- from spreading; the entire cells of the body
secrete antitoxin that counteracts the poi-
sons of the germs.
It is the lazy or impaired cells that are
invaded. A collar button may chafe the
neck so that the germs of the skin can
penetrate and cause a carbuncle. The
tubercular bacilli find the weak lung cells
of the book keeper easy to overcome and
they get busy and it is good-bye book
keeper.
+>
Showing Germs of Carbuncles. “es?

(highty magnified.)
RIVER YACHTSMEN ORGANIZE.
come inflamed and then an examination
will reveal the invading germ.
3y means of the microscope we find that The Mississippi Valley Yachting Associ- Oi Well Drill.

the cell is the essential element of life. ation is being organized by the owners of
wees.
SES
Bacteria are cells and the plants and ani- pleasure boats along the great river be- bit is attached to the lower end of the pipe
mals are composed of cells essentially the tween St. Paul and St. Louis. The organ- and revolves when the pipe is turned.
sane as those of the disease germs. The ization is to be the central body of the 2+>2
“_-?S
ae
ah
ee cells in plants and animals are bound to- various yacht clubs now being formed GREAT IS THE APPLE.
gether while those of disease are separate. along the Mississippi.
pow
“_-?S Everybody ought to know that the very
A NOBLE SENTIMENT. best thing he can do is to eat apples just
before going to bed, says the People’s
Health Journal. The apple is excellent
fe In an address to a grand jury in 1796
- brain food, because it has more phosphoric
Chief Justice Ellsworth said:

PPS»
acid, in an easily digested shape, than any
“So let us rear an empire sacred to the
other fruit known. It excites the action
Pp rights of men; and commend a government
of the liver, promotes sound and healthy
of reason to the nations of the earth.”
>>
sleep and thoroughly disinfects the mouth.
—_-?>
It also agglutinates the surplus acids of
Showing Germs of Lock Jaw.
REGRETS NOAH USE. the stomach, helps the kidney secretion, and
(high’y magnified.) prevents calculus growth, while it obviates
Disease germs are living organisms that “This is tough luck,” said Ham, mourn- indigestion, and is one of the best preven-
float in the air, cling to food and clothing fully, as he leaned over the side of the tives of diseases of the throat. Next to
and thus drift about till they come to suit- ark. “What’s wrong now?” queried Shem, lemon and orange, it is also the best anti-
able conditions for them to multiply. The “Why, all this water to fish in,” replied dote for the craving of persons addicted to
cells of the human organism are always at Ham, “and only two worms on board.” the alcohol and opium habit.
 May 17, 1902. PO PULAR MECHANICS 2909

steel must be at nearly red lh when this

SHOP NOTES is

ing
done.

several
The

times
refining

\fter
repeated

finishing
by reheat

this, the
steel is heated t 1 dark red, so that it
REPAIRING BROKEN COG WHEELS. be substituted to make the notch, and the just shows the col dipped in raw
cog after fastening slightly can be brazed linseed oil The tool is reheated and
on, but great care must be exercised or the dipped three time The fourth time the
It takes a skilled workman to mend a
broken cog wheel and do it properly. A wheel will be melted up before the spelter reheat is carried to an orange color and
fuses. dipped in the oil until nearly cold The oil
writer in the American Blacksmith tells
how he repaired one: In the case of bevel gearings, a broken is then wiped off and the metal polished,
cog is harder to insert on account of the care being taken not to break while polish
Now it does not do to dovetail cogs when

several are broken in the casting, side by thinness of rim not giving or leaving ing, as the metal is extremely hard. A large
enough metal to admit of sufficient notch- a red heat
side, as there is not metal enough left to piece of iron is then heated to
hold them, so the only possible way is to ing to hold the cog securely. In that case The tool is laid on this with the heavy
make one continuous plate with the requisite I first rivet a plate across the part where
side down to draw whatever color is de-
the cog is to be inserted on the under side
number of cogs on it, and fit it in the body sired, different tools requiring different
of the wheel by chiseling enough off the parallel with the wheel, thereby strengthen-
colors,
casting to allow a plate, in this case % by ing the same, so that it will stand having a
>?

three inches with thirteen cogs on it to good dovetailed notch filed in it. I rivet the
fit in the space thus made. I dovetailed inserted cog on top and bottom after it is MULE POWER MARK TWAIN ENGI-
driven in place. NEER a
a
the ends of plate and in addition put three
rivets through the plate and flange, and Sometimes the wheels are very greasy, Se
ee

that was all that was required to hold it and in that case the burning of the greasy Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain) once
there firmly. To make the plate and cogs matter on the forge is first necessary be- worked on the Mississippi river boat Swal- iS
nao
i
eee
ee
« - tm
26k.-=

I proceeed as follows: I took a plate of fore the article can be handled. In doing low, serving in the capacity of pilot and
Norway iron of the required length, forged that, however, care must be taken that the “engineer.” Captain Thomas Bixby, under
the requisite number of cogs, punching a wheel is heated all over in an even manner whom he served, says
hole through each one and riveting them or a bursted rim will be the result. “The craft was a little, shaky affair,
—__. <-->
to the plate the proper distance apart. Then which plied between St. Louis and Cairo,
I took a welding heat on part of them and HOW TO MAKE A WOODEN PULLEY. It had a stern wheel, a place for freight
continued until all were welded on. I next and passengers, a pilot house and a place
shaped the plate to the curve of the wheel on what may be called the pilot deck for
In case of emergency it is possible to
and fastened on as_ stated above. The the engine. That ‘engine’ went aboard
build a fairly good wooden pulley of inch
figure will show the way the job was done. when it was needed, and only then. It
boards. Small pulleys can be cut out of a
In a break of only two cogs, dove-tailing burned no wood or coal, but ate a powerful
single block, split with the saw and bolted
will be sufficient, but for three or more it is sight of grass. It was a large, gray mule,
over the shaft
better to fasten with an additional rivet be- named Jerry, which worked a_ tread-mill
Set the pulley on the shaft, start up the that propelled the boat. Samuel Clemens
sides the dovetailing, making the whole of
engine and then turn the face of the pulley was chief engineer and pilot. He had a
a
A one piece. In the case of a single cog, when
the rim is of sufficient thickness to stand a to a true circle, with the center crowning system of signals which was effective and
chiseled notch, a dovetailed cog inserted will so as to hold the belt. ingenious. By pulling a cord he could
————~»-->____ —__—
raise a head of cabbage just out of reach
A NEW PAINT FOR IRON. of the mule. The ‘engine’ would start and
begin to walk after it, and the boat floated
majestically down or up the river, as the
Mr. M. Toch of the New York Society
case might be. Without desiring to be per-
of Chemical Industry gives the following
sonal, I will say that Jerry was one of the
receipt for paint for iron, which he says
most intelligent animals I ever met. His
will outwear red lead: voice was more on the order of a foghorn
Seventy per cent of barytes; 10 per cent than a whistle, being too much of a bari-
of carbon black; 10 per cent of zinc oxide tone for the latter. When Samuel wanted
and 10 per cent of graphite ground in pure to whistle for a landing he just hit Jerry
linseed oil containing a sufficient quantity with a stick.”
of driers. +++
If this paint and the red lead both be FAST AS A RAILWAY TRAIN.
painted over a_ rusty surface, says Mr.
Toch, the scales of rust will break through J. E. Wing, in an automobile on Long
THE AWE OC AN BLACKSMITH.
the red lead more quickly than they will Island, N. Y., made 105 miles in 2 hours
METHOD OF REPAIRING BROKEN COG WHEELS. through the black paint containing barytes. and 20 minutes. It was the fastest 105
“_-? miles ever covered in this country by a
be all that is required. In preparing a
HOW TO WORK STEEL INTO TOOLS. gasoline automobile. Part of the time the
wheel for a cog to be inserted make the
automobile went at the rate of a mile in
notch first. If the rim is heavy, use sharp
A blacksmith, successful in working steel 55 seconds. Other miles were made in 57
chisels and start as shown in the illustra-
into tools, thus describes his method in the seconds and 58 seconds and many were
tion. Then with a narrow chisel cut out
Mining and Scientific Press: The steel is made at the rate of a mile a minute.
the center and dovetail on both sides, after
worked at an orange heat during the forg- —_—_3-e
which fit in the cog so that it will drive
in reasonably tight, and if necessary clinch ing. -When shaped, the next step is re- The census of dogs, just taken in France,
on top and bottom fining. This is done by hammering in wa-
in the dovetailed part. fixes the number in the country at 3,000,-
In smaller cog wheels is ter. A little water is put on the anvil and
where the rim 000, from the tax of which the government
too light to admit of chiseling, the file must the face of the hammer is wetted. The derived a revenue of $1,675,000
 300 POPULAR MECHANICS May
17, 1902.
WATER COOLING TOWER. CAN A BULLFROG CATCH A BIRD? WATER AND GAS PROOF SUBDIVIDED
—_——_2oo———_
CONDUIT.
Among the recent inventions for cooling Can a bullfrog catch a bird? This is the
the water used by condensing engines is question that is worrying American orni- A conduit to contain telegraph, telephone,
one built as a tower lhe water is delivy- thologists Some of them answer yes, be- electric light and feeder wires of trolley
ered at the top in spray and descends over cause the Rev. William J. Long, a distin- is described in the Electrical Review. Re-
guished clergyman, says so, and surely a
clergyman would not tell a falsehood. The
FO
<r.
vt
divine has written a book in which he tells y =e Bef) ////;%
a lengthy story of how the batrachian 4 Soak 2 NG »,

caught a swallow as it was flying over the

j=
a 4
YY
(OG
water and a day or two afterward captured
a tree sparrow that was taking a bath at
the water’s edge. The ornithologists have
met and discussed the matter; they have
engaged in extensive researches but have
failed to find another account of an instance
of a bull frog or any other kind of a frog
turning fowler The opponents of the Rev.
Long do not charge him with telling things
that are not true. They only say that his
sight was faulty. Black snakes, cats, bad
boys, sportsmen, milliners, muskalonge and
mud turtles, are known to be enemies of the Weres amp Gas-Proor Sunorvipen ( onpcrrs

birds, says E. B. Clark, but the 30 odd ferring to the illustration the duct is sub-
\udubon societies in the United States, divided into small tubes of four dimensions.
before getting out any more tracts, will The smallest is intended for the use of
anxiously await proof positive that to the telegraph wires, the next larger for trolley
list of bird destroyers they must add the feeder wires, the ones next larger to these
bullfrceg for electric light wires, while the largest
is intended for telephone cables. The con-
Water Cooling: Tower.
SAFETY DEVICE FOR ELEVATORS. duit is intended to be gas and water proof.
a series of steps, making the distance trav-
eled as long as possible, with correspond- This safety device for passenger elevators =
ing exposure to the air. The receiving is attached to the bottom of the car and WHEN TRANSVAAL TRADE IS
tank at the bottom is kept cool by a cur- as long as the cables supporting the ele- RESUMED.
rent of air set in motion by a stack which
Refugees are returning to the Transvaal
extends to the top of the tower.
and a revival of trade is soon expected.
When this is realized it is estimated that
A $2,500 BEEFSTEAK PUDDING. pale nearly $250,000,000 worth of gold will be
ae Wee a taken yearly from the limited district
- payee
NARARA gyarta
oh

Ta
<2
Charles M. Schwab will soon treat his bounded by the Randfontein and Geduld
millionaire friends to a $2,500 beefsteak
ui
oh
te oe
mines and that nearly $15,000,000 will be
pudding which he has ordered in Fleet WAY |! Yl expended annually for machinery,
PEVeCrTTs °
ee
Sa street, London. The cost of the pudding _—
=_-?

ae includes the traveling expenses of Proprie- BRITISH TRAIN MEETS DISASTER.

tor Moore of “Ancient Cheshire Cheese,”
where the pudding is being made, to the Two persons were killed, 16 seriously
United States. hurt, and 100 slightly injured in a recent
eeee.
ener
Se
The Hotel World says: The pudding wreck on the Great Eastern Railway at
will consist of 100 larks, 100 kidneys, 100 Hackney Downs Junction, England. “The
oysters, one for each of the 100 million- last threepenny train from Walthamstow”
aires whom Schwab has invited to be pres- was crossing a bridge when an axle on the
ent. It requires 20 hours to boil the “Che- locomotive broke. Several of the carriages
shire cheese” pudding. It will be boiled were wrecked and some of them tilted dan-
ten hours in London and another ten hours Safety Elevator. gerously over the viaduct.
prepartory to being served in the United vator do their work the device is inoper- ————__—~»
+> ______—

States. ative. Should the ropes part the brake- Aluminum fire hats have been made the
a>
——> levers are released and the brake-shoes are universal head-gear of the Ottawa, Ont.,
A MOVING EPISODE. tightly wedged against the side-gtiides and fire department:
bring the car to a stop.
A youth went forth to serenade, SmnAMRN Aa. cn ON Popular Mechanics is the medium of the
The lady he loved best,
And by her house at evening,
Prince Henry, while in America, said to inventors.
When the sun had gone to rest, Admiral Evans: “What an extraordinary
He warbled until daylight, way of entertaining one’s guest, to sit him Secretary of Agriculture Hamilton is
And would have warbled more,
But morning light disclosed the sign
down and make speeches at him. There making a scientific war on the Hessian fly
“To Let’? upon the door. is no chance for conversation.” in Pennsylvania.
 POPULAR MECHANICS

FOR THE MADAM

IMPROVED WASHTUB HOLDER.

An inventor in Montana has invented a

stand for washtubs. This stand is adjust-

Tub Holder.

able to the size of the tub, and when not

in use the legs, cross braces and side sup- Fate
a?
pled
,

ports can be removed and folded to occupy ie ee re #. Bima

a small space.
Southern Train Running on Submerged Track
—__—_-e—____—
BUTTONHOLE CUTTER.
FOR AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHERS. TRAIN PLOWS THOUGH RAGING
TORRENT.
A correspondent of the Photo-Beacon
This device operates in a manner similar
says: I often read that photographers dis A train plowing its way through a surg-
to a conductor’s punch, taking out a large
like using pyro on account of its staining ing river of water along a track submerged
or small amount of cloth as desired. By
the fingers, so wish to tell you that all so that no one can see whether it has been
stain from pyro is easily removed by using washed away ten feet ahead, is an ordeal r

a fresh-cut lemon. Rub the fingers well that is somewhat trying on the nerves of
with the juice. I take the opportunity of
an engineer and is not extremely relished
telling you this because I think many
by the passengers. Such experiences, how
would like to know it
ever, were common in the South during the ee
=
a
oe

Button Hole Punch recent heavy spring rains, the terrors of

using different cutting dies any shaped hole
PREVENTS DRIP FROM TROLLEY. which were mentioned in Popular Mechan-
may be made. The holes are rapidly made ics last week. Thx accompanying illustra
During a rain storm water collects upon Charleston &
and each of arfexact size and shape. tion shows a train on the
ao
ee
the trolley wire cf electric lines, and as the Western Carolina railroad, making its way
car travels rapidly along the trolley wheel
ELECTRICAL FLY TRAP. along a submerged track into Augusta, Ga
In describing the extent of the damage
A new fly and insect killer shown here Dixie says: “Not only were the tracks
consists of pairs of parallel wires, one hav- under water for miles in the lowlands, but,
in many places, washed completely away,
oo.
rendering the operation of trains exceed

Bu
ingly hazardous. On account of this dan-
TLL ger, therefore, many roads annulled trains
for an indefinite time. In some cases it
was several days before traffic could be
resumed,”
On many Southern roads engines of spe-

rn cn i| TROLLEY WATER SHED. cial construction are used, with high fire-
boxes to prevent high water from extin-
UATANULUOVELAVOREEAOORAT TOO EEO LTH TT gathers the water, which runs down the
OLB OL peeteeey guishing the fires and stopping the train
Electric Fly Killer. troiley rope. This has proved a great an-
———@o@m >
ing a positive, the other a negative current noyance. The device we illustrate diverts
of electricity. The trap is laid or hung the water and prevents its running down In the archaic vase room of the British
over some bait. When the insect alights the rope. Museum any one can gaze upon babies’
a feeding-bottles of sun-baked clay which
it receives a deadly shock.
2+
—-S Sergeant Julius Frederick, of the United were antique when Joseph went into Egypt

The Brooklyn, Admiral Schley’s flagship States weather bureau, at Indianapolis,

during the battle of Santiago, has returned Ind., a survivor of the Greely expedition, George C. Tilyou, of Atlantic City, N.
from the Philippines and is now at the has entered into a contract with William J., has offered $50,000 if the hotel men will
Brooklyn navy yard. The “three-horned McDonnell, of the McDonnell Odometer raise $50,000 more to have Santos Dumont
devil” has made 60,000 miles since leaving Company, of Chicago, to make an effort to race his flying machine at Atlantic City
New York, Oct. 6, 1899. reach the North pole in an airship. against all American competitors.
 POPULAR MECHANICS May 17, 1902.
A ROTATING ARMATURE. In some armatures there are two bars TO BUILD LARGEST WARSHIPS
in each in other cases there is but one
slot, AFLOAT.
The illustration shows a partially com- bar per slot There are no band wires on
pleted core for a rotating armature it is An appropriation of $76,000,000 for the
the armature. Any part of the winding may
one of the large types being built at the of six new war ships has been
construction
be easily and quickly removed if neces-
works of-the Westinghouse company. The recommended by the house naval commit-
sary.
armature winding consists of wire, strap or lalla tee. Two of the vessels are to be battle-
bars, depending somewhat on the current ships of 16,000 tons displacement to cost,
FIRST BEAUTY STRIKE ON RECORD.
to be carried. Wire winding, which is usu- exclusive of armor and armament, -$4,212,-
ally employed in high voltage alternators Girls Walk Out Because Employers Deny 000 each; two, armored cruisers of 14,500
a of low current capacity, consists of ma- Them Time to Primp. tons displacement to cost, exclusive
each,
chine wound coils which are entirely of armor and armament, $4,659,000 each;
formed and insulated before being placed Women employed in the Vesta mills at two gunboats of 1,000 tons displacement,
in the armature slots. Strap winding is Providence, R. I, have gone on a strike to cost $382,000 each. The warships will
because their employers will not concede be the largest afloat.
2 7
> >
them time enough to make themselves look
pretty. They have been accustomed to quit It cost Chicago $22,500 to entertain
work at
5 <i % m. so that they would Prince Henry during his two day’s sojourn
have three-quarters of an hour in which to in the Windy City.
clean up and array themselves for facing
the public before leaving the gate at 6 J. E. Koch, a jeweler of York, Pa., found
o'clock. The employers notified the women $15,000 in an old chest which he purchased
that they would have to work until 6 for a trifle at an auction sale.
o'clock. The women sought to compro-
mise on half an hour, then on fifteen min- In England no person who is known to be
utes, and finally on ten minutes, and when engaged in the retail trade can be admitted
this was denied them they struck. The to court or presented to the sovereign.
Tribune says:
“Thus the first beauty strike in this coun- A moving stairway operated by electri-
try goes on record. That the women will city has been installed in a department
win is ‘quite certain for to be well dressed store in Chicago.
and look pretty is the crowning ambition
of women, whether she works in the Ves- Lord Kelvin, while in New York, said of
ta mills and lives in a cottage or does not wireless telegraphy: “The new agency
will supplement the old one. It will not
work at all and lives in a palace. That she
supplant it. In fact, by popularizing trans-
will accomplish it is as sure as anything
oceanic telegraphy it may even benefit it.’
can be and it is useless for man to oppose
it. Indeed he would be the first one to
Grant Nickerson, of Barnstable, Mass.,
regret it if he succeeded.”
<& a
recently dug up a clam that was 7 inches
_> >
long, 4 inches wide and weighed 1 pound
Deflection in the compasses due to the 5 ounces.
magnetic influence of the iron ore deposits
along the north shore of the lake is declared Two forest reserves, one of 86,000 acres
by mariners to have caused the wreck of and the other 126,000 acres, will be estab-
the steamer Tampa and the schoaner Au- lished by the government in the sand-hill
rora in Lake Superior. district of Nebraska.

Partially Built for a Rotating Armature.

HES 10 DAYS FREE TRIAL.
'e Ship on approval to any person in U. S. or
Peste without a cent deposit, and allow 10 days
I free trial. You take absolutely no risk ordering from
us, as you don’t pay a cent if it don’t suit you.

(|
* used for alternators of lower voltage and
greater current capacity, and it consists of
‘0 1902 Models
WN
Best Makes
Guaranteed $9 to $15

oh
copper strap forged into the required shape
i
( 1900 and 1901 Models {' $7 to $il
Atp
ang and carefully insulated. Both the wire and
strap windings are placed in the slots with- atalogues with large photographic engravings of our

bid|
\ 500 SECOND HAND WHEELS $3 to $8
pe
eye
See
et Bicycles & full detailed specifications sent free to any address.
out any mechanical bending, thus prevent-

pesil i
ing damage to the insulation. These wind- taken in trade by our Chic retail stores,
standard makes, many as nD ew
ings are secured in the open slots by wedges
of hard fiber. 7 MOT BUY RACiOAyPulceS beserTein Bre
Bar windings are held in place by the Tires, equipment, sundries and sporting sof all kinds, at
half regular prices, in our, big free sundry catalogue. Con-
overhanging tips of the teeth; the bars tains a world of useful information. .Write for it.

after being carefully insulated are slipped bik AGENTS WANTE

model Bicycle = our manufacture.
in each town to ride
and exhibit a paraple
You n make $10
into the slots from one end of the arma- to eso a week, besides having a wheel to ride er yourself.
ture. The end connections of the bar ee WARTa reliable Dereon in ¢goch,forn bo —— catalogues for us in
e and our special offer.

J.L. MEAD CYCLE 60.,

exchange for a bicycle.
winding are secured to the bars after the
conductors are'in place.
4 May 17, 1902. POPULAR MECHANICS 303
WHEN OUR SHIP COMES IN.
MININ G
A little child dweit by the flowing sea, ANTE D to interest partiesin a paying shipping
And her home was the home of poverty; _ mine, with large reserves of excellent concen-
= ' 7 trating material in sight; ores contain gold, silver,
She ran-with bare feet o’er the golden sands, lead, zinc and copper. Average per cent of lead in
And gathered shells with her small brown crude ore, 18 per cent. Milling facilities will be at
hand hand in 60 days. Will stand a rigid examination.
ands. Mine and smelter within two miles of mine. Address
DAN C. TOBIN, Whitepine, Colo,
Gay strangers came in their rich robes bright,
But the little maiden shunned their sight;
And shaking her curls o’er her blushing face
Sped away like a fawn that flees the chase. No Progressive Merchant, Manufacturer, or
, Organization can afford to be without
When the strangers were gone, said the mother as
mild, The Elliott Add-essing Mach ne for address-
ie — it dismayed thee, my darling ing Envelopes, Cards. Wrappers, Statements,
ehlid?
“Oh mother, my feet were bare and brown, Shippings Tags, Circulars and Time Cards.
I had no bonnet—and then—this gown.” Our Catalogues explains fully.
She held up the skirt of her faded frock, SEND FO? CATALO GUE “F
Sadly rent by the jagged rock, THE ELLIOTT
And she said with a deep and long-drawn sigh,
“Will I have such dresses as they by and by?” ADDRESSING

Her mother smiled with a grave sweet face, MACHINE CO.

As she smoothed the curls from the half-
grieved face, 48 Dearborn St., Chicago
And said, ‘“‘When our ship comes in from sea
You shall have garments and all things free.”
Fifty cents a year. Send five cents fora sam- Sita te
le copy to George H. Daniels, G. P. A., Grand “When our ship comes in,” cried the little one,
SPANGENBERG’ PR AC Tl CAL
Bentral Station, New York. And away to the highest rock she run.
night-shadows dimmed the ARITHEMETIC
a et a ’ And watched till
ae
$i A NEW MONEY MAKER shore, EXPLAINED TO THE PRACTICAL MECHANIC
ANY
gy ye eee , i , 194 Pages. sENT PREPAID TO
ay
For Agents. A household neces- For the freighted ship and its treasured store. ADDRESS ON RECEIPT - , 500.
sity. 70,000 sold in Minneapolis. Costs Thi work is written forsuch as need a plain,
Ic, sells for 2c. Agents making $7.00 Long and often she watched in vain, easily understood, self-teaching book. A book
porday. Millloes will 7 = ty No ship for her sailed over the main; that will not require »ny explanations by a
show what it will do and it sells itse teacher in order to be understood A book that
People borrow money to buy it. Beats How many watchers in life there be shall enable the learner to make all necessary
—
cents
as .
TO-DAY for samp
a ae For the ship that never comes over the sea. een oe and solve Mee eager ~~ required in
7 i ener ndustrial pursuits and trades. Agents wanted.
; —Boston Transcript.
Domestic
Mfg. Co., Minneapolis, Miss. GEO A. ZELLER
Mention Popular Mechanics. PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER OF SCIENTIFIC, ELEC-
TRICAL AND PRACTICAL BOOKS.
A LEGLESS SKATER. 18 S. Fourth Street. St. Louts, Mo.
SEND FOR NEW %6-PAGE CATALOGUE,
DO Mixa
YOU WANT A The illustration is made from a photo-
graph taken the past winter of a skater
BETTER POSITION ?
Send this ad. to us with your name,
who
legs.
had lost the lower
He was injured in a railroad wreck
portion of both “THE WONDER”
occupation, and address, state what PORTABLE
position you want, and we will explain
how we can train you for it, and help FOLDING
you get it.
REED ORGAN
INTERNATIONAL
Folds up to resemble a valise 12 by 15 by
CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS, 20 inches; not too heavy for a lady to carry.
Box 812, Scranton, Has four and three-quarter octaves; pedal
pump; two reservoir bellows; swell; keys of
Penna. regulation size; music rack, ete. When
open organ is 34 inches high; keyboard 32
inches long. Ready for use in one minute.
Mention Popular Mechanics. Volume strong. Just the thing for lodges,
societies, glee club, trolley parties and open
air gatherings of all kinds. Price $28.50:
$30 on lease plan. Address
THE
C. G. CONN,
BUYERS’ GUIDE to the—
a ;
ELKHART, - - .- INDIANA

and an amputation of both lower limbs was “Tne Mey toa

: American Pianos, Organs made five inches below the knee. So per- Good Sit
{—
and Other Musical Instruments. fect has the construction of artificial limbs
”
become he is still
,
able to indulge- in his ise technical education. Great
industries require trained workers.
The “BLUE — of American favorite sport—skating Caenegins partners — from the
sa S. é pe SKa : ranks. e teach by mail.
Piano Organ. We have helped
thousands to better themselves. A few

of pianos.
An invaluable
aid toal) intending purchasers

very music dealer, and all conservatories of

| ——— F
om SS
Are You Interested in
| FREE SCHOLARSHIPS
in Nechantesl, Electrical, Steam, Textile Kagiocer-
music and music schools should have a copy. A t bil ? ing; Heating, Ventilation and Plambiag — jnelud-
Theestimates of instruments are fair and just. utomoblies ing Meehanies! Drawing —will be awarded to
The descriptions are exact and complete, early applicants. The only expense is the actual
Send for Sample Copy o cost of instruction papers and postage.

Estes 23 ct. per copy, S250 9a See. THE AUTOMOBILE a ane a

THE PRESTO COMPANY, Publishers, — — Year
he Automobile Review
324 Dearborn St., *
CHICAGO, ILL. $9 Quincy St., Chicago American School of Correspondence C ,

4 Boston, Hass.
 304 POPULAR MECHANICS May 17, 1902.

**‘Want”’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents per

line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to

Attractions for Next Week.

anumber, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
forwarded promptly without extra charge.

CHEAP POWER

A SAVING OF ONE DOLLAR FOR EVERY Because Lillian Russell is a subscriber and constant reader
day in the year if steam is used, such is the
safe, reliable water power that goes with of Popular Mechanics, her joking friends now call her “the
Elmira Mills, sufficient for any small manu-
facturing business, good water wheel, shaft-
melodious mechanic.” But this woman of perpetual youth has
ing, etc., ready to attach any kind of ma- discovered that others of her calling like to read Popular Me-
chinery. If a larger business is wanted the
mill contains a good steam plant, if not chanics, too. “Every time I lay the magazine down,” she
needed I will allow $500.00 for it. My price
is $500.00 in cash and $50v.00 a year for five
says, “somebody slips it away and then they make out that I
years with interest at 3 per cent. I have re- am the only one in the company who reads it. I read Popular
ceived more money for grinding feed every
year than will meet payments, interest, in- Mechanics because I find so many things in it that are inter-
surance and taxes. There is no machine esting and of help to me It is the only one of those kind of
shop, lathe, or wood working machinery
here. Mill building 26x48, three stories; also papers that I can understand.”
office, engine and boiler room. My home
Lillian is right. There are many people of other callings
eo
and ninety acres for sale also. J. M. CUS-
SONS, Chatfield, Minn., C. & N. W. Ry. who like to read Popular Mechanics quite as well as those in
SPECIAL. the mechanical profession.
Would you like to know how the island on which Robinson
THE OZARK LIVE STOCK COMPANY has
$3 of good assets for every dollar of stock Crusoe had his immortalized experiences looks to-day? It
issued. It owns 1,350 acres of land and has
the right to graze on 30,000 acres more. Its
abounds in delicious fruits and vegetables which grow wild,
originators cleared last year 200 per cent and the waters are filled with fishes, including the finest lob-
profits on the money invested. Shares $10,
sold at par. Write them care 109 Hartford sters. You ought to read about it next week.
Bullding, Chicago. The best investment on
the market.
You will also probably want to know about how “paper
WILL sell interest in patent on packless money” is made. We cannot tell you exactly, of course, but
valve. Most practicable, durable and satis-
factory valve made. Enormous demand now; we will do the best we can next week. It is easy to get rid of
large profits.
chanics.
Address 406 care Popular Me- mosquitoes when you know how;; the “prescription” is in the
next issue. The next issue will also tell about a proposed new
BUSINESS CHANCES. __ law to protect factory girls from dangerous machines; about
WANTED—An induction coil, 6-inch spark how a county has grown wealthy from planting and raising
or over. Address 412, Popular Mechanics.
FOR SALE—Two second-hand Worthington
oysters; the highest salaried mail carrier in the world; a pro-
Hydraulic Steam Pumps. Address 413, Popu- fessor who says that kissing is no harm and a half a hundred
lar Mechanics,
other things all interesting and instructive. Popular Me-
WANTED—Complete heavy dov ble-string
drilling outfit, 20 h. p. engine; 25 to 40 h. p. chanics is a paper for everybody.
boiler. A@@ress 414, Popular Mechanics.
~ WANTED-—An ice plant of about
3 to 5 ton
capacity. Address 415, Popular Mechanics.
FOR SALE—100 tons soft sheet steel for
small armatures at a bargain. Address 416,
Popular Mechanics.
HELP WANTED. MEXICO—Salesmen to sell Mexican drawn
work in the States. Charles Mandeh, Jr.,
CAN SELL Real Estate anywhere. Special Monterey, Mex,
facilities. I have people with property in the CORNICE MAKERS—C. B. Smith, King and
West who want to go East, etc. Commissions 4th av., So., Seattle, Wash. POSITIONS WANTED.
reasonable; no sale, no pay. Address 409,
Popular Mechanies. “SALESMAN—Are cluster gas lamps. 56 Sth
av., Room 404, Chicago, Ill. z 284
NOVELTIBS—Anything you want, in any
MACHINE SHAVERS—Pfister &«& Vogel PLUMBER—A. Kennedy, 31 Catherine street,
quantity. Write for prices and latest novy- Albany N. Y. 3 5A
eity, non-capsizable ink well; can’t spill. Ad- Leather Co., Milwaukee, Wis.
dress 410, Popular Mechanics. MACHINISTS—Superior Iron Works, West POSITION WANTED by an all around ex-
Superior, Wis. F % perienced man, 14 years’ experience in general
FOR SALE—Second-hand 60-light dynamo,
good as new and guaranteed; in use only PAINTER—John C. Barton & Co., Minneap- merchandise. Reasonable wages. A worker.
short time; taken out to put in a 120-light olis, _Minn. ; m.* , ? : I. F., Box 700, Onawa, Iowa.
machine, For sale at a bargain. Address
408, care Popular Mechanics. PLUMBERS. H. L,. Burns, Spukaue, Wash. HARDWARE SALESMAN. “Salesman,”’ 519
FREE—A fine set of Guatamala Jubilee to COMMERCIAL ARTISTS. Woodward «& Freemason street, Norfolk, Va.
Tiernan Printing Co., St. Louis, Mo.
the first 25 applicants sending us 15 cents in TINNER—Will go anywhere. Box 545, Find-
stamps for our 100-variety packet. (Without FACTORY HANDS. American Can Co., lay, Ohio.
any doubt the tinest 100-variety packet on Maywood, Ill.
the market for the money.) Send at once MANAGER AND BUYER for 5 and 10 cent
VULCAN Steam Shovel operator. Box 746, goods, also racket goods. ‘Hudson,’ 130 West
and receive the cream. The Marshall Stamp Atlanta, Ga.
Co., 5474 Jefferson Ave., Chicago. State street, Ithaca, N. Y
PLUMBERS—THREE UNION. H. L. Burns,
FOR SALE—Desirable manufacturing busi- Spokane, Wash. TINSMITH. Box 86, Berkick, Pa.
ness in the west.. Write for full particulars.
Address 411 Popular Mechanics. PATTERNMAKERS. The Balkwill Pattern STEAM and HOT WATER FITTER, Wm.
Works, 970 Hamilton street, Cleveland, Ohio,
IF YOU WANT a machine, tool, or anything A. Bennett, 739 Summer avenue, |Newark, N. J.
in a mechanical line and don’t know where to TOP BUILDER, seat trimmer. Laporte Car-
riage Co., Laporte, Ind. FOREMAN in cornice shop. “bB. L.,” 848
get it. write Popular Mechanics. Glenmore avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. _
OR SALE—Patent 695,277. A safety switch UPHOLSTERER—Robert
Keith Furniture &
for overhead track in slaughter houses for Carpet Co., Kansas City, Mo. B:: PLUMBER. W. C. Swinington, 1109 West
beef and pork cold storage or warehouses. AGENTS to represent Popular Mechanics in Duval street, Jacksonville, Fla.
Address W. L. Clark, 199 Broadway, Everett, every town in the United States, Canada and POPULAK MECHANICS is the Want Me-
Mars. Mexico, -——s— ‘ a dium for Manufacturers and Inventors.
MECHANICS, don't stamp your tovls. Cur ENGLAND — Electrical Draughtsman for YOUNG MAN of 21 wishes to complete
your name on them with Hercules etching telephone instrument work. Electric & Ord- plumber's trade.
E. 8. Miller, Genesee, Wis.
fluid. Temper no obstacle. Full directions nance Accessories Co., Aston, Birmingham,
and receipt for 25c. Address J. G. Campbell, Eng. PATTERN-MAKER.
Al. Geo. Gardner, 687
Topeka, Kas., 305 Chandler St. Montgomery St., Jersey City, N. J.
CANADA—'Traveling Salesmen to sell coui-
tar chemicals and rubber goods. A. C. Smith,
L. Box 572. Windsor, Ont., Can.

CANVASSERS METAL PATTERN

Co., Albion, Mich.
MAKERS—Gale Mfg.
NEWSDEALERS
Are Earning Good Wages SUPPLIED WITH THIS
Taking Subscriptions for | YOU have a workshop you need PAPER BY AMERICAN
Popular Mechanics. ¥ # F The Model Maker. Send 25 cents AND WESTERN NEWS
Write Us.” ¥ #¥ # # # for one year to Box 136, Station B, Co.’S BRANCHES 2 2
Pfat
al
ra?
edPrdPeaP
abet
Cleveland, Ohio. FA
a
ee
he ee
er
ter
tar
te
ta
Re
Oru LAR CS Eye
— MECHANICS—
BS
- ostrated We Kly
e A 7 as
AS \v
J HF ReviewsB 4 ae

Vol.
1, No. 20. CHICAGO, MAY 24, 1g02 PRICE 5 CENTS,

IN THIS ISSUE:
Nicaragua a Volcanic Center. Shop Notes.
How Volcanoes are Formed. To Detect Working of Check Val
Effects of Lights on the Eye. Victims of Lightning’s Might.
A Photometer. Electric Railway to Use 32,000 Volts.
How to Make a Telegraph Instrument, Part 2. Electric Cannon May Revolutionize Warfare.
A Fishing Semaphore. Thought He Had Rabies, and Died.
Growing Fruit for Uncle Sam. Steam Boiler Incased in Oil.
Sixty-two Articles—26 Illustrations.

NEWSDEALERS SEE PAGE 320. FOR SALE BY ALL NEWSDEALERS.

 ont
~ 2,8.
POPULAR MECHANICS
GREAT ANCHORS BEING FORGED AT CHARLESTON YARDS mendous force. The rocks containing the water are blown into
dust, which sometimes is carried so high as to escape the power
To Be Held by Monster Chains, Each Link Weighing 60 Pounds of the earth’s attraction and float by itself through space. After
and Standing a Strain of 438,000 Pounds the explosions have occurred lava pours forth. This is merely
melted rock, which overflows like water from a boiling kettle.
But the explosion always precedes the flow, and one will notice
Editor Popular Mechanics We are row making twenty that there is always an outpouring of dust before the lava comes.
two of thes vreat anchors, each weighing 16,500 pounds accel cite
but will make more as large ships are appropriated for
NICARAGUA A VOLCANIC CENTER.
by congress
One of these anchors will hold the largest warship, un
der ordinary circumstances Respectfully,
Will nature solve the problem of a water way connection be-
kK, X. MOORE, tween the Atlantic and Pacific oceans? As startling as. this
Conmmander, 1 s. N Equipment Officer proposition may seem, it is by no means beyond the range of
possibilities, for in one mighty convulsion of nature an up-
An anchor weighing 16,5co pounds and costing $2,000 for ma heaval of the land extending over many miles would be followed
terial and construction, has just issued from the forge at the
by a depression, in which mountains, plains and valleys would
United States Navy Yards, Charleston, Mass. It 1s the largest recede and inflowing waters of two oceans would complete the
anchor ever made in the history of the world, and its forging work. It it not to be supposed that the clear water way would
prior to the actual accomplishment of the remarkable feat, was remain the entire distance across the Isthmus for there would
regarded as an impossibility. It is made of wrought iron. Five be projecting peaks and reefs and scattered islands characteristic
inen hammering, smelting and welding worked on it every day
of other chains of islands existing today, and which are posi
‘for more than a month.
tively of volcanic origin Because such disturbances have not
lhe one anchor that has just been forged, illustrated on the
occurred to any great extent for so long a period of time is no
front page, is for service on the United States Battleship Mary
reason why we should conclude they have definitely disap-
land. It is one of twenty-two of like enormous proportions that
peared. The ocean map is dotted with isolated islands, some of
ave been ordered by the United States navy at a cost of $44,000
them rising abruptly out of several thousand feet of water and,
It is 15 feet long, and 11 feet wide—from one arm point to the
as in the case of the Azore Islands, bearing on their surface
othe (he shackle at the weakest point is tested to stand a
lofty mountains, in the summit of which are the extinct craters
strain of 1,700,c0o0 pounds
ee of what were once active volcanoes. There is much to indicate
Che largest chain ever made in any land in any age is required
that a great subterranean artery miles below the surface of the
to hold this ponderous mass of iron he links of the chain are
earth, like a vast river of molten rock and metal and highly
25% inches in diameter and each weighs more than 60 pounds and
combustible chemicals, extends in a westerly direction from the
is tested to a strain of 438,000 pounds. A gang of men work a
present scene of volcanic outbreak. Nature in these outbursts
half hour in the welding and smelting necessary in joining each
naturally seeks the point of least resistance. We have reason to
link. There are to be two anchors on each ship and each anchor
believe that the earth’s crust in the Nicaragua country is com-
will require 2,160 feet of this enormous chain. The anchors are
paratively thin and it is at such points like the thin plates in a
for battleships of the Virginia class and cruisers of the Pennsyl
steam boiler that give way with terrific force when least ex-
vania class, which are now being built
pected.
SS ee
HOW VOLCANOES ARE FORMED. Within comparatively recent times small volcanic islands in
the Pacific have suddenly disappeared. Nicaragua is in the heart
of a zone of volcanic conditions and is the remaining ridge of
They Are Tremendous Explosions of Steam—Time to Fly When
a vast territory which subsided and allowed the waters of the
the Dust Comes.
ocean to overflow it. Stupendous as is the undertaking for en-
gineering skill to remove the present barriers between the At-
By Professor Shaler of Harvard University.
lantic and Pacific oceans, it requires no great stretch of the
Volcanic outbreaks are merely the explosion of steam under imagination to think of the pent up forces of nature in one tre
high pressure—steam which is bound in rocks buried under mendous effort breaking down these barriers.
neath the surface of the earth and there subjected to such tre ere ‘
mendous heat that when the conditions are right its pent-up EFFECTS OF LIGHTS ON THE EYE.
energy breaks forth and it shatters its stone prison walls into dust.
[he common belief is that the water enters the rocks during Bright daylight, without the direct illumination of the sun, is
the crystallization period, and that these rocks, through the nat- the best illumination for the eye, says Dr. Frank Allport, pto-
ural action of rivers and streams, become deposited in the bottom fessor of diseases of the eye and ear at the Northwestern Uni-
of the ocean. Here they lie for many ages, becoming buried versity. Therefore a north window is to be preferred and is
deeper and deeper under masses of like sediment, which are con- usually chosen by dentists, artists and others doing fine work.
stantly being washed down upon them from above. This process In reading, and especially in writing, painting, etc., the light
is called the blanketing process. Each additional layer of sedi- should come from the left. The best artificial illumination is the
ment, while not raising the level of the sea bottom, buries the one which most nearly simulates daylight. Perhaps a large stu-
first layer just so much deeper and adds to their temperature dent’s lamp with a green and white shade, is as good as can be
just as does the laying of extra blankets on a bed. When the used. A gas drop light with a green and white shade makes a
first layer has reached a depth of a few thousand feet the rocks good reading light. The Welsbach droplight, unless properly
which contain the. water of crystallization are subjected to a ter- controlled, is intense, but when controlled by a white chimney
rific heat. This heat generates steam, which is held in a state of and a green and white globe, it makes a good form of illumina-
frightful tension in its rocky prison. It is at these moments that tion. The electric drop light should also be similarly controlled.
voleanic eruptions occur. They occur because of wrinkling in Reading in carriages, cars, etc., is obviously injurious, as the
the outer crust of the earth’s‘ surface—wrinklings caused by the jolting of the vehicle necessitates a constant changing of the
constant shrinking of the earth itself and by the contraction of focus and an unsteadiness of the page which necessarily taxes
NR
LS
EE
Ae
Se the outer surface as it settles on the plastic center underneath. the eye to an extreme degree.
Fissures are caused by these foldings, and as these fissures reach ——_3--———___

down into the earth the pressure is removed from the rocks and A factory is to be started in Philadelphia for making cloth,
the compressed steam in them, and there is an explosion of tre- resembling silk, from wood pulp.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 307

KING OF VEHICLES breathing funnel, causing death lf peopl 1s ’ unti

THE AUTOMOBILE
laces, or those camping out even whel trie tagnatnit

treates
Extremes in style of vehicles are represented in the illustration will sce that every open receptacte tu t marre
water!

once or twice a month with a spoonful of kerosene, they will

below. The one-horse chaise is now seen only in the rural dis
much misery When stagnant por are
tricts and will soon be a thing of the past. The automobile ts the relieve themselves of
the treatment being repeated nee in
vehicle of the new century and while it has been the conveyance: reated in this manner,

ot fashionable people for several years past it seems to have only

every twenty days, in order to catch ea l cc ne wgenecratiol

begun its successful careet

] r oe
The day of the chaise has ended fe in the neighborhood may be mad ‘ ere

rhe Old Centun med the New

that of the automobil

just begun
has The Motor Age, a rec vas a burden The people in an ent ‘
ognized American says:
authority, The rapid increase in the ry miserable from one small breeding \
automobile business is strikingly illustrated by the present crowd nade correspondingly happy by the use of ,
ed condition of the prominent factories. Business was increasing mated that an ounces f oil is enough for fiftees re feet ot
rapfdly before the late show, but the army of purchasers that suritace

made its appearance at that time, and since, piled up orders ~->-o

such an extent that few makers are in a position to do anything SCRAP TIN TO FEED A BIG INDUSTRY

but make promises of future deliveries, a condition not at all

Wetinning of nplate scrap going t
satisfactory to the people who are willing and anxious to spend
ustry in Toronto, Can., several firn read cing engaged
thei money
usIness The Canadian Manufacturs
>
| rmeriy tin scrap old cans, ete vero ire | Aa d way
FORK FOR LOADING SMALL SEWER PIPE.
vhich removed part of the solder and me of t tin, but the
d iron remaining was not fit for remelting | pen-hearth fur
A handy tool which greatly facilitates the handling of tile pipe
laces, Owing to the tin still adhering to it | material was
is described in Brick No gloves are required i and the work is used in making cast sash weights, etc., but the product was of a
made much easier. The head is 8% inches long by 2 inches
ery poor quality, being very brittle Improved methods have
resulted in removing most of the tin coating 1 é eet
— 2-/0°—
he remaining scrap being of a very fine quality of steel or iron
}
nd valuable for use in the open heart! teel proces
tre
COMBINED HAY RAKE AND BAILER

The « neentration of Operation ts extending

2 THK¢ck man in Texas has invented a combined hay rake and bailer whicl
TILE FORK,

wide by 2 inches thick, and has two prongs set 3 inches apart;
the prongs are 10 inches long from point to head and 114 inches
thick. The handle is 1 inches thick and 2 feet 10 inches long
from the end to the head
ee
HOW TO GET RID OF MOSQUITOES.

A scientist who took a mosquito census of a half barrel of Hay Rake and Baller
rain water counted, as the result of one hatch, more than 17,000 is intended to bale the hay as fast as gathered The machine
insects. A female mosquito lays 200 eggs at a time, and the is carried on four wheels and drawn by one tean In the cut a
young pass through the various stages and become full grown portion of the apparatus is removed to show the interior
—_ >
mosquitos in from three to ten days.
There are several ways by which war against mosquitoes may Che mammoth heating plant now being installed
be successfully waged. According to Outing, the best method versity of Chicago will have cost $360,000 when completed
is to drain the swampy regions in which the insect breeds, but
where this cannot be done a small quantity of kerosene oil will Lake Michigan will probably be dotted with row boats th

remedy the nuisance. When a thin film of oil is distributed summer as it is said an effort is being made to revive interest in

over the surface of the water it seals up the young mosquito’s the once popular sport
 308 POPULAR MECHANICS

PHOTOMETER A MACHINE TO TEST ELECTRIC LIGHTS. tained that he ascertains the electrical energy required to produce
a given amount of light from his lamp. An incandescent lamp,
\ photometer is an instrument by means of which the volume though simple in appearance, is a very complex product, and
of light produced by any illuminant is ascertained. The oper- unless thoroughly understood and properly used cannot be made
ating principles of this instrument are based upon the well-known to give good service. For instance, if too much electrical pres-
law that the “intensity of light varies inversely with the square sure is given the result is to break down the delicate filament
of the distance,” and may be briefly described as follows: inside the lamp bulb and the lamp becomes worthless. The first
At one end of a table from five to ten feet in length, is placed external indication of too high pressure is an increase in the
what is known as a “standard unit of light’”—a light the exact brilliancy of the light produced, hence, a photometric measure-
brilliancy of which at its source is definitely known. At the op- ment becomes absolutely necessary as enabling the manufacturer
posite end of the table is placed the light to be measured, the of the lamp to properly mark his product, indicating the exact
exact distance between the two lights being carefully measured. voltage or pressure of current which it is safe to give to the
If the light from both the known and unknown illuminant bal- lamp.
ances at a point exactly midway between the two lights, it is As an incandescent lamp if improperly made will consume
evident that both lights are of the same intensity, consequently, more electrical energy than one properly made, and as the eco-
by placing a properly graduated scale between the known and nomical properties of an incandescent lamp depend entirely upon
unknown lights, it is merely a question of determining the exact the amount of electrical energy required to produce a given
spot at which the intensity of both lights balance, in order to amount of light, it becomes advisable that users of quantities of
ascertain accurately the intensity or value of the unknown illu- incandescent lamps should possess a reliable photometer, which
minant This is done by means of what is called a “screen” in conjunction with instruments for measuring the amount of

———

Photometer Machine for Testing Lights.

which is arranged to move freely back and forth between the current consumed by the lamp at a certain voltage, will enable
two lights. them to ascertain exactly the efficiency and quality of the lamps
There are several types of photometer screens that may be em- which they use, so that if the product of one manufacturer of
ployed, but the simplest and most common form is what is called lamps. is not entirely adapted to the requirements of the case,
a “Bunsen” or grease spot screen. This consists of a samll black the proper steps may be taken to secure a lamp that is more
box opened in front and at both ends. In the center of this nearly as desired.
box, and at right angles to the horizontal plane of light, is Photometers adapted strictly to laboratory uses have always
placed a metal frame supporting a small sheet of drawing paper, been expensive, costing from $150 upwards. Moreover, these in
in the center of which has been placed a drop of melted paraffine struments always had to be used in a dark room.
wax. When the superfluous wax is scraped off a small semi- We illustrate a photometer made by the Electric Motor and
transparent spot is left on the paper. If the light on one side Equipment Co., Newark, specially for commercial use, and which
of this spot is stronger than on the other, the grease spot appears is simple and inexpensive. In this device two large kerosene
bright on the side from which the weakest light comes and dark burners are used, the oil flames being “set” by a carefully tested
upon the other side. It is only necessary to move the screen incandescent light which is then turned out. This standard lamp
box containing the spot back and forth between the known and lasts a long time.
unknown illuminant until both sides of the grease spot appear of —_—_—_+e___ -
equal brilliancy (or the spot practically disappears), to ascertain “BURNING OF JUDAS” IN MEXICO
the point at which the two lights exactly balance—the rest is
merely a question of noting the distance of the spot screen from A curious feature of Holy week in Mexico is “the burning of
the standard unit of light, as instantly given upon the graduated Judas.” Images of Judas Iscariot, made in every form and
scale before referred to, from which data can be quickly ascer- size, are sold about the city. Large ones, made of papier-mmche,
tained the value of the unknown illuminant. In order that the are fitted with fire works and suspended above the street by ropes,
operator may see both sides of the spot card when determning stretched from window to window. Attached to the images are
the difference in brilliancy on each side of it, two small mirrors edibles and presents for the crowd below. When Judas explodes
are arranged at the back of the screen box at such an angle that or is burned up there is a great scramble for the good things that
they clearly reflect the grease spot from both sides. fall.
Since the introduction of electric lighting the importance of ww
—_-?>

photometric measurements have become more of a necessity than Capt. Washington Hight, 70 years old, has spent his entire
before that time, when a photometer was regarded purely as an life since a small boy in service on the Mississippi river and is
instrument for scientific research. To the manufacturer of in- probably the oldest river pilot in America. He knows every foot
candescent lamps photometric tests of his product are an abso- of the great old river as well as every boat and boatmam that
lute necessity, as it is by means of the information thus ob- travel the stream.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 399

SAFETY FIRE POTS RECORD RUN ON THE LAKE SHORE ROAD

In its tin shop hints the Metal Worker illustrates a safety de Officials of the Lake Shore and New York Central railroads
vice for use on jobs away from the shop. Often when with made a record run between Buffalo and Cleveland recently, cov
drawing a soldering copper hot coals fall out and may cause fire ering the distance of 183 miles in 180 minute The trial of
speed, it is said, was to determine upon the practicability of an
18-hour train between Chicago and New Yorl Che ofh
cials are satisfied with the experiment and bx that a through
rain between New York and Chicag be maintaine ta
eed equal to that of the Empire State Expr een Buffal
New York
++o?
HANDY BELT CLAMP

\ wooden | clamp which « ‘ ga

d screw box and t p lescribe \ It

very handy plicing new be ded
rem fron e pulle
y

rdinary Fire Pot

r : _ ° - . V¢— aging
)( 2 4
rhis can be prevented by putting a safety pan under the soldering
copper support C, as shown by A, with a ledge bent around the ) y \
three sides, as shown by B. Then if any hot coals should fall Home-Made Belt ¢
out they will be caught in the pan A and much danger and
trouble avoided belt is about the limit of its use, alt ¢ f nel
“ +> - good hickory screws,
and leave the handles fla 1 turn then
NEW TIRE FOR AUTOMOBILES up with a wrench for a pretty stiff pu | have tv Lmps, one
—_—— . for wide belts and the other for narrow, wit crew ng enough
Something new for automobiles has made its appearance in a so that I can make a glue splice between t vhen desi
resilient tire that is neither pneumatic nor rubber, but superior ible.”
to gither, according to the claims of its manufacturers It is - — o> :
called the Beasley elastic tire and is made by the Standard Anti ADJUSTABLE AND DETACHABLE SAW HANDLE
Friction Equipment Company, 50 Broadway, N. Y. These are . 7

among the claims that are made for it: \ saw with an aluminum adjustable and det ible handle
The tire eliminates the expense and annoyance of repairs in- manufactured by E. C. Atkins Cr ndle may moved
’ ‘ a less or greater distance from thx i Ip sel
ww = ‘ ing two screws The flush aluminun | ndle, made

Latest Auto Tire.

cident to all pneumatic tires, and will wear three times as long; ss
it is constructed on the principle of a truss bridge and is there rhis Saw Handle Easily Removed
fore strong, durable and resilient; the uncertainty and danger
from puncture in the case of pneumatic tires is dispensed with by the same company, is said to be the only ha that can be
in the Beasley tire; it possesses every advantage over the solid “sed for flush sawing, such as cutting studding close t floor,
tire which can be made neither resilient nor elastic without sac- Without danger of skinning the knuckles. The right-hand side
rificing its wearing qualities of the handle is made flush with the saw
—__—~9---@_—_ Oe
John W. Gates, the steel magnate and stock operator, has been George C. Hale, chief of the Kansas City fire department,
elected member of the Chicago Board of Trade. which under his tutorage became the most famous fire team of
iascibeiiaiatiabie the world, has been removed by Kansas City’s mayor for politi
The French steamship line, Compagnie Generalt Transatlan- cal reasons, after a service of more than 30 year Chief Hale
tique, has joined the Morgan Ocean combine. and his team honored American firemen in Europe wherever the
caeesinintececemantont company exhibited their skill, amazing the European firemen.
A Marconi wireless telegraph station is to be established at Every fire company in America and probably in vorld has
Sagaponack, L. I|., and will probably be the central station of the profited by Chief Hale’s inventions, among which might be men-
United States tioned the swinging harness and the Hale tower
 310 POPULAR MECHANICS

hese serews are for the following purpose: When there is

|
Nat taP aA al ah al ed Oe Va NelVeh ealal eles Od Nd Na Nala ValNasMalad As IAI LIPLaNe Nal al ass as ss Nah aI taltaltad™

no current through the magnets, the lever R is held against the

Easy Electrical Experiments screw S by the tension of the rubber band B. When a current
FOR BOYS goes through the coils, the iron cores acting upon the armature
Met
Rat
hashastastrsmre®
of N draw it and the attached lever R toward the magnet, causing
By LL. P. DICKINSON the screw T to strike against the block A. Of course, then the
AS
te
PLAPLAr
VeVi
i
tie
Al
Cad screws S and T must be adjusted so that the armature may move
CHAPTER XX
back and forth as just described. It moves through about %
inch at its upper end. It is absolutely necessary that the screws
HOW TO MAKE A TELEGRAPH INSTRUMENT. PART II.
be filed flat on the end so as to make a loud sound when they
strike the wood
Having made the coils and mounted them upon the base board
The rubber band mentioned is fastened to the armature by a
is explained in the preceding chapter, the next thing to be done
ok made from a pin driven through R. The other end passes
is to make the armature, or moving part, by which we can read
through a hole in the post P, and is held by a peg driven into
the m ie
the hole in the post
Cut a piece of wood of the shape shown at R in the accom
aaa 3
panying figure It 1s 344 inch square, and 2'% inches long \t
HOW TO PLATE CARBON BRUSHES WITH COPPER.
ne end fasten two pieces of thin brass or iron 3g inch wide and
if Tig These should project j inch beyond the end of
QUESTION Please state how to plate carbon brushes of a
the piece of wood Before fastening them to the wood, punch
motor with copper so they can be soldered io the holders. Can
two small holes through them near the projecting ends. Thes«
carbon and copper be soldered together ?
pieces Of metal are to serve as a sort of hinge. so that when
\NSWER To plate the surfece of a piece of carbon such as
a sn nail is pushed through these holes. the piece of wood may
is commonly used for brushes on electric motors proceed as fol
wing treely upon the nail lhe nail is to be held hy two blocks
lows
Clean carefully that part of the brush which is to be platea,

[~e*]
|
with a piece of fine sandpaper, taking care not to touch the part
to be plated with the fingers. immerse the brush in a solution
Ss
K A of copper sulphate (blue vitriol), made by dissolving '4 pound
a T
of the sulphate in one quart of water lake a piece of sheet
fa
__|
/
copper and bend it into such a shape that it will surround the
piece of carbon on all four sides, and place it in the solution so
that it surrounds the carbon without touching it at any point.
60
Chere should be at least 4% inch of clear space between the carbon
°
and the copper.
Connect the carbon to the zine pole of a powerful battery and
connect the copper with the other pole of the battery. Allow the
current to flow for about one hour. By this time the surface of
the carbon will have become coated with a bright coating of
Fig. 5. copper The length of time required will depend upon the
screwed to the base board as shown at the left of the figure, and strength of current used, and can best be determined by experi-
the piece is prevented from moving sidewise upon the nail by a ment \ weak current gives a finer deposit, but takes longer.
small bit of wood in the center of the nail \ teaspoonful of sulphuric acid added to the solution will improve
A piece of iron, shown at N is next to be screwed to the piece the quality of the deposit. There is no way of soldering directly
of wood just described. This piece of iron should be 1-16 inch upon carbon, but connections can be soldered to the copper plate
thick if possible, or at least should be made of a sufficient num- deposited in the manner just described.
a
ber of thin pieces to make up a total thickness of 1-16 inch.
Its length is 2 inches, its width 14 inch, and it is mounted at TROUBLE WITH MOTOR.
such a height above the base board that its center is level with
the centers of the projecting bolts. It should be at such a dis- QUESTION :—I am taking care of a 15 h. p. motor which is
tance from the latter that there is about % inch between the iron used to run a planer, a circular saw, a band saw, a joiner, and
ee strip and the bolt when the wooden piece stands vertical ten small lathes. Every few days the commutator is covered
At the center of the upright board which sustains the coils, with a black substance which I suppose is carbon. At this time
fasten a block of hard wood, shown at A. This block is 1 inch the commutator is very hot, and sparks at the brushes. Is this
long, 34 inch wide, and 3 inch thick. It should be fastened by due to soft carbons?
means of screws and glue in the position shown. ANSWER :—The symptoms seem to indicate that the motor
The piece of wood shown at H is 2 inches long, 4% inch wide, is overloaded. <A planer usually requires 5 h. p., circular saws
and '4 inch thick at its thin end. At the other end it curves and band saws from 3 h. p. to 5 h. p. each, a joiner 3 h. p., and
around at right angles on its inner side, the arm projecting down- small speed lathes about % h. p. each. This would make a total
ward being 7% inch long measured outside. When screwed to of at least 20 h. p. required in the above case, if all machines
the upright board as shown, there should be a clear space of 4% are running
inch between the block A and the inside vertical edge of H. The If the only point at which the motor heats is at the commu-
arm R, when vertical, should be in the center of this space. tator, it is possible that some relief may be obtained by using
Through the armature lever R, bore a hole whose center is %& thicker and wider brushes, if the brush holder will take them.
inch below the end of H. This hole should be large enough so Of course the brushes should be set at the right point in any
that a brass screw 4% inch‘long shall fit tightly in the hole; and case. If larger brushes cannot be used, the only remedy is to
_
be capable of adjustment by turning it one way or the other. reduce the load.
Similarly, a brass screw of the same size, shown at S, is screwed +. —-
through the wooden piece H. If difficulty is experienced in The Cobden club of London has appealed to the free traders
boring these holes without splitting the pieces, bore a very small to contest the proposal to tax grain and flour, claiming that it
hole first, and burn it out to the right size with a red hot wire. would undo the great work of Peel and Gladstone.
 POPULAR MECHANICS ait

A FISHING SEMAPHORE THOUGHT HE HAD RABIES AND DIED

An interesting mechanical device is the fishing semaphore, that B. & O. Engineer So Frightened from a Dog Bite that He Had
instantly shows when a fish is on the hook, and which any boy All the Symptoms of Hydrophobia
can easily make. The line may be baited and set and the fisher
man can give his attention to other things with only an ocea Albert Jones { Newark, ©., eng | ig &
sional glance at the signal (oh died at the Garfield Parl i { \ | ill

To make the semaphore take a piece of plank about 12 inches Lie symptoms ol rabies, occasioned lel thy ig fear of the

square and two inches thick. If a single piece cannot be had disease. Jones was bitten by a dog la g | 1
=
build a block of this size out of smaller stuff Bore a hole in afterward it occurred to him that thx ! ght have been
the centre one inch in diameter and in this drive a piece of wood mad. Although it was well known by others t thing was the
—————
matter with the dog, it was imp le 1 Jones of tl

|i.
aA fact. and the more he thought about it the wor vecame his fright
oO rn S45
‘ The worrying became so intense that manifested

FISH] ymptoms of hydrophobia

go for treatment at the
and triends
Pasteur
advis¢
institut
m to
king
go
it
to
might
(
at
‘] / . x 6 east allay his fears. On the tra ‘ rout ( g
seized with a spasm while drinking water terrorized the pa
sengers by barking, howling and snar g | ferocious dog
The man was hurried to the sanitarir ‘ died in great
agony, showing all the signs of hydroy |? icians at the
nstitute in Newark, O., all mai n that Jon rried
chance of devel ping hydrop! obi unt cl 1 condition

actually assumed the symptom vl lreade for five

months
ook
ELECTRIC CONSTRUCTION CAR
— farsvel

klectric railways are fast adopting 1 wing devices

Automatic Fishing Signal
sed on steam railroads They now i powerful cranes which

two-inches square, 12 or 15 inches long and pointed at the lowet

Gd. Take a thin piece of wood 2 inches wide and 6 inches long
for the semaphore and shape as shown in the cut Bore a small
hole 2% inches from the narrow end and fasten to the upright
part by driving a small round nail at A. Drive another nail at
B within one-half inch of the head as a rest for the semaphore
At C fasten a strip of thin sheet iron outside the semaphore
The strip should be bent flat at the top and not press‘too snugly
against the signal. At D drive a small nail and attach the line
When the fish takes the hook it will throw the signal up to a
horizontal position and the spring C will hold it there. The
semaphore may be painted red or bear the word “Fish.”

NEW METHOD OF CAR WIRING

A new departure in wiring street cars for lights is illustrated CONSTRUCTION CAR
in the Street Railway Journal, which says: As will be seen, the will lift 20 tons, mounted on flat cars and which can be run to
lamps are arranged in groups of four in multiple, instead of hav any point on the line Electric motors furnish the power

ing five lamps in series, there being twenty lights in the car. —
The arrangement has the advantage that in case a lamp burns Stoddard, inventor of the steam calliope, died recently. He
out only one light goes out instead of five. The burned-out lamp also invented a fire escape. The fire escape was invented last
is, of course, replaced 2s soon as convenient, but no great harm
is done if the lamp is not immediately changed. The arrange A company has been organized in Madrid, Spain, with a capi-
ment is particularly advantageous when the headlight is on the tal of one million dollars, to develop 3,000 horse power at a
circuit, as it is not put out by the extinguishment of one of the waterfall in the Jarama River. Current will be furnished for
lamps within the car. light, power, and railway purposes

,
a $$ a — }
f —— — <= — —7 — — — - " on }
3 x
. N
"4
n
x
L |
« x
J l SF
x
\
5 |
1| |
an ———+—+4
> x x x | x
U ua Three-way mse a

-f—— | J
Light switch t | | tl }
ry = —— = A + | . 2
+> uM T RS 7 So LS |
x x x* x ¥ x | /
1 j 1 —= os / i j

= ee a = a ed maz ) Jemims
 POPULAR MECHANICS

Popular Mechanics
‘I give a rudimentary sketch of the mechanical arrangements
necessary for the use of sulphide of carbon or petroleum essence.
H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher lhe raw material is emptied into the tank of basin A, and falls
easiest Building, ~ - ~ Chicago upon the false bottom P. An equal quantity of the solvent
enters the tank through the tube L from the reservoir R. From
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SI
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a fp {
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
( L
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac oe
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro- H
ure from its publUshers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of A
that date
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning. D
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Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.
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POPULAR MECHANICS
Journal Building, ~ - Chicago

Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class.

FIREMEN ARRIVE DAYS AFTER FIRE STARTS.

Yj ddd
Machinery for Extracting Oil with Chemicals
Any Time Within a Week to Answer Fire Alarm Will Do in
France. E steam is conducted through coils under the false bottom P,
eee
and brings the mixture to a boiling point. The oil remaining
Nothing so interests the Frenchman who comes to America in the cake is immediately released and rises to the surface
as the celerity with which the fire companies answer fire alarms. with the boiling sulphide of carbon. The vapor arising from
In Paris the buildings are of slow burning material, says the this hot mass is carried off through the tube AK , to be eventually
Weste rn Fireman, the beams being laid in plaster The Ameri- cooled down and returned to the reservoir R. When the boiling
can consul at Copenhagen was in Paris when a fire broke out process has continued a sufficiently long time, the liquid is drawn
in the ceiling of his room. He relates the following: through the tube a and kept hot by passing through steam coils
“T notified the proprietor, who instead of turning in an alarm, and finally lodged in the second tank C, in which the temper-
slowly ascended three flights of stairs, leisurely inspected the ature is brought to such a point that the dissolvent is converted
‘conflagration,’ and said: ‘We must call the police.’ I said, ‘Why into vapor, passing upward through the pipe H, to be condensed
not call the fire department ’” He said, ‘We shall be fined if we and discharged into the reservoir KF, leaving the oil and a small
call the firemen before we call the police ; In the cx yurse « f half portion of the dissolvent which fails to pass off as vapor in the
an hour a policeman came 1 and looked at the fire bottom of the receptacle. At this point, live steam is introduced,
“In the meantime the landlady insisted on our sitting down which frees the oil completely from the small remaining quan-
to dinner in the room adjoining the fire. This we did while the tity of sulphide of carbon, after which the oil itself is easily
fire brigade was taking dinner or something else before answer- drawn off into a receiving tank. Live steam also frees the pulp
ing the call. The fire inspector said the fire had been burning in the tank A of the small amount of sulphide of carbon re-
eight days. A defective fireplace had ignited a beam, which be- maining, after which it is discharged at D.”
ing imbedded in plaster, could only char, and if the fire brigade hus it will be seen that the process is not a continuing one,
arrived in a day or two it would be on time.” but by the use of a series of tanks and the proper connections,
Ss —
Verminck & Co succeed in making the system practically con-
‘EXTRACTION OF OIL BY CHEMICAL PROCESS. tinuous

—_—_——__~<-->__

The American consul at Marseilles, Robert P. Skinner, re- MEASURE FLOW OF UNDERGROUND WATER.
ports a process there of extracting oil with chemicals, a method
which many persons in this country have long been anxious to The velocity of the flow of underground water has been meas-
discover. Olive and various vegetable oils are made for soaps ured by a unique device of the United States Geological Sur-
and other than food products. There are two methods, one vey, under Prof. C. S. Slitcher of the University of Wisconsin.
using gasoline, a somewhat dangerous process, on account of The measurements were of the underflow in the sand of the
liability to explosion ; the other employing sulphide of carbon, Arkansas river. Two set wells were driven and electrically con-
which is safer, though not without danger. After pressing out nected. Into the up stream well was placed an electrolyte or dis-
85 per cent of the oil, the oil cake is broken into pieces the size solved substance which effects the electric current. The elec-
of a hazelnut and 30 tons put in a tank with an equal quantity trolyte entered the underground water at the first well and grad-
of sulphide of carbon One machine will handle 110 tons of ually passed down stream to the second, In the electrical circuit
oil cake a day with a loss of sulphide of only 1100 pounds. The between the two wells the needle of an instrument recorded its
sulphide is used more than once. The plant visited cost $16,000 approach, and was strongly affected by its final arrival. By
and had 165 tons of sulphide in use all the time. After extract- watching the increasing deflection of the needle it was possible to
A
oO
9
rn ing the sulphide the remaining pulp is sold for fertilizer. Consul trace the movement of the water from the beginning of the ex-
Skinner says: ,
periment and to study the variations of its flow.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 313

HIGHEST SALARIED MAIL CARRIER IN [hat the applicant has not been found GROWING FRUIT FOR UNCLE SAM
THE WORLD guilty of an action considered dishonora
ee ; ble in public opinion Supplying the United States with fruits
One mail carrier in the United States That his necessity is not due to actions from the tropics has grown into an enot

makes but two trips a month and gets $35,- by which he, for the benefit of his children mous enterprise to which many lands and
000 a year in payment therefore. His name pa others, has deprived himself of means millions of dollars in capital contribut
is Oscar Fish and he is said to be the best
paid mail carrier in the world. But post-
ofhce department officials contend that as
his route is the most dangerous in the oe,
a
i
world and he makes his trips by dog sled,
the sum paid to him is quite reasonable
Fish’s territory is in the wilds of Alaska
He carries the mails from Valdez to Eagle,
a distance of 413 miles. He has the finest
team of dogs in the Northern country and
some of his trips are made in excellent
time. He has been given up for dead many
times by residents of Valdez and Eagle, but
so far has always managed to reach the end
of his journey, although sometimes overdue
and occasionally battered up. He has fallen
over precipices, been mixed up in ava-
lanches, has been starved, frost bitten and
injured, but is still drawing his $35,000 a
year from the government and says he ex
pects to continue making his adventurous
trips until snowed under Loading Bananas at the Farms
set Nliedice thane perrs
ar

WONDERFUL RESULTS FROM OYSTER of support; that his necessity is not due to Every important port in the tropics is busy a
—/~

PLANTING. an irregular or lavish life, or has not been every day in the year shipping fruit to th
caused by himself in any other way. United States. Fast going steamers are
-
So great a source of revenue has oyster That he, during the ten years preced- employed in the shipments and the fruit
planting proved to be that the industry has ing his application, has been a permanent landed at the nearest United States har
instilled new life into Lancaster County, resident of this country, without having ber.. New Orleans, Key West and Tampa
Va., which is now enjoying prosperity far
greater than the fondest hopes of its in
habitants ever dreamed of. Dr. W. T
Thom, in a bulletin of the United States
Department of Labor says:
“Until within the last twelve months
there has never been a bank in Lancaster
county, nor until very recent years, in a
section of Tidewater Virgina, almost three
fourths as large as Massachusetts. Now
there are two banks in Lancaster county,
one a state and one a national, and this lo
cal supply of capital is a result of the oys
ter law.”
The oyster beds leased and protected by

the state could have been bought a few

years ago at a little more than a dollar per
acre. Last fall they were worth $50 an acre;
this spring they are held at $100 an acre,
and the price is advancing rapidly
Oyster beds, which were made barren,
A Banana Farm
have been leased at $1 per acre. They have
successfully grown oysters upon them, ship-
received, during this period, any public re- Florida, probably receive the greatest
either by planting oyster “seed” or by cov port The Rail-
lief and without having been adjudged a va- ments of any American
ering the beds with oyster shells and then scenes of banana
grant or a beggar. way Conductor illustrates
waiting for the “spawn” to strike on the Rica, which
+++ culture and shipments in Costa
shells. of banana growing
The British army is to be equipped with is one of the greatest
os
a new rifle. It is 19 ounces lighter and the countries At nearly every railway siding
OLD AGE PENSION SYSTEM IN DEN.
barrel five inches shorter than the rifle in the country such scenes as are herewith
MARK
now in use, but it has the same range. illustrated are of common occurrence
Every native or naturalized person of the It has the Mauser breech mechanism and +>
age of 60 years in Denmark, who is found an improved bolt action. It is provided It is said that some of the large Ameri
unable to support himself or his family, is with a wind gauge and a foresight and can railroads are vitally interested im the
entitled to a pension on the following con- will hold ten rounds of ammunition in the
, : ‘ :
shipping combine and ultimately will appear
tie ] ¢ 7

ditions: magazine. as the principal owners

 314 POPULAR MECHANICS

Cotton Shipping Scene in Houston, Texas

THE WORLDS GREATEST COTTON I am strongly in favor of establishing one will do in future. I've got enough trouble
SHIPPING CENTER. big race, a sort of aerial grand prix, with to make both ends meet without paying
a $100,000 prize. This would be a great such high prices!’”—Continental Chit-
Houston, Tex., “where the sweet Mag-
stimulus to competition and should attract Chat.
nolias bloom,” is the greatest cotton ship-
a number of inventors of the various sys- ——
ping point in the world. Here cotton trains
tems of dirigible balloons. I shall cer- ADULTERATION’S LIMIT.
from all over Texas and other states meet
tainly participate in the contests and I hope
en route to Galveston, New Orleans and
to meet with many rivals.” We've stood for almost every kind of food
other seaports, where it is loaded on ships oe adulteration,
for Europe. The accompanying cut shows MEAN BOARDING HOUSE TRICK. And never uttered but the mildest sort of con

a cotton shipping scene at one of the rail- demnation;

The coffee might be filled with beans by meth
way cepots of Houston, where fourteen
Patrons of a New York boarding house ods underhanded;
railroads are centered. Such scenes are
played a mean trick on the mistress. The pepper might be bits of bark, and all the
familiar sights in the city which handles sugar sanded;
They placed a phonograph in the k:tchen
ee about 2,500,000 bales of cotton every But now's the time to speak out loud, and not
and bribed the cook to set it working
to feebly mutter
scason
when the mistress was cooking. Soon They're putting artificial hairs in artificial
—__—_—>-¢—__— ;
after the boarders assembled and invited butter!
FOR AN AERONAUT'S RACE TRACK IN What To Eat.
the landlady to join them in listening to
THE AIR. —__—_»-e____—
a “new kind of talking nachine.” This
is what she and the others heard: Andrew Mills, retiring president of the
An aerial speedway fiften miles in cir
“Mary, you needn't pay over eight cents Savings Bank Association of New York
cumference marked by captive baloons may
a pound for meat, anyhow. It’s good State, said: “Today the depositors of the
be established at the St. Louis World's
enough for them. You can get it in Mul- banks of this state could pay the entire na-
Fair at the sugestion of Santos Dumont,
berry street for that. You are giving too tional debt of $1,931,000,cc0 and still have
the world famed aeronaut. He said:
big prices for steaks. If they don't like it, $200,000,000 remaining.”
“My idea is that the track should be
around the city of St. Louis and visible let "em eat more vegetables. Yesterday
for the whole distance from the exposi- you bought fresh pie. How often have I A post mortem examination on an 0s-
tion grounds, which are to form the start- told you to save five cents by getting it trich which died at the Lincoln Park Zoo,
ting and finishing points. There should be stale and warming it up? Then this bill Chicago, showed safety pins, pocket knives
a series of races varying in distance from of twenty-five cents a pound for coffee is and pieces of glass to have been a part of
one to several times around the track. But tco much: coffee at fifteen certs a pound its diet.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 315

DETACHABLE SHELF

SHOP NOTES \ mpi bole etachabl helt

REPAIRING A RANGE BOILER with the hands, allowing the wire to pass ee
et
eg

through the fingers of the hand; this ex

eee
«i
ee
ane
-
An ingenious method of stopping a leak cludes other noises and enables us t heat

in a range boiler, which was too large to the action of the valves more distinctly
solder, 1s deseril ed in the Metal W orker o-oo

The plumber made a perfectly round hi ca STEAM BOILER INCASED IN OIL

the point of leakage, and large enough to
take a '4-inch bolt with a soft washer in \ German engineering ! d r
a d uuble boiler. one with nN the eT |

inner one holds the water, while the out

| one 1s tilled with oul The | it ippl ed

the latter heats the il and indirectly the

TT,
: 4 water in the inner boiler. The article de
se
ee
scribing this ipparatus states that thre TT

vantage consists in the much gher b g

point of oil, which permits of a higher
temperature and thicker boiler 1»! tes W

out danger of injury to the met

"
soi ~->-o

FLOOR BRACKET

Chas. Cloukey in the Wood Worker tell

how to make a floor bracket for gluing
up circles or other bent work of somewhat
~ . . ee
r aie bal "
limited width. The vertical and horizontal
/ Pte pieces are 7g-inch oak, %-inch wider than
f

the jaws of the handscrews to be used, and

should make the bracket about 7 by 10
inches for ordinary work. It is well not t
have the floor pieces too long, as they object
Drawing in the Bolt I | Shelf
to being put mto a very small circle Lhe

braces are made of x 2-incl oak and

the inside The bolt and washer were se ' ' ‘
explains thi cl Anyone can put it
nailed on with 6-d common nails Some
cured together and dropped into the boiler up in a minute
users prefer to glue on a solid triangular
through the hot water opening at the top, ~-o
piece instead of nailing on the strip. One
a piece of thread being tied to each end of ENORMOUS PRESSES FOR MAKING
nail to facilitate putting bracket in place,
the bolt. The lower end of thread was then ARMOR PLATE
fished out through the hole, with a wire;
the bolt drawn through and another soft Pres cs Welg ng soo tons and ot 3,000

copper washer put in the outside. Cement horse power, are the kind used in the man
was freely used and the washers set up tight ufacture of armor plate for vessels of war

by tightening the nut. The same scheme These enormous _ pre s consist of two
can be worked in mending pipes and tanks hydraulic cylinders 3.28 feet in diameter
where the material is too thin to tap and with a 10-foot stroke They are supported
plug. by cast steel CTOSS-pie ~ held by four

—_——__ ~» +e —_- 1 forged steel columns. The press is actuated

Floor Bracket for Glueing by steam pumps
TO DETECT WORKING OF CHECK
VALVES. and two screws to hold it there, provide a Che levers that contr the press iys the

simple method of fastening. Once when Marine Journal, those of the traveling
If your check leaks or “backs up,” it is we were crowded for floor space, a work- cranes that support the ingot and those for
liable to bind from expansion, says. Wm. man attached the brackets to pieces of plank, driving the different tools are placed side
Kavanagh in Power. When our check be- and after the hand-screws were in place, by side The work can thus be performed
comes inoperative from any of the above stood the whole busineSs up against the with truly extraordinary facility. The ar
causes, it may become necessary to take off wall to dry rangements are such as to permit the “ingot
the bonnet in order to make repairs or —— to be turned over so that the two faces can
clean the valve out. If we take a piece of BORAX FOR WELDING. be flattened in succession. The ingot which
stout wire about 12 or 14 inches long, plac- weighs from 70 to &o tons ts carried by a
ing one end of the wire on top of the check There are a good many excellent welding 150-ton traveling crane \n ingot 4.25 feet
and the other end in the ear, we can hear compounds for steel w elding, Says the in diameter is converted into a plate 14
every stroke of the pump or check and soon American Blacksmith, but pure pulverized inches in thickness and its length increased
become accustomed to the regular or ir- borax is probably the best. The main thing from 6 to 21 feet in less than an hour
regular action of the same. In like man- in welding steel is to keep the parts clean +e
ner, we can form a pretty fair idea of the from dirt. If they are joined as when weld- Peggy Fryar. a famous danseuse in the
action of our pump valves by placing one ing a spring or tire, or putting a piece of early reign of Charles Il, has again made
end of the wire on the cover of the water steel on a grub hoe, to get the parts to stay her appearance before the footlights and
end of our pump and listening. ‘While lis- perfectly at their place when taking the danced before a London audience a few
tening, it is a good idea to cover the ears heat is half the battle nights ago. She is 71 years old
 316 POPULAR MECHANICS

STOP CLOCK FOR ENGINE HOUSE VICTIMS OF LIGHTNING’S MIGHT. rather than somatic death. Try to stimu-
late the respiration and circulation. Do not
In nearly all cities the firemen are re Seven Hundred Persons Slain in the United cease in the effort to restore animation in
quired to keep a record of the time the States Every Year by Thunderbolts. less than one hour’s time. No matter which
crew and apparatus are absent from their method of respiration is used, it is import-
station in response to an alarm of fire ant to maintain the warmth of the body by
\n average of more than 700 persons
Naturally when the gong strikes every ef the application of flannels, bottles of hot
are killed by lightning every year, accord-
fort is made to get out of the house as water, hot bricks, warm _ clothing, taken
ing to United States Weather bureau sta-
quick as poss ble To keep an exact record from bystanders, etc. Firmly and energet-
tistics. A careful compilation made it 1900
of the time without the attention of any per shows: ically rub the limbs upward, so as to force
on a stop clock has been devised by A the blood to the heart and brain. If an as-
Deaths, 713; of which 291 were killed in
the open, 158 in houses, 57 under trees and sistant 1s present let him attend to this.
50 in barns Above all things, nothing must interrupt
Injured: 973; of which 327 were in your efforts to restore breathing. When
houses, 243 1n the open, 57 in barns and 29 swallowing is established, a teaspoonful of
under trees Alfred J. Senry, of the United warm water, wine, diluted whisky or brandy,
States Weather Bureau in the Western or warm coffee, should be given. Sleep
Electrician says: should be encouraged. In brief:
“The number may vary as much as 10 per 1. Make the subject breathe artificially,
cent, but 1t may be accepted as a fact that imitating the respiratory movements of the
from 7co to &co lives are lost each year chest.

from lightning stroke 2 Keep bi dy warm

‘The greatest number of fatal cases oc / 3. Send for a physician.

curred in the middle Atlantic states, and ee
the next greatest in the Ohio Valley and NAME FRIDAY AS SAILING DAY.
lennessee with the middle and upper Mis
sissippi Valley a close third. The greatest A movement to smash the « ld supersti-
|
; number of deaths in any one state from tion regarding the departure of a ship on a
i
1896 to 1900 was 186 in Pennsylvania; next voyage on Friday has been inaugurated by
135 in Illinois, Indiana and
Ohio New the White Star line, which has begun a
York had 124 victims each. The greates! service of Friday sailing from the New
fatality from a single stroke occurred at York port. It is the first line to have Fri-
Chicago, where 11 persons huddled together day as a sailing day. The new movement
Ready for the “Stop.”
in a zine-lined shanty under a north shore is also significant as it may be regarded
M. Johnson of New Haven, Conn. This pier met death by a single stroke. as the opening wedge of a daily trans-At-
consists of two dials marking the same time Prof. Henry, in explaining the phenom lantic service.
of day, but the lower one is connected with enon of lightning, compares the air between
a rod, through which a pin is inserted. A the clouds and the earth to a great thick ELECTRIC RAILWAY TO USE 32,000-
wire connects this pin with the fire engine ness of glass. Up to a certain point, he VOLT TRANSMISSION
and when the steamer goes out the pin is says, the air is able to resist the stress in
rerroved, the rod falls and the lower clock it due to electrification of the cloud mass Electric current with a voltage of 32,000
stops. On return to the station a compari- Whenever the stress passes a certain limit, will be transmitted 60 miles from the power
son of the two dials shows the exact length which may be called the breaking point, the house over the wires of the Union Trac-
of time they have been out air gives way; literally it is cracked from tion Co. of Indiana. This will be the heav-
a cloud to earth, like a piece of glass, as the iest work of this kind ever attempted by a
STOVE TO BURN SAWDUST. bolt descends. While human foresight is street railway. The three-phase system will
able to say approximately when a flash will be employed. At intervals the current is
Stoves to burn peat, hay, corn and vari occur, it cannot say where the air will give transformed to lower voltages for working
ous other unusual kinds of fuel have been way first. The following precautions against purposes. The enormous strength of this
lightning stroke are given: current is understood by comparison with
“It is not judicious to stand under or the ordinary arc light which, with its 2,000
near trees during thunderstorms, in the volts will kill instantly. The railway has its
doorways of barns, close to cattle, near
OS
own right of way and every precaution is
chimneys and fireplaces, or near the ter taken to insulate and protect the wires.
minus of a wire clothes line. Avoid sus-
pending the latter between a corner of the A foreign postage rate of 5 cents per half
house and a convenient tree, rather let is ounce and fraction thereof is charged for
be hung from one tree or post to another. letters to Great Britain and Ireland, France,
There is not much sense in going to bed or Spain, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Switz-
trying to insulate one’s self in feather beds erland, Italy, Russia, Norway, Sweden,
Small particles of steel, also, do not have Turkey and Egypt. Newspapers are 1!
the power to attract lightning, as it is pop- cent for 2 ounces.
ularly put, or determine the path of dis-
charge. Dong Shui is said to be the only Chinese
Finally, if one should be in the vicinity tramp in the world. He travels about from
of a person who has just been struck by city to city, but refuses to have anything
Sawdust Stove.
lightning, no matter if the person struck ap- to do with other Chinamen.
devised, and now there is one to burn saw- ‘pears to be dead, go to work at once and
dust. When this stove once gets busy the try to restore consciousness. Lightning Please show Popular Mechanics to your
price of stuffed dolls will certainly advance. often brings about suspended animation friends. It will interest them.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 317

“When these girls are injured and can LEAD FILE HANDLE
A correspondent ot } Wood Worker
work no longer at the machines, they find
FOR THE MADAM gives directio1 for 1 ne a file handl
themselves handicapped for life. They can-
which is worth trying
I ot secure employment in the stores because
SPRING ROCKING CHAIR bur | t ng \ Lr
merchants do not want clerks with crippled
hands. If they marry, their husbands must
The latest idea in a rocker is one with be willing to accept wives who cannot at
springs on the principle of the old fash- tend to household duties We want a ]aW 5
ioned stage coach lwo Kansas City men —_)
that will protect the women Ir m accepting
employment that makes them operate dan
gerous machines.” cess on end for fert kip back about
— ial —_——

inch, cut another ¢ e, and then after

SAYS KISSING IS NO HARM connecting these witl nle of “bias”
channels about t| 1 ct grooves

Dr. Christopher Nyrop, author of “His wrap a piece of paper around shank and
tory of Kissing,” and recognized as the one pour in babbitt metal
great authority on kissing in the world, de ->-so

clares that there is no harm in osculation HOW TO CARE FOR ALUMINUM COOK-
He quotes Italian authors who say: “A ING VESSELS
mouth is not the worse for being kissed,”
and a French poet who asks: “Bah! What Aluminum cooking vessels are rapidly
are two kisses? Only two bullets that have growing in favor, but some housewives are
missed the mark.” A Norwegian song says: having much trouble with them because of
“Johannesen kissed the girl, once, twice on ignorance of the proper treatement they
the mouth and each time she was glad of should be given An official in charge of

it.” He quotes from other nationalities, all the instruction department of the Alumi
of which hold the same view. The profes num Cooking Utensil company of Pitts
sor, however, admits that stolen kisses may burg, Pa., say
bring a man into peril. He tells of Thomas “Aluminum must be cleaned to be kept

Saverland of London, who in 1837 com in order If an aluminum utensil is set

Spring Rocker.
plained that Miss Caroline Newton had away where it is not kept clean and dry it
thought out the idea. It will bother the bitten a piece out of his nose while he was may in time darken and this darkening is
small boy to stand on the rockers of this trying to kiss her. Miss Newton admitted largely due to th cumulati« m of dirt, etc.,
1
chair. that she had done so, but claimed that she and to some extent also to chemical action
——————~-e—_ ‘ did not want to be kissed, whereupon the upon the metal lf—a true tarnish. If,
DOUGH KNEADING DEVICE. judge dismissed the case, saying, “When a however, the same utensil is occasionally
man kisses a girl against her will, she may washed and rubbed there should never be
By using the invention of a Michigan any perceptible discoloration. Wash each
bite off his nose if she likes.”
man the cook need no longer knead dough utensil well in hot water and plenty of soap,
i ee ee
WOMAN SELLS HER STREET CAR dry with a cloth and place empty upon the
hot stove for a few minutes The object
LINE.
should be dried quickly and thoroughly
The Delaware Street Railroad of Dela- “Never boil ashes, lve or other alkalies,

ware, O., the only line in the country man such as soda, potash, ammonia, etc., in an
aged by a woman, has been sold to the Co- aluminum utensil The inside may be
lumbus, Delaware & Marion road for $55,- scoured with bath brick dust. Use any good
ooo. It was owned by Mrs. George Brown silver polish for the outside.”
— .
Allen, whe made more than $10,000 profit
by the deal. She took charge of the road LOBSTER PIRATE MAKING A FOR-
TUNE.
just after it had passed from the hands of
receivers. The property was valued at but
A lobster pirate is making a fortune in
$13,500 last summer. Mrs. Brown-Allen is
Dough Kneader. the waters of Maine | uying short lobsters
a short, dark woman, alert in figure, wear
with her hands. The bent wires are to per- from the fishermen and boiling them on a
ing a slouch hat over short curly locks.
form the mixing operation generally per- steam launch which he has fitted especially
She introduced the plan of half fares on
formed with the fingers of the person mak- for the purpose. The lobsters are bought
Sunday which surprised old street car men
ing the dough. for two cents each He breaks the tails
in its great success and made many other
+» and claws from them and has nothing to
—->-?>
imnovations that increased the popularity of
fear from the fish and game wardens for
TO PROTECT GIRLS FROM DANGEROUS her line and made it a paying business.
MACHINES there is no evidence to convict him His
————_<90@ --— |
launch is provided with a large boiler and
4 law prohibiting the employment of The Western University of Pennsylvania he can handle 800 pounds of fish a day
women and girls at machines where they are is to be moved to Pittsburg and will be en- He sells the lobster meat in Boston where
likely to be maimed is being urged by the dowed and developed on an immense scale he obtains good prices from the hotels and
by Andrew Carnegie restaurants. He contemplates buying three
Chicago Federation of Labor, and the IIli-
nois State Federation of Women’s Clubs. more launches this summer
R. A. Hart, who is a leading factor in the The next leap year will be 1904. Every +o - {

movement, says that many hundreds of year the number of which is divisible by Stephen Payne, the veteran colored fire-
women are endangered daily in the tin can four without a remainder. is a leap year, man who died in Chicago a few days ago,
factories and other such establishments of except the last of the century, which is a was the inventor of the sliding pole, which
Chicago. He said: leap year only when divisible by 400. is in use in every fire station in America
 318 POPULAR MECHANICS

OLDEST BRICK PLANT IN THE The paper is made of | the finest rags, CRUSOE’S ISLAND RICH IN LOBSTERS.
WORLD. cicansed howled and mashed into pulp. As
Fish, Vegetables and Fruit Abound in the
it is rolled into thin sheets the silk threads
Che oldest brick plant in the world is be
are introduced by the secret process Land Made Famous by Daniel Defoe.
lieved to be that at Nivaagaard, Denmark,
Che sheets of paper already counted twice
which celebrates its second century annivet The Island of Juan Fernandez, owned by
and placed in uniform packages at the pa
ary this year The plant, says Brick, b 1 Chile, and made famous by Robinson Cru-
per mill, says the Ladies’ Home Journal, are
gan operations in 1701 for the purpose of soe, promises to derive an equal amount of
stored in a treasury vault and issued to
inufacturing brick and terra cotta to be the bureau of fame because of its lobsters. It is no won
engraving and printing as
used in building
a castle for Queen Louis der that Crusoe found so little trouble in
wanted. Before leaving the treasury they 1
The records show an outpu f only 350 making a living on the island, judging from
ire counted three times more and the re
000.000 ht nm 200 veat il ialf of reports of those who have recently visited
ceiving official at the bureau must receipt
whicl was produced in the last 25 vears 1 s the place. R. E. Mansfield, United States
for them hen the bundles are unwrapped
->-s consul at Valparaiso, writes
and the sheets are counted 28 times by a The lobsters are large, of excellent flavor,
OPEN CAR FOR ELEVATED ROAD
corps of women. This is to insure that and especially suited for canning. They are
\n open car for use on the Coney Island each printer gets the recorded number—n easily‘ caught, the supply seems inexhaust
line of the Brooklyn Heights railroad has more, no less. If any sheet be lost the em ible and the cost of canning them is nom-

———

‘w Type of Open Car for Brooklyn Elevated Line.

been built at the company’s shop. The car ployes responsible must make good the inal. There are also large numbers of fur
will run part way on an elevated structure amount seals on Fernandez and other islands near
and descend on a grade to the surface line. ————_—---@—___— : by, the taking of which might be profitably
On the elevated portion the station plat included in the lobster and fish business
ELECTRIC CANNON MAY REVOLUTION
forms are on a level with the car floor. On The laws of Chile permit the killing of
IZE WARFARE.
the surface, steps attached to the car are seals from March 1 to N vember 1 There
let down By the movement of a lever is a ready market for the seal skins in Val
An electric cannon, which many believe
on the car platform gates open and close paraiso whence they are shipped to Europe
will revolutionize warfare, is exhibited in
at the end of each seat to prevent passengers Chere is plenty of fresh water on the island;
Berlin, Germany, by Prof. O. K. Bierke-
falling out The car is 43 feet long and land can be acquired by settlers without
seats gO persons. In case of rain curtains land, the Norwegian physicist. Theoretically cost; fruit and vegetables grow wild and
are let down as shown in the cut which is the device can throw a projectile weighing are easily cultivated. I am of the opinion
taken from the detailed description of the two tons a distance of 90 miles by sufli- that an American company could engage in
car in the Street Railway Journal of April ciently prolonging the tube. The projectile the fishing and canning business on the
26 is expelled from an ordinary cast-iron tube, island with reasonable assurance of secur
- oe : thickly wrapped with copper wire. This ing large profits. The island is about 15
HOW PAPER CURRENCY IS MADE. tube can, of course, be made more cheaply miles long and 8 miles wide and there is a
than the cannon now in use. ‘The trials good harbor on one side where large ships
ao
Manufacturing the fiber paper for United were so successful that a firm of artillery can anchor safely -
States currency is a carefully guarded se- manufacturers offered to buy the invention ie
cret. The paper is made by a Massachu- for immediate exploitation, provided Prof. England has discovered a new gold field.
setts firm under government supervision. It Bierkeland will increase the length of the The main reef of the Rand reef has been
is the introduction of the silk threads into piece so that it will throw a two-ton pro-
foundto extend into territory added to Natal.
the paper that counterfeiters for many years jectile twelve miles. Some experts believe
6ee!
a
have tried in vain to understand It is these the invention signifies a greater change in It has been discovered that beriberi, the
threads that make imitation of the paper war material than was brought about by the most fatal disease of the Orient, is caused
well-nigh impossible introduction of gunpowder. by eating Chinese white rice.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 319

FROG SKINS IN DEMAND

MINING
Frogs ot every kind are now of com ANTED to interest parties in a paying shipping
mine, with large reserves of excellent concen-
mercial value [here is a growing demand trating material in sight; ores contain gold, silver,
for their skins, which are useful in many lead, zinc and copper. Average per cent of lead in
crude ore, 18 per cent. Milling Facilities will be at
ways but principally in the mounting of hand in 60 days. Will stand a rigid examination,
Mine and smelter within two miles of mine. Address
b oks whe re an except! mally delicate mate DAN C. TOBIN, Whitepine, Colo,

rial for fine binding is required

+e
WANTS AMERICAN MACHINERY No Progressive Merchant, Manufacturer, or
Prince Pra Ong Chow Sai Sanitwongs« Organization can afford to be without
nh
a
ce
SE
Bie
of China desires to establish a rice mill for The Elliott Addressing Machine for address.
naking paddy to the amount of about 133, ing Envelopes, Cards, Wrappers, Statements, oa
oco pounds of white rice per day; the ma
Shippings Tags, Circulars and Time Cards.
chinery to be operated by electricity He
Our Catalogue explains fully.
desires information from America as to the
cost and kind of machinery Correspond SEND FOR CATALOGUE

ence will reach him through Mr. Hamilton THE ELLIOTT

King, United States consu general at

Bat ake k
ADDRESSING
MACHINE CO.
MAYBE IT WAS APPROPRIATE
48 Dearborn St., Chicago
\ Chines cook stinguished for mak
ing fine cakes, determined upon his mas
Fifty cents a year. Send five cents fora sam-
rpiece at a recent restive occasion at
ple copy to George H. Daniels, G. P. A., Grand
Central Station, New York. which his San Francisco mistress was to en PRACTICA
SPANGENBERG ARI REMETIC
Yon fl NEW MONEY MAKER
tertain a number of guests. He asked het
EXPLAINED TO THE PRACTICAL MECHANIC
if it would not be proper to have a motto 194 Pages. SENT PREPAID TO ANY 50C
aOR eee Yeas
For Agents. A household neces- ornament the top of the cake. Smilingly ADDRESSON RECEIPT OF .
sity. 70,000 sold in Minneapolis. Costs This work is written forsvch #s need # plain,
Te, sells for 2c. Agents making $7.00 he told him to finish the work any way he easliy understood, selfteaching book <A book
perday. Millions will be sold. You , oss . that will not require »ny explanations by a
show what it will do and it sells itself. might think suitable When the guests had
teacher in order to be understood A book that
People borrow money to buy it. Beats ssembled, these words adorned the huge shall enable the learner to make all necessary
everything as a money maker. Send } calculations and solve the problems required in
10 cents TO-DAY for sample outfit. af of pastry “Prepare to Meet thy God. industrial pursuits and trades Agents wanted.
Domestic Mfg. Co., Minneapolis, Miss. >-o GHO. A. ZELILER
Mention LT’opular Mechanics. PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER OF SCIENTIFIC, ELEO--
ANCIENT ENGLISH CHAIR FOUND TRICAL AMD PRACTICAL BOOKS
18 Ss. Fourth Street. St. tou «s, Mo,
An old oaken chair, which is said to be SEND FOR NEW %)-PAGE CATALOGUPRP

DO the most perfect specimen of ancient Brit

YOU WANT A ish carpentry extant, has been found by Dr
Are You Interested in
James Johnson in the village church at
BETTER POSITION? Stanf rd sishop, Eng It is believed to Automobiles ?
Send this ad. to us with your name, have been used by St. Augustine at the Send for Sample Copy o
occupation, and address, state what
position you want, and we will explain synods held between \ D 590 and 603
THE AUTOMOBILE
how we can train you for it, and help The chair is made entirely of wood without Sa.
\ REVIEW, $1.00 a Yea,
you get it.
any form of- iron work The Automobile Review
~ -- 19 Quincy St., Chicago
INTERNATIONAL ee
CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS, EIFFEL TOWER SWAYED FOUR
Box 812, Scranton,
INCHES.
Penna. WHAT IS SCHAPIROGRAPH?
The top of Eiffel tower swayed four HE DUPLICATOR that cleanly
multicopies anything written with
Meutivou Ll’uopular Mechanics. inches during a wind of 71 miles an hour, pen and typewriter. One origina
gives 150 copies, BLACK ink, in
according to measurements made by an in 15 min. AVOIDS: stencil, wash-
genius method suggested by its builder, M ing, delays and expensive supplies.
THE Price = fete, cap-size eutfit $8.00, lasts man
G. Eiffel. The general effect of the wind

BUYERS’ GUID
years. ACTICAL TRIAL without DEPOSI
Yeats ay allowed by
was to make the top of the tower describe
an ellipse The Mech-Schapirograph Co., 265 Broadway,N.Y

-to the—

American Pianos, Organs Young Man

and Other Musical Instruments.
isa technical education. Great
industries require trained workers.
The “BLUE BOOK’? of American Are you interested in Mechanical Carnegic’s partners rose from the
Pianos and Organs. or Architectural Drawing? If ranks. We teach by mail.
thousands to better themselves.
We have
A few
hel ped

An invaluable aid toal) intending purchasers you are, you need

fgieeee.
very music dealer, and all conservatories of
FREE SCHOLARSHIPS
che Draftsman
in Meehanieal, Electrical, Rteam, Textile Kagineer-
music and music schools should have a copy. ing; Heating, Ventilation and Plumbing — includ-
The estimates of instruments are fair and just. ing Mechanical Drawing —will be awarded to
The aescriptions are exact and complete. early applicants. The only
cost of instruction papers and postage.
expense is the actual

Price 25 cts. per copy. $2.50 per dozen. The new monthly. Send 50 eents Handhook deacrihing courses, methods
and regular terms on application

THE PRESTO COMPANY, Publishers, for six months to Box 136..

324 Dearborn St, - CHICAGO, ILL Sta. B. CLEVELAND, O. American School of Correspondence,
Boston, Hass.
 320 POPULAR MECHANICS May -24, 1902.

‘“‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. to cents per

line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to
a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
forwarded promptly without extra charge. Attractions for Dext Week.
CHEAP POWER

A SAVING OF ONE DOLLAR FOR EVERY

Everybody has opinions, but it is not everybody whose opin-
day in the year if steam is used, such is the ion is worthy of credence. Did you ever notice the authority
safe,
Elmira
reliable
Mills,
water
sufficient
power
for any
that goes
small
with
manu Popular Mechanics quotes? Men, whose success has added to
facturing
ing, etc.,
business,
ready
good
to attach
water
any
wheel, shaft
kind of ma-
the fame of the nation, the heads of great mechanical and indus-
chinery If a larger business is wanted the trial institutions advise Popular Mechanics readers on topics
mill contains a good steam plant, if not
needed I will allow $500.00 for it. My price that are of vital importance to every person who is striving for
is $500.00 in cash and $500.00 a year for five
years with interest at 3 per cent. I have re-
advancement. You have read in this issue of “How Volcanoes
ceived more money for grinding feed every are Caused,” by Prof. Shaler of Harvard University. There are
year than will meet payments, interest, in-
surance And taxes. There is no machine other articles from men just as great who do not wish their
shop,
here.
lathe, or wood working machinery
Mill building 26x48, three stories; also
names used. Next week the superintendent of the Baldwin Lo-
office, engine and beiler room. My home comotive Works will talk on the subject of Manual Training
and ninety acres for sale also. J. M. CUS-
: SONS, Chatfield, Minn., C. & N. W. Ky. Schools; Thomas A. Edison will tell about what Santos Du-
mont ought to do to make his air ship a success; American con-
SPECIAL.
suls in foreign lands will tell of conditions there and opportuni-
THE OZARK LIVE STOCK COMVANY has ties for American investors.
$3 of good
issued.
assets
It owns
for every
1,350 acres
dollar of stock
of land and has Water is a mighty good thing but people can use too much.
the right to graze on 30,000
originators cleared last year 200 per cent
acres more. Its There is the city of Buffalo, for instance, where the people use
profits on the money invested. Shares $10, four barrels apiece every day. Read about it next week.
sold at par. Write them care 10) Llartford
Building, Chicago. The best investment on It is not uncommon for a fire company to make a run to a fire,
the miurket. but for a fire to make a run to a fire station to have itself put
BUSINESS CHANCES. out beats the record. Such a thing happened not long ago and
we will tell about it next week.
AUTOMOBILES of all descriptions; all at
tachments and appliances. Address 417 Pop Kitchens in fashionable homes may soon go out of style.
ular Mechanics. Now they have automobile kitchens that go from house to
WANTED—50 second-hand bicycles at once— house and serve the meals as previously ordered. The next
418 Popular Mechanics.
issue will also tell about how the men who operate torpedo
FOR SALE—Two second-hand Worthington
Hydraulic Steam Pumps—419 Popular Mechan
boats, and not the enemy, are the ones that are more liable to be
ics. blown to eternity ;a device that a farmer or gardener may make
FOR SALE—Hardware store and tin shop and set in his field to catch all the insects; the great wealth of
420 Popular Mechanics Krupp, who owns the Krupp guns and how “the little Kingdom
BUILDING plans, estimates, consultation of Krupp” has grown from nothing to 200,000 population. The
and color sketches free—421 Popular Mechanics.
score of other interesting things that will appear are all “written
WANTED—Aar induction coil, 6-inch spark so you can understand them.”
or over. Address 412, Popu'ar Mechanics

FOR SALE—T 9» second-hand Worthington

Hydraulic Stear Pumps. Address 413, Popu
lar Mechanics. HELP WANTED. CUTTERS AND GLAZIERS—Two, Kansas
City Stained Glass Works, Kansas City, Mo.
WANTED—Complete heavy dou ble-string FINISHER—One, and three concrete work-
drilling outfit, 20 h. p. engine; 25 to 40 h. p. CORNICE MAKERS—C. B. Smith, King and ers. Wales Nichols, 331 Eastwood ave., Rav-
boiler. Address 414, Popular Mechanics. 4th av., So., Seattle, Wash. enswood. -: - 1

SALESMAN—Are cluster gas lamps. 56 Sth MEX1CU—Salesmen to sell Mexican drawn

WANTED—An ice plant of about 3 to 5 ton work in the States. Charles Mandeh, Jr.,
capacity. Address 415, Popular Mechanics. av., Room 404, Chicago, III. ie ’ Monterey, Mex. _
FOR SALE—100 tons soft sheet steel for MACHINE SHAVERS—Pfister & Vogel
small armatures at a bargain. Address 416, Leather Co., Milwaukee, Wis POSITIONS WANTED.
Popular Mechanics. MACHINISTS—Superior [ron Works, West - PLUMBER—A. Keniiedy,
31 Catherine street,
CAN SELL Real Estate anywhere. Special Superior, Wis. : : Albany A e.
facilities. I have people with property in the PAINTER—Jobn C. Barton & Co., Minneap- POSITION WANTED by an all around ex-
West who want to go East, etc. Commissions olis, Minn. j perienced man, 14 years’ experience in general
reasonable; no sale, no pay. Address 409, ~ PLUMBERS. H. L. Burns, Spokane, Wash.
Popular Mechanics. merchandise. Reasonable wages, A worker.
COMMERCIAL ARTISTS. Woodward & I. F., Box 700, Onawa, Iowa.
NOVELTIBS—Anything you want, in any Tiernan Printing Co., St. Louis, Mo.
quantity. Write for prices and latest nov- HARDWARE SALESMAN. “Salesman,” 519
elty, non-capsizable ink well; ean't spill. Ad- FACTORY HANDS. American Can Co., Freemason street, Norfolk, Va.
dress 410, Popular Mechanics. Maywood, II.
BY YOUNG MAN, 22, with University of
FOR SALE—Second-hand 60-light dynamo, VULCAN Steam Shovel operator. Box 746, Michigan and business education. H. Simmons,
good as new and guaranteed; in use only Atlanta, Ga. ; 763 W. Monroe St.
short time; taken out to put in a 120-light PLUMBERS—THREE UNION. H. L. Burns, SIDE LINE WANTED by salesman.—‘‘Sales-
machine. For sale at a bargain. Address Spokane, Wash. “ man,”’ P. O. Box 383, Royersford, Pa.
408, care Popular Mechanics.
PATTERNMAKERS. The Balkwill Pattern | YOU have a worksilup you need —
FREE—A fine set of Guatamala Jubilee to Works, 970 Hamilton street, Cleveland, Ohio.
the first 25 applicants sending us 15 cents in “TOP BUILDER, seat trimmer. Laporte Car- - The Model Maker. Send 25 cents
stamps for our 100-variety packet. (Without
any doubt the finest 100-variety packet on
riage Co., Laporte, Ind. ee for one year to Box 136, Station B,
the market for the money.) Send at once ~ BUSHELMEN—Six. Ed. W. Price, 185 E.
and receive the cream. The Marshall Stamp Van Buren St., Chicago, III. Cleveland, Ohio.
Co., SA74 Jefferson Ave., Chicago.
IF YOU WANT a machine, tool, or anything
in a mechanical line and don’t know where to
NOTICE TO NEWSDEALERS.
get it, write Popular Mechanics. One newsdealer in Chicago who started with 5 copies a week in
Ls Lal
February last increased his sales to over 300 copies a week during,
NEWSDEALERS April, and will average 400 a week for May. He is a very busy man;
se
ee
"
SUPPLIED WITH THIS did not push the paper or ask a single customer to buy one. He keeps
PAPER BY AMERICAN 8 copies displayed in his window; has a crowd there all day long,
AND WESTERN NEWS The display does the rest. Write us for window poster free. Popular
cCo.’S BRANCHES 2 2
APA
PAPA
IAs Mechanics, Journal Bldg., Chicago.
 SUIAN ICS
Fin
Fh
Ff e
e Mec hanical Pre
p
—=- oe

Ss of the wort

Vol. 1, No. 21. CHICAGO, MAY 31, 1902 Price 5 CENTS

Remarkable Cement Bridge in Paris

Sule , ; ~ =,
|

Bridge and Retaining Walls, Quai Debilly, Paris.--See page 323.

IN THIS ISSUE:

Torpedo Boats Said to be Impracticable. How a Boy Made a Set of Wireless Telegraph Instru-
Mechanical Training Schools Deficient. ments.
Auto Stage Lines in Many States. Easy Electrical Experiments for Boys—How to Make
Why American Engines Lead in Egypt. a Telegraph Instrument, Part III.
New Fire Proof Construction. Explanation of Curious Cinematograph Illusions.
English Device to Make Trolley Wires Safe. Enormous Cost of Fuel for Locomotives.
Street Transforming Station. An Auto Lawn Mower.
Wireless Telegraph Situation. Say Islands May Sink in the Sea.
Fifty-two Articles: Twenty-Seven Illustrations.

NEWSDEALERS SEE PAGE 336 FOR SALE BY ALL NEWSDEALERS.

Cd
 322 POPULAR MECHANICS

TORPEDO BOATS SAID TO BE IMPRACTICABLE. MECHANICAL TRAINING SCHOOLS DEFICIENT.

Men Operating Them Are in More Danger of Death Than the Instructors and Machinery Do Not Keep Pace With the Rapid
Enemy Strides of Progress.

ihmarine boat is not a success, many declare, because By S. M. Vauelain, Superintendent of the Baldwin Locomeot ive Works

the persons on board of them are in more danger than the enemy
Steam was found impracticable and so deadly gasoline has been While I do not wish to detract in any way from the good
pted as the source of power The recent explosion of the influence of mechanical training schools, it is a fact that thes
Fulton in which five of the occupants were seriously injured schools are lamentably behind the times in all that appertains
tests the impracticability of gasoline as a motive power \ to the various trades as practiced in America. Instructors ar
ort time before gasoline fumes from the engines nearly killed
handicapped by the fact that to be a successful teacher in this
the entire crew of one of the Holland boats Sven men were
branch of education it is necessary to be in constant contact
sensible and some of them did not recover for a number
with the practical workshops of the country, and to have at
of days. The American Shipbuilder says
“Had an electric switch been ‘thrown’ or a ‘short circuit’ their command all the improvements that are made in the way
occurred at any point this boat and its crew would have been of labor saving appliances and improved methods of operation,
blown to atoms. A death more awful than being blown to pieces so that, when graduated, their students may be at least abreast
penned in under the surface of the water in difficult to imagine.” of the times and ready to proceed with their work in some one
Other accidents have been numerous. The Russian govern of the many great workshops. The financial difficulty, however,
ment regards gasoline as more dangerous than dynamite and interferes in almost every case and in many of the workshops
will not permit it to be brought within several miles of govern connected with educational institutions the machinery and appli-
ment property. This is the reason the Russian navy has not yet ances provided are lamentably deficient.
adopted the submarine torpedo boat. A glance at the statistics If workshops, which are already thoroughly equipped with
of fatalities due to gasoline explosions in this country is ap- valuable and efficient teathers, weré organized as manual train
palling. Many of these explosions are due to spontaneous com- ing schools that would pay to each student sufficient money to
bustion or molecular change without the aid of any exterior at least furnish him with the “bread of life.” in place of, as in
agency whatsoever. Others are due to heat, flame or an electric our present system, consuming his time without compensation
spark. The present type of submarine torpedo boat is designed and at a considerable outside expense, such schools would turn
to carry at least 1,000 gallons of gasoline or naptha. This out men, not only trained from a mechanical point of view, but
enormous quantity of explosive is stored in tanks in the vessel's so trained on the commercial side of the profession as to make
hull. Each submarine boat carries an immense storage battery them a financial as well as a mechanical acquisition to our
in close proximity to the gasoline tanks and piping. Sparks country, provided the ground work in algebra, geometry, me-
frequently jump from cell to cell of this battery and the charg- chanical drawing, etc., had been built upon. The Baldwin Loco-
ing wires. The switches fuses and the various electrical con- motive Works is endeavoring to start this great system of edu-
tacts necessary to the control of the boat’s machinery are open cation.
to the air. Each time these devices are operated sparks, often “_-?S

larger than an arc light, are formed WATER USED BY AMERICAN CITIES.
a ee
EDISON ADVISES SANTOS DUMONT. Buffalo the Thirstiest City on Earth—Louisville Uses Much for
oe
eae
25 Chasers.
Tells Him to Do Away With the Balloon Feature of His Airship
—Instances the Vulture.
Residents of Buffalo, N. Y., use more water than any other
people in the world. The average consumption in that city is
“I am sure you never worked on the problem of aerial navi- 440 gallons (more than 14 barrels per day for each person. The
gation,” said Santos Dumont to Thomas A. Edison, not long people of Louisville use less water than any other in America
ago. “You would have accomplished years ago more than I have The average consumption of the “kunnels” of that city being
done now.” but 50 gallons a day, used principally as “chasers.” Chicago
“T don’t know about that,” replied Edison. “I did take it up and Philadelphia rank next to Buffalo, each person using 200
several years ago and built a specially light motor to be operated gallons a day, according to the average. Milwaukee averages
by exploding gunpowder. I experimented a lot in lifting weights a consumption of nearly 150 gallons for each person, which is
with it, but I worked with a small model and did not attempt attributed to the enormous amount required by the breweries
to fly. I gave it up because I had a number of other things to Most of the water in St. Louis is also consumed by the brew
do which were far more profitable. eries, very little being used for drinking purposes. The New
“T tell vou if the patent office only protected the inventor Yorker requires 120 gallons (four barrels) of water a day to
sufficiently the problem of aerial navigation would have been satisfy his needs. Speaking of the great increase of New York’s
consumption the Water and Gas Review says:
solved long ago. But you are on the right track. You have
made an airship and you have steered it. Keep it up, but get “Statistics show that the per captita consumption of New
rid of your balloon. Make it smaller all the time. When you York is increasing in proportion to the supply obtainable. In
get your balloon part smaller and yet smaller until it is so smail 1880 it was 77 gallons per day; in 1899 it was 119 gallons: it is
that you cannot see it with a microscope, then you will have over 120 gallons now, and this condition has been the experience
solved the problem. of every city in this country and in Europe.
“Take the case of a vulture; here is a natural flying machine “When one realizes that the city of London uses from 35 to
which is a thousand times heavier than the air it displaces. In 40 gallons per inhabitant per day for all purposes and that many
ane
a
a few seconds of leisurely flight it can sweep over a distance of the best European cities use even less, there seems to be
which man finds incumbered with all sorts of obstacles, and some discrepancy which cannot all be ascribed to increased
there is scarcely a flutter of its wings in the operation.” cleanliness.
 POPULAR MECHANICS

NEW FIREPROOF CONSTRUCTION.

Is the use of wood in the construction ot

buildings becoming obsolete? Is the time

ear at hand when not one particle of wood
need enter into the construction of {
house or public building. With the cut
ting down of our forests vastly faster thai
ley can ever grow again it is only a mat
ter of a comparatively short time when thx
trees will be used up and people will hav
o use other materials to make the thing
now made of wood

Iron and brick and stone already hav:

largely displaced wood. In office buildings
}
ilmost no wood is used, the floors being
made of fireproof materials and the walls
of steel, terra cotta and brick In Chicago
recently there was completed a_ large
church in which there is not a particle of
wood; even the vaulted arches are of brick
and the window frames and doors of metal
In the advance in fire proof construction
cement has taken a prominent place, and
whole buildings are now built of steel and
cement. Railroads are making culverts of
cement formed in great arches which hard
en into what becomes one solid bl ck ot

Signe some of them 50 feet long. But one

oft the greatest discoveries is that made by
a French engineer, Hennibique, who has
devised a system of embedding steel rods
and beams in cement and thus securing the
same strength in a mass of concrete a few
inches thick that was formerly possible
only with a thickness of as many feet, and
in some cases could not be made at all
He places steel rods in position similar to
the truss rods which we see under railway
cars, and then by means of wooden forms
pours cement around them. This, when
hardened, furnishes great strength and 1s
absolutely fireproof. The hottest fire may
rage below and around it, but the cement
protects the steel and the structure is un
harmed. This system has already become
known abroad and has been put to many
uses. Our illustration on the front page

shows one of the bridges and retaining

walls recently completed in Paris. The
bridge carries the traffic of a cross street
and our readers will notice its slender and Driving Cement Piles at Southan

graceful appearance. The cut on this page

shows a very remarkable occurrence. At
Inside Perspective View
Southampton, England, it was decided to
erect a mammoth warehouse on the shore.
The ground was soft and unable to support
so large a structure. Hennebique solved
the trouble by constructing posts of ce-
ment These stone posts or piles were
each 45 feet long, and 14 inches square and
were driven with an ordinary pile driver
striking a blow with a 6,000-pound ham-
mer. These piles will last 1,000 years; no
insects can ever attack them.
R. Baffrey is manager of the company _ Section of a pillar

for the United States.

 POPULAR MECHANICS

by illustration. This is called a decoherer. It is c nvenient

Being an account by J. J. Rezab, a member of the make a wooden frame for holding the apparatus in position. The
Junior Class in the High School, at Winona, Minn., of how one in Fig. 8 is a fairly good one and shows also the whol
he made a working wireless telegraph The demonstra-
strument as it should be when set up. The coherer is held be
tion was made out of doors and witnessed by the High
School teachers and students From this description any tween two binding posts with the top cap of the tube directly be
bright boy can make the set. neath the decoherer and clearing it by 1-16 inch Fasten the
relay by four screws in such a way that the circular frame mav

Every one has observed the waves produced by a stone which —_

ee ee ee Se
is thrown into a quiet pond or lake and how these waves travel, - ' *
©) O| A
4 - o.°
spreading out farther and farther until they are no longer visible.
If these undulations could influence some instrument placed in = Fig-1 Fi -2

the water, so that it could be affected at certain intervals,

we could have by some prearranged code a system in_ which O—-: OL
messages could be sent. Now the electric spark is known to _ 2
produce such waves in the air; in this case, however, in all R------ 12 ----- >
directions, and on the instrument capable of receiving these vi-
brations, depends the success of wireless telegraphy. ‘This is
commonly called a coherer. But to render it more sensitive in
great distances a relay must be used. Both will be considered in
the following, so that any one can make them and attain success.
To make a coherer. Procure a thin brass tube 5% inch long
with a 3-16 inch bore and two pieces of No. 18 German silver
wire 4 inches long. Now fit each end of the tube, very tightly,
with little caps made of mica or dry wood so as to project into
it not more than 1-16 inch. Into one of these caps bore a hole
through which one of the German silver wires will with diff-
culty be pushed through. Take one of the wires and folding
the end around the middle of tube solder it in place, filing off Fig-5 A Fig-7
any excess of solder. Introduce the end of the other wire into
the hole of the cap, having it project 4% inch and bend it with
the other one as shown in Fig. 5. Shape a thin piece of mica
or wood of the form A, Fig. 5, making the central hole fit
the tube, and the other two, the wires. Slip the piece over the
wires and tube and bend the wires at right angles, Fig. 6. It
is now necessary to fill the tube with metallic antimony. This is
to be crushed to the size of poppy seed. Be careful of handling
it very much, as the perspiration of the hand is liable to affect
the working of the metal. Do not, however, put in so much
antimony that the top cap touches it. The coherer is now com-
plete.
The relay is simply a very delicate electro-magnet, with a
swinging armature in front of its poles. The wire used is I oz.
No. 36 copper covered. The dimensions are as shown in the
figures I, 2, 3, 4 and 7. Fig. 1 is a piece of iron % inch thick
through which the iron cores pass, and it stands up soldered to
a brass piece, which has two holes drilled for screwing it to
ue circuiar base, Fig. 2. Fig. 3, A is made from a brass piece
14 inch wide and 1-16 inch thick, a frame to hold the arma-
ture, Fig. 4. This armature is of iron % inch thick and has
tiny holes drilled at the ends to contain the screw at the top
and.the point at the bottom of the frame, Fig. 3 A. At A, Fig.
4, is soldered a piece of platinum foil. Fig. 7 shows it complete.
fi g-8
_ a
Fig. 3, B, is one of the spool ends of the electro-magnet. One
Making a Wireless Telegraph.
caution here is necessary. Have the iron cores and armature
perfectly annealed. be slightly revolved. The connections are made by No. 25 cop-
To Sx the relay in place cut out a piece of wood % inch per covered wire to the various parts indicated.
thick and 4 inches in diameter, making a circular disk. Then To make it work. See that all parts are rightly connected,
adjust the different parts as shown on the left hand of Fig. 8, have the armature just clear the poles and not touching the
making the armature be parallel to the poles of the magnet bottom screw. Take a position of about twenty feet away from
without touching. Secure four telephone’ terminals in places it, and make a spark either by a plate machine or induction coil.
The bell may ring. If it does not, connect one of the bind-
indicated by I, 2, 3, 4 and connect with the wires. Opposite the
ing posts holding the coherer with a wire leading to the ground
platinum on the armature fix a screw, with a platinum point so
and the other binding post to a stiff wire pointing into the air.
that it will touch when drawn by the magnet.
The distance may be increased with a correspondingly greater
\ bell and two dry batteries must be obtained. On the ham- spar and longer wing as the stiff wire is called. To avoid polar-
mer of the bell solder a stiff wire 1 inch long in position shown ization of batteries, disconnect them when not in use.
 POPULAR MECHANICS ty) t
st

[he reason why the bell, or other instrument in place of the EXPLANATION OF CURIOUS CINEMATOGRAPH ILLUSION
bell affected is very simple. By looking at the diagram
sees +}that the battery current must first pass through the metallic Have you

antimony before it can make the relay a magnet But for which some vehicle

nately the antimony offer such great resistance that the current along inste

cannot pass As soon as the spark reaches it, however, the lowing

resistance 1s reduced, the current passes, the armature is draw) | he

and by closing this second circuit rings the bell. But the un
the bell taps the decoherer by the rebound of the hammer strik«
he erer and again establishes the resistance.
ee -— pectator would becom
that the wheel
AN ACCOMMODATING FIRE IN CINCINNATI
which is the re il] cause ot

Assume that the cinematogray ( 1 pet

In Cincinnati a fire company, instead of having to make a run
ond. In the cut row A represet expe
to a fire, had the fire brought to it. Behind horses that strained
making four revoluti
their every muscle
under the driver's lash the fire dashed . 4 exp
arrow \s there ar ixteet
through the streets of the town followed by an anxious crowd
sp ke has moved forward
It wheeled the corners without loss of time and never paused
spoke at the last exposure heretore, if
ntil the flames were shooting up directly in front of Engine
attention on one spoke say the ne } rked aot, t t sp
Co. No. 2 The fire-fighters gave a glance at the accommodating appears to move at all snd the wheel een te mol,
never
fire and ti len standing almost in their tracks turned on the hos¢
skid along the ground
and proceeded to put it out. The driver of the fire was un
in the figure by the
injured.
to th spectator, as all the spok«
It was a big load of highly inflammable wood that was burning
It was purchased by a baker at a dump where there was a

ground fire that ignited his load He could not afford to wait
for the fire company to arrive and so drove rapidly to the engine
house. The engine foreman says it is the first instance on re¢

AD
ord of firemen remaining at their station and having the fir
make a run to them KA\ AVA ES
ASKAS,
—-
++»
The secretary of the navy in a naval appropriation bill is
AIS,
directed to appoint a board composed of naval officers to recom
a suitable site for a naval training station at some point on
. . . . . . ®

AD
CIS
—«

+ ‘ ‘ ‘
Officials of the Southern Pacific railroad are convinced that tea Next, suppose the wheel to be mak e three revolution per

can be raised in Southern Oregon and hence have sént a number second (see row B) This is a slower real speed than befor«

of tea plants to Grant's pass, Medford, Ashland and Jackson as indicated by the crosses, and t | cposure each pm ke ¢ \

ville where the industry will be given a thorough test travels three-quarters of the distance that it did in the former
case [he spectator will now see a movement of the spokes
but if with one view he fixes | ttention on the spoke marked
A charter to build a standard gauge road between San A1
tonio, Tex., and Crowther, the new oil city located 60 miles by the dot, in the next view he will transfer | attention to
the spoke nearest the apposition whic] | ppet to he the
southeast of San Antonio, has been granted by the Secretary of
State of Texas. ceeding spoke
As this spoke has not vet reached the position of the former
Capt. A. Albers of the steamer Deutschland, who died at Ham one, the wheel appears to be traveling backward, the apparent
burg of apoplexy, was the commodore of the Hamburg-Ameri motion being indicated by the dots in the figur
can line and had been at sea since a lad of 13 years. In the last case, in row C, the wheel makes five revolutions
per second, and the true motion is indicated by cr Se is ix

J. Pierpont Morgan is back of a $130,000,000 corporation which fore The apparent motion is shown by dot und in this ca
purposes to construct an underground railroad system in London each spoke has traveled one and a quarter times the spac

to rival Charles T. Yerkes’ scheme of obtaining possession of all between two spokes at each exposure, but t pecta agait
the intermural transportation. confuses the spt kes and ( nly lle ws 1 quarter T 1 spact

the movement. This makes the wheel revolve in the right d

The longest name in America was discovered at Wilkesbarre, rection, but apparently at only one-fifth the proper speed
Pa., last week, when there appeared in the clerk’s office a judg- [he only way to prevent the spectator from confusing thé
ment note against Franciska Radwinawiczenabarillaramini of spokes is to arrange matters so that the movement of a spok
Pittson. at each exposure is less than half the space between two spok«
In the particular case we have considered the speed of th
Herman Dick of Chicago, representing Thomas A. Edison, has wheel must be less than two revolutions per second to produc:
formed a company in London with a capital of $10,000,000 to a perfectly natural effect
utilize Edison’s patent in extracting iron from ore on the west ->-so

coast of Norway. The world’s ships carry 180,000,000 ton of merchandise a

year. Of this one-fourth by weight is coal and one-tenth wheat
The rise in the price of beans threatens a -serious uprising in
Boston where the people are arranging for mass meetings to There are more naval officers at sea before in
make public denunciation of the “bean trust.” They might peace times, according to a statement just prepared by the navy
throw the beans into the bay. and start another revolution department
 4) POPULAR MECHANICS

ee eee ee eee ee ee id aa he i ini hee he i i i in ML

‘ Make a piece of wood such as is shown at B, 5 inches long
nd 3¢ inches square \t one end mount a knob,
Easy Electrical Experiments ing a small spool in halves \t a distance of 1 inches trom
FOR BOYS this end bore a hole large enough to take a 1 inch brass crew
he hole may be burned out as described in the last paper 11
Ls
ee
es
ls By L. bP. DIcKINSON
drill be available The lower end of the screw should be filed
ial
PPA
%,
PLLA PA APA A ALAA LP LPLBPPPPPP RPP LPP PPP PAPAL PPS OW
Pet
VUP At a distance of 54 inches from the other end insert a
CHAPTER XXI. I ar screw he distance between thes« screws should then

2 inches, which is the Same as the distance between the

HOW TO MAKE A TELEGRAPH INSTRUMENT
central screws on the base board
ihe lever B is now to be mounted between two blocks screwed
PART III
the base board as shown in the figure It should be
e instrument described in the preceding pape s for the
height that its under edge is 54 inch from the base, and
rpose of ticking cut the messages which come ver the wit placed that the two screws, S and R are above the two
e messages are sent in obedience to the hand of the ope: screws in the base board \ stout round nail held in the up
ight blocks, passes through the lever B. It should fit the latter
tightly, but should be loose enough in the block so that B may
move easily up and down. There should be no side movement
t the lever, however
I: ke a piect of old clock spring, and softe n one end by ( Idi 1g

in a flame Punch two holes through it, and fasten it to the

se board, underneath the lever, in such a manner that it
presses upward on the front end of the lever, and holds the
latter up so that the two screws S and T will not touch unless
1 pressure ts applied to the knob
lake a piece of fine magnet wire one foot long. Strip the
insulation from one end, and wrap it tightly around the screw
r, who works a “key” so-called, which is simply an instru
S. Then coil it up into a spiral and having stripped the insu
ment for opening and closing, with accuracy, an electric circuit
lation from the wire at a point 3 inches from the screw, twi
\ll that we shall have to do to make our set complete is to make
the bare wire underneath the screw which holds the copper
+} }
is key strip L in place. Finally connect the same wire to one binding
Cut out a piece of board, 4 inches long, 3 inches wide, and 4% post P. The screw S, the lever L and the binding post P ar
inch thick. Draw a line lengthwise through the middle. On this then connected together. Finally connect the screws T and W
line, and % inch from,.one end bore a small hole. On the under by a wire running in a groove on the under side of the board
side of the board enlarge this hole so that a 1-inch brass screw which runs to the second binding post Q. These connections
may be screwed up through the hole, and its head be sunk below are shown by dotted lines in Fig. 1. Adjust the screws S and R
the level of the bottom of the board. File this screw off where so that the lever B may move up and down about '% inch
— ><:

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

ees
BACK NUMBERS lo those of our readers who have been
\ ©O-SCREW
disappointed in securing back numbers to complete their files
we can supply all back issues (except No. 1) for a limited time

nay
nt
nae
en
A
E. Y.—The article you request on thermo-electric batteries
will be prepared and published within a month.

SIMPLE TRAP FOR CATCHING INSECTS

\n acetylene lamp and a barrel are the principal constituents

* of a unique insect trap that has been invented by M. Noel,
PLANor + w c
director of the entomological laboratory of Rouen, France. The

BASE oan trap is placed in the field or garden for the protection of vegeta
tion, which in France as well as in other countries suffers great
injury from the ravages of the insects in their larval state.
Every one knows how insects will congregate about a lamp at
night. The acetylene lamp is placed inside a barrel the inner
it projects above the top of the board so that it projects 1 inch bottom of which has been coated with tinfoil, which serves as a
above the surface, and is flat on its upper end. At the other reflector. The barrel is placed on its side on a stand about three
end of the board insert a similar screw. Also at a point half feet above the ground. The generator for the acetylene burner
between the first screw and the edge of the board, insert an- is placed somewhere under the barrel. Toward evening the in-
other screw in the manner described. This board is shown side of the barrel is coated with molasses and at dusk the lamp
at A in the accompanying figure. is lighted. The heat from the lamp escapes through the open
Frem a piece of sheet brass or copper cut a piece 2 inches bunghole above. The top of the Jamp chimney is covered with
long and '4 inch wide. Bore a hole through one end, and metal gauze to prevent the moths getting in and perhaps extin
fasten this end to the board by a screw located 4 inch from the guishing the light. The moths, attracted by the light, are imme-
right hand edge and in the middle of that edge. This strip should diately caught by the sticky sides of the barrel. Each morning
be loose enough so that it may be moved sidewise easily. the apparatus can be cleaned out ready for use another night
 POPULAR MECHANICS 327

ENGLISH DEVICE TO MAKE TROLLEY WIRES SAFE MOVING ANIMAL TOY

VW He ‘ it \ ] ’ | T 4

d f ( et gre [my s

ast oF mame
}| FALLING

in
pel

Novel Mechat

twit drums il d propelled either

animals fastened to the belt pa

rapid succession

>-o

PRINTING OUTFIT FOR AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHERS

In the Photo-Beacon for M

Realizing that a great n
trouble I have had in working dev: ng paper
Breaking the Glass. of the paper being fogged by exp re t trong lig

in that country to instantly shut off the current in an emergency filling the frame and developing, | x
ot this kind. The mechanism is contained in an iron box at scheme Fit a Welsbach burner wit ge pay
tached at frequent intervals to the poles which support the trol (as seen in Fig. 1) fitting
ley wire. In one side of the box is a glass window. Against the paper is not put too close i¢
7 t
| eave uncovere d the sick ot

ots

PROPER >— es
te:
Pr

r POSITION; <ee

FOR aa

PRINT \| [cS —

FRAME | <2
ag
=
3

RED PAPER.
PINNED TO WALL; we
Mn
Cail
ce
F-
*
>
-2
=

Se
—
Sit
-One
=e
+e

u | “a ,|RED PAPER HOOD HANGING

FROM SHADE OF WELSBACH LIGHT.
Now if your wall is dark colored, ur outfit mplet t, if |
it is light colored and you desire to develop
Welsbach, you should pin a piece of orange paper on the wall a
seen in Fig. 1. To produce a more uniform lighting on th Lfo
Interior of Box. printing-frame, line the inside of the hood with white paper ;
glass a spring presses, and when the glass is broken the spring 3y this method you will get more light on your frame and will .
flies out and in doing so throws a switch which cuts off the be able to develop very close to the lamp and g a strong
electricity from the fallen wire. Our cut shows a policeman in indirect light on your trays his method can easily be applied
the act of breaking the glass to an oil lamp or an electric AZglol

a
Se

a
a
eee
 328 POPULAR MECHANICS

Popular Mechanics
STREET TRANSFORMING STATION

H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher [In the electricity works which are operated by the city of
Journal Building, - - - Chicago Karlsruhe, Baden, the three ph ise electric current 15 generated

$000 volts and distributed through 40 miles of rh pressure

SUBSCRIPTION
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
EE re ee ae
Foreign Countries, post paid.......... ... OO
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.

Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan

ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue Is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro
ure from its pubUshers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning.

Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.

Address,
POPULAR MECHANICS
Journal Building, - - Chicago

Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class.

CHANCE FOR AMERICAN VEHICLE MAKERS.

the old time method of transportation by men’s shoulders in

Madagascar is being done away with through the introduction
of modern American and French vehicles. A great road 150
—————
miles long is being worked over between the Tananarivo and
the coast, and the French government has awarded the transport
service to Mr. Edouard Giquel. William H. Hunt, American
consul at tamatave, says:
“Tt is creditable to our manufacturers that the first wheeled

Street Transforming Station.

cables to all parts of the city At necessary intervals trans

forming stations are placed, 70 in all, which reduce the current
to the usual voltage for city use. Forty-four of these stations
are placed on the sidewalk and called “towers.” The London
Electrical Review says: In the interior three switchboards are
arranged in the form of a triangle, and the tower itself can be
revolved, so as to give access to all the gear, one door only
The Pousse-pousse. being necessary This door opens opposite the low-pressure
board, and the tower can then be turned into the second po-
vehicles to carry goods up country here were American, and sition for the high pressure gear, and to the third, which allows
that these wagons kave stood the test and wear better than any for easy inspection or replacement of the transformer. The
others, and have given entire satisfaction to the owners.” great advantages obtained by this simple arrangement are at
(he French pousse-pousse, a favored vehicle in Tamatave, is once apparent, as regards both safety and convenience.
a

finding a formidable competitor in a similar vehicle made in oe

America. Mr. Giquel has found that the latter is the strongest,
oe Dr. Unschutzkaempfe of Vienna, proposes to reach the North
lightest and most durable and is desirous of corresponding with
pole in a submarine vessel, breathing oxygen renewed chem
American vehicle manufacturers. His address is Mr Edouard
ically. He will go as far north as possible in an ordinary
Giquel, Tamatave, Madagascar.
Arctic vessel, and then embark in the submarine boat which he
—___»--e—____ is now having built.
ANTS UNDERMINE PAVEMENTS.
Should all the electric railways for which charters have been
Sidewalks and pavements in Council Bluffs, Ia., are being ren- asked be constructed there will be no less than 1,046 miles added
dered unfit for traffic by ants. They began burrowing beneath to the rural electric railway mileage of the province of Ontario.
the bricks and macadam at early spring, completely undermin-
ing some of the pavements for blocks. The city engineer is
busily repairing the damages and incidentally is seeking a means Fire chiefs from all over the world will attend the exhibition
of destroying the ants of fire apparatus at Cork, Ireland, Aug. 4.
—NE
a
 POPULAR MECHANICS ,°
3-Y

MEASURING THE RIVER'S BREADTH. ENORMOUS COST OF FUEL FOR LOCOMOTIVES

Editor Popular Mechanics: In your issue oO! ( l amoun ft ‘ {

295, in the article from Marine Journal the tota expens¢ I I em

Breadth:” Why should the author have the civil engineer (who ind repairs,” says A. D. P ( ’
happens to be caught without his tools or implements) to turn & Southern Railway f g ng
half around with his back to the river, when by turning only hostlers and wipe ( f 6 pet
one-fourth around either way with one side to the river, until ent more than the 1 t g D ¢ i
his hat brim cuts the water line at the edge of his side of the enginemen. It furthet el
river he has a better level on which to measure | distanes pense of operating a modert
Vith grad ght and et
mption is dependent upo ¢ d t
made \t a speed of 12 m r sucl rcumstances, \s
ton of co \ h from 8,000 8) It tl :
hgure reduced to miles 1 e wil e | g
capacity is 960 tons, there wi fron ) miles ru
Switch lo rn fror 2 tol
per ton tT ¢

per day of 12 hours. The é per ton of vhich hy

vers 1 st the min f 9 atl
from $1.25
to $2.50. In tl ge { g HN
, o fies of the p uh

a eo
than |1e is ever likely to find on the land back of the river? A
even if it were necessary to turn inland at all, then the first leve TWO MEN WEAR ONE PAIR OF SHOES i
stretch (or the most nearly level stretch) of land from where
he stands at the brink of the river is the point for him to stop 1 Ww d g a | t t

and take measurements. gether Both d « é S | Journal

If he stands at Fig. 1, and adjusts his hat brim to water line both had lost a leg apiece. On eg off ve the
on opposite shore, then turns steadily until the brim cut the knee, the other | id lost | ? Q ey {

water line at 2, and takes measurements, then standing again down and bought a $5 pa 7 e, D t lhey
at 1, and turning until the hat brim cuts the water or shore line put on a hoe ipl

at 3, he has a chance to verify or correct his first measurement ; I'm G. A. R. ma f

and so for each strip of level land from 1, he could take an “IT lost my leg at Gettysburg. M diron
other measurement if accuracy were of any special consequence dacks, rolling logs, after h« d thi rh t Vat Wi

J. H. Millholland met a few years ago ata G. A. R é n and swapped

Charleston, Ill leg stories and agreed to buy ihoots as our
— —- feet are nearly the same siz«
THE WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY SITUATION. _—— poe
REPAIRING ENAMELED WARE
“An international conference on the subject of wireless teleg
raphy seems to be inevitable,” says the Electrical Review in an It is difficult to solder a leak er! ele the Metal
editorial of May 10. This it is believed, will be the only means Worker. It may be repaired, how: y op g the leak (
of settling the antagonistic confusion over the new invention that with a small reamer to thi e of pound ft tinned rivet
now prevails throughout the world. In the course of the ed Then place a rivet, B, on the ded \ lp
itorial, the Review says:
“What is evidently coming is a long and hard-fought legal
battle between the various patentees It seems today as if some ’ — >
of the more spectacular results that have been obtained hay e | <> | e
been due to the use of secret methods and not to those disclose d

in the patents on file in the various patent offices. It is claime } « \

by several inventors that a more or less perfect method of tuning
or selective signaling has been invented, although the details enon om ae aaa
have not been made public Until this is done it does not seem

Z|
—————. j
unwis¢ to loc k somewhat askance at the claims so often mad
and so loudly reiterated without ihe kind of demonstration that
appeals to the engineering fraternity. For military and naval
purposes the value of wireless signalling will probably be much s
al |
greater
so
in time of peace than in time
easily interfered with that a method of disturbing them would
of war. The signals are
|
be extremely easy to apply. Selective or tuned systems will be
of no earthly use for marine purposes. What seems to be needed Repairing Enameled Ware
in sea signaling is a universally applicable method by which a
ve ssel in distress could send out its call for help in such a way the vessel C over the rivet where required. The rivet should
that it could be received by any other ship provided with any then be spread with the hammer, as shown by D, setting it down
variety of wireless signalling apparatus that happened to be in well with the rivet set, as at E. Ifa soft rivet is used the open-
range.” ing in the vessel will become perfectly tight without any sol-
—_-> dering.
Waterproof shirts and hats are made from salmon hide by a -
the Eskimos in Alaska. They also cut from codfish skin, jackets In lighting the beacon lights in the upper Mississippi gasolin
which are said to be very serviceable garments launches have taken the place of ww boats
 330 POPULAR MECHANICS
AN AUTO LAWN MOWER preconcerted pl on the pi f Unite THE AUTOMOBILE KITCHEN, THE
Sta ff ifford grounds for war LATEST
d te rouse t pe rte igal t Sp <

essen the cet é An “Automobile kitchen” that w rve

Sailieiieal meals hot to the occupants of residences,
STEAMER WRECKED WITH $1,500,000 office blocks and apartment buildings
GOLD ABOARD. where cooking is not permitted is to be
the latest thing in the horseless wagon line
set Pi Sakkaral ' in America. Such a service, which has
$1,500,000 in gold specie on board, has be ready been successfully tried in Engl
ne a loss at H in Island, off is proposed for New York and Chicag

oe ee © specie Was ems In London the device is called an “Electt

remitted by the Chilean government to Kitchen Car.” When the new service
Hamburg, Germany Sakkarah be
installed it may do away with kitchens
longed to the Cosmos line of Hamburg. It
together in the finer houses Phe machins
was a ship of 2,965 tons, built in New
is itself a kitchen on wheels which prepares
Castle, Eng., in 1897, with length of 365
meals in transit and brings them to th
feet, breadth of 40 feet. and drew 27 feet
houses and apartments as ordered, hot
ot water
cold, and at exactly the time desired
>>
Cutting Grass in Style.
Theodore G. Chambers, managing director
ONLY ONE PAIR OF [fHESE SHOES
vention in lawn cutting comes into general of the British Electromobile Company,
EVER MADE.
{ The American Artisan describes a Ltd., in the Electrical Review, says:
motor lawn mower which is primarily in “The Distributing Kitchens, Ltd., has
\ style of foot gear, unlike anything been running a constant service of dinner
tended for use in parks, cemeteries and ever worn before in the history of the
places where a large amount of cutting is deliveries throughout the entire winter
world, has just appeared in the shape of The service has given great satisfaction, 1
required. One of these motor machines
will do the work of 20 hand machines failure to deliver up to time having oc
curred on any single occasion during the
——s
term of contract, which says much for the
FAVORS RUBBER TIRES FOR FIRE
reliability of the electric car The com
WAGONS.
pany will soon put a large number of cars
Chief Baxter of the Philadelphia Fire in service.”
Department says that he favors the use of ++. —
solid rubber tires for fire engines instead A HORSELESS, DUSTLESS STREET
of the heavy steel tires now used. He SWEEPER.
believes that the first cost would be saved

in repairs and sparing of horses. This con- \ Chicagoan claims to have invented
clusion is arrived at after experiments with “horseless, dustless street sweeper.” His
rubber tires on heavy public vehicles in name is Peter Green, formerly a city in
Philadelphia and New York. spector, and no relative of Darius Green,
ee ee of flying machine fame. The motive power
TO KNOW WHO BLEW UP THE MAINE. of the device is to be a gasoline motor. A
system of fans which operates with suction
Senator Mason has introduced a bill for tubes will take up all the dust.
the appointment of three naval experts,
such as Admiral Dewey, Capt. Sigsbee and MAKE PAPER FROM SUGAR CANE
Lieut. Hobson, to superintend the raising REFUSE.
of the Maine, so that the country may know
Twenty-strap Sandal. Experiments made at the sugar factory
who was responsible for the destruction of
the battleship. The bill provides for an what is called “twenty-strap sandals,” a of Mr. Cunningham, at Sugarland, Tex.,
appropriation of $100,000 for removing the pair of which were made especially for near Houston, have demonstrated that the
wreck from Havana harbor and $50,000 for Anna Held. They cost the actress $50, and refuse of sugar cane, known as bagasse,
the expenses of the commission. There are the only pair ever produced of the may be made to yield a superior quality of
have been all kinds of charges relative to kind. Hervey E. Guptill, Haverhill, Mass., light and heavy wrapping paper of splen-
the blowing up of the Maine, but as yet were the manufacturers. The sandals were did texture and strength. The Southern
absolutely nothing reliable is known, and cut from Corona kid, which the manufac- Industrial Review says: ,
the act that brought on the Spanish-Amer- turers say was the only patent leather “The supply of bagasse in Texas and
ican war is still shrouded in deepest mys found with sufficient strength, light weight, Louisiana is almost without end, and it is
tery. It was charged by people of the spread and luster to give satisfaction. The possible that the waste may be so utilized
United States that Spaniards committed exact size and measurements of the boot as to produce paper for printing and thus
the deed through malice. Some have are as follows: No. 3'4, D width, ankle partially take the place of wood pulp.”
claimed that it was the work of Cubans, 8% inches, calf 141% inches, knee, 13% a
who thus schemed to lay the crime on inches, top 23 inches, height 26 inches. WHAT THEY SAY.
Spain and enlist the aid of the United
States. It has been charged that it was Manual San Clemente, president of Co- “I am very much pleased with Popular
the work of Englishmen, who sought to lombia, who was practically deposed by the Mechanics, ‘written so you can understand
ow,
ee bring on the war. But the most serious vice-president, Dr. J. M. Marroquin, in it.” Commence my subscription at once
charge, made by some Spanish officials, is August, 1900, died at Viletta, March 109, at and begin with the first number.” Ernest
that the blowing up of the Maine was a the age of 90 years. Schmid, Zurich, Switzerland.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 331

SIMPLE TOOL RACK

SHOP NOTES

HOW TO HARDEN BRASS AND MAKE in mere ed rate of tlow t enr

SPRINGS. as more water, 1 del ered lv

pipe his ha ] l bee ccurately detet

Br ( 1 bn rdened by namn ering oO mined, but the tendency has beet |

running through rollers while cold, says direction, so far observed The tip
the American Blacksmith lo make a not reduced, but left full siz incl
coiled spring, say a 5-16 spring, take a ! Water for mixing tained by ope
inch iron rod, puf a crank on it or bend to ing : After receive! ] i hee npti

of the solvent, the remaining watet

be drawn off, leaving the receiver quite
empty, then with valves E and D t and — st -
Tet Meta, WORRLA

valve A open, fill receiver with the solvent

ay | ee ne Mh ?

SSS SSE Worker \ I { I a

\ 1 1

en 6 on ye an —j= 7
rip ¢ I 8] } wi ( ( tiv

cHA
! tieretl
; ‘ t 1 }

—
pping ou '
} 1

| B

[ comnsnenmammnnnaiiegy
} 1) ( DT pe

‘ i r

| >--so

)
shape of crank and let it run out at one }
|
end. Bore a hub in a block of wood |

\| erned | \ IK », t
the iron will fit tight, and run it through |} }

o : f
faste n your wire on it and wind it on by |i
turning tl ie crank, having your spool post | from R OO |

so you can hold it tight enough to seretch

genera |
|

the wire \ )

+++ iver.
}
a ©
d } Vv" | }

FEEDING BOILER COMPOUNDS. il| DH A “WHc

J dwells 1g t] ?

the ordinar ' é

In the May Power. J. P Cosgre d« lanager | I i !

scribes a device he has made and used with

FROM
. j {{) to from the 7 d
pnFEED _ > e.
F _ ~~~" >
- Veonen
good results for feeding solvents into boil vanced technical 1 academi tucdic
. Power, N.Y’.
ers. He says: furnished fre¢ | vealtl f the present
FIG. 2.
By observing the gage glass the feed can Krupp, Friedrich Alfred, the grandson of
the man who spent his life in the search
mixed to the proper consistency, air cock
fc r the secrets that have greatly en
B allowing the air to escape, then close A
riched his offspring enormou The in
and B, open E and give D about a quarter f more
dustry yield it nnual income
turn open and the machine will deliver its
than $4,000,000 greater tl that f the
contents slowly and _ steadily
German Emper He t full
+e
trains Of cat nitt locomotive ten ocean
CORE-DRAWING MORTISING CHISEL liners. more than a hundred isting ves
sels and a railroad with as many miles of
A writer in the Wood Worker thus de
track as the New York Lent! V et the
scribes a handy tool which any mechanic
condition of Krupp’s employe aid to be
can easily make.
ideal Individual effort ied and
Take an ordinary chisel and file the bot
intelligent work rewarded father {
tom of groove a trifle wider than top, as
A the present head of the neern was Alfred
indicated at C in sketch, and a trifle wider
Krupp inventor 1 1 Kr pp 2

+o
“al
— l> nT}

|
——

TO CUT ENDS OF STEEL TIRES

enti / - OE SI ea
open SE &
. SHUT I have a simple way of cutting off ends
at A than B, he will have no more troubl of steel tires. or any iron. with the aid of a
—— ——— with tight cores A long bevel on insid helper, writes J. L. Painter in the Ameri

FIG. I. edges, as indicated by dotted lines, also can Blacksmith I take a heavy three-cor

blunt bevel on lips, will greatly improve the nered file and break it up into two or
be regulated quite accurately, and once the crawing qualities of the chisel three-inch lengths, and draw the temper,
desired average flow is obtained, the hand- ee - 4 when they are ready to use. I lay the file
wheel on the globe feed valve D should Admiral Schley said: “TI regret much the on the anvil and place the tire on top and
be marked for future reference. death of Admiral Sampson and I sympathize have the helper strike, after which I turn
The flow of the feed water about the tip with his family No one has ever heard the tire. give it another blow and off it
F in the direction indicated seems to cre- me utter an unkind w rd against him.” comes
 vw ~ t ? POPULAR MECHANICS

AMERICA IS PROUD OF ALASKA Such extreme care is being taken to in SAY ISLANDS MAY SINK IN THE SEA.
sure perfect accuracy that the normal clocks
\laska is rapidly becoming one of Unclk at each end are corrected by means of astral Jamaica, Princess of the Antilles, the Most
Sam's most important possessions. Since observations before the results are record- Beautiful Spot of the Volcanic Area.
1896 the Klondike gold fields have been ed.
1 .
aiscovered
j ont
and
ote
the
: ++
country
ee
newly
a
popula Numbers of French scientists gather each One of t the most important and pictur-
1
( gold amounting to $75,000,000 has bee night at the observatories to watch the esque of the West Indian Islands, which
taken from the Yukon region; the acquir« experiments in the belief that the impor-
ment of the Philippines has given great im tant astronomical correction is about to be
portance
“+
to a direct route along the Alaska
+ ascertained
—__»<-o—_—
coast between North America and the new
} LABOR IN MEXICO.
possessions; the discovery of gold on thi
beach at Nome brought 30,000 people to this
Labor
in Mexico is apparently cheap but
part of Alaska and resulted in an output
really
about three times as expensive as
of $5,000,000 of gold annually or more than Contractors state that
in the United States
twice as much as all Alaska had previously an American mason at $8 per day Mexican
yi Ided: the \laska Salmon Fisheries, in silver ($4 American money) will do as
their infancy in 1896, says Harrington Em much work as 20 Mexicans at $1.25 per
erson in the Engineering Magazine for day. A Mexican bricklayer will lay on an
May, have yrown in 1902 to great compa average of 200 bricks per day; an American
nies, capitalized for $20,000,000, with net will lay 3,000 per day The Mexican brick
carnings last year of more than $2,000,000 layer will require two or three tenders while
and employing 10,000 men; two railroads in American tender will attend to two
have been built, one of which cost $4,000, American _ bricklayers Consul General
ooo and last year earned $3,000,000 net; the Barlow of Mexico city says:
other a little road five miles long earned “Any American who works for a salary
Rafting—A Popular Sport.
can earn as much in the United States as
$80,000,000 net; new coal fields of great
in Mexico, and in the United States he can are now attracting world wide attention
value have been discovered.
enjoy many advantages that he cannot enjoy because of the recent disastrous earth
here. Mexico is a bad place for a young quakes, is Jamaica, known as “the princess
MORGAN SMOKES CIGARS 8 INCHES of the Antilles.” This island and its une-
inexperienced man without ample funds in
LONG. qualled scenery has long been a favored re
any line he chooses to follow. No man
working for a salary should come to Mex sort for American tourists in winter time
J. Pierpont Morgan smokes large cigars
ico without a definite engagement in ad- According to Prof. Angelo Heilprin, the
as a rule, but since his visit to Jekyl Island
vance at a better salary than he is able to eminent authority on volcanology, Jamaica,
he has added to his possessions a style of
earn in the United States or without suffi with the other islands of the West Indian
cigar that is at once a novelty and a won
der. He gave one to Douglas Robinson,
real estate dealer and brother-in-law of
President Roosevelt.
Mr. Robinson made a short call at Mr.
Morgan’s office, and when he was leaving
Mr. Morgan pulled out of his desk a box of
his new brand of cigars
“What do you call these?” said Mr. Rob-
inson. “Smokelets?” he inquired, as Mr
Morgan tendered him one.
“A new style,” said Mr. Morgan. As
Mr. Robinson went out of the office, across
Wall street, he attracted general attention
Men hurrying home paused a moment to
look at the huge cigar. It was fully eight
inches in length and correspondingly thick.
On the seal were Mr. Morgan’s initials,
“2. ae
4+.
-_--?S

CORRECTING NORMAL CLOCKS.

The proposed determination of the dif

ference in astronomical longitude between A Wonderful Field of Hyacinths.
Paris and Greenwich is now in progress
nightly. The observations of the two cities cient funds to live for several months while reef, may sink into the sea from the effects
are connected directly by telegraph for the seeking employment and with which to re- of the recent eruptions of Mont Pelee and
purpose of ascertaining accurately the dif- turn to his home if unsuccessful in finding the Soufriere. All the island of Jamaica is
ference between the normal clocks. work.” —_____§9-@—__—_ of volcanic formation. Prof. Heilprin
Th two French astronomers, MM. Renan There are 4,800 millionaries in the says:
and Bigourden. who are conducting the ex- United States, New York state having “The volcanoes of Martinique and St.
periments in Paris, intend shortly to inter- more than any other, 1,045; Massachusetts, Vincent and of the neighboring islands of
change stations with the two English as- 475, and Illinois 229. North Dakota is the the Caribbean, are situated in a region of
tronomers at Greenwich in order “to make only state that cannot boast of more than extreme weakness of the earth’s crust,
eet
ee
SI
EN allowance for the personal equation.” one. which has its parallell in the Mediterranean
 POPULAR MECHANICS 333

AUTQMOBILE STAGE LINES IN MANY

STATES

M g
M ¢
p not I be
betwee! )

Mt. Clen \
tomobile 1 I e }

lington dep Lis |

New Jersey Bet wee | g Brancl |
Asbury Parl \ugustus (
others, promoter between Cranbury d
Trenton and between Highst nand New
srunswick Mi Betw St. |
and Creve Coeur lennesse Between
Smithville and Watertow DeKalb
county. lex Betweet Abies

Brownsville, a distance of 100 mile (

necticut The Woodbury stage line, now
in operation, Mess: Stockbine and Boyd
promoters. Californi: Between San J
and Alvis Li Gatos and Saratoga, and

a line near Bakersfield

Southern Pacific and
South Dakota Pro
Roaring River Falls.
Falls, instead of electric line, Clark Coates,
promoter. Georgia: Street line at Macon
basin on the opposite side of the Atlantic. many declare to be a grander spectacle
Oregon: Between Portland, Gresham and
This American region of weakness extends than Niagara Here beautiful hyacinths
Mount Hood Wisconsin Between Mil
westward from the Lesser Antilles across grow wild and are often cultivated in great
waukee and Cedarburg Ohio From
the Gulf of Mexico into Mexico proper, fields by the natives who sell them to tour
Hillsboro to Chill the lowa Between
? +

where are located some of the loftiest vol ists. Rafting in the swift currents of the
Dubuque and East Dubuque. Indiana: B«
canoes of the globe. mountainous streams is among the principal
tween Redkey and Dunkirk Pennsyl-
“Volcanoes of Costo Rica, Nicaragua and sports of the natives. The tourist world
vania: Between McKeesport and River
Guatemala have been repeatedly active, is awe-stricken by the prediction that fair view Park. New York Stage route in
some almost to the present time, many Jamaica may be buried under the sea. Brooklyn along Ocean avenue, Patchogue
with destructive effect and it should be no owe
Illinois Auto-bus line between the heart
surprise to have some of them burst out AMERICA’S ENORMOUS PRODUCTS. of the city and depots, now operation,
with vigor and intensity as Mont Pelee or and proposed line to the North Shor
the Soufriere. The constant eruptions of ——
Enough coal was produced in the United
rock, lava and ashes, you must know,
OPENING FOR AN HONEST MAN
means that a hole, as it were, is being made States last year to give three and a half
in the bosom of the earth. When this hole tons to every one of the 76,000,000 men,

reaches a great size, that which is above women and children in the country. The \ Chicagoan went to New York recently
ind ran across hi ld friend John W
(ates

He lim 1 what you d 9

erer asked Gates

“Well, I a red of being supported |
my father nd thought I would come to
Wall street and try to earn an honest liv
ing. Di 1 think there ny chance fot
me
“Well,” said Gate after thinking a f aeee
minutes There onght to be ~—
as
have much comp¢
<-oh=,
->-s

FIREMEN OUTNUMBER SOLDIERS

Cutting Sugar Cane.
~
There are more United
will be without support and then subsi- gold output was enough to give every one States than there are soldiers in the
dence must follow.” of these inhabitants a gold dollar lf all standing army. New York has 6,100 fire-
Every winter hundreds of Americans the petroleum produced during the year men; Chicago, 1,200; San Francisco, 430
visit Jamaica on board the ships of the were put in standard barrels, placed in a There are 65,000 paid firemen in the
United Fruit company’s fleet. Jamaica is row touching each other, the line would United State 100,000 volunteer fire
the home of the Roaring river falls. which completely belt the earth men.
 334 POPULAR MECHANICS

A MILLION OF MILLIONS OF YEARS

REQUIRED.

Prot

n
Woodward

the length
contradicts

of the day
the

will
asset

ever
CORONATION GOLD MINING
hange to an appreciable extent. He says
that the duration of the day has _ not
inged as much as half a second during AND MILLING COMPANY
the first 10,000,000 years after the begin
ning of the solidification of the earth's
material. When the cooling of the earth
ROSPECTS MUCH ABOVE THE AVERAGE, an absolutely
finally reaches its term, he says, the change straight-forward management of well Known business
will be marked Chree hundred thousand
millions of years are required for 95 per men. Large acreage, good assays, low priced shares.
cent of the total contraction to take place
Adjoining one of the biggest mines in a steady reliable
The length of day will not be sensibly af-
fected for 1,000,000 millions of years he camp. Surrounded by producers. Easy paying facilities.
fall of meteoric dust, he claims, tends to
increase the mass of the earth, and thus to
Conservative prospects with pictures, map and special fram-
change the length of the day, but the effect ing novelty.
due to this cause is not one two-hundred-
thousandth of the effect of secular cooling
faking everything into consideration, he SECRETARY CORONATION,
says, the day will shorten, not lengthen,
but the process will go on with extreme 310 Mining Exchange,
slowness.
—_—_—__~+-»—_— Colorado Springs, Colorado
WHY AMERICAN ENGINES LEAD IN
EGYPT.
diately arose and began to remonstrate. It “The employer of today knows which of
\ parliamentary paper issued in London developed that the boot had an exact coun his men are capable and energetic, and he
gives a report from Lord Cromer as to terpart which was worn on the other foot will not fail to appreciate the value of an
why so many orders for railroad plants in of the traveler and he had removed this one employe who feels genuine interest and
Egypt have been given to the United States because of a painful corn. lhe groom does his work with a will. We are living
in preference to Great Britain Lord Cro bought a new pair of boots for the traveler in a strenuous time and the man with force
mer’s explanation is that the American at Toronto and stamina is the man who will win out.”
m a
firms are able to execute the orders with Exercise is given by Prof. Stone as the
such superior rapidity, due largely to the GOOD HEALTH EARNS MONEY. prescription for health. He condemns para-
system of standardization. In respect to phernalia and all patented exercising appa-
The better a man’s physical condition
price Lord Cromer finds that the British ratus as unnecessary. ‘Ten or fifteen min
the greater his earning ability, whether he
can hold their own where special designs utes a day will suffice, he says, with as
eS
have to be executed. The quality of the labors with the muscles or the brain. Fred-
much walking as you can do and the use
*“-
—- British work, he says, is at least equal and
erick W. Stone, athletic instructor of the
of common sense.
often superior to American. Continuing Chicago Athletic Association, says:
he says: “A man full of energy, keen, alert, with
“In consumption of coal the British en every nerve and muscle under perfect con The new union station of Washington
gines have a decided superiority over the trol, will be a power wherever he is; and will be one of the finest of the world. It
American, though not over the Belgian en
nowhere will the difference be felt with will be built of white marble and will cost
$5,000,000.

(7S
gines. The British manufacturers’s weak greater satisfaction than in his income.

point is delay in executing orders. The

\merican tenders promised delivery in one
third of the time required by the British
firms, while they offered to supply standard
[0 DAYS FREE TRIAL.
We Ship on approval to any person in U. S. or

*) A
locomotives of equal suitability 10 per cent Canada without a cent deposit, and allow 10 days
| \ free trial. You take absolutely no risk ordering from
below the British price, though the latter’s us, as you don’t pay 8 cent if it don’t suit you.

rN 1902 Models cmc; $9 to $15

tenders for locomotives built on Egyptian

(i)\
specifications, were lower than the Ameri-
can offer.”
deem=
1900 and 1901 Models £%. $7 to $ii
Catalogues with large photographic engravings of our
THREW OUT THE WRONG BOOT.
Mt
g500 SECOND HAND retail WHEELS ¢@ 4, ¢@
Bicycles & full Getatlodecenitentions sent free to any address.

Old boots and shoes and rice were show- taken in trade by our Chicago stores, to
vt standard makes, many as new.
ered at a young married couple of Fenlon
DO NOT BUY Factory Picks c teee TRIAL OreeR
|
Falls, B. C., as their train pulled out of the
Tires, equipment, sundries and sporting sof all kinds, at
depot. After they were comfortably seated half regular prices, in our big free sundry catalogue. Con-
tains a world of usefulinformation.Write for it.
the groom noticed a boot which he thought
had been thrown into the car by some of his RIDER AGENTS WANTE
model Bicycle of our manufacture.
in each town to ride
and exhibit a garnnie
You can make
jovial friends. He merrily tossed it out of toe
$50 a week, besides having a wheel to ride for yourself.
the window while the train was speeding we WAATa reliable person, in ¢gechtown |
to
> Seaiaate catalogues for us in
e and our special offer.

JL. MEAD CYCLE 60.,

xchange for a bicycle.
along at a 50-mile gait. A commercial
traveler sitting in an adjoining seat imme
 POPULAR MECHANICS 335

THE VILLAGE RUBBERSMITH

Under » spreading blacksmith sign ANTEDto interest parties in a paying shipping

’ , hy! ‘ , mine, with large reserves of excellent concen-
Phe village blacksmith sa trating material in sight; ores contain gold, silver,
He heard the chuf-chuf-chuf and said lead, zinc and pper. Average per cent of lead in
Where is my business at crude ore, 18 per cent. Milling facilities will be at
— a - hand in 60 days. Will stand a rigid examination.
rhe road is full of horseless things Mine and smelter within two miles of mine. Address
And bikes and such as that DAN C. TOBIN, Whitepine, Colo.

The smith was deep in the dumps

Ah! that was plain to see
His wink-eye winked a knowing wink No Progressive Merchant, Manufacturer, or
I gs “a gamer 6 <n Organization can afford to be without
And then he said, hese horseless t hes ?
Have put a horse on me The Elliott Addressing Machine for address-
ing Envelopes, Cards, Wrappers, Statements,
And through his crisp and curly hair Shippin T C | dT Card
' 5 s, Uir é °
His sinewy hand he ran, pping ag culars an ime ards
Says he, “I'll get some different tools, Our Catalogue explains fully.
As well as any man
SEND FOR CATALOGUE “F.”
I'll mend a punctured rubber tire
Vil charge whate’er I can THE ELLIOTT
He fixes up a charging plant ADDRESSING

i aaeaes agameaaiia. eit MACHINE CO.

Keeps pumps and oil for lamps,
In fact, there's nothing he don't sell, 48 Dearborn St., Chicago
From sparking plugs to gamps
Fifty cents a year. Send five cents fora sam-
le copy to George H. Daniels, G. P. A., Grand
entral Station, New York. Week in, week out, from morn till night,
ne . His bellows blow no fires, TIPS TO
Instead it feeds a rubber tube,
\ C A NEW MONEY MAKER That blows up rubber tires. SMALL
For Agents. A household neces- He has a tank of gasoline,
sity. 70,000 sold in Minneapolis. Coste
Te, sells for 2c. Agents making $7.00 And cement, pipes and wires.
perday. Millions will be sold. You
show what it will do and it sells itself. aie, , fr INVESTORS
People borrow money to buy it. Beats And children coming home from school
everything as a money maker. Send Rubber tn at the open door,
Domestic aig. Co., Minneapolis, Miss. They rubber at the rubber tube, Price 25 Cents
A-rubbering ‘round the floor,
Mention Popular Mechanics. They rubber at the rubbersmith,
Whe rdbberd' tires that’ tore. UNEQUALLED PRESS NOTICES
DO He can't t go, Sunday, to the church, ABORESS R. W., BOX 1464,

YOU WANT A For that’s his busy day.

Some city chauffeur's in the lurch,
COLORADO SPRINGS, COL
BETTER POSITION ? And here is work—and pay. r —
The chauffeur buys some gasoline “ Are You Interested in
Send
occupation,
this
and
ad. to us with
address, state what
your name, And chuf-chufs on his way.
oA
-
Automobiles ?
position you want, and we will explain Send for Sample Copy of
how we can train you for it, and help But never mind, his daughter's there,
you get it. Up in the choir stand; THe AUTOMOBILE
And as she holds the hymn-book high, (i REVIEW, $1.00 a Yea,
INTERNATIONAL Shows diamonds on each hand; > The Automobile Review
CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS, For daughter's buying jewelry PS 19 Quincy St., Chicago
Box 812, Scranton, And Dad is buying land
Penna.
Repairing, pumping, mending
Onward through life he goes,
ORLAN CLYDE CULLEN,
Mention Popular
>,
Mechanics. at, eineniens éiee Gitlin Ge teks. Counsellor-at-Law
Each evening sees it close U. 8. Supreme Court, Registered Attorney 1 S
> a Patent Offic United States and Foreign Pat
THE Something mended, somebody done, ents, Caveats, Trade Marks and Copyrights
Puts money in his clothes No. 700 7th Street, N.W.

BUYERS
5 Thanks, thanks to thee, my worthy friend, Opp.
nga Patent
U.S. Office. WASHINGTON,
: D.C.

On the lesson I'll meditate.

to the— All must at times get different tools.
: This world will never wait; . The Key toa
American Pianos, Organs If we would live the strenuous life, GoodSit
We must keep up to date.
and Other Musical Instruments. a
is a technical education. Great
The “BLUE BOOK” of American China produces more silk than any other Carnogics partnera tosefrom the
° - ke. y each b . We y
Pianos and Organs. country in the world. Last year China
ex Reaneade to belies Late 5 i oe
of Anpianos.
invaluable
aid toall intending purchasers p orted 24,607,
24.607.000 t
pound: Ss: : Italy
alv me
produced FREE SCHOLARSHIPS
very music dealer, and all conservatories of 7,308,600 pounds; Asiatic Turkey, 2,050, in Mechanteal, Elecirieal, Steam, Textile Kagineer-
music and music schools should have a copy. . Dieare ; : ing; Heating, Ventilation and Plumbing— includ-
The estimates of instruments are fair and just. 200; France, 1,232,000 pounds; India, 770, Canty canttnenhte.Brewing
e onlywill be* evended tol
i : - early app e the
The descriptions are exact and complete. 000; Caucasus, 682,000; Austria-Hungary, cost of instruction papere and postage. —
Price 25 ets. per copy. $2.50 per dozen. 607,200 pounds; European Turkey, 528,000 panepon by mot =
THE PRESTO COMPANY, Publishers, pounds; Persia and Turkestan (export),
c ee > Siz ¢ > - ww

324 Dearborn St. CHICAGO, ILL. 528,000 pounds; Spain, 171,000 pounds; American School of Correspondence,
, " ,
Greece, 74,800; total, 38.658,400 pounds. Boston, Hass.
 7)w POPULAR MECHANICS May 331, 1902.

MONTHLY EDITION
Attractions for Dext Week.
of.
Popular Mechanics
The publisher announces the first number of a
MONTHLY EDITION reproduced from the regular At a St. Louis convention recently the northern men criti-
weekly editi.n. The monthly will be issued on cised the southern men for not employing more negroes in the
the first of each month and contain 64 pages.
cotton mills, and not giving them better jobs. Next week a
over 200 articles and more than 150 i!lustrations.
One Dollar pe year; single copies 10 cents For
southern man who has had much experience with negroes and
sale by newsdealers, or address cotton mills will make reply. It will be in Popular Mechanics.
POPULAR MECHANICS Did you ever stop to think of the awful speed with which
two of the modern fast ocean liners approach each other when
Journal Bld. Chicago
they are coming from opposite directions? This fact renders
*‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale'’ Ads. to cents per danger of ocean collisions much greater than it used to be. Now
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forwarded promptly without extra charge.
have time to change their course, before they are in collision.
Read about it next week.
CHEAP POWER
A great mechanical mole that burrows its way underground
A SAVING OF ONE DOLLAR FOR EVERY traveling as fast as a man can walk, is the latest thing to be in-
day in the year if steam is used, such is the
safe, reliable water power that goes with vented. With the air ship and the sub-marine boat this is about
ne
Elmira Mills, sufficient for any small manu-
facturing business, good water wheel, shaft-
all that is needed to make man in truth master of all that is on
ing, etce., ready to attach any kind of ma- the earth, in the air, under the earth, in the water and under
chinery. If a larger business is wanted the
mill contains a good steam plant, if not the water. We will tell about it in the next issue.
needed I will allow $500.00 for it. My price
is $500.00 in cash and $500.00 a year for five
Around the world in an automobile, is the novel trip to be
years with interest at 3 per cent. I have re- made by a couple of Europeans. You ought to read about it in
ceived more money for grinding feed every
year than will meet payments, interest, in- the next issue. Leipsic is to have a depot to cost twenty-six
surance
shop,
and
lathe,
taxes.
or wood
There is no machine
working machinery
million dollars. When the tide went out in Alaska a short
here. Mill building 36x48, three stories; also time ago the beach was strewn two feet thick with herring.
office, engine and boiler room. My home
and ninety acres for sale also. J. M, CUS- Canada is making so much money selling frogs to the United
SONS, Chatfield, Minn., C. & N. W. Ry. States that she is going into the business on a mammoth scale.
It looks like Switzerland is to be the first nation to have real
electric railroads. Every one of these things and four times as
YOU CAN always buy Popular Mechanics
back and current numbers at Horder’s News
many more, all equally instructive and entertaining, will be in
Depot, 149 Washington 8t. (Cor. La Salle), Popular Mechanics next week. Some people say it is the most
Chicago. \ interesting paper published. i
THE OZARK LIVDB STOCK COMPANY has
$3 of good assets for every dollar of stock
issued. It owns 1,350 acres of land and has
the right to graze on 30,000 acres more. Its
originators cleared last year 200 per cent HELP WANTED. CUTTERS AND GLAZIBRS—Two. Kansas
profits on the money invested. Shares $10, City Stained Glass Works, Kansas City, Mo.
sold at par. Write them care 109 Hartford
Building, Chicago. The best investment on CORNICE MAKERS—C. B, Smith, King and MEXICO—Salesmen to sell Mexican drawn
the market. 4th av., So., Seattle, Wash. work in the States. Charles Mandeh, Jr.,
Monterey, Mex.
BUSINESS CHANCES. SALESMAN—Are cluster gas lamps. 56 Sth __ POSITIONS WANTED.
av., Room 404, Chicago, Ill.
AUTOMOBILES of all descriptions; all at MACHINE SHAVERS—Pfister & Vogel GAS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEER of
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418 Popular Mechanics. —s_. cre ; PAINTER—John C. Barton & Co., Minneap- PLUMBER—A. Kennedy, 81 Catherine street,
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CAN SELL Real Estate anywhere. Special Works, 970 Hamilton street, Cleveland, Ohio. SIDE LINE WANTED by salesman.—‘‘Sales-
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West who want to go East, etc. Commissions riage Co., Laporte, Ind. abs
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Popular Mechanics. F The Model Maker. Send 25 cents
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NOTICE TO NEWSDEALERS.
short time; taken out to put in a 120-light
machine, For sale at a bargain. Address One newsdealer in Chicago who started with 5 copies a week in
408, care Popular Mechanics.
February last increased his sales to over’ 300 copies a week during
FREE—A fine set of Guatamala Jubilee to
the first 25 applicants sending us 15 cents in April, and will average 400 a week for May. He is a very busy man;
stamps for our 100-variety packet. (Without
any doubt the finest 100-variety packet on did not push the paper or ask a single customer to buy one. He keeps
the market for the money.) Send at once
and receive the cream. The Marshall Stamp 8 copies displayed in his window; has a crowd there all day long,
Co., 5474 Jefferson Ave., Chicago.
IF YOU WANT a machine, tool, or anything The display does the rest. Write us for window poster free. Popular
in a mechanical line and don’t know where to
get it, write Popular Mechanics. Mechanics, Journal Bldg., Chicago.
 ig
R MEC
POPULArap SS )
HAN
;
ICS
Sao
ated OW a | de je Mechanicay =
cou mek Review = Os e1 4£ .
"WE Press of the Wo! y
= ann ) ANS MW 1

vert HIN
Vol. 1, No. 22. CHICAGO, JUNE 7, 1902. Price 5 CENTS.

Busiest Harbor in the Country

Boats Waiting for the Bridge to Open

IN THIS ISSUE :

Monster that Burrows Through the Earth. Shop Notes:—Home-Made Bolt Clipper—Simple Pipe
Greatest Bull Fight in History. Hanger—Quick Work in Making Boilers—For
Danger on Fast Oceanic Lines. Hardening Ends of Rails.
Water Ballast on the Lakes. Irrigation of Centuries Ago.
Coronation Illumination to be Greatest in History. Holder for Photographic Plates.
Easy Electrical Experiments for Boys—Telegraph In- New Street Car for London.
strument—Part IV. Toy Bird that Actually Flies.
Child’s Cot of Gas Pipe. Shoot with the Aid of Mirrors.
Fire Door Opener for Locomotives. High Railway Speed in Germany.
Around the World in an Auto. Swiss Government to Build Electric Roads.
Remarkable Wreck of the Grecian. Fifty-five Articles; 37 Illustrations.
Alcohol Light of 550 Candle Power.

NEWSDEALERS SEE PAGE 352 FOR SALE BY ALL NEWSDEALERS.

she
 338 POPULAR MECHANICS

THE NEW CHICAGO HARBOR. strange and startling contracts that it represents. Time was
when the wise man avoided it as he would a pestilence (which it
It is Now the Most Important Port in America and May Soon closely resembled in some ways) but it has become a panoramic
Lead the World. spectacle well worth seeing.
“Those who have taken from her are being compelled to restore
The busiest harbor in the world is at Chicago, “the young
all they have taken; those who have treated her shabbily dare not
Metropolis of the Inland Seas.” ‘This generally unknown fact, do so longer; those who have scorned her are beginning to
together with its many other dramatic associations, makes it one appreciate that there is much of beauty as well as utility in her
of the most interesting as well as the most important of Amer- With the aid of Uncle Sam she has compelled recognition. She
ica’s ports. The narrow strip of water piercing six miles of is more attractively attired than «ver before, and there is prom-
the commercial heart of the city is a scene of activity that makes ise Of a really satisfactory wardrobe in the future.
the person not acquaintel with the importance of Chicago’s ship- “When rehabilitated by her new guardian, Uncle Sam. with
ping interest look on in bewilderment. Through the shipping the aid of the awakened pride of her people, Chicago will be
season more vesses arrive and depart from here than at any other
worth going miles to see.”
port in the world; in the tonnage of arrivals and clearances the
—_—_$_+-e—___
port also excells all others. In the winter when traffic on the
MONSTER THAT BURROWS THROUGH THE EARTH.
Great Lakes is virtually suspended because of the ice and storms
the Chicago harbor is blocked with ice floes and there is little A machine which it is claimed will burrow rapidly beneath
shipping of any kind. But even including this season in the the greund traveling with the celerity of a mole and as fast as
year’s average of business, staistics show the Chicago harbor to a man can walk has been invented by a resident of Buffalo. N
rank ahead of any other in America in number of arrivals and Y. The machine is like a cigar shaped car, iron clad with
clearances as well as in tonnage and second in importance among
grinding, lifting and sawing apparatus on every side. It makes
the great ports of the world. London alone is ahead of Chicago its way under the earth by heaping up the ground above just as
in the amount of shipping. The figures showing the amount of the mole does. It will carry four people.
tonnage handled by the great ports of the world for 1901 follow:
This machine with the air war ship England has recently had
London ......... ..16,880,098 Antwerp ...... - so SS S78072 constructed, the torpedo boats of France and America, and the
CSO fi vic. ....-16,112,189 Liverpool .... .....11,818,000 new armored war cars, makes the old timer wonder as to what
Peet TORE! Geivetece 16,026,290 Marseilles ..... .... 9,620,114 the future war will be.
Hamburg ...... ....14,198,817 The World says: “The war of the 20th century will then con-
The arrivals and clearances at Chicago last year numbered 17,- sist of fights between deadly monsters in the dark depths of the
476; at New York, 14,019. The port of Chicago handles more ocean, between vast airships whizzing through the sky, between
than three times the tonnage of Boston and four times that of steel-clad forts skimming like monstrous bugs over the surface
Philadelphia. of the earth and between huge death-dealing worm-like ma
Far greater in importance will be the Chicago harbor when the chines seeking one another in the bowels of the earth.”
great canal is completed making a shipway from the Great Lakes
—-__ <3. ——__

SUMMER COURSE IN MECH-

to the Gulf of Mexico. Already small craft can make the trip
and steam launches and house boats are beginning to take ex-
cursion parties from poitns on Lake Michigan to New Orleans
and the Gulf of Mexico. Boats may also go from Chicago to
ANICS FOR BOYS.
Europe. The Northwestern Steamship company ran a line of
boats between Chicago and London, Liverpool and Hamburg last The publisher of Popular Mechanics announces a
year and will probably resume the service this year. With the
Summer Course in mechanics, for Boys. This will in-
widening and deepening of the Northern straits and the lower-
ing of insurance rates there will be an enormous increase in traf- clude an illustrated series of articles on How to Make
fic between Chicago and Europe. Thus one may have an idea of Things in Wood and Iron, “written so you can under-
what the future Chicago port will be. Cargoes may be shipped
from here direct to all ports on the Gulf of Mexico, South
stand it,” and illustrated so you can do it. Selection
America, Central America, Mexico and the tropical islands. has been made of such articles as are not too difficult,
There will be regular traffic by water between Chicago and St.
and which can be built at least possible expense for
Louis, Memphis, New Orleans and other Mississippi river points.
It will be a steamship terminal for lines between Chicago and Eu- materials and tools. This course will begin with the
rope, and between Chicago and Mississippi river and Gulf of issue of June 21st, and be continued each week until
Mexico ports. September. The opening chapters are as follows:
The Chicago river, which but a short time ago was a house- I. Selecting Tools and Making Work Bench.
hold joke and an object of general ridicule, has thus suddenly
Everybody used to laugh
II. Making a Small Box for Toilet Articles.
sprung into world-wide importance.
at how the river would catch fire. This was because of the ref- III. and IV. Building a Row Boat: This boat will be
use from the gas works and oil refineries that accumulated on 14 ft. long and seat four persons.
the surface. These fires were once as picturesque and dangerous V. Building a Book Case.
as they were amusing. Since the sanitary canal has been built VI. Building a Pigeon House.
the current of the river has been reversed and the waters that
gene
once emptied into the lake are sent coursing down the Desplaines,
VII. Making a Cozy Corner.
Illinois and Mississippi rivers to the Gulf of Mexico. The river, VIII. Making Box to Contain Shoes, etc.
excepting the North Branch, is now clear as the clearest moun- IX. Making Stand on which to Polish Shoes.
tain stream. Etc. etc.
The Century, which calls the Chicago river, “the Cinderella
EASY ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS: This
of Navigable Streams” and Uncle Sam the “fairy prince” that
series which has been so popular will be continued by
has come to her aid, says:
“Formerly the Chicago river was merely dirty, now it is be- the same author and many extremely useful and inter-
coming picturesque in the magnitude of its industries and the esting pieces of apparatus described.
 POPULAR MECHANICS

GREATEST BULL FIGHT IN HISTORY. DANGER ON FAST OCEANIC LINES

Mechanics of Madrid Indignant Because Denied Admittance to When tw modern tast-going 1 pproach each
the Royal Function. other from opposite directions there is great danger of collision
People engaged in the mechanical professions in Madrid aré because of the rapidity with which they shorten the distance
indignant at the Spanish royalty for denying them admission between them and the little time afforded either for changing its
to the great bull fight on the occasion of King Alfonso’s coro course from the time the light comes into view. Lieut. James H.
nation. This bull fight was a society event so very exclusive Scott, of the U. S. Revenue Marine Service, in Cassier’s Maga
that none but the royalty, nobility and foreign representatives zine, says: “The men on lookout will pick up the lights the in
were admitted. Railroad men, officials of the Madrid factories stant they become visible. When the vessels are, say, five mil
and mechanics in general have heretofore been the principal apart, the lookouts will report the masthead lights of the ap
patrons of the “bull ring,” and their disappointment and hu- proaching vessel to the officer on the bridge, who is able to see
mility at being barred from this one is quite intolerable. it immediately. He will, however, be unable to tell the other
This was the greatest bull fight in history. The flower of vessel’s direction until her side lights are visible These he will
royalty was there and noblemen of Spain were the bull fighters see when the vessels are about two miles apart, and are approach
In a royal balcony bedecked with the richest cloths of Spain ing the point of collision at the rate of 42 miles an hour

Spanish Noblemen as Bull Fighters

sat the youthful king and his mother. The reports say that as “There are available two minutes and twenty-eight seconds for
the noblemen’s steel sank into the infuriated beasts the king’s the ship’s officers to see the lights, to make up their minds how
mother showed repugnance and turned her head, but King Al- they can best avert a collision, to give the order to port the
fonso looked on with apparent interest. In the front seats of helm, for the man at the wheel to obey the order, for the vessel
the box provided for the foreign envoys sat two distinguished to obey her helm, and for the ships to go clear. Does anyone
Americans, Dr, J. L. M. Curry and his wife and her niece. say that the time is sufficient for all these agents to perform et
EE
ee
Ne

their several functions in ample time to avert a collision?”

od
<-—~ae
at
>

The reports say that as the blood poured over the sands of
the ring they too turned their faces and covered their eyes with
— ~>-so
fans and handkerchiefs. Among the noblemen who won the
loudest encomiums were Luzurariz, Benito and Tajado, lieuten- WATER BALLAST ON THE LAKES
ants in the royal regiments. One toreador was knocked down
by the bull which was about to gore him to death when the A lake custom which will be startling to ocean sailors is that
matadors succeeded in detracting the bull’s attention and saved of using water for ballast without confining it in tank@ as is the
the man’s life. One of the bulls was thought to be a coward practice on salt water. The lower part of the hold ig filled with
and the people yelled that he be angered with darts, provided water. A bulkhead of planks with a filling of ¢ement prevents
with exploding firecrackers, which are stuck into the animal’s the water from reaching the engine room, s#ys the Shipbuilder.
flank. The king, say the reports, was obliged to yield to the The lake boats are often flat bottomed and the water ballast
demands of the people. makes them less “cranky.” The weigh€ of the water keeps the
——__»o--p—
propeller wheels well down, giving @ better hold of the water
Wild boars, antelopes, mountain lions, wild dogs, wild bur- and consequently better speed to the boat. As the boat will roll
ros and other big game abound on the hacienda of Jimulco im faster than the water ballast will shift its position an almost
Coahuila, Mexico, according to the statements of engineers who perfect equilibrium is preserved. Capt. James Corrigan of Cleve-
have just returned from there. land is credited with the novel but successful idea. ee
es
Sah.

oape
 340 POPULAR MECHANICS

CORONATION ILLUMINATIONS TO BE GREATEST IN

HISTORY.

All London is busily engaged these days cleaning house in

honor of the coming coronation. Such painting and decorating
of office, house and building fronts has never been dreamed of
before. From the largest public building down to the humblest
dwelling, each seems to be dressing up for the great event. Af
ter the cleaning and painting is done, the decorators are called
to complete the display. Naturally electricity will be the chief

———

Public Building Outlined.

panies cannot afford to put in additional generators for a few

days’ use.
In these lighted decorations the greatest range imaginable
has been resorted to. Crowns aré a favorite, flags, ships, the
letters E R and countless varieties of flowers are found. Th
fronts of great buildings will be outlined in electric lamps of
different colors. Great chains of lights will festoon the streets
and stretch from the tall poles to the ground in graceful
sweeps. Tall spires will flash a flaming cross hundreds of feet
above the ground. Ships in the river which have electric plants
on board will mark in fiery outline the masts, spars and rig-
ging. The gorgeous splendor which marked the day parades
and festivities of the Plantagenet and Stuart reigns, will fade
into insignificance beside the decorative designs to the prepara-
Photograph Glow Lamp.
tion of which the best architects, artists and designers have been
called.
illuminant on account of the infinite variety of designs and
purposes for which it can be made. Every electric fixture con-
cern in England is working night and day and cannot begin to
supply the demand. Millions of dollars will be spent for elec-
tric lights and wiring, and already the electric light companies
are aghast at the prospect of what will be required of them.
[he probability is they will be unable to supply a half of the
light required when all the illuminations are shining and the
result may be that many of the displays will prove disappoint-
ing simply because they cannot be properly lighted. The com-

a
a
ee

Ship Decoration—Night Display. Electric Lighted Shamrock.

 POPULAR MECHANICS

In this space it would be impossible to go into all the de-

tails of the work, but we have selected a few which will give
an excellent idea of how the work is being carried out. The
electric companies have devised special systems for the occasion.
The crown shown is 9 feet wide and 8 feet high; the letters

" ace ory

ode FN a

: s X g + . »

® e s -
6 -
|] ‘
‘ ‘ a8 fs
‘ * i oe & a

att t4)
* i + :
‘ + s “f LeASLE YE YS
- 2 6 6 6 | 1 + C a eon =

- x +
yy... ..
~ |
= . .
‘ ‘ ‘ +
‘ A 1 ‘ .
7
‘ ‘ s
P 1 —_ 2 | . .
8 6 6 6 6 8 | = he
Simplex System of Letters.

E and R are the same height. The crown contains 97 lamps,

the E 36, and the R 43. This is a “Simplex” design and like
many others is made up ready to hang in place and to be con-
nected by wires with the house or building supply of current
where used.
In the “Cremorne” system, for the purpose of outlining
buildings, windows, ships, etc., common wood battens about
2 by % inches are used, to which the patent insulators are loose-
ly screwed about 18 inches apart. The wire, which for reasons
of rigidity, is preferably stout galvanized iron or copper wire,

Crown and Letters—Berend System

on to the wires as closely together as desired. For horizontal

lines iamps with straight springs are used, whereas for vertical
lines those with bent springs are employed to better advantage
In the Berend system the letters are made of metal boxes
into which the lamps are screwed. Our cut shows the letters
E R ready for the lamps.
TOY SE
Another cut shows part of a string, which may contain several
Cremorne System. Elibright System.

is laid through the grooves in the insulators, the whole being OELLULOID BALLOONS.
then firmly tightened up. The patent insulators are made so
that they can be used either way up, to allow of the water drip-
ping off them, also when fixed in a suspended position. After
the battens are thus fitted, they are affixed to the building to be
illuminated, and the wires connected to the supply. The lamps
are then, by means of the patent spring sockets, simply clipped
hundred, celluloid balloons, each containing one glow lamp. The
balloons are made in assorted colors and present a very pleas
ing appearance both day and night. They are used to festoon ee
the fronts of buildings
We also show a sample of hundreds of ornamental designs
of bracket lamps to hang on the railway of balconies. They are
made with shades of assorted colors and contain from one to
four lamps each, according to siz«
Large incandescent lamps have been made bearing the photo
paeecaae
Sat
ers
graph of the king, queen, and other members of the royal family
All the national emblems have been pictured in colored lamps
forming ‘subjects ranging all the way from a small shamrock
up to mammoth union jacks 100 feet long
What is known as the E. L. B. system consists in preparing
ropes, boards, strips, etc., with wires inclosed in a penetrating
substance, and all one has to do to set the lights is to press
the lamps with the hand into the position desired. Two sharp
spikes protruding from the base of the lamp make contact with eeri
dees
eae

the wires and thus secure current for the lamp.

Flag in Colored Lights. The Brush system of temporary wiring is shown. The cut

we
 POPULAR MECHANICS
and consist of full length portraits handsomely framed and which
are iliuminated with electric lamps concealed behind the glass,
and so shaded as to throw a diffused light. They are very hand-
some ornaments and quite expensive.
On the night of Coronation Day London will be one mass of
gorgeous colored hues; hundreds of miles of streets will blaze
with light; and the spectacle wili be the greatest artificial illu-
mination the world has ever seen.
——_———_—_<>eo@
= —-—~—

SAYS NEGRO LOVES PLEASURE AND HATES WORK

Southerner Answers Criticisms as to Why More Colored People

Are Not Employed in Cotton Mills.
It is because of the negro’s slothfulness, his love of pleasure
Electric Bracket Light.
and hatred of toil, according to Thomas Hodgson, a well known
explains the method employed, which consists in baring two Southern cotton man, that he is not given better positions and
parallel wires at points directly opposite and twisting around the employed more generally in the cotton mills. The negro, he says,
bare points the feeder wires which are made a part of the Brush loves to pick the banjo, hunt o’possums and go to festivals too
special illumination lamp. The length of these sections may well to ever accomplish much in any agricultural or commercial
be several hundred feet. pursuit. In an article in Dixie, Mr. Hodgson says:
“Here today, gone tomorrow, and the greater your labor needs
the greater the number of absentees, and the further south the
worse the conditions. In very few districts in the south is it in-
cumbent on either male or female of color to work more than
two days a week—three is the maximum; working four days a
week would be considered an extravagant waste of energy. The
geniality of the climate demands but little in the way of either
Section of Brush System. food, clothing, shelter or fuel and the earth’s productiveness is
us incentive to sloth rather than a matter to be fully taken ad-
Thousands of hollow busts have been made of the king and vantage of as a means to accumulation. How many of the
queen, in all sizes from a few inches to six feet high. These colored of either gender would card, spin or weave, when the

<< —
~

Luminous Floral Sprays—G. E. System.

have the appearance of fine marble but are really made of an days come that blackberries are ripe or 20-pound melons adorn
imitation mixture. The busts are hollow, and electric lights are the ends of the vine’s tendrils; not to mention the days that
placed within and illuminated at night. Another somewhat sim- would be lost after a night of ‘possum hunting or sweet ptotato
ilar conception is the transparencies. These are also in all sizes scratching? Mills dependent entirely on such labor could mea-
sure their eixstence only by the extent of their capital account.
“Then the days after pay day. Not another stroke until the
last cent has vanished and sometimes not even then, if a drop
remains in the flask or strings on fiddle or banjo; no, not if the
mill’s existence depended upon it. Superintendents and over-
seers in cotton mills must graduate from the ranks as they do in
the railroad and iron and steel industries. Where would the su-
perintendents and overseers come from if negroes alone were
employed?
) fe “Before experimenting with colored labor as cotton mill opera-
tives, it would be well for negrophilists, inexperienced with the
3909
39% 2499 negro’s mental and moral calibre, to try results in a line requir-
ing less of an investment of capital than even a small cotton mill
eee
eres
requires. A ten-thousand daily capacity sawmill would be suffi-

‘4 cient, amply so, for such experiment; and in this latitude, an at-

°
\

tempt long continued to operate it and make money out of it,

eke) manned exclusively by negroes, could be guaranteed to rid any
>$ 59
philanthropic individual, with a bank account less than a king’s
4 Me
dc x 3993Ye
Ye"
Te 63599 ransom, of all pride of either purse or person.”
~~
“_-?

eg
rn
—
mp The old sloop of war, Hartford, the flagship of Admiral Far-
ragut, during the civil war, was an attraction at Galveston, Tex.,
during carnival week there, which began May 109.
 POPULAR MECHANICS a
4495
ae

firm motion, so timing the movement that the two ticks of the

Easy Electrical Experiments sounder against the front and back stops shall come almost
together. To make a dash, hold the key down long enough to say
FOR BOYS “one” between the two ticks. To make the various letters, com-
bine properly accordingly to the letter which it is desired to
By L. P. DICKINSON
send. Remember, however, that a Space means as much as a
Sl
ee
ee
a
dot or a dash, and be careful not to insert one where there is
CHAPTER XXII. none. Thus, there is no space between the dot and dash in
HOW TO WIRE AND USE A TELEGRAPH INSTRUMENT
PART IV. K —-—

We are now ready to set up and use the instruments which L —

we have made. Screw the sounder (the instrument with the
M——
coils) to a table so that it will give the loudest possible sound.
Also screw the device for opening and closing the circuit to the
table in such a position that it may be easily grasped with the
fingers when the elbow is resting on the table. This last piece
of apparatus is called a telegraph key. Then wire up the set in
accordance with the accompanying diagram.
For a battery there will be needed two cells of “gravity” or
“crowfoct” battery, or in place of these some home made cells,
such as have been described in previous chapters. Join the two
cells in series, i. e., with the zinc of one connected to the copper
of the next. Join the copper pole of No. 1 to one terminal of
the key. Join the other terminal of the key to one-terminal of
the sounder. Join the other terminal of the sounder to one side
of the line. Join the zinc terminal of No. 2 cell to the other side Morse Telegraph Alphabet.
of the line. If no line is yet constructed, simply replace it with A, and the dash should follow the dot immediately. In making
a short bit of copper wire. The connections given are for each the letter C for example, there is a space between the second
end of the line, with the exception of the cells which should all and third dots. Make the first two very close together and
be located at one end. leave the shortest possible space between these and the last dot.
With the key up, the rubber band holding the armature of the The space between words is twice as long as the space be-
sounder should be just strong enough to pull the armature against tween Jetters. A large amount of practice is necessary in order
its back stop. When the key is pressed down, the current should to become skillful, but in time the letters will become as familiar
be strong enough to pull the armature against the front stop to the ear as spoken words are, and the operator will not have
with force enough to make a sharp tick. Be sure, however, that to stop and think when he wishes tosrecall a letter.
the metal strip which was mounted upon the base of the key, The instruments described will work with two cells over a
does not touch the screw projecting through the base board. line 200 feet long. Using more cells it can work over much
Move the key up and down slowly and adjust its movement and longer distances, depending upon the quality of workmanship,
that of the armature by means of the screws in each case. The and the condition and size of the line. The ground may be
armature should have enough movement to give out a loud used for one wire, provided contact is made with pipes driven
sound, but it must not strike against the magnets. The key deep into the earth, and provided the other wire is perfectly in-
should move only a little, but should make and break the current sulated.

Next week we will explain how to make a Dry Cell.

LINE ——_—_—_.---—

BEACH STREWN WITH HERRING-FISHING WITH NAILS.

When the tide went out at Douglas City, Alaska, recently,

the beach was strewn with a great blanket of flouncing, strug-
G gling herring that were scooped up by the natives in shovels.
BATTERIES Over one space, 50 by 150 feet, the mass of fish was two feet in
thickness.
The herring come to the water's edge at this point to spawn,
Often they are so numerous that they are crowded out of the
SOUNDER KEY ro
water. On the day that the beach was so thickly strewn, they
© 2 I came so close to shore that the water was black with them. As
the tide was going out those closest to shore were crowded back
Connecting the Set.
by the other fish and found it impossible to get into deeper water
perfectly. When not in use place the metal strip on the base The Fishing Gazette says: “The herring at Douglas City are
of the key upon the projecting screw. The circuit will then caught by Indians who use a long, strong pole with nails in it,
be permanently closed and should always be left in this condi- so arranged that the points protrude. The fisherman stands
tion when not in use. Otherwise the person at the other end in the bow of the boat and trails the pole quickly through the
of the line cannot call the person at this end. water. Frequently the pole is withdrawn with a fish on every
Now as to the signals employed. The regular telegraph, or nail as the result of one sweep.”
Morse alphabet, is made up of three characters—dots, dashes Se
and spaces. By a proper combination of these all the letters It is reported from Madrid that J. Pierpont Morgan has en-
of the alphabet can be made. The alphabet is as shown. tered into negotiations for the entry of the Spanish Transat-
To make a dot, press the key downward with a quick, yet lantic Company into the Atlantic shipping combination.
 344 POPULAR MECHANICS

Popular Mechanics FIRE DOOR OPENER FOR LOCOMOTIVES.

Firing a locomotive, especially if it is drawing a fast express

H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher
or long train of 50 or more freight cars, is lively work. The
Journal Building, 7 - Chicago
door through which the coal is shoveled into the fire box must

SUBSCRIPTION not be kept open a second longer than absolutely necessary.

When open the cold air rushing in retards the fire and cools the
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Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan-
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac-
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro-
‘ure from its pubUshers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning.

Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.

Address,
POPULAR MECHANICS
Journal Building, - 7 Chicago

Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class.

Interior of Locomotive Cab.

SOLDERS WITH AID OF SUN'S HEAT.

boiler. Asa rule the fireman must open the door by means of a
chain, each time he throws in a shovelful, and this means sev-
J. B. Merkel of Chicago, says the American Artisan, has hit
eral hundred times on a short trip. F. L. Brewer, an engine-
upon an idea of substituting the sun’s rays for the iron used
man on the Rock Island, has invented a device that opens and
in soldering metal.
closes the door by compressed air. The device is worked by
Mr. Merkel’s soldering outfit consists of a large and powerful
touching a lever with the foot, and is reported to work very
burning glass and a stick of specially prepared solder. The sun’s
successfully, saving time and fuel. The Railroad Gazette of
rays are concentrated in the burning glass and are then focussed
May 9 contains a detailed account.
at a point on the end of the stock of solder. The adhesive ma-
—_.2<.e—_—_
terial melts and falling upon two pieces of metal unites them
firmly. Ordinary solder cannot be used with this new de- CANADA RAISING MORE FROGS FOR UNCLE SAM.
vice on account of its hardness. A special soft composition
made of pure zinc, lead and bismuth in certain proportions is Canada, which now furnishes the United States with most
used. A special acid made of carbolic acid in which zinc has of its frog legs, is preparing to engage in the enterprise still
—
been dissolved to the point of saturation is also used. The sol- more extensively because of the growing demand. Last year
der treated by this new method will soften and dissolve in boil- Ontario produced 5,000 pounds of dressed frog legs and 7,000
ing water and when brought into .contact with a higher temper- living frogs for scientific purposes and for stocking other wa-
ature. ters. Numerous applications have recently been made to the
ao
=“_-? government for leases of land suitable to the business. All that
CHILD’S COT OF GAS PIPE. is necessary to stock a pond with frogs is to place a few paired
breeders in the water. Natural food is nearly always present
A serviceable and neat child’s cot can very easily be made of in sufficient amount for successful growth. The most profitable
3g-inch gas pipe and fittings, says the Metal Worker. The two species in Canada is the eastern bullfrog, Rana catesbiana, which
rectangular frames formed by the elevated side rails and the reaches a length of more than eight inches. It begins to breed
rails to which the canvas is stitched are put together without at the end of three years, is very productive and reaches a
unions, by means of a long thread. The distance from A to B marketable size in four or five years. The hind legs, the only
part that is marketable, average half a pound a pair in weight.
!

American dealers take as much as Canada can supply at an

a

=F. average price of 50 cents per pound.

S,

—
——f >

—14" MAY DISPLACE LAMPBLACK

Lampblack, which for hundreds and hundreds of years has been

the chief ingredient in dark pigments, may perhaps be eventually
displaced by acetylene-black. The chief merit of the new sub-
stance lies in its freedom from grease and, therefore, in its more
Gas Pipe Cot—Easy to Make.
ready manipulation. It is said that acetylene-black is admirably
should be greater than the distance from B to D, so that the adapted for the uses of the manufacture of printing inks. The
base from A to E shall be greater than the spread of the canvas high cost of acetylene-black is the only obstacle that bars its
from C to D. The canvas should be wider than enough to reach general introduction. A field is, therefore, opened to inventors
across the side bars when the cot is in use, and securely stitched in devising a method of producing the substance cheaply in large
to the side frames. By using larger pipe a cot for adults may quantities. At present the black pigment is obtained by decom-
be made on the same plan. posing acetylene through the medium of an electric spark.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 345

AROUND THE WORLD IN AN AUTO. REMARKABLE WRECK OF THE GRECIAN

A trip around the world in an automobile is to be made by When Old Ocean goes on a rampage it requires the ablest
Edwin C. Lehwess and Max Cudell. They have just left Lon- skill and best built machinery to bring the vessel through in
1
don on their trip, and expect to reach San Francisco in about safety. Even then man often loses especially if he :s unfortu-

i
ee

Wreck of the Grecian. art

ower

eight months, from which place they will go overland to New nate enough to be driven in near shore and fog and water cur- pte
Tae
York. The Motor Age says: rents combine to put him on a treacherous reef. Such a disaster
“Their equipage is of 24 horse-power and is capable of car- befell the great ship Grecian which was cast upon a reef and
rying four beds and furnishing comfortable quarters for the then broken in two by the incoming waves. We are indebted
travelers. The carriage is a little over 13 feet long. The roof to Marine Engineering for the cut in which the waves may b
will be used for storage purposes and beneath the seats are plainly seen breaking over the vessel
— >.>

ae ES SWISS GOVERNMENT TO BUILD ELECTRIC ROADS

TOMMINTNATTNTT
Switzerland, it seems, is to be the first country to substitute
=Whe
oe
electricity for steam as a motive power on its railroads. The SS
ee
a5
government has been asked for a concession for a line twelve
miles long of electric standard gauge, which will be operated dane
pthinie’
<
as an experiment. The cost of equipment will amount to about
$31,000,000, of which $8,000,000 will be for rolling stock, $13,
000,000 for cables and wires and $10,000,000 for power stations
Notwithstanding this great cost, it is believed the country will
profit enormously. It is proposed to generate the electricity by
water power which in Switzerland is illimitable. Switzerland
now entirely dependent upon other countries for coal, and this
expense can be saved if water power can be used instead. The
Tribune says:
Globe-trotting Auto. “With Niagara in harness in this country and the Alps in tor
tanks to carry 500 litres of gasoline, enough for a trip of 600 rents levied upon for power in Switzerland, the first steps are ee
~*

miles. From London the travelers will go to Dover, Brussels, being taken which must eventually end in the partial substitu
Berlin, Alexandrovo, Loscow, Warsaw, Brest, Smolensk and tion of electricity for steam on railways and for various othe
thence to Japan.” purposes.”
an
Miss Marie Andissner, of Salzburg, Austria, the noted wom- Misses May and Maud Stokes who have been earning $15,000
an tourist, is now in America, recuperating from the fatigue she a year each painting pictures, live on a farm of their own near
experienced in crossing the Andes. She is the only woman in Hallowell, a few miles outside of Philadelphia. They farm for
the world who has ever accomplished the feat. recreation and paint to make a living
ee
 340 POPULAR MECHANICS

SHOOT WITH THE AID OF MIRRORS. ALCOHOL LIGHT OF 550 CANDLE- Phoebus ceiling lamp, which is said to be
POWER. impervious to wind and weather, gives a
Gun Sight that Enables British to Fight light of 85 candle power at a cost of %
While Hidden Behind Rocks and Trees. The Housewife and Manufacturer Alike Ben-
cent per hour. The ordinary shaded hand
efitted by the Fuel in Germany. lamp for everyday use produces a light of
A new gun sight recently invented by
30 candle power at a cost of 1-3 cent per
an Englishman named Youlten will enable Alcohol is in common usage in Germany
hour. Alcohol for lighting purposes is
the British soldiers to shoot at the Boers for lighting, heating and cooking, as well bought for 21.7 cents per gallon.
while they remain obscured behind rocks as for light locomotives, stationary power As a fuel for cooking and heating alcohol
or trees. It is called the “infrascope,” and is used in Germany even more extensively
is described by the inventor as being an than for lighting. It may be found in res-
instrument enabling soldiers to “shoot taurant kitchens, hotels and private resi-
around corners.” It is declared by the dences. It is paramount for use in chem-
Pathfinder to now be in established use in
istry and other scientific purposes.
the British army. The Pathfinder says:
The spirit flatiron has ceased to be a nov-
Tests in South Africa have shown that
elty in the land of the Kaiser. It is hand-
it is a valuable device in warfare. It con-
somely nickel plated and polished, and pro-
sists of a small metal tube in which are set
vided with a small reservoir which being
two mirrows, at angles with each other.
filled with alcohol and lighted heats the iron
When used on a gun it allows the soldier
for two hours’ work at a cost of less than
who is placed behind rocks, or the like, to
2 cents.
hold his gun over the edge and sight it OQ
without exposing himself to the fire of the
HIGH RAILWAY SPEED IN GERMANY
enemy. Used as a reconnoitering glass it
—ELECTRICITY OR STEAM?
allows one to see round or over any shield-
ing object, without being seen or exposed. No official report has yet been made of
oS
the test six months ago of high speed elec-
OFFERS $243,325 FOR A FLYING MA- tric cars on the government line between
CHINE.
Berlin and Zossen. From private sources
“If anybody will bring me a successful
of information secured by U. S. Consul
flying machine, not a balloon, which will Mason it appears that a speed of 93.2 miles
travel at a satisfactory speed, of a make an hour was attained, but the tracks would
suitable for military purposes and protect- not endure so great a speed, and the ex-
ed by sound patents I will pay: over the
CEILING LAMP—#s CANDLEPOWER. pected record of 125 miles an hour was im-
sum of £50,000.” possible. The electric motors were equal
engine and motor carriages as recently men-
Sir Hiram Maxim makes public this of- to it however, and no trouble was found in
tioned in Popular Mechanics. The use of
fer in London. He says: taking current from the three overhead
the spirit as an illuminant dates from a few
“T don’t believe that the air will ever years back when it was discovered that al- wires. The polyphase alternating current
successfully be navigated by balloons, al- cohol vapor burned in a lamp, hooded with was used being transformed on the car.
though I think we ought to give M. Santos- Renewed interest is being taken in per-
a mantle of the Welsbach type, produced an
Dumont great credit for the admirable work fecting the steam locomotive and the Ger-
incandescent light of intense power. In
he has accomplished. In a year or two the man Society of Mechanical Engineers has
this special field, says Frank H. Mason,
See motor will reach finality, and it will be United States consul general at Berlin, al- offered $3,000 in prizes for the best designs
possible then to make a flying machine.” for a steam locomotive, and a train to
cohol leaves petroleum behind and ap-
>
weigh 180 tons, and run at 74.5 miles an
-_>-?>
proaches the illuminative power of electric-
ORIGIN OF THE ROUND ROBIN. ity. The “Bogenlicht,” an alcohol arc lamp, hour or better. Every modern feature for
gives a light of 550 candle power. The safety and comfort must be supplied, and
Often a person may have a grievance of the heating and lighting easily controlled.
which he would like to complain, but dare The competition is open only to German
not be known as the instigator, for fear of residents.
if dismissal from his position or other un- Inasmuch as the failure to secure the
{
i
i pleasant consequence. Hence the origin of speed expected with electricity, was whol-
i the Round Robin. The method was for ly due to inefficient tracks, it is difficult
| men to sign their names to a petition in a to understand how steam is to make a
circle, in which form it is impossible to de- better showing.
tect the signature that was written first. ow
>

eee
The phrase is merely a translation of the TRAMPS INCREASING.
French “rond” (round) and “ruban”
(ribbon). In America we call it the “Round Prof. John J. McCook of Trinity College,
Robin.” who for thirty years has made a careful
wwe
_e-> study of the tramp problem, gives the tramp
HORSE BREAD FED TO HORSES. census of the United States at 46,376. He
believes that vagabondage is increasing in
Horse bread is made especially for the United States and beyond the rate of
horses in the Engadine, the Tyroll and increase of population. His estimates are
other parts of Europe. It is an old custom based upon statistics obtained from public
formerly very common in England. The lodging houses and from data furnished
loaves are made of thrd-class rye flour and him by tramps, who are continually on the
are baked hard as bricks. Horses are said road and with whom he keeps up continu-
to thrive on them. FLATIRONS HEATED BY INTERIOR SPIRIT FLAME. ous correspondence.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 347

screw,
of cour held the
SHOP NOTES wood post

->-s

FOR HARDENING ENDS OF RAILS.

A HOME-MADE BOLT CLIPPER. that an old-timer revising the shop would
A process for hardening the ends of steel
stare in amazement at what is now possi-
J. D. Arrowood says that any blacksmith rails, which at present are of comparatively
ble, says Engineering Magazine.
can make the bolt clipper he describes in short endurance because of the greater wear
It is not generally known that a boiler
the American Blacksmith. In making this to which they are subjected, has been in
of forty horse power can be made and
clipper, he says, I take two pieces of tool vented by W. E Coyan, of the Carnegie
shipped in about eight hours. That is to
steel 34 by 1% inches, forging them, as Steel Company’s works, at Homestead
say, if an order is put in by seven o'clock
shown in the sketch. The handles are to Pa. The process is intended to obviate loss
in the morning it can be on the way to its
be formed from pieces %4 by 1% inches in of service, now quite general, in having to
destination by three o’clock on the same
remove the rails with battered ends, while
day, ready for steam when set. This boiler
the intermediate portion is yet sound, In
will be taken from the flat sheets, rolled to
speaking of the invention the Railway Re
dimensions, all rivets driven, tubes set and
view says:
rolled, and the work made water and steam
“In operation the rails are passed through
tight within the time named; but it will be
the finishing rolls and are then sawed off
of the return-tubular type, where no smith
and placed on a horizontal table. Located
work or flanging is required. This is quick
at each end of the table and near one side
work, and I know of one shop where it is
is a spray designed to deposit a case-hard-
Home Made Bolt Clipper. done; doubtless there are others.
ening solution on th ends of the rails as
size, and for this common iron will do. they enter the table. The rails are kept
They should be about 30 inches long as in- THE OLD AND THE NEW IN MANILA. moving across the table, the same as in
dicated. Half inch holes are then put in present treatment, the case-hardening ma-
The mingling of old customs and machin-
the blades and handles at the proper points terial burning on the end until the rail runs
ery with the new is a source of surprise to in contact with water sprays, located just
as shown, using steel bolts or rivets for
every visitor to the city of Manila. The opposite the case-hardening sprays, and so
holding. After the steel jaws have been
city is better lighted than Chicago and has constructed as to extend half the breadth
brought to the proper shape they are to be
hardened and brought to a blue. In temper- of the table. The ends coming in contact
ing great care should be used as only the with the water spray, are quickly chilled
cutting edge is to be tempered.
here described
The size
is suitable for 14 inch bolts
and kept under chill until they reach the op-
posite side of the table, where they pass
;
: ~> 753

and under. from under the spray and are carried away
~~
for straightening.”
ijanite .
SIMPLE PIPE HANGER.
DECADENCE OF ENGLISH CANALS
A very simple pipe hanger is being put
The Manchester Guardian is trying to
on the market consisting of a lag screw and
arouse public interest in a scheme to make
yoke, a nut and a hanger band. The bands Fig. 1—Odd Belt Fastener.
the canals free. It states the canals are
a magnificent electric plant, yet these supe- controlled by the railroads which keep the
rior electric lamps furnish light for work- freight rates at higher figures than other
men who saw lumber with the ancient countries. France is operatinig canal
handsaws of their forefathers. boats by electricity. English freight rates
The Filipino workman, instead of sew- are in some sections higher than on the
ing the laces from end to end in the old road wagons, 70 years ago. English
leather, puts in the necessary wire-piece canals could be operated throughout the
(A, Fig. 1) and laces over this, thus mak- year.
ing a singular hinge-like connection that —_-?

gives good service for a brief time only, TO EXHIBIT AMERICAN FURNITURE.
when it has to be replaced with a common The American Trading Company of Am
belt sewing. The odd connection with sterdam is to establish a permanent Euro
pean furniture exposition in that city. The
New Pipe Hanger. idea is to sell to all of the countries which
are made of spring steel and the yokes of want American made goods through sam
malleable iron. The hangers are made to ples. There are no big furniture factories
carry pipes of from two to six inches diam- in Europe. The difference is so marked
eter. that the saving will allow the paying of
o_o rates and still leave a good margin
QUICK WORK IN MODERN BOILER Fig. 2—Wire Support.
MAKING. “We will build our navy as rapidly as
wood work of wire (Fig. 2) was seen by it is possible to do and take advantage of
A modern boiler shop is far different the writer just as the connection was com- the latest improvements in naval warfare.
from its congener of half a century ago, in pleted by the native worker. He first pro- Some are impatient to build a large num-
that, for one thing, the methods of con- ceeded to flatten out a portion of the wire ber of ships at this time, but if this be
struction have been greatly simplified and and then with his native boring tool, he put done, in a few years they would be obso-
improved tools are in more general use. a hole through the middle of the flat por- lete.”—Representative Butler of the House
These last have also reduced costs so much tion and inserted the screw (B). This Naval Committee.
348 POPULAR MECHANICS

THE SCARRED VETERAN OF THE America we see sO many cases where a BERLIN MOTOR-BOAT EXHIBITION.
RIVERS. man, starting from a very low degree, by
his industry, perseverance, and the fact that An international exhibition of motor
The steamer Dubuque, the scarred vet- he has a well-balanced brain, has climbed boats was begun at Wansee, near Berlin,
eran of the rivers, has recovered from an- to a very high estate.” Germany, June 1. The exhibition has
other wound which it was believed would youn
“_-? the powerful support of the emperor him-
send her to a watery grave. A great cot- self, who is ever interested in anything
ELECTRIC LIGHTED CLOCK FOR SICK-
tonwood stump hard as iron, hidden be- ROOM. that pertains to boat construction. It is
neath the water, ripped a wound in the believed in Germany that America will
hull of the boat 60 feet long and more A recent novelty consists of a clock in have the best exhibition of any foreign
than 6 feet wide. When they told him front of which is mounted an incandescent nation, as it is understood that motor
that his boat was finally done for, Capt. lamp. A battery under the clock supplies boats have reached a higher development
Killeen smiled disdainfully and said it current for the lamp which can be lighted in the United States than in any European
would take something more powerful than by pressing a button attached to the end country. Frank H. Mason, United States
a cottonwood stump to put the Dubuque consul general at Berlin, says:
out of business. He took her to the yards “The winners in the proposed contests
at Eagle Point. How well he predicted will be placed in a position of great advan-
may be judged from the following from tage for the trade of Europe and the col-
the Winona Republican: onies in tropical latitudes where motor
“Yesterday the Dubuque — started out boats have proven so practicable and use-
from our levee gay as a maiden in her first ful. Correspondence should be addressed
spring suit, on her first season’s trip to to Oskar Counstrom, general secretary, No.
St. Louis.” 1, Universitat strasse, Berlin.
The Dubuque has withstood more dis- =
asters than probably any other boat on the
American rivers, but always has emerged 204 LANGUAGES IN BRITISH EMPIRE.
from the catastrophe in better condition
The total number of languages and dia
than before. Probably her most memora-
lects spoken and written in the British em-
ble experience was in the cyclone at St.
pire is 204. Eighty-five are furnished by
Louis when she was made a stopping block
Asia, fifty-eight by Africa and 30 by
for other boats, houses, bridges, and other
Oceanic. Among the tongues included in
things that were hurled against her by the
this list are many which are decidedly un-
wind. A term in the repair shop and the
familiar to the “man in the street.” India
Dubuque was again queen of the rivers.
Electric Lighted Clock. for example, furnishes Khowar (Chitral),
ow
“> Kortha (Assam), and Lepeha (Tibet fron-
YERKES ON THE DECLINE OF ENG- of a flexible cord, containing the connect- tier) ; then from the Celebes islands comes
LAND. ing wires. The clock is placed on some Alfnor from the island of Zanzibar Poko-
nearby convenient stand or table and the mo, from Sierra Leone Bullom, and from
Charles T. Yerkes, in his office at a win button on the bed. the Niger territory Igbira.
dow overlooking the Thames, said to a —_—_ The language spoken in the Hudson bay
“rs?
London journalist: district is called Kri, in New Brunswick
“In days gone by, that river was full of AN IMPORTED INSECT PRODUCES
Malisit and in British Guiana Acawoio. In
craft. Now I do not even see one of that
REAL SMYRNA FIGS.
the Friendly islands the inhabitants wish
fleet you are all so proud of. In days gone one another a Merry Christmas in Tonga,
by the British manufacturer was ahead cf An insect imported from Asia Minor has
while at Port Moresby they do so in Roro.
resulted in the raising of genuine Smyrna
the world; his goods held the market, and
figs in California. A lengthy and costly ao
oo
especially so in America, where our mer-
investigation on the part of California fig TOY BIRD THAT ACTUALLY FLIES.
chants bought them regardless of the heavy
growers led to the discovery that the
duty imposed, because they recognized
Smyrna fig owed its superior flavor entire- John Ruskin once said that scientists
their superiority to their own.
ly to this insect, a microscopic wasp. Thou- with all their learning had never been able
“Now, however, with the great strides
sands of dollars have been spent in experi- to discover the exact manner in which 2
made in manufacturing machinery, and ow-
ments extending over 14 years and at last bird flies. A recent invention, however.
ing to the ingenuity, the industry and the
a fig the exact counterpart in size, appear- seems to disprove the assertion. It is a
persevering work of the American work-
ance and flavor of the world-famed Smyrna toy—a mechanical bird—consisting of a
man, they have gone ahead of the British
fig is grown in California. George C. head piece, a tail piece and connecting
manufacturer, and instead of your sending
Roeding, proprietor of Fancher Creek Nur- member uniting them, and a body which
goods to us. we send them to you. sery, Fresno, Cal., is probably the most suc- is composed of a cylinder provided with
“T sympathize very much with the Brit- cessful grower of this fig, and he calls it wings. The head and tail are united by
ish workingman, but I still cannot help the Calimyrna, a name destined to become wire and the cylinder is fastened so that
thinking he stands in his own light. I do as famed as Smyrna. Mr. Roeding says: it can rotate on that portion of the tov
not believe in his idea that all men must “The essential point of difference be- which connects the head and tail. To the
be placed on an even keel and that no tween the Smyrna class of figs and the Ad- wire is also attached a weight and from
premium should be placed on brains, in- riatic class, lies in the fact that Smyrna this hangs a cord. Owing to its construc-
genuity and industry, which your trade contains nothing but female flowers, and tion this bird can do many wonderful
unions are deliberately trying to shut out. unless they are pollenated either artificial- things for the delight of children. It has
“On the contrary, I believe there ought ly or through the agency of the fig wasp, “regular” wings and the least imaginative
to be encouragement for every man _ to the fruit never reaches maturity, but shriv- person can see that (thanks to the rotating
make a man of himself, and when I say els and drops from the tree when one-third cylinders) it will be able to make good use
that, I mean an independent man. In grown.” of them.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 349
URGES INVESTMENT IN AMERICAN IRRIGATION OF CENTURIES AGO
MINES.
FOR THE MADAM
Irrigation of the soil has been known to
John Hammond, the American mining the farmers of all nations from earliest his-
WINDOW SHADF. HANGER. engineer, has returned to the United tory. The Tympanum, shown in an a
States, after a lengthy stay in London companying illustration, was used by the
This is another use of heavy wire with where he has been urging the investment ancient Greeks and is responsible for the
a screw end, bent into the shape of a of idle British capital in American riines. great
}
agricultural supremacy attained by the
To a Popular Mechanics representative
ae Mr. Hammond said:
“My object is to divert South African
capital towards America and American
capital towards South Africa; in fact, to
create a sort of world’s mining commu-
nity. I desire particularly to create Brit-
bracket, quite similar to the shelf illus- ish confidence in American mines. ‘There
trated a few weeks ago. The hanger can is much capital that has been lying idle for
be put up without the aid of any tools. two years in South Africa which could be
bea
in well utilized in earning dividends and de-
700 CRIMINALS IN A WOMAN'S DE- veloping our mines.”
SCENDANTS. ——_»--____

SAFETY DOOR FOR ELEVATOR SHAFT yu

What one criminal can do toward mak- Balanced Pole Lift.

ing the world more wicked is shown in This device consists of a folding gate people of that nationality The tympanum
statistics presented at the annual conven- fastened to the trap doors, and opens and was made of great wheels built of circulat
tion of the New York county W. C. T. U. protects the shaft when the doors open troughs radiating at the axis where they
A delegate gave the record of the family emptied into a horizontal trough or pipe
of one woman of criminal tendencies who through which the water was poured into
died in 1827. The speaker said: a series of inclined troughs that conveyed
“This woman’s descendants have been it to the land to be irrigated. That irriga-
traced. They number 8o0o. Seven lnuin- tion was known to the ancient Egyptians, is
dred were criminals, having been con- established by many writings and drawings,
victed at least once. Thirty-seven were one of the most antiquated of which we
a=
murderers and were executed for their produce. This system was by drawing wa
crimes. This family has cost the nation for the passage of the cage. The gate can
ter from a well or stream by means of a
$3,000,000 for trials and executions.” be unhooked at one end and swung around
balanced pol method yet practiced in the
ae ee or compressed to allow access to the ele- South, and pouring the water by hand into AE

EMBROIDERY FRAME. vator. The device is intended for factory a trough. The Irrigation Age says:
and warehouse use.
“If the millions which have been spent
This is the invention of a Colorado and will continue to be spent on the Philip
man, and consists of a swinging, adjusta- OFFERS $38,000,000 YEARLY FOR
pines were devoted to reclaiming the arid
OPIUM MONOPOLY.

reer
A German firm at Shanghai has offered
eS
$38,000,000 a year to the Chinese govern-
ment for the exclusive privilege of han-
dling opium in China. The throne is in so

favor of granting the concessions, hut the

provincial authorities are opposed to it,
and there are international obstacles. Many
Chinamen doubt the ability of one concern
to carry out such an enormous contract.

SWARMS OF ROUMANIAN JEWS COM. : _ The Tympanum.

ING. and semi-arid public domain of the United
ble frame which can be readily attached States, an empire would have been created,
to a chair. A great inflow of Roumanian Jews to the worth a thousand times more to our own
De >
><;
United States has begun. They are leav- people each year than the whole archipela-
A USEFUL PERIODICAL. ing their country on account of oppressive go will yield in a century.”
legislation and thousands of them, pinched 9+
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated re- with hunger and wretchedly poor, are jour- The new Anchor line steamer Columbia
view of the mechanical press written so one neying through Austria on their way to is an imposing three-funnelled craft and
can understand it, and is really one of the the United States. is the fastest boat ever constructed for the
most useful, as well as instructive and in- -——
ia Glasgow-New York track Its gross ton-
teresting periodicals published—Amboy Europe has a population of 357,379,000 nage is 8,400
(Iil.) Journal.
Bae souls; Asia, 825,954,000; Africa, 163,953.-
-_>-?>
000; America, 121,713,000; Australia, 3,- Cardinal Gibbons in a sermon at Wash-
London financiers see danger from spec- ington during the services of unveiling the
230,000; Oceanic Islands, 7,420,000; polar
ulation following the end of the Boer war. regions, 80,400; total, 1,479,729,400. The Rochambeau monument said that the
They say the boom in South Africa stocks same continents and islands have an area American nation owed its existence to Amma
oe
is almost sure to be overdone. of 52,821,684 square miles. France.
 350 POPULAR MECHANICS

>
HOLDER FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES

\ handy book holder for photographic

plates which has been invented in Ger-
many will interest our readers who love PP ATENT
cHas. SOUTHWORTH uaitt
1133 MONADNOCH BLOCH,
CHICAGO.
Telephone Har.575

lith FLOO
‘eo END OF) MENTION
POPULAR
BUILDING MECHANICS

SERIOUSLY HURT ®Y FALL OF AN AIR- he will give up the invention and stick to
Plate Album, SHIP. railroad work.
the camera. Each leaf of the book is a —_——__——__
<P eo@

frame into which the negative can be easily Frank Plankey of Benwood Junction, W. PRESIDENT PALMA OF CUBA.
slid and kept in place by a gum paper Va., was seriously injured while testing a
strap.
flying machine he had been working on Tomas Estrada Palma, the new presi-
>> for the last ten years. Plankey, who is a dent of Cuba, is 65 years old. He is a
NEW STREET CAR FOR LONDON. machinist, thought he had his airship per- native of Bayamo, Cuba, and is a lawyer
fected and took it out to test it. The thing and planter. During the uprising of 1868
Che type of street car in use in England worked too well. It floated into the air, he was a member of the revolutionary
is very different from our own. As a rule but when Plankey endeavored to control congress, and was elected president in
the cars are double-deckers. We illustrate it it fell to the earth. The assistant es- 1875. Subsequently he was detained in
Spanish castles. He visited the United
States for a brief period and then went to
atot
Honduras, where he became postmaster-
general. Returning to this country in
1882, he established an institute at Central
Valley, Orange county, New York. Spain
offered to restore his estates to him if he
would swear allegiance, but he refused to
take the oath. Upon the death of Jose
Marti, Palma was elected by the Cuban
revolutionary clubs as the head of the
Cuban movement outside the island.
a3" While the Spanish war progressed he was
ee Wheel + beetBass.. | the leading spirit of the Cuban junta.
eae pay }
4.6" Platform _ 2U_Qver Body ' ‘tices bso
—_ - 9S Over Colitzion Fenders _ The Rev. George C. Lorimer of New
Double Deck Car.
York in a sermon said that rich automobile
the plans just decided on by the London caped, but Plankey sustained a broken arm owners who kill pedestrians should be
County Council for some new cars for an and several ribs were dislocated. He says electrocuted.
electric line.
on

710 DAYS FREE TRIAL.

ii

$56,000,000 A YEAR FOR STEEL IN-

DUSTRIES.
We Ship on approval to any person in U. S. or
At the present time there is probably be- Canada without a cent deposit, and allow 10 days
— tween 255,000 and 260,000 miles of main free trial. You take absolutely no risk ordering from
track, second track and sidings in the us, as you don’t pay 8 cent if it don’t suit you.
United States,
laid with steel rails.
practically
The life of a steel
all of which is
yn 1902 Models fxm: $9 to $15
1900 and 1901 Models {% $7 to $if
eric
3
rail varies on different roads, according to
the density of traffic. Probably fifteen )\ Catalogues with large photographic engravings of our
Bicycles & full detailed specifications sent free to any address.
years would be a fair average. On this
basis the railroads would have to replace
500 SECOND HAND WHEELS
taken in trade by our Chic retail sto $3 $8
60,896,000 yards of track each year with standard makes, many as new — to
new rails. On an average of 65 pounds a iwDO NOT BUY PacroRyPulces PREETI eee
wheel until you have written for our

yard, this would call for practically 2,000,- Tires, equipment, sundries and sporting of all kinds, at
half regular prices, in our big free catalogue. Con-
000 tons of steel rail a year. At present tains a world of useful information. Write for it.
prices this would mean annual earnings to
the steel industries of $56,000,000.
RIDER AGENTS WANT
model Bicycle of our manufacture.
in each town to ride
and exhibit a sample
You can make $10
ow
a week, besides having a wheel to ride for yourself.
>
a reliablejeDereon. in oe
each town to Seeate Bye for os in

J.C. MEAD GYGLE 60., Chicago, iii.

== for a bicycle.
—-
There are 63 American doctors in Lon-
don.
 POPULAR MECHANICS ~ aT

ORLAN CLYDE CULLEN, MINING

Counsellor-at-Law WANTED to interest parties in a paying shipping
mine ¢, with large reserves of excellent concen-
U. S. Supreme Court, Registered Attorney U. 8S trating material in sight; ores contain gold, silver,
Patent Office, United States and Foreign Pat- lead, zinc and copper. Average per cent of lead in
ents, Caveats, Trade Marks and Copyrights
crude ore, 18 per cent. Milling Picilities will be at
No. 700 7th Street, N.W. hand in 60 days. Will stand a rigid examination,
Mine and smelter within two n iles of mine. Address
Opp. U.S. Patent Office. WASHINGTON, D.C. DAN C. TOB IN, Whitepine, Colo.

A FISHERMAN IN HARNESS.

It's hard in this here country to get a feller’s

wish;
When the fields air right fer plowin’, then
he’s wantin’ for to fish!
From fur off field an’ town,
Whilst the bees air buzzin’ roun’,
He hears the river callin'—sees the cork a-g
in’ down!

The soil can’t be neglected, but it’s purty

hard to be
The head man in a furrow when the breeze is
blowin’ free:
An’ in blossoms fallin’ roun’
In medder, field an’ town,
You hear the river callin'—see the cork a-goin
down!
»)<-o———-

Fifty cents a year. Send five cons for a sam-

le copy to George H. po. G. P. A., Grand APPARATUS FOR DESTROYING GASES
entral Station, New York

A fl NEW MONEY MAKER

For Agents. A household neces-
The rapidity with which a big high speed
locomotive exhausts makes it a difficult
sity. Ly in Minneapolis. — matter to prevent the smoke and gases
Te, sells for 2c. Agents making
per day. will be sold. You from escaping into the air. A recent in-
show what it will do and it sells itself. Some of the gre:atest men the
vention undertakes t do this by passing
People borrow money to buy it. Beats world has ever see 1 beg an their ca-
everything as a money maker. reers in overalls, but the y soon out-
10 cents TO-DAY for sample outfit.
Domestic Mfg. Co., Minneapolis, grew them Isn’t it time for you
to outgrow yours? We can train
you for a position of responsi-
bility in which you will not need
No Progressive Merchant, Manufacturer, or overalls. Responsibility fixes the
size of your check on pay day.
Organization can afford to be without
For the past ten years we have
The Elliott Addressing Machine for address- been increasing the size of pay-
day checks Let us increase
ing Envelopes, Cards, Wrappers, Statements,
yours. To learn how you can
Shippings Tags, Circulars and Time Cards. throw away your overalls and step
up to a better position, cut out,
Our Catalogue explains fully.
fill in, and mail the coupon today.
SEND FOR CATALOGUE “FP ”

THE ELLIOTT INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE

SCHOOLS Box 812, Scranton, Pa.
ADDRESSING Explain how I can qualify for tion marked (XK

MACHINE CO. a Mechanical Engineer

Machine Designer
Civil Engineer
Hydraulic Engineer
AC 2
- )
| Mechanical Prafisman Municipal Engineer
Foreman Machinist Kridge Engineer
48 Dearborn St., Chicago Foreman Toolmaker
Foreman Patternmaker
Kallroad Engineer
Sarveyor
AAAS Foreman Blacksmith Mining Engineer
Foreman Molder Sanitary Engineer
SSS Refrigeration Engineer
Traction Engineer
Architect
Architectural Drafteman
Smoke Consumer. Electrical Engineer Letterer

‘T Earn £3500 a Year

Elec. Bachine Engineer Analytical Chemist
Flectrician Sheet- Metal Drafteman

more since enrolling. Have the exhaust steam and smoke into a Electric Lighting Sapt. Oreamental Designer
|_| Electric Railway Supt Navigator
shorter hours ont better vacuum chamber partly filled with water. |_| Telephone Engineer Stenographer
prospects.”” In this school |_| Telegraph Engineer To Speak French
—chartered by the State of Massachu- The apparatus is placed at the forward end | | Steam Engineer Te Speak German
setts — young men are taught by mail Marine Engineer To Speak Spanish
and fitted for better positions of the locomotive.
Mechanical, Electrical, Steam,
Textile Engineering; Heating, Name
pp ne ion, Plumbing — including
echanical Drawing. A few The highest mountain in the world is
Occupation Age

FREE SCHOLARSHIPS
Deodhunga, one of the Himalayas, which
is 29,002 feet. Addre 5

(the only expense being the actual cost of in-

struction papers and postage) will be awarded to
early applicants. Are You Interested in a
Handbook describing courses, methots
and regular terms on application. Automobiles ? A leak in a watermain at Galt, Ont., was
American School of Correspondence, Boston, Mass.,U.8.A. Send for Sample Copy ot
recently discovered, through which 100,000
THE AUTOMOBILE
Two men from San Francisco were ar- gallons escaped daily, causing a loss of $30
REVIEW, $1.00 a Year
rested at New York for having in their pos- a day. The waste found its way to the
The Automobile Revie
session plans of the Holland submarine tor- river through an old tile drain, and had
$9 Quincy St., Chicago
pedo boat which they had offered for sale. been going on for years
 352 POPULAR MECHANICS June 7, 1902.

MONTHLY EDITION
of.
Popular Mechanics Attractions for Dext Week.
The publisher announces the first number of a
MONTHLY EDITION reproduced from the regular
weekly edition. The monthly will be issued on
Now instead of yelling “aye” and “no” at conventions all that
the first of each month and contain 64 pages, the voter will have to do is press a button on his desk marked
over 200 articles and more than 150 illustrations. “aye” when he wants to vote “yes” and a button marked “
One Dollar per year; single copies to cents For when he wants to vote “no”. This system of voting by machin-
sale by newsdealers, or address
ery has just been invented and is soon to be installed in the
POPULAR MECHANICS House of Representatives. It is liable to revolutionize conven-
Journal Bld. Chicago tions and you should not miss reading about it in Popular Me-
chanics next week.
‘‘Want’’ and “For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents per
line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to But this is only one of the many improvements that modern
a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be inventors are furnishing to the world in such rapid succession
forwarded ey without extraao that it makes an old man’s head swim. A wireless telegraph line
is proposed between New York and Chicago; a fleet of subma-
rine torpedo boats may soon be built for the United States; a
YOU CAN always buy Popular Mechanics new substitute for rubber has been found that is almost equal to
back and current numbers at Horder’s News
Depot, 149 Washington St. (Cor. La Salle), rubber itself; the proposed new post check marks an advance-
Ccchicago,
ment of many years in sending money from one person to anoth-
THE OZARK LIVE STOCK COMPANY has
$3 of good assets for every dollar of stock
er; freezing machines are now employed to freeze the ground so
issued. It owns 1,350 acres of land and has a shaft may be easily sunk, and in fact it seems that everything is
the right to graze on 30,000 acres more. Its
originators cleared last year 200 per cent being changed from the way it used to be all for the sake of
profits on the money invested. Shares $10,
sold at par. Write them care 109 Hartford speed and man’s convenience. All these new things will be told
Building, Chicago. The best investment on about in next week’s Popular Mechanics.
the market.
Now that the fishing season is open boys will be interested in
how to fish with toy boats. We will tell about it next week.
TYPEWRITERS—Bought, sold and ex
We will also tell about dozens of other interesting and instruct-
changed. 423 Popular Mechanics. : ive things that people of nearly every following will want to
AUTOMOBILES—New and second hand, best read. They are neatly illustrated, many of them, and not bur-
bargains, 424 Popular Mechanics.
PATENTS OBTAINED—New book on pat-
dened with superfluous verbiage. You will not have to read a
ents free, 425 Popular
ar Mechanics. column or two to find out what the article is talking about. Pop-
AUTOMOBILES of all descriptions; all at- ular Mechanics “is written so you can understand it.”
tachments and appliances.
ular Mechanics.
FOR
eee
SALE—Two second-hand Worthington
Steam Pumps—419 Popular Mechan-
Address 417 Pop-
a a
cs.
CAR BUILDERS—America Car and Foundry POSITIONS WANTED.
Company, Chicago. :
FOR SALE—Hardware store and tin shop— DRAFTSMAN—Peru Steel Casting Company, GAS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINE ER of
420 Popular Mechanics. Peru, Ind. ability would like to go to Cuba, or Philip-
pine Islands. Very best credentials and expe-
BUILDING plans, estimates, consultation MOLDERS—Kalamazoo Stove Co., Kalama- rience. Address 422 Popular Mechanics.
== and color sketches free—421 Popular Mechanics. zoo, Mich.
FOR SALE—100 tons soft sheet steel for LINEMEN—Fifty good climbers. P. & A. PLUMBER—A. Kennedy, 31 Catherine street,
small armatures at a bargain. Address 416, Albany N. Y.
Telephone Co., Pittsburg, Pa. 7
ace
esr Popular Mechanics.
CORNICE MAKERS—C. B. Smith, King and
HARDWARE SALESMAN. “Salesman,”
519
CAN SELL Real Estate anywhere. Special Freemason street, Norfolk, Va.
4th av., So., Seattle, ‘Wash.
facilities. I have people with property in the ENGINEER—10 years experience. Thos. L.
West who want to go East, etc. Commissions “MACHINE SHAVERS—Ptfister & Vogel Peterson, 286 Wells St., Chicago.
reasonable; no sale, no pay. Address 409, Leather Co., Milwaukee, | Wis. =
Popular Mechanics. YOUNG MAN 17—In mechanical draughts-
‘MACHINISTS—Superior Iron Works, West man’s office. Charles Feil, 126 East 109 St.,
NOVELTIDS—Anything you want, in any Superior, Wis. New York.
quantity. Write for prices and latest nov-
~COMMBRCIAL ARTIS TS. Woodward& COMPANION—A woman teacher desires
elty, non-capsizable ink well; can’t spill. Ad-
dress 410, Popular Mechanics. Tiernan Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Printing summer engagement as companion or instruct-
or in English branches, physical culture, elocu-
VULCAN Steam Shovel operator. Box 746, tion; best references. P. O. Box 155, Mont-
FOR SALE—Second-hand 60-light dynamo, are
good as new and guaranteed; in use only Atlanta, | —_ °F clair, N. J
short time; taken out to = in a 120-light PLUMBERS—THREE UNION. H. L. Burns, GERMAN-AMERICAN, at anything; trade
machine. ‘For sale at a argain. Address Spokane, Wash. preferred. Fred Koerwern, 59-61 Stockton St.,
408, care Popular Mechanics.
FREE—A fine set of Guatamala Jubilee to
The Balkwill Pattern
“PATTERNMAKERS.street,
Brooklyn.
STUDENT, speaking English and German,
Works, 970 Hamilton Cleveland, Ohio.
the first 25 applicants sending us 15 cents in would travel as companion. Box 241, Yale
stamps for our 100-variety packet. (Without TOP BUILDER, seat trimmer. Laporte Car- Station, New Haven, Conn.
any doubt the finest 100-variety packet on riage Co., Laporte, Ind.
the market for the money.) Send at once
Kansas | YOU have a workshop :you “need
and receive the cream. The Marshall Stamp CUTTERS AND GLAZIERS—Two,
Co., 5474 Jefferson Ave., Chicago. Stained
City § Gla
Glass Works, Kansas City, Mo. d The Model Maker. Send 25 cents
IF YOU WANT a machine, tool, or anything MEXICO—Salesmen to sell Mexican drawa for one year to Box 136, Station B,
in a mechanical line and don’ t know where to work in the States. Charles Mandeh, Jr., Cleveland, Ohio.
wet it, write Popular |Mechanics. Monterey, Mex.

HELP WANTED. NOTICE TO NEWSDEALERS.

PRESS HANDS WANTED for cutting tin. One newsdealer in Chicago who started with 5 copies a week in
Missouri
City, Mo.
Can Co., 1210 W. 9th St.,
=
Kansas
ms
February last increased his sales to over 300 copies a week during
CANADA—Harness makers. Great West April, and will average 400 a week for May. He is a very busy man;
did not push the paper or ask a single customer to buy one. He keeps
Saddlery Co., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

MACHINIST HELPERS—The Iola Portland

Cement Co., Iola, Kas. 8 copies displayed in his window; has a crowd there all day long,
ARTIST—For photo- engraving establishment. The display does the rest. Write us for window poster free. Popular
Photo-Chromotype Eng. Co., 226 S. llth St.,
Philadelphia. Mechanics, Journal Bldg., Chicago.
 In Two Weeks: 40 Things for July 4th

LAR M=
Sjusirated Weekty Rew 37 a Scot
Mecha ‘
nical Press of the World

Vol. 1. No. 23. CHICAGO, JUNE 14, 1902. Price 5 CENTS

BIG SHIP HOVE DOWN

-eo

ee
~~

British Steamer YarKland at Pensacola, Fla.

IN THIS ISSUE:

Announcement—Summer Course in Mechanics for Pneumatic Tools in Shop Work.

Boys. A Fortune in Planting ‘1 rees.
Big Electric Plant for Chicago. Value of Up-to-Date Tools.
Easy Electrical Experiment for Boys—How to Make Levee Scene in New Orleans. ee
eee
ot

a Dry Cell. Locomotives Burn Peat in Sweden.

Shop Notes—Shower Bath for Engineers; Heating Remarkable Ball Bearing Cannon.
and Working Steel; Lacing Large Belts; Substitute A Grasshopper Catcher
for Rubber; Preventing Ice in Compressed Air Ex- A Diagram of Heart Action
haust ; seat Water Into Tanks. Electric Railway on Ice
52 Articles—29 Illustrations. ;

NEWSDEALERS SEE PAGE 368 FOR SALE BY ALL NEWSDEALERS :

TT
 ~ cnBES POPULAR MECHANICS

BIG SHIPS HOVE DOWN.

SUMMER COURSE IN MECH-
Interesting and Unusual Method of Repairs Revived. ANICS FOR BOYS.
On our front page we illustrate a process which was common The publisher of Popular Mechanics announces a
50 years ago, but which is seldom seen in these days. Before Summer Course in mechanics, for Boys. This will in-
the days of dry docks repairs to a ship’s hull and keel were
clude an illustrated series of articles on How to Make
made by securely anchoring the vessel fore and aft and pulling
it over on one side with windlass, blocks, and tackle carried up Things in Wood and Iron, “written so you can under-
to the masts at the cross-trees. When the tide went out the hull stand it,” and illustrated so you can do it. Selection
rested on the bottom on one side and the workmen had several has been made of $uch articles as are not too difficult,
hours in which to calk, copper or make other necessary repairs and which can be built at least possible expense for
Experience and great care were necessary when a ship was
materials and tools. This course will begin with the
hove down or she might be a wreck.
In these days of numerous dry docks the sight of a large
issue of June 21st, and be continued each week until
ship hove down is extremely rare Marine Engineering, a September. The opening chapters are as follows:
standard marine authority, however, recently secured a _ pho- I. Selecting Tools and Making Work Bench.
tograph which we illustrate by its courtesy. The ship is the II. Making a Small Box for Toilet Articles.
Yarkland, a British iron hull ship which had been ashore in III. and IV. Building a Row Boat: This boat will be
the Gulf of Mexico. She was towed to Pensacola, Fla., for re-
14 ft. long and seat four persons.
pairs. All the openings in the hull were closed, lines of hose
were run into the hull and connected to steam pumps on shore,
V. Building a Book Case.
in case she should fill with water, and steam windlasses drew VI. Building a Pigeon House.
the great ship over until the keel was exposed. VII. Making a Cozy Corner.
sccapaesdaliltainbiitpininan
VIII. Making Box to Contain Shoes, etc.
BIG ELECTRIC PLANT FOR CHICAGO.
IX. Making Stand on which to Polish Shoes.
Will Cost $6,000,000 and Produce 100,000 Horse Power. Etc. etc.
EASY ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS: This
One. of the largest electric plants in the world will be built series which has been so popular will be continued by
in Chicago by the company which now does the commercial the same author and many extremely useful and inter-
lighting. The plant will cost $6,000,c00, cover 14 acres, and have
esting pieces of apparatus described.
i capacity of 100,000 horse power. While five years will be spent
in finishing the plant, it is expected 16,000 horse power will be
THE SUCCESSFUL ONES ARE THINKERS.
in use in two years. Power will be furnished to run elevators,
motors and elevated roads, in addition to lighting work. One day a laborer in a great refrigerator factory discovered
aea>
=e?
that a stringer in a platform leading from the office to the
USE PEAT FOR LOCOMOTIVE IN SWEDEN. factory had decayed, says the Furniture Journal. The platform
was an elevated one and the stringer, covered as it was by plank-
A locomotive built especially for the use of peat has been put ing, might have some time given way beneath the weight of an
in service on the state railroads of Sweden, where coal is ex- unsuspecting person and caused him serious injury. The laborer
tremely scarce and expensive. It was constructed by the Motala saw this at a glance and he reported the defective stringer to
Werkstad, of Motala. The experiments with peat as fuel for the office. When the general manager heard of it he said to
locomotives have progressed in Sweden for some time past. the time keeper,
Some inventors exposed the peat to strong heat in closed re- “You may allow Nelson a half's-day’s extra pay. It was a
torts thus producing a sort of charcoal, which was used either little thing to do but we want men like ‘him who think while
in the form of lumps or of powder. In the latter case special they work. A less careful man might never have thought of this
furnaces were required. One factory has two ovens, or furnaces, stringer again until an accident had occurred.”
in the first of which the peat was converted into gases, which The occurrence set the general manager to thinking and a
were burned in the second furnace under the boiler. Robert little later when the men came into the factory to go to work
S. S. Bergh, United States consul at Gothenberg, Sweden, says: they found a notice posted on the wall. It would be a good
The present tendency here is to use common peat rendered thing for every manufacturing company to put where its em-
compact and transportable by being compressed by machinery. ployes can read it. The notice read,
Think while you work.
It is reported that a couple of iron works use peat with good
We want valuable suggestions from our employes.
results in the blast furnaces instead of wood or charcoal. It is We ask that all suggestions be submitted in writing and dropped
in the suggestion box on the first floor.
alleged, however, that the use of peat does not offer any eco- If you make a suggestion that is valuable and we adopt it we will
nomical advantage; it has been ascertained that 1 pound of peat pay you a reasonable price for it.
We want suggestions that will improve the quality of our refrig
will produce only 4 pounds of steam, while good English coal erators.
We want suggestions that will protect the operators of machinery.
will produce from 6 to 7 pounds. Peat costs from $2.68 to $2.95 We want suggestions that will improve the quality of our machine
per ton and English locomotive coal from $3.61 to $4.70 per ton. work and thus save a large expense in the cabinet department.
We want suggestions that will improve the sanitary conditions of
There is a movement, however, to make peat cheaper by reduc- the factory and premises.
We want suggestions that will improve our protection against fire
ing the railroad freight rates for this fuel, and improved meth- and reduce our insurance risk to a minimum.
!
|
ods of manufacture may also lessen the price. We want suggestions that will help us to reduce the cost of our
goods and to meet competition, so that we can operate this factory
ow ™
si a full capacity eleven months in the year.

|
We want suggestions that will promote harmony and good feeling

Things for July 4th

among our employes and fill them with an ambition to get to the
40 front.
————___<>o@-
=

How to Do Them The Bookwalter process will be used in the: manufacture of

See POPULAR MECHANICS soft steel and steel castings in a big steel plant which it is pro-
for June 28 posed to build at Springfield, O.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 35:

Shipping Interests %.World’s Finest Harbor

The greater commercial activity now may be seen the loading and unloading of United St
pervading the Southern States is nowhere cargoes from all the principal ports of the wheat ex Wit!
more manifest that in New Orleans, the world. Here is the world’s greatest fruit _, om " A
Crescent City. In the accompanying illus- center, the largest cotton market, the great . as =s3 _— =
trations we show a levee scene in New est sugar market, the greatest rice market, ‘“YS® @"¢ Me Person w has not seen
Orleans which is said to possess the finest the greatest exporting center in America, as missed e of t vonderful sight f
natural harbor in the world. All day long the largest coastwise business in the the world

Levee Scene it New Orleans.

THE VALUE OF UP-TO-DATE TOOLS. iour at a cost of 66 cents \ pneumatic ram for breaking stay
ae eeemanans bolts in wornout fire boxes saved in one shop 541 per cent per
Many an owner or superintendent of shop machinery may annum on its cost. The new pattern and core-box machines in
take lessons from the farmers. Careless as the latter proverb the wood working shop will pay 100 per cent on their cost if
ially is in his care costly apparatus, still he recognizes the value only used one hour a day.
of labor saving machinery and every year millions of dollars A road whose shop is equipped with old-time machinery and
are spent for self-binders, rakes, planters and the like. which cannot afford to put in modern apparatus would save
In a paper read before the Western Raiiway Club by M. K. money to let its repairs out on contract t ome shop with
Barnum, master mechanic of the Union Pacific railroad, and modern equipment.
reported in the Railway Review, attention is drawn to this sub- 9+
ject. He says: “The amount of money:that is wasted every A FORTUNE IN PLANTING TREES
day by the lack of ‘up-to-date’ tools is appreciated by very
few railroad officials. If an old machine can be replaced with Fifteen years ago one of the “fruit kings” of Michigan said
a new one which will do enough more work or do the same to the writer, “Young man, | will tell you how to make a
work with enough less labor to represent a saving in labor fortune, though I do not expect you will do it.” The explana
‘ t
equal to 5 per cent per annum on the investment it should be tion was given and, as he predicted, not acted on. Che plan
entitled to careful consideration.” He then recites in detail was easy; simply buy 100 acres of worthless land and plant it
several examples. A new horizontal boring machine cost $1696 with black walnut trees. In 20 years these trees would hav
and saved $900 in 18 months; interest on investment, 53 per been worth a great deal of money
cent. A car wheel borer cost $1710 and saved $735, or 42% per Near the city of Danville, Ill., is a walnut grove that is one
cent a year. A car-axle lathe that cost $1665 saved $250, or of the most valuable in the country. Recently $150 was re-
about 15 per cent. Modern engine lathes turn out 20 to 30 per fused for a single tree. Any young man who will secure even
cent more work than those built 20 years ago; planers, 25 to 50 few acres of otherwise wort! land and start a grove will
per cent more; turret lathes, 50 to 60 per cent. To remove six have several thousand dollars’ worth of valuable timber in 20
driving wheels weighing in all 132,000 pounds took eight men years. After the first few years 1 grove will not require any
four hours; four men with pneumatic jacks now do it in one attention
 >) Jt ( POPULAR MECHANICS

USING AIR TO CUT STEEL

The Pneumatic System Has Worked Wonders in American

Shops

cre \ n

p : y

( t © f compressed rin e€ op

) 20 years compressed alt een | r .

>| f pipes
in the city of Par s to run
rs, tat nd r similar purposes for transmission
1 leral distance, electricity 1s now preferred In tl

untry remarkable progress has .been made during the past

few years, in driving tools by air So perfect have these littl

Pneumatic Rammer, Large Hand Size, for General Foundry Work

Method of Using Foundry Rammer.

lines become that many of them, capable of doing the work

f 10 or even 20 men, can be carried in one hand. This per
fection of labor saving machinery has contributed very largely
making America the Master Workman Nation
(he process is extremely simple: A steam engine operates
99 pump constantly which compresses air in a steel tank to what
ever pressure is desired. This pressure ranges from 40 to 100
pounds. The air is conducted from the tank through iron pipes
to all parts of the works. At frequent intervals taps are placed,
to which one end of a stout hose is attached. At the outer end
of the hose is the tool, which contains a miniature engine to
A run the drill, or drive the hammer, or whatever the tool may
be. When ready, air is turned into the hose just as one turns
water into a garden hose. Another valve in the tool regulates
its working
Not only does the pneumatic system make easy what was Calking a Boiler
 POPULAR MECHANICS

he prompt adoption of such tools as this which enable Am Day, when in the
‘an manufacturers to produce machinery and other things in a letters were canceled. and X87 ¢ f

Making Buoys for 1 S. Government.—lIllustration of How the Keller Yoke Riveter May Be Adapted to Work that Otherwise
Would Be Extremely Difficult,te Accomplish,
space of time impossible in the old countries with their slow third and fourth class matter were ndled. all being cleaned

acting facilities. The more common uses of the pneumatic tools before the next day
are for hammering, chipping, riveting, calking, drilling and ram ame
ming lhe rapidity with which some of them work is mat RAILROADS ASSURE AMERICAS UNITY
velous; for instance, one tool for boring wood weighs only 12
pounds and turns the bit 1,0co times a minute Imagine a cat \ report of the dinner at Philadel ' commemoration ot
penter trying to turn a brace at any such speed; and when one the twenty-thousandth locomotive and seventieth year of con
comes to drill holes in iron the contrast is even greater For tinuous operation of the Baldwin | motive Works, has been
all kinds of iron work the pneumatic tool is indispensable It issued in pamphlet form, neatly bound and printed on fine paper
drives rivets in boilers and iron bridges, it rams the earth in \ copy has been given as a souvenir to each of the 250 guest
making molds for casting in foundries; it tamps the earth for who were in attendance Che little volume niains a verbatim
foundations; it cuts iron plates as though they were wood All report of response to toasts with the name f al in attendance
these and many other operations are performed by means of air \n unique utterance in the course of the 54 king was made by
which before compression would not even cause a candle-flam¢ Assistant United States Attorney-General James M. Beck whe
to waver The tools are numerous, their uses as varied. We said
illustrate a few working scenes for which we are indebted to the “As the shuttle swiftly passes to and fro through the texture
Philadelphia Pneumatic Tool Co of the loom, similarly these vehicles of commerce ceaselessly
~— +2. pass through the great texture of our country, weaving the sub
ELECTRIC RAILWAY ON ICE. lime and harmonious pattern of its greatine he centripetal
a “influence of the railroad | vholly ercome the centrifugal
\n electric railway was built on the ice across the River Neva tendencies that existed in out intry prior t e great civil
at St. Petersburg, Russia, last winter and cars crossed in safety war. The unity of the repub vl the last spike
for several months. There are few bridges at this point, says was driven in the Pacific railr
the Tramway World of London, and the ice railway did a big —
business. The river is nearly a mile wide at this point Phe ENGLISH LOVE THE WEED
trolley poles were set by chopping holes 18 inches deep in the
When thx At the beginning of the twentiet ntus e Br peo
thick ice, and pouring in water around the frames.
poles were as firm as if set in the earth are smoking more than Uy g
water froze the
a -— — (here has been a great ld n tot ' 1 in the '

ONE OFFICE HANDLES 161 TONS OF MAIL IN A DAY but in spite of this growt
f superfluous womet n a matrimonial the ! mpt
Combining all grades of mail sent out from the Chicago post per head has practically doubled It ther word f ever
office last year, it averaged 12 pieces to the pound. The post woman, old and young, 1f eve! hild fant
office handied nearly 600,000,000 pieces, which weighed about if every member of the Ant has ~ I
50,000,000 pounds. The average increase in business of the 48 solacing weed, calculat t
sub-offices in the city amounted to 20 per cent. Money ordet sumed per head was now tw f
transactions amounted to $84,506,000 The biggest day's work whereas, fifty years since it worked t at ne pow d
ever done in the Chicago postoffice was on last St. Valentine’s quarter of an ounce
 358 POPULAR MECHANICS

een eaeieiieee PPP PIPPI PIPPI PIPPI, ing the rods in the center ot the cylinder, push the paste into

|
the space between the rods and the cylinder, using a stick for
Easy Electrical Experiments :
2 * . <

the purpose. Fill the space evenly all around the carbon rods,
2 FOR BOYS 2 until the paste is within % inch of the top of the dish
Pour over the top of the paste a wax made by melting together
; By LL. P. DICKINSON 4
15 lb. rosin and 2 oz. of beeswax. This seals the cell, prevent
NaF NaF NaF Nal Mel’ ;
ing the contents from evaporating and spilling. Connection is
CHAPTER XXIII. made with the zinc by a wire soldered to the outside of the zinc
cylinder at the top. Connection is made with the carbon rods
HOW TO MAKE A DRY CELL.
by means of the wire soldered to them. In both cases, screw con
nectors similar to that shown in the figure are very desirable
“Of late years the so-called dry cells have come into common Such a cell is very useful when currents are wanted for a
use, chiefly because of their cleanliness and portability. Ordi very short time, as for example, in the case of the electric bells
nary liquid cells for ringing electric bells and for similar pur- This form of cell is, however, wholly unfitted for those purposes
poses employ a stick of zinc, and a carbon plate, immersed in a when a current is desired for a considerable time, like telegraph
solution of sal-ammoniac. Dry cells use the same material for work. The cell described gives an electromotive force of 1
the two poles of the cell, but instead of a liquid, use a paste volts and will easily ring an electric bell through 50 ft. of wire
formed by the mixing of sal-ammoniac and other salts, with If carbon rods which are plated with copper cannot be secured, chee
vater. They are not then perfectly dry, in the sense that they they may be plated as described in the issue of May 24 of this
contain no moisture, but only deserve the name because the paste paper. Or connection may be made by twisting wires firmly
thick and cannot spill as a liquid would do about the upper ends of ‘the rods.
lo make such a cell there will It will improve the working of the cell very much if the carbon
be required first of all, a strip of rods are surrounded by a layer of black oxide of manganese
sheet zinc 8% inches long and 6 If this can be secured it should be used, although those who do
inches wide. Roll this up into a not have access to the large cities, may find some difficulty in
4 cylinder 6 inches high and 2% securing it.
inches in diameter. The zinc will ———_—-_
sa >___-

WAX overlap on the side about 5% inch,

MORSE TELEGRAPH ALPHABET.
odes ~eled and should be tightly soldered.
Also solder a circular piece on to Owing to an accident at the engravers, which was not disco
one end of the cylinder, so as to cred until the paper was printed, one of the letters in the Mors
completely close that end, and alphabet last week was incorrect. Two dots | were run to
form a water-tight vessel. This gether and made a dash (—). The correct alphabet reads as
piece should have its edges follows:
flanged, and an attempt should be A-— K—-— U--—
made in soldering to prevent the easepinatian 3.2 oie
lead used in the solder from run- Boe ee $e
ning inside the cylinder so as to o | | a
make contact with the contents of z.. — .
PASTE
the cylinder. For this reason, the Cae .inawee stim
PASTE joints should be painted on the
sei a a: staph
RODS
CARBON
See
ae
inside with good asphaltum paint mOVOZzZEY
Do not, however, put the paint
anywhere except at the joints.
Procure next three carbon rods
sich as are used in are lamps. ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.
Each rod should be 6 inches long
A Dry Cell and about ™% inch in diameter,
QUESTION :—l would like to ask if the motor just described
and copped plated. Remove the
copper plate from could be run as a dynamo, and what changes would be necessary.
each by means of a file except for a space of
Would the water motor described in No. 1 run it, and what
———————
inch from one end. Bind them together, the plated ends at
the same end, by means of strings. Solder to the copper plate would be its voltage and amperage?
the ends of carbon rods a wire, which pass around the three ANSWER:—The motor may be run as a dynamo without any
rods, making contact with each rod through the medium of the change, provided the field magnets be once excited by means of
solder, and the ends of which projects 2 inches above the rods. a battery. It may be necessary to reverse the connection of the
Immerse this end of the rods in a smoking hot dish of melted field coils, but this can be determined by experiment.
wax (either paraffiine or beeswax), until the pores of the carbon The water motor will be of sufficient power to run the dynamo.
for a space of one inch from the ends of the rods are thoroughly The voltage will depend upon the speed, and this will depend
saturated with the wax upon the water pressure. It will probably be about five volts.
To make the paste take ™% Ib. zine oxide, % Ib. sal-ammoniac, The maximum current which the machine will deliver is ahout
34 lb. plaster, 14 Ib. chloride of zine and mix them into a paste five amperes.
by adding ™% pint of water. The first three ingredients at least
can probably be secured even by those who have not access to QUESTION :—A toy dynamo with permanent magnet gives a
the larger stores. In case of necessity the chloride of zine may current that one can hardly bear, yet it will not affect a bell or
be omitted, and its place supplied by using a little more of the 1 1 C. P. light. Can you explain why?
ther solid ingredients. ANSWER:—The dynamo is wound to give a high voltage, hut
TY
Insert enough paste into the bottom of the zinc cylinder to the amount of current that it will deliver is very small. The
'
form a layer '%4 inch thick. Rest the end of the carbon rods up- current necessary to give a shock is quite small, but a high volt
on this, with the plated ends projecting from the top, and hold- age is necessary in order to send even this small current through
 POPULAR MECHANICS 359

of the latte: it | ent typ

the high resistance of the human body. The current required by field winding
an electric bell or a 1 C. P. light is about one ampere, and thi ind its heating would be practically in proportion to the work 1
small dynamo cannot give this, although its voltage is high,] } was performing. In the case of the are machine it was not by
cause the machine was overloa tandpoint, but
cause cf the high resistance of its own windings
simply because an undue amount of rrent was flowing through
the field winding Che actual 1 f power required to
QUESTION :—Will you please tell me how to get spots off of drive this dynamo was of course 1 witl i lamps
polished steel such as a razor. burning than when the full nu
ANSWER :—Rub the spot with a rag dipped in kerosene. Then
+++
rub dry, and polish with a piece of the finest crocus paper or
cloth The original polish cannot be restored by hand, but can THE PROPOSED NEW POST CHECK
be restored by polishing upon a buffer such as is used by nickel
platers A new form of money order the Post Check, which promises
to do away with the many inconvemiencs ot our present .money

QUESTION :—I would like to ask if it would interfere with th« order system, is proposed by a « measure

working of the motor described in a previous issue. to paint th The checks are to facilitate the s« ng ot mall amount

wires of the armature and field.

ANSWER :—It will improve the motor to give the wire two
coats of brown shellac such as may be bought at any paint shop
= Fi 7
After the shellac is dry, the wires may be painted any desired
VvVasoz t
color, using ordinary paint

otter
Question :—Please decide in next number of Popular Mechan
ics
a Ice
Does a 50 arc light dynamo require 12 all-night lamps to pre POSTAGE STAMP
vent burning out? Will a 50-horse power dynamo burn out I wit Bf
PLACED MERE
more power is used? In short, does an arc light dynamo burn AND CANCELLED
Ih INT
out if not enough is used and a 50 horse power dynamo burn out Pavantr To BEARER WITrm Tis
OF SENDER
if more power is used? This is to settle a controversy with self
Te,
sor
“Pacrs
prteeo
ARE
ANO DATE

and a city official.

SUT
weeFiFTy) CENTS
Question :—Would like you to give me your decision to be pub
lished in local papers. City owns an electric light plant. Has a
merchant dynamo 50-are light capacity. Some merchants us« through the mails. They are th f simplicity and may
light to 10 p. m., others to 12, and some all night lamps. To keep be made to pass as currency, transferred from one person to
from burning out the dynamo the city has six lamps burning on another without endorsement. The Chicago Dry Goods reportet
streets free. Says:
One consumer uses power from the city plant. He burnt out to send money through
“The idea is that a man who wants
his motor because he used more power than the machine could When he gets
the mail can buy these checks at any postoffice.
carry. The manufacturer of the motor informed him to be s¢
cure he should use a 2-horse power for 1-horse power work, or
in other words have double capacity to insure safety. Pile ast note
electric supply company claims a shortage of power burns out the
SAMPLE Zz
machine. Our city council says a surplus of power is what Is printed vo dlustrave
burns out his machine. he Post Check
Any eitemp
Sys

Answer :—[The two questions are from the same city regard
ing the same plant.] It is evident that the 50-light are dynamo
referred to is of the series type and is constructed to operate at
a constant speed. Therefore at a constant speed with the full
armature current going through the fields it naturally energizes
the fields for full load or for its full potential. Now if a number
of lamps are cut out of circuit while the machine is not produ ready to send his money a name
ing its full horse-power as in the first class referred to, the volt of the party to whom the money may be due, endorse it on th:
age runs higher per lamp with a few lamps than with full load back, put on a postal stamp, cancel same and enclose the check
Therefore the field winding gets more than its normal voltag« in his letter. When the check arrives at its destination the ad
under such conditions which causes them to run hot and burn dresse may cash it anywhere or re-indor somebody el
out. This can be overcome if the operator of the dynamo puts the same way as an ordinary check payable to bearet
an extra resistance in the field circuit to reduce the current in
ee
the fields when the number of lamps desired are reduced. He is
evidently operating his dynamo improperly. With this extra lhe Great Northern Steamship Compa James J. Hill
field resistance his 50-light dynamos should carry ten or twelv: president, will build three more monster ships for the Oriental
lamps very satisfactorily. trade between Seattle and China
Both conditions you cite are correct, but the two types of ma
chines referred to are entirely different. The merchant who was A bill has been passed by the House of Representative top
advised to use a two horse power motor or dynamo instead of a ping the coinage of silver doll indefinitely and pt 1g
one horse-power evidently had more work than the one horse that the bulion be coined into sm change
power would deliver and naturally required a larger machin¢
This type of machine, however, is 2n entirely different form ot The John A. Roebling’s Sons Company of Trenton, N. J
electric dynamo from the arc machine above referred to. Thx will build extensive branch works near St. Louis
 300 POPULAR MECHANICS

Popular Mechanics DIAGRAM OF HEART ACTION

H. H. WINDSOR, Publisher In an article on diseases of the heart in the Journal of th
Journal Building, o © o Chicago American Medical Association the writer illustrates the heart
_— = action as indicated by the pulse. The records are made wit } }

SUBSCRIPTICN
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions,
I i eiacl
ek anh hips dS Se
Foreign Countries, post paid...............c.cc02.2220-- FOO
Monthly Edition Sa Mey eee eee eae 1 00
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue.
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple Normal pulse.
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
licatiohs from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac-
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro-
ure from its pubUshers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning.

Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter. Normal pulse, case of brain exhaustion.
Address,
POPULAR MECHANICS
Journal Building, - - Chicago

Entered at the Chicago Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class.

A GRASSHOPPER CATCHER.
Neurasthenia cordis.
In some of the western states grasshoppers have appeared in
unusual numbers. Many of the farmers are using a “hopper
; . ih a very delicate instrument which traces the motion of the pulse,
doser’ to get rid of the pest The machine is mounted on ‘
making record with a pencil on a strip of paper. From these
records the expert can determine the nature and extent of the
disease. We show a few of these tracings which give a general
idea of what the readings are.

FISHING WITH A TOY BOAT IS RARE SPORT.

loy boats may be made a means of rare sport, not only to

boys but to grown up men, when fishing lines with baited hooks
are atiached to them Trolling with the aid of one ot these

Machine to Catch Grasshoppers.

wooden runners and drawn by horses The grasshoppers ars

caught by the wide strip of cloth at the back of the device and
fall into iron pans filed with a mixture of water and kerosene
———_ao-______—
j

LAMP FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT CURE.

There has been brought out in England a lamp for giving

electric light treatment. The lamp may be carried about and
connected to any electric light fixture in the sick room. The

Lamp for Electric Tight Treatment.

light shines through a convex rock-crystal lens at f and is turned

on by pressing the button d; the strength of the light is changed diminutive sailing vessels never fails to bring in a good string of
ees
by turning the handle c At g is a blue glass window for ob- fish Sailing before the wind and carrying one or more fishing
serving the arc. In use the lamp is pressed directly on the lines attached, the bait is trolled in a manner that is irresistible
flesh to be treated. Small lamps are made insert in the to pickerel, bass, perch and nearly every other inhabitant of the
mouth for that treatment water It does net t make a great noise and scare the fish away
 POPULAR MECHANICS 201

as in the case of a large boat lhe boat may be made of a piece ELECTRIC POWDER THAWER
board of nearly any size, just so that it be wide that it may
not be easily tipped over. Make the rudder very long in propor In an Idaho mine lighted w ctricity the chief engine
tion to the size of the boat so that it will not make lee way and = fas devised an arrangement { fely thawing powder
will keep on a straight course. Rig it out with one or two masts which on account of the extrem 1 in winter, frequen
and sails of cloth. Tie fish lines with baited hooks to nails in the freezes. The Mining and S« ( ma
stern of the boat. If you are not equipped with a row boat to go zine 5 feet long 4% feet high an feet ep, set on a
after the little sailing vessel when it begins to heave and toss in
the water, indicating a fish on the hock, you may have a line at eee x et ee
tached to the sailing boat by which it and the fish may be hauled en
to shore. In the latter case the boat will probably upset and } | —
you ought
pean
to have additional sails to rig it up afresh | |

|
i| eeeeal
i . [-
be en ep
| ae
anata
WONDERFUL POWER OF THE BALL BEARING GUN. - | a uz || iM] :
| | rest
New Invention Defeats Two Standard Makes in a Contest, and | bE | a :
Has Many Advantages. . "| Dees 7 Zz >
} = - ae ee, © — , ’ ee
—_ ! — - — ae —— — gis

\ gun that threatens to revolutionize the manufacture of army i - | Lene |

ordnance has been invented by Capt. Orlan Clyde Cullen, 700 7th > 1; — ef ae
street, N. W., Washington, D. C. It is known as the “Cullen Ball z Hl - mg *
Bearing Rifle Gun.” The idea occurred to Capt. Cullen in the ? Electric. a 7
hospital in Cuba, while he lay suffering from three serious saber
wounds inflicted by soldiers of the Spanish regiment of thy 22 inches above the floor of the min he powder is placed
Infanta Isabella. The captain had witnessed the jamming of jp galyanized iron trays which are plac the shelve lhe
two Hotchkiss guns from overheating in action. How to build trays are partly filled with sand \ ventilation at the tops al
a gun that would not kick or heat up was a question that he tried lows gases to escape, and two thermometers indicate the tem
to answer between the times when he was delirious with fever perature which should be from 70 to 75 degrees F. Air is heated
The solution of the problem came to him in the idea of the in a “stove” which is a galvanized iron drum containing 30
coils of No. 22 tinned steel wire—Germat Iver wire is better
hut more expensive The drum is open at the bottom and stands
on porcelain knobs to secure insulation \ voltage of 400
used. Three hours are required to thaw the powder The
temperature must not rise above 80 degre
———
oa HIGH VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION FUSE BOX
eoFSS
re
Se This device is a recent English invention ) ruse are m

oRKD CE SA creased in a box and are visible through gla window he

. WOOT FOSS
Ci ddddddddddddugidilka
ESS
Ball Bearing Cannon.

ball-bearing rifle. He immediately arose from his bed and

drew out the plans on paper.
Che captain recovered from his illness, a company with $500,
000 capital was formed, and the manufacture of the “Cullen
tall Bearing Rifle’ begun. How well Capt. Cullen has su
eded may be judged from the report of a recent competitive
test with Maxim and Driggs and Hotchkiss guns. The report
states:
\ll four guns were fired at a plate of nickel steel 20 feet
square and 134 inches thick. The piate was 3,000 yards from
guns The ball-bearing gun was fired and the projectile struck
and penetrated plate (3 feet from center of target), ricochetted,
and was picked up 1,620 yards beyond, embedded in the dirt
17 inches, making a total range of 4,626 yards, after getting
through 1% inches of best armour plate. The three other guns
before mentioned were fired, hit the plate in twe instances (the
Driggs and Hotchkiss, with their projectiles, failed to penetrat
the plate, and glanced into the earth in front of it.) The Maxim
projectile hit the plate and stuck in it with the nose of the pro
jectile, extending 54 of an inch through it
; see High Volt ré use lh

An automobile in which M. Rosenbaum and two actresses

were riding caught fire at 23rd street and 6th avenue, New design of the bridge gives a 3 lengt f fuse Milled nuts
York, from the gasoline tanks and burned up hold the fuse wire in place All the insulatior English china
 302 POPULAR MECHANICS

POTATO GROWING A MECHANICAL it It marks the row, opens the furrow, THE LATEST STREET PIANO.
SCIENCE drops and covers the seed, shallow or deep
as desired, all in one operation. It will
Something new in street pianos has made
Everything From Planting to Eating Done its appearance. It is the most strenuous
plant from five to nine acres a day with
by Machinery thing yet. Some morning if you are awak-
one man and a team. This machine alone
ened from the last stages of a.late nap by
will do the work of 10 men. When de-
the strains of “Dolly Gray” swelling from
Potato growmg has been reduced to a sired it is provided with an attachment
the pavement below, with that soothing,
science, so advanced that the old methods which places the fertilizer underneath the
melodious effect characteristic of the street
seem ridiculously antiquated Potato seed after the most approved method.
organ, and you happen to note a nerve-
cutters, planters, fertilizers, sprayers, dig After the potato is planted the next work shattering, ear-jarring, rolling accompani-
gers, sorters, and other devices make the is the spraying of bug poison to destroy ment, sounding like thunder in a realistic
the insects that infest the growing vines. melodrama, don't get frightened. Don't
imagine, either, that a circus has slipped
into town without plastering the billboards.
This is simply the “something new” in
street pianos in practical operation.
The novel addition to the street pianos
consists of a drum attachment. The head
of the drum is so arranged that at certain
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Bed of Kuives Potato ¢ utter intervals it comes into contact with the au-
tomatic sticks, which move rapidly and
growing purely a mechanical process
produce almost as good a roll as could the
most expert drummer. This serves as an
from before the time the potato is planted
accompaniment to the piping strains of the
until it is placed on the cars for ship-
Fig. 5—Potato Digger.
piano, and when worked to the fullest ex
ment he result is a wonderful saving
tent can be distinctly heard for six blocks
in labor and expense and the rapidity of
or to the top story of the tallest sky
work places America ahead of all other In Fig. 4 we show the Aspinwall 4-row
———— scraper.
nations as a producer of the “Solanum sprayer. It wil! spray 30 acres per day, a
tuberosum,’ which Webster says “has one barrel of the mixture covering about
FROZE THE EARTH TO SINK A SHAFT.
six acres
Then comes the digging, formerly done All other methods having failed, the
with a hoe, now twenty times quicker with freezing process was successfully resorted
the potato digger, Fig. 5. The pulverizing to in sinking a shaft at the Ronnenberg al-
wheel automatically removes the tops and kali works near Hanover, Germany. Thirty
throws them to ene side. Following close freezing tubes were sunk to a depth of 413
in its path is the plow which turns the soil feet on a circle 29.5 feet in diameter. The
and then come the concave forks, which shaft sunk was 26.5 feet outside diameter
pick up the potatoes and with their rota- and 18 feet inside the masonry- portion.
Freezing machines of the Fixary system
were installed, double in capacity those that
proved one of the greatest blessings be would have been used in a soil where there
stowed on man by the Creator.” was no salt. The work was successfully
There is now manufactured every con- completed in seven months after the actual
ceivable kind of machinery for the growing freezing operation began, although it was
and marketing of potatoes. We illustrate more than two years after the sinking of
some of the machines made at the factory the tubes began.
of the Aspinwall Company. In raising The soil penetrated was very irregular
potatoes the very first thing to do is to cut for a distance of 407 feet and largely com-
up seed potatoes containing the eyes. This posed of irregular masses of gypsum. The
work is the office of the potato cutter (Figs. bed of salts of potash lay at a depth of
about 459 feet. Immediately overlying the
Fig. 6—Sorting Machine. salt formation was a 50-foot layer of hard
and compact gypsum. Before resorting to
ting movement separate them from the dirt the freezing process an attempt was made
before again discharging them. to cut out the gypsum by a truss armed with
After the potatoes are dug it is necessary cutting tools, and to lift out the water. But
to assort them into different sizes for the during the sinking operation both the ma-
market, to pick out the bad and ill-formed sonry and the iron lining began to move
ones. This is done by the aid of the po- under the pressure of the very treacherous
Fig. 4—Four-Row Sprayer. tato sorter (Fig. 6.) It separates them soil, and at a depth of 105 feet the masonry
into three sizes, the marketable, or large had moved four inches out of line. Soil
1and 2). With this the cutting is as rapid potatoes; the second, sorting or seed; and rushed into the shaft from the bottom and
as the planting and the cutter can easily the “third sorting,” which falls through the water increased in quantity until it
keep pace with the planter, into the hopper with the dirt. These are separated from amount to 1412 cubic feet per minute, or al-
of which the potatoes are placed after being the dirt by means of a box with a wire most the capacity of the pumps.
cut screen bottom. CS i
—
The planter (Fig. 3) is automatic and Then the potatoes are shipped to the Washington is said to have the best
requires but a team and driver to operate market, and you know the rest. street car system in the world
eS
POPULAR MECHANICS 303

A NEW SUBSTITUTE FOR RUBBER.

SHOP NOTES
\ new f ber | been p
ented | \ t which uid t
SHOWER BATH FOR ENGINEERS. subjected to the forging process hus the be more « ( than y other
different or varying state of heat appears that has ) 1 p 1 on the market
A writer in The Engineer tells how he to be of greater moment than is usually Leathe re 1 | machinery to fibre

made a shower bath for use at the sta- taken into consideration In working a and soaked undet gitation tor a con let

tion. He says: It is placed in one corner piece of steel with uneven heat, the parti able time in tannet ressing (bruised bat
of the basement, and consists of a pipe cles are pushed out of their normal posi ley and leaven a 1 Vv ter) ine mas

tion and no amount of annealing can alto dried and steeped 1 me time in oil freed
piped to the city water as at M. A valve is
gether replace them lhe particles of steel from acid by treatment with warm watet
placed at A. The pipe is connected with
steam pipe at B. The end of the pipe is will arange themselves in obedience to nat- Cork in pieces the e of hazel nuts 1
ural laws. boiled in the thickened sap of the landol
made in a circle as at E, and is capped as
at R. The circle is drilled all the way Forging steel at a black heat will crush phia plant root, and allowed to dry slowly

around with %-inch holes as shown. N is the particles o1% bring about rapid crystalli Waste rubber in moder ly ed lump
zation. Some say that the word “crystal separately boiled in f1 ne t vo pe
lization” is not applicable, so I will say, cent solutio1 f cau Rubber-linseed oil
cabin
FOO ~
ee —amnad (aca) “enlarge the crystals.” Steel should be in is then prepared by dissolving rubber in
V3. RS, f
hs , Y “ N a plastic state during the process of forging, linseed oil at a temperature of trom 40 t
|
_ @ SH] 2i4 and the heat should be as even as it is 60 degre ( These n terial and ashe

possible to have it; the force of the blow tos are mixed in proportions which the in
should also penetrate the whole mass so as ventors refuse to divulge The mass is then
to prevent the drawing of the exterior sur- placed in calendars provided with heated
face away from the core or center. When adustable
1
rolles ind
|
finally
,
treated
1
with
|

the outside of the steel is worked more chemicals for the purpose of vulcanizing
than the inside, the effect is telescopic, and
++o
the steel can only be rehabilitated by an-
nealing, and then by no means will the FREEZING OF MOISTURE DEPOSITED
temper be uniform. Hence, do not work FROM COMPRESSED AIR.
(e———-
steel at too low a heat, lest you strain it
Fig. 2 and 3. Method of Bending Small Pipe Do not work it at an uneven or irregular At the Drummond Colliery, Nova Scotia,
heat, or the particles will be as variegated for running n underg! ind pump by com
a steam pipe with a valve at A. When as the frost lines on a window glass. Too pressed alt tw receive! are used one

ready to take a bath open both valves so high heating will make the steel brittle near the pump and 1 ther 200 teet ta}

as to get the water the right temperature and destroy its cohesive properties. The ther back on pipe ling writes
; ve
Prof
7

and then all that is necessary is to step secret of successful tool-smithing is proper Robert Peele in Apri! Mines and Minerals
under, the water will do the rest. The bath heating, and I will say that proper heating The air pressure in the main from the
commences from the molten state at the
room is 4 feet square and the dressing- surface is &5 pound nd the propor
room 5 feet square. mill tions of the cylinders of tl particular
ee
Fig. 2 shows a good way to bend small pump are such that high a pressure 1s
LACING LARGE BELTS.
pipe. Place a pipe in the vise the size of unnecessary, a reducing valve was put in
the circle required, place the clamp on the the pipe ust betor 1 hing the first
pipe in the vise as shown in Fig. 3, and Some time ago a correspondent of the receiver. By this valve the air is wire
make the clamp as shown so that the end Engineer gave that paper the accompany- drawn to reduce the pressurs ly
of the small pipe to be bent can be placed ing plan of lacing large belts He had which results in a dep tion of nearly one 4
in the part of the clamp at B. I have half the entrained watet 1 iddition to r
found it is best to first heat the pipe, if that already deposited in the pips It is
brass, to a dull red. This can be plainly found that more moisture collects in the
seen by holding it in a dark place; let it first than in the second receiver (a might

cool and it can then be bent easily into a he expected ) ind by thi de e the eri

circle. ous difficulty encountered from freezing

re ‘ at the pump has been entirely overcome

HEATING AND WORKING STEEL. The temperature lost by the reduction of

pressure to 45 pounds is regained before
——— EE the air reaches the pump At the Ana ee
sera
sre
Se
a
John L. Bacon, instructor in Forging,
Plan of Lacing. conda mines, where there is a long line of
Lewis Institute, Chicago, in an article to
piping laid on the surface, there was for
blacksmiths, in the American Blacksmith,
Says: tried it on large heavy belts and found it merly frequent choking of the pipes from
so effective that it never pulled out or freezing. By passing the air through a
In heating steel, as in everything else,
apart lhe belts were relaced once a year. series of old boilers put in close to the
science and common sense should be exer-
a ' compression house the trouble was cor
cised. It is very discouraging to the steel
maker who looks on his philosophy as L. A. Strange, the Cuban balloonist who rected
a
being correct, to find that after all his care fell from the sky into the sea, while mak-
and expense, his product is abused in heat ing an ascension at New Haven, Conn.,
ing after it leaves the mill. Unequal heat- recently, savs that he should have drowned ago at Kingston Point, N. Y., from falling
ing will produce an inequality of the parti- had he not been picked up by a passing Roo feet from a parachute, was a neph \

cles, and will cause their displacement in boat soon after he struck the water. He
one direction or another when the steel is is now none the worse for his experience.
 304 POPULAR MECHANICS

DISCHARGING WATER INTO TANKS. LAUDS SUBMARINE TORPEDO BOATS. late safety without fear of messages being
intercepted.
It will require less power to force water Naval Expert Says One Boat May Drive —————
into the bottom of a tank in nearly all cases Away a Whole Fleet. SEARCH FOR A PAPER MATERIAL
and at least the Same power will be res

quired to force it over the top as into the Ensign Nelson, expert in charge of the
Wanted—Something besides spruce and
hottom, in all cases, says The Engineer. torpedo station at Fort Royal, has given re
white pine wood pulp from which cheap
This may be understood by referring to markable testimony before the House Com-
paper can be manufactured. ‘These sources
mittee on Naval Affairs relative to the mer-
of supply are so rapidly becoming exhaust-
its of submarine torpedo boats, which many
ed as to threaten the existence of the one-
have condemned because of the great danger
cent daily newspaper and other large con-
of explosion. He declared that a submarine
THPeT
Lar
sumers
‘http
tayel
boat of the Holland type could drive an en-
At present, as one manufacturer said,
tire hostile fleet out of a harbor because
eheeaty
aeerer
“paper is made from nearly every old thing.”
! the enemy, if wise, would put out to sea to
Linen and cotton rags and waste flax make
avoid attack which could not be prevented,
the best. Old grass ropes, coffee sacks,
because it would be delivered entirely out
banana peels, waste wheat and oat straw
of sight. A fleet dare not approach the hemp fibre and in fact nearly everything
harbor near enough to cover the landing of
that is thrown away, are used in its manu
troops or to make effective use of small
facture, but still the source is not equal to
calibered guns against shore defenses. The
the demand. Experiments are now being
moral effect of a submarine boat, he de-
made with all kinds of grasses, bamboo
clared, was even greater than its destructive
fibre, banana stalks, dis grass from the north
ability. He predicts that the submarine
coast of Africa, leaves of the dwarf palm,
boat is destined to produce as vast a change
sugar cane bagasse, hop plant, ramie, agave,
in naval architecture as that which followed
nettles, sea grass, etc., and some promise
the success of Erricsson’s Monitor and
well of success
the accompanying drawing, Fig. 1. It will urges that the United States at once devel
Says the Southern Industrial Review:
be seen that, measured from the bottom of op a fleet of submarine boats o fthe latest
“A material which nature may renew year
the tank, the depth and consequently the and best types
ly must be discovered and adapted to the
weight of the body of water having the oo trade and the most natural sources must be
same area as the pipe, which is shown by HELPS IN SHOP AND HOME. sought in the field of agriculture or among
the shaded portion, is less when pumping the fibres and grasses which have annual
into the bottom of the tank, hence the John W. Holler, 2 railroad man at East growth.”
power required will also be less. Refer- Alton, Ill., writes: “In February some a
ring to Fig. 2, it will be seen that when sampie copies of your paper were introduced WANT BIDS FOR PNEUMATIC MAIL
the construction of the tank is such that in our shop and after reading it over I ac TUBES.
the water enters near the top but below cepted your trial offer and am very well
the level in the tank, the power required pleased with it. It is one of the best of its The United States Post Office Depart-
=.
will never be less than is required to force kind I have ever read and I will continue ment will establish the pneumatic mail serv-
the water into the bottom of the tank. For to take it. I find it to be a great help in ice in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia,
this reason the bottom is generally selected the shop as well as in the home.” Boston, Brooklyn, St. Louis and Washing-
ton. Bids will be advertised for and sealed
> oe _____-
proposals will be received until July 12 at
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY BETWEEN

mu
4 p. m.
NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. at

i . Prof. R. A. Fessenden, whose wireless

SEARCHLIGHT FOR COAST DEFENSE.
telegraph system was successfully exhibited
Searchlights are to play a conspicuous
before United State government officials at
part in American coast defenses. Extensive
Cape Hatteras recently, says that he will
experiments with the lights are to soon be
endeavor to establish wireless telegraphic
made by General Gillespie, chief engineer of
service between New York and Chicago. He
the army. The fortifications act of last year
declared that his system may be operated
appropriated $150,000 for the installation of
successfully between points on land and
the lights in New York harbor. It is now
its practicability is soon to be demonstrated
proposed to install the same system at Port
between Annapolis and Washington.
land, Me., Boston, the eastern entrance of
The professor is now at work on an im
New York, and Puget Sound. It is planned
Fig. 2. proved instrument which, he says, will per-
to use the target and most effective search
mit a sending operator to know whether or
as the better place to introduce the deliv- lights, those having a range of 2,500 yards
not his messages are being received at the
ery pipe, as far as the power required to It is proposed this year in the maneuvers at
station for which they are intended. In
introduce the water is concerned. Narraganset Bay to multiply the search
other words it will be possible for the re-
lights in such way as to determine definitely
—_———+-o-—____ ceiving operator to “break” the sender as
whether the main channels in the four har-
Leopold Batres, Mexican conservator of can be done over a wire. Now, the receiv-
a bors named can be lighted up
monuments, has discovered on Monte ing operator must wait until the sender
——————
Alban, Mexico, the ruins of an ancient completes his message before he can com-
city, which shows unmistakable indications municate with the sending station. Prof. The ship subsidy bill has been killed by
of having been submerged at least 3,000 Fessenden claims that his system is inimit- the Morgan Steamship trust, according to
years able, and that it can be operated with abso- admissions made by friends of the bill
 POPULAR MECHANICS 305
TO VOTE “AYE” AND “NO” BY ELEC- EARTH CURRENTS OF ELECTRICITY, t f
TRICITY.
\ le! Q \ ct \ M. P
Electrical Voting Machine to be Installed in moving through the earth like under earth ft ! ‘ x
the House of Representatives. ground river fol g tl course nd O
eat tter \ ‘ cl v

Voting and answering the rol! call in the like the movement clouds which travel ‘! -~_ .
House of Representatives is to be done by many direction during the in day

electricity [he electrical voting machine, |. Guarini, a noted scientist, discusses th

which is recommendedby Architect Woods, subject in the London Electrical Review
will save many hours of time and prevent Of May 16, artd states the orig re me é
the great amount of confusion that now Of these earth currents at t1] ‘known, 4nd ending
often prevails. The machine consists of a Much has been written on the subject and eteeltnaes
transmitter on each member's desk which is the great clectrical ngress mm Part Imost dit
connected electrically with a single printing !88t devoted days liscussion _ e
receiver for printing in three columns al- first investigation made by Kemp in Edin- ¥#" ene | observa
phabetical lists of names of members voting burg, in 1828, has been continued in many "OMS He
“aye,” “no” and “present.” Three totalizers countries M. de la Rive attributed themto Uons of the g I re more trequent /
are arranged so as to be readily observed by ‘Chemical action taking place in the imer.or and more intet \ there are thick |
the members for giving the totals of the “! the earth. Sabine, another, traced them clouds being carr e i considerable
three classes of votes. Each transmitter t© Spots on the su som ik they are Speed; (2 CTISITY
comprises a small ornamental casing about of the sun 8 iriation
four inches square with a Yale lock in its n the inte sine care ren (3)
front face; also two push buttons, one that on damp and foggy days the needk
marked “present” and the other “mistake generally points to zer (4) that the wind
and an opening about the lock disclosing very appreciably influences the intensity of
the letters “O. K.”. When a member desires irth currents, ntensity mcreasing in (
to vote he inserts the key into the lock and inverse proportion to the rate at which the .
turns it to the right, if he wishes to vote in wind travels. Notwithstanding | bserva |
the affirmative, or to the left, if in the neg tions, M. Perez del Pulgar concludes that
ative. The member then withdraws the key the nature g t eartl ”
and the vote is ready to be counted. If he annot yet | — fact M
desires to change his vote before it 1s count the re \
ed he merely presses the “mistake” button inding 25 wetlinies , '
ind the machine returns to its normal posi 1 coil Tike Vv & ‘
tion, after which the correct vote may bh \s_ these ste 1 everywh
registered. In order to vote “present” the —— 2” gil .
ng rod r ‘
key is inserted in the lock and turned to the

right or left and the “present” button 1s deal ih

\\ j g i
pre ssed \ correction of this vote can als«

be made by pressing the “mistake” button 500 acre Lake ( Long it

The internal mechanism of the transmit Island, on w wild ne-mil !
= ! ite aut t
ter involves only an ordinary Yale lock with
a circuit-breaking disk carried by its barrel a a een —
and a release magnet for permitting the LOCK FOR HATS i
parts to return to their normal position sed by violent gal nd other y th |
when the vote is received. The printing re- ““** \n interesting d : = t
ceiver, which is the apparatus for collecting We illustrate a simple instrument which the market whereby guest t restaurant

the votes registered at the member's desk mys CAN SE and observe. he gal- may lock their hats or ee nd hold the ;

and for printing them in three alphabetical vonometer can be made from directions key while dining. Mistal Cicenta c
Hees eeade foc the Commrenend Bend, ©". Popular Mechanics of Feb. 1, or otherwise, are thus prevented he lock f
comprises a stencil-carrying triplicate alpha may he purchased lhe expt riments made are made by the Safet ( eck Hook (

betical list of all the names of the members.

If a member votes in the affirmative his
name is printed from the first list; if in the —

i
| negative, from the second list, and if “pres-
ent” from the third list. In this way the
4 vote will consist of three lists already for
q
the Record. The totalizer is no more than
{
a large “fare” register, except that the fig-
ures are thrown on a screen like a magic
lantern, so. as to be large enough to be seen
from all parts of the House and at the same
time enable the disks to be made small
enough to turn at high speed.

Fiend ;
q
Popular Mechanics
is “written so you
can understand it.” Device for Locking Hats
_
eo
306 POPULAR MECHANICS

PATENTS
AMERICAN STEEL FOUNDRIES COM-
BINE.

Official announcement of the formation

of the American Stee! Foundries Company
is made The six companies which will en-
ter into the consolidation
Steel Castings Company of New Jersey, Re-
are: American
cHas. SOUTHWORTHT nitt
iance Steel Castings Company, limited, of
Pittsburg, Leighton & Howard Steel Com 1133 MONADNOCH BLOCH,
pany of St. Louis, Franklin Steel Casting
CHICAGO.
Company of Franklin, Pa., the Sargent Com
pany of Chicago, and American Steel Foun Telephone Har.575
dry Company of St. Louis Chis new cor-
poration will be closely aassociated with the lith FLOO SOUTH
BUILDING
END oe ) MENTION
POPU
MECHANICS
United States Steel Corporation It will
ilso have close connections with the ship
ping combination father, a sister and many guests. The party French walnut for beauty of figure. Name
took seats around the telephone }booth. At any quality in redwood and its opposite can
ELECTRIC LINES IN CEMETERIES. 8:30 o'clock p. m. the Rev. R. D. Harding easily be found
ok the receiver from the hook and asked tn ee
Electric railways may soon be run into for Hopkinsville, Ky The bridegroom an A HANDY BAG FILLER
all the cemeteries of Cleveland, O., to facil swered. The minister propounded the usual —
questions to him, after which the blushing \ home-made device for filling bags with
tate the operation of the electric funeral
cars which are growing in popularity. The bride entered the booth and answered ques flour, meal, bran r other ground stuff 18

Cleveland Electric Railway Company has al tions propounded by the minister at the shown in the American Miller. A hole SIX
ready obtained permission to build a tract
her end of the line [he minister at Hop- i™eches square is cut near the bottom of
nto Lake View cemetery and will endeavor| vilie was unused to such an instrument

» lay tracks in all cemeteries reached by its 1 compelled the bride to inswer eac

line
question an indefinite number of times
——— > > ——
HOW EARLY SETTLERS MADE MEAL. QUEEREST WOOD IN THE WORLD.

[he sturdy pioneers who settled this The strangest, most contrary wood
vestern country had to make up in in- he world is redwood, which grows on the
genuity what they lacked in machinery. An Pacific Coast. It will sink like a stone; it
will float like a cork. It is soft and will
‘ut like cheese; it is hard, flinty and brittle.
Boards 12 inches wide and 10 feet long have
been easily split, while other specimens
= nwa,
4 3 were so crooked they could hardly lie still. [ane
—=—_—=—_ ¢
dix = Ss} Some redwood will defy rot for forty years, f
’ ¥ A Bag Filler.
while some will decay in a few months.
Some will lose three-fifths of its green flour barrel and a square spout 10 inches
weight in drying and some will not loseany long inserted. This will be found a very
First American Grist Mill. weight. It is found straight-grained, or it much quicker method than filling small
may vie with rosewood, mahogany or sacks from the bin.
old magazine cut reproduced in the Amer-

Vg
ican Miller shows the process by which all

10 DAYS FREE TRIAL.

the corn meal was made for many years
The artist who engraved the picture evi-
dently was thinking of an elephant when We Ship on approval to any person in U. S. or
he drew the deer. Canada without a cent deposit, and allow 10 days
pow free trial. You take absolutely no risk ordering from
us, as you don’t pay a cent if it don’t suit you.

1902 Models oi": $9 to $15

MARRIED BY TELEPHONE.

(NN 1900 and 1901 Models '* $7 to $if

A wedding by long distance telephone
occurred in Kentucky a few days ago, in
Catalogues with large photographic engravings of our
which the toll charges were $23. The bride Bicycles & full Gotatlad specifications sent free to any address.
500 SECOND HAND WHEELS $3 to $8
'i
was Mrs. Gertrude Hallagher, a beautiful

Bi
young widow of Dayton, Ky.; the groom, taken in trade by our Chic eotall stores,
standard makes, many as New.......
Theodore Cohen, a wealthy merchant of
Hopkinsville, Ky.
DO NOT BUY Bruch mBtll ETH FE
Tires, equipment, sundries and sporting sof all kinds, at
When the couple joined each other the half regular prices, in our big free sundry ca talo gue. Con-
next day as husband and wife, it was their tains a world of usefulinformation. Write for it.

first meeting. During the wedding cere- RIDER AGENTS WANTED icecnitit's oculs
model Bicycle of our manufacture. You can make
mony there was a minister at each end of to 850 a week, besides having a wheel to ride for yourself.
the ‘phone. The bride, attired in becom- b..§ WAATa reliable person in ¢gech town |(xSates catalogues for us in
hange for a bicycle. Wri talogue and our special offer.

JL MEAD CYGLE ¢O.,

ing costume, went to the drug store of A
G. Goetz, at Dayton, accompanied by her
 POPULAR MECHANICS

PURE FOOD LAWS OF MEXICO.

MINING
lhe pure fo i] Jaws of Mexico provide QWANTED to interest parties in a paying shipping
mine, with large reserves of excellent concen-
that milk must always be sold without the trating material in sight; ores contain gold, silver,
lead, zinc and copper. Average per cent of lead in
addition of water or any other substance crude ore, 18 per cent. Milling Facilities will be at
hand in 60 days. Will stand a rigid examination,
and when it is not from the cow, the kind Mine and smelter within two miles of mine. Address
of animal from which it has been drawn DAN C. TOBIN, Whitepine, Colo,

must be mentioned; milk from which the Mention Popular Mechanics

butter-producing component has been re
moved, wholly or in part, will be sold un- NEW MONEY MAKER
der the name oi skimmed milk at special For Agents. A household neces-
sity. 70,000 sold in Minneapolis. Coste
stands at which no other milk is sold; the To, sells for Zc. Agents making $7.00
perday. Millions will be sold. You
only substance sold under the name of but- show what it will do and it sells itself.
People borrow money to buy it. Boats
ter shall be the fat extracted from pure
everything as a money maker. -Send
milk drawn from healthy animals and pre- 10 cents TO-DAY for sample outfit.
Domestic Mfg. Co., Minneapolis, Miss.
pared in such manner that it shall not con
Mechanics
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Touring in Germany: “Passengers Change Cars.’’—Motor Age

308 POPULAR MECHANICS June 14, 1go2.

MONTHLY EDITION
Attractions for Next (eek.
of.
Popular Mechanics
The publisher announces the first number of a
MONTALY EDITION reproduced from the regular
Does anybody really know anything? Since the beginning of
weekly edition. The monthly will be issued on the world scientific dogmas and creeds have been taught and
the first of each month and contain
over 200 articles and more than 150 illustrations.
64 pages,
studied as facts only to be denied by succeeding generations. The
One Dollar per year; single copies 10 cents For man spends his youth studying a philosophical principle only to
sale by newsdealers, or address
learn that it is all wrong when he is grown. Once the schools
POPULAR MECHANICS taught that a body weighing two pounds would fall to the earth
Journal Bld. Chicago twice as fast as a body weighing one pound; Galileo upset this
‘‘Want’’ and ‘‘For Sale’’ Ads. 10 cents per theory. Once the student was taught that the world was flat
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a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
and bounded by unknown seas. Columbus shattered that theory.
forwarded atone without extrasmart We have been taught that the moon was a vast waste, lifeless.
SPECIAL. without air or moisture. Now comes Prof. Pickering of Harvard
and tells us that the moon has life, air and moisture. Read about
YOU CAN always buy Popular Mechanics
back and current numbers at Horder’s News it in next week’s Popular Mechanics. The law of attraction, said
Depot, 149 Washington St. (Cor. La Salle),
Chicago. to have been discovered by Newton, is now declared to be all
THE OZARK LIVE STOCK COMPANY has
$3 of good assets for every dollar of stock
wrong and the problem of the revolution of the planets is said
issued. It owns 1,350 acres of land and has
the right to graze on 30,000 acres more. Its
to be truthfully solved in the Morelian theory which simply re-
originators cleared
profits on the money
last year
invested.
200 per cent
Shares $10,
verses the Newton theory and is called the law of propulsion; in
sold at par.
Building,
Write them care 109 Hartford
Chicago. The best investment on
other words it teaches that planets do not attract but repel. This
the market. too will be told about next week. It is the same in all other lines.
BUSINESS CHANCES. The physician is taught to cure a disease by a certain process,
TYPEWRITERS—Bought, sold and
which he finds to be exactly wrong by a later discovery; foods
changed. 423 Popular Mechanics. we have been eating during our youth are suddenly discovered
AUTOMOBILES—New and second hand, best
bargains, 424 Popular Mechanics. to be poisonous.
PATENTS OBTAINED—New book on pat- Did you know that the United States is raising and protecting
ents free, 425 Popular Mechanics.
~
AUTOMOBILES of all descriptions; all at- seals for other nationalities to slaughter, and will not permit any
tachments and appliances. Address 417 Pop- of her own people to disturb them? We will tell about it next
ular Mechanics.
FOR SALE—Two second- hand Worthington week. The charges of traffic in horse meat have become so seri-
Hydraulic Steam Pumps—419 Popular Mechan-
ics.
ous in Chicago that an investigation is to be made. Other things
FOR SALE—Hardware store ‘and tin shop— to be mentioned next week will be a railroad with not a particle
420 Popular Mechanics.
of wood in its construction; the charge of a congressman that
BUILDING plans, estimates, consultatiou
and color sketches free—421 Popular Mechanics. Canadian railways aid in smuggling Chinamen into the United
“CAN SBPLL Real Estate anywhere. Special
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reasonable; no sale, no pay. Address 409, learn about between now and the time of going to press. They
Popular Mechanics.
will be written so you can understand them.
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FOR " SALE—Second- hand 60-light dynamo,
LINEMEN—Fifty good climbers. P. & A. __ POSITIONS WANTED.
Telephone Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
good as new and guaranteed;
short time; taken out to =
in use only
in a 120-light
CORNICE MAKERS—C. B. Smith, King and PLUMBER~—A. Kennedy, 31 Catherine street,
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any doubt the finest 100-variety packet on COMMBPRCIAL ARTISTS. Woodward & YOUNG MAN 17—In mechanical draughts-
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wet it, write Popular Mechanics.
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Box 567, Waterloo, Ind. City Stained Glass Works, Kansas City, Mo. Cleveland, Ohio.

PRESS HANDS WANTED

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One newsdealer in Chicago who started with 5 copies a week in
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Saddlery Co., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. February last increased his sales to over 300 copies a week during
MACHINIST HELPERS—The Iola Portland April, and will average 400 a week for May. He is a very busy man;
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 Next Week: What to Make for July 4th

|
POPU LAR ECTIAN IS eof th
e Mechanica
=
ae
A Fe)
(Ae

I Press of the barr

me

\\

Vol. 1. No. 24. CHICAGO, JUNE 21, 1902. Price ¢~ CENTS

IN THIS ISSUE:

Run Steam Engine Without Steam. be

Plowing with Traction Engine.
Mechanical Stoker for Locomotives. i,
Most Powerful Gun in the World. a
Electricity For Boys:— How to Make a ok
Telephone. 33
Oldest Blacksmith in America.
An Army on Snow Shoes.
Shop Notes :— Fitting Circular Saw Teeth;
Bushing for Loose Pulleys; An Angle
of Screw Threads; How to Forge a
Wrench, etc.

i
i
o~

—_*

= 2 — eo

Great Steel Structures on ‘State St., Chicago

SALE BY ALL NEWSDEALERS. qa,
“FOR
 POPULAR MECHANICS

DANGER OF SKY SCRAPERS ON RETAIL STREETS.

SUMMER COURSE IN MECH-
Earthquakes or Corrosion of Steel Frames Might Cause Wholesale ANICS FOR BOYS.
Loss of Life.
The publisher of Popular Mechanics announces a
Should sky-scrapers be permitted on the retail streets of Summer Course in mechanics, for Boys. This will in-
city This is a question that is inducing considerable a1gu- clude an illustrated series of articles on How to Make
men ince the recent seismic disturbances and the declaration
Things in Wood and Iron, “written so you can under-
f \W. S. Smith, the well known Chicago engineer, that the
beams and girders of the steel frames are quickly i:mpaired by stand it,” and illustrated so you can do it. Selection
orrosion. According to Mr. Smith’s statement the sky-scrapers has been made of such articles as are not too difficult,
re in danger of ce Napsing in a few vears because of the weak and which can be built at least possible expense for
ening of the structures which form their foundation materials and tools. This course will begin with the
\ catastrophe more terrible than the collapsing of one of these
issue of June 28th, and be continued each week until
monster structures on a crowded street could scarcely be im
agined. It would not take much of upheaval of the earth September. The opening chapters are as follows:
to completely overbalance many of them, so tall and narrow I. Selecting Tools and Making Work Bench.
re they b II. Making a Small Box for Toilet Articles.
In the front page illustration we show a view of State street, III. and IV. Building a Row Boat: This boat will be
Ps |
vw heart of the retail district of Chicago. Many claim it to be 14 ft. long and seat four persons.
he most crowded thoroughfare in the world. Only a few of the
V. Building a Book Case.
sky-scrapers on this street can be shown in one picture. While
there are fewer sky-scrapers on State street than on any other in VI. Building a Pigeon House.
the heart of the city, the danger here is. greater because VII. Making a Cozy Corner.
of the street’s crowded condition. Chicago recently passed VIII. Making Box to Contain Shoes, etc.
an ordinance removing the limit on the height of buildings. IX. Making Stand on which to Polish Shoes.
Many claim that this law should not apply on State street, which
Etc. etc.
from morning until night is thronged with women and children
EASY ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTS: This
shoppers. Tall department stores, many contend, should not
|be permitted under any conditions; for in these the loss of life series which has been so popular will be continued by
would be appalling in the event of any accident during the busy the same author and many extremely useful and inter-
hours. Six stories is considered a tall building on a retail street esting pieces of apparatus described.
in Europe and conservative men say that this should be the
limit to the height of department stores in America. Such a NEGOTIATIONS TO SAVE ALASKAN SEALS.
building would be about the height of Hillman’s, a store that is
very popular among Chicago mechanical workers, the sign of United States Tires of Breeding and Protecting Fur-Bearing
which is plainly discernible in the front page illustration. If Animals for Other Nations to Kill.
all the buildings were of this height, it is claimed, the street
would have a more artistic appearance and there would be A bill authorizing the president to negotiate with Great
a chance for all the people to get out in case of fire or other sritain in an effort to prevent the extermination of the fur
accident.
bearing seals of Alaska, has been favorably reported by the
We print below an extract from the speech of W. S. Smith House Ways and Means Committee. The bill provides that
before the Chicago real estate board, telling of the dangers of if the slaughter of the seals by British subjects is not stopped
before the opening of the pelagic sealing season of 1902 the
corrosion:
secretary of the treasury shall be authorized to kill all male
“Wherever sulphurous fumes come in contact with iron and
and female seals found on the Pribiloff Islands with the excep-
steel very rapid corrosion takes place—so rapid that in instances
tion of 10,000 female seals and 1,000 male seals and the pro-
where locomotives run frequently under a steel structure the
ceeds of the skins shall go to the United States treasury. It is
fumes escaping from the smokestack have injured iron beams
declared that all previous negotiations and agreements have
ind girders to such an extent that they were unsafe in less than
utterly failed to preserve the seals and prevent their killing.
five years. A notable example of that kind was in the approach
Also that the United States is reduced by reason of the failure
to the Eads bridge in St. Louis. I presume similar instances
of these negotiations to the painful position of being obliged
could be found in Chicago if a little care was taken to look
to breed and protect annually some 15,000 female seals on the
them up. islands of Alaska for alien hunters to slaughter at sea, while
“Any attempt to cover steel with perishable paints to prevent
the people of the United States are absolutely prevented from
corrosion are worse than useless. Common oil paint will lose its
killing them by special act of Congress, and further, that by rea-
efficacy within five years; in the meantime keeping the concrete son of the killing of from 20,000 to 30,000 mother seals every
from contact with the steel and so robbing the steel of the pro- year by alien hunters, thousands of pup seals are starved to
tection the lime in concrete would give.” death every season.
—___—_»-¢—__—_ This ruin of the sealing industry of the United States in
Emperor William in a recent speech declared that in the next Alaska waters, it states, compels the government to support the
European war 4,000 men with machine guns would be able to native inhabitants of the sealing islands by annual appropriations
repel an army of 80,000. from the treasury and to keep a staff of treasury agents on the
ow
—_-?> islands and maintain an _ idle patrolling service of revenue
marine cutters.
40 Things for July 4th —_———_9--e——___
How to Do Them Thomas A. Edison announces that his storage battery, com-
bining greater power with lighter weight, is a success. As a re-
See POPULAR MECHANICS sult he himself asserts: “We may now say good by to the
for June 28 horse for commercial purposes.”
 POPULAR MECHANICS 37!

Plowing with Traction Engine

7|

i
3

Plowing 28 Feet Wide on California Ranch.

Each year there is some new invention or improvement on reaper cuts and binds grain at rate Of forty-five minutes per
old machinery which tends to relieve the farmer of hand labor acre Another machine thresh vinnows and bags the prod
and perform the same work quicker, easier and much cheaper ucts at the rate of sixty acres pet y. One establishment now
by machinery. The farmer has had nearly all the hardships of turns out a hundred and ninet nd mowers, reapers and
his work of 20 years ago made easy by inventive genius harvesters annually, or one mac] e in |e than a minute for
In England and Germany for several years experiments have every working day of the year
been made of drawing a gang of plows across a field by means +e
of a wire cable which was wound on a drum by means of
ELECTROLYSIS CAUSES GREAT PUBLIC LOSS
portable engine. While this plan met with some degree of su
cess it has never been generally adopted, even on such advanced
farms as the Dalrymple in North Dakota Suits against the street rail compant re to be insti
[In our illustration is shown a successful steam plowing scen tuted by the City of Chicag recover damages
\ powerful traction engine is drawing a Spalding-Robbins dis illeged to have been sustained t vater pipes and other cit
plow turning 28 furrows each one foot wide The photograph property by electrolysis | mate [ loss, caused |}
was taken on a ranch near Stockton, Cal. Che disc plow is uncontrolled electric currents from street and elevated railwavs
a comparatively recent invention. Each disc is set to the dé at $1,500,000 annually Phe tle for pes from the rails
sired angle and revolves on its own separate axle. A small fur and enters water pipes and at the point of departure eats a
row-wheel which runs in the bottom of the furrow is set a portion of the pipes away, leaving jagg les through which
an angle to each disc. The plowman regulates the depth by tw: nany thousands of dollars wort! f water goc¢ to waste, to
levers say nothing of the damage to pip ind the cost of repairing
Che first patent for a plow in this country was taken out Small service pipes are practical ten away, it is claimed,
in 1797. It was the first cast-iron plow ever made, but th« and big pipes a yard in diameter are pierced. City Engineer
farmers in those days entertained great prejudices against it Ericson says that through thes« aperture there rushe a daily
here was a general idea throughout the country that a cast-iron stream of 30,000,000 gallons of water
plow would “poison” the land. It required from 1797 to 1842 —_—_—_»-+#
for the inventive genius of the country to arrive at any just
THE GERMANS ARE ON OUR TRAIL
conclusions as to what would be the best form of plow.
he chilled plow first appeared in 1870. This was a light
durable plow with a mold-board of proper shape to economize rhe American Consul at Berlin report
draft and suitably turn the furrows, and this plow in a marked lhe Germans have made wonderful st ind are steadily
degree promoted economical plowing. It was stated in 1878, by improving the quality of their goods, esp lly tool Phere
good authority, that this invention, if used throughont thx is no use trying to do busine ny more ! taple articles, like
United States in the previous year, would have effected a saving hay and manure forks, saws, drill, et Such commodities of
of $45,000,000 to the farmers of the country in the expens« hardware are made here f not t as serviceable
of plowing. and at much lower prices hat Ger 1 these (
There was no radical departure from the primitive plow of rule the European market Meat chopper vegetable licet
the ancients. The plow, though made of iron, and called by coffee mills. and other household machinery are made here just
every conceivable name, was still the same old “crooked stick as good as in the United States, and cheaper. First these arti
The nineteenth century brought forth machines that multi cles were imported and imitated, then they were improved
plied many fold the producing power of human labor. In the upon, and
now they are furnished much | indsomer and better
west one man can now raise as much wheat in a season as than the original articles wer: So the only chance for bu
a
S

will feed twelve hundred persons for a year. The up-to-date ness is in practicable novelties
 372 POPULAR MECHANICS

INGENIOUS PLOW FOR LAYING CABLES. MECHANICAL STOKER FOR LOCOMOTIVES.

Turns the Earth, Lays the Cable, Covers it Up and Packs Down If the mechanical stoker invented by John W. Kincaid, a
former railroad engineer, comes into general use. the locomotiv
the Dirt as it Moves Along.
fireman will have an easy time \lready he has a small steam
engine attached to the bell which is put in action by simply pull
\ rem irkable machine which plows a trench and lays a
ing the rope, and which continues ringing until hi pulls on
t proceeds has been built by the French Wireless Telegraph
the re pe again and stops it.
lelephone company. It is to be used for laying the sub
lhe stoker is faste ned to the fire di or, and consists of a hopper
terranean cable across the Sahara desert between Gabes and
Lake Tchad That this cable-laying plow should have been

Top View Showing Conveying Screws and Auxiliary Fire Door,

This Plow Lays Cables.
into which the coal is shoveled, and two revolving screws which
built by a wireless telegraph company is the subject of much push the coal into the fire. The screws are driven fast or slow,
amusement among Parisian mechanics as the fireman desires, by a small steam engine which is made a
Che plow will bury an armored cable three feet below the part of the machine The machine will throw 10 pounds at
surface of the ground without the necessity of first digging a each stroke and can make 28 strokes a minute. If run at this
trench It is to be pulled either by cable attached to a winding speed it would deliver 16,800 pounds of coal an hour which is
engine or by a number of horses Not only does it dig the more than any engine now built could burn. <A hand door
trench and lay the cable as it is pulled along but also cover enables an inspection of the fire box at any time The machine
up the cable and packs down the dirt on top of it without go avoids the draught of cold air which enters the fire box when
ing over the route but once. ‘The ground is first opened by a
coulter blade of great strength This is followed by another
similar blade of wider shape Chen comes the hollow plow
share The cable is unwound from the coil on the frame above
and runs beneath a pulley in the plow share, indicated by the
dotted lines, thus being laid in the bottom of the trench. The
earth is turned back into the trench by a mould board to the
rear and then follows a roller which packs the dirt down on the
cable almost as smoothly as it was before the plow passed
7»> _____-

TO INVESTIGATE SALE OF HORSE MEAT.

Charges That It Is Served in Saloons and Restaurants of Chi-

cago for Beef.
Stoker in Working VDosition from Left to Rear.

Chicago is to investigate the charges that horse meat 1s sold ever the door is open, furnishes an even feed of fuel and is said
in the city
and served in many of the restaurants for beef to greatly reduce the amount of smoke now made. It also saves
steak The city would not be so indignant if fat and healthful the fireman from the intense heat which pours out when the door
horses were slaughtered for the market but the accusation is 1s opened. A full description appears in the Railway Master
made that the meat is in many cases from animals that are worn Mechanic for June
out and diseased. One instance is related of a horse at the ee
slaughtering house that had fallen dead. The chief instigator of THE MAGNATES.
the sensational charges is Assistant State Pure Food Commis
suyin’ up the railroads
sioner Patterson. He exhibited to the council committee on
They've got ‘em safe an’ sound:
health a big photograph of a series of sheds near Milwaukee An’ if they do not own the earth,
and Tolman avenue, the foreground of which showed a painted They cover half the ground.
sign: Atlanta Constitution.

“Horses bought, sold and exchanged. Killers wanted.” ————_~»o-

Mr. Patterson said: “An average of 500 horses are killed in The steamer Camano, with a crew of eleven men and a cargo
Chicago every month. I can show you a saloon where you can of flour on board was caught in the rapids of the Columbia
get horse corned beef any time. I know that it has been going river and turned completely over. It finally grounded in
on for years and that horse meat is sold and eaten at lunch shallow water. Archie Dovell, one of the crew, was the only
counters.” man killed. The others escaped in a light raft.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 373

LIFE AND AIR ON THE MOON. industries of Switzerland. At tl Paris exposition, however, t!
Switzerland butter and milk ex t was disappointing he
Scientific World Astounded By the Alleged Discoveries of Prof. United States had the m t notabl ay I y foreign coul

Pickering of Harvard. try and w most libera ( f j

Chere is life, moisture and atmosphere on the moon

Prof. W. H. Pickering, of Harvard, one of the best known

American astronomers. This assertion he makes in defiance f
ill pi accepted theories, text books, and alleged scientit
iacts His statement has set the scientific world agog tl
teachings of ages are thereby repudiated. Great volcan Lv
recently broke out in violent eruption on the moon and
fact has given the astronomer grounds for his sensational decl
ration. After a careful mapping of the details presented by the
lunar crater Plato, the professor concludes that this portion
of the moon’s surface is subject to frequent and continual
changes and that it is in a state of volcanic activity “mors
ictive than any area of similar size on the surface of the
earth.” The professor finds something analogous to snow or
clouds, caused by the escape of steam and carbonic acid from
these voleanic craters he so-called variable spots on the
surface of the moon, he attributes to vegetation These mark
ings are darkest just after full moon when the sun is in the
lunar zenith and are invisible when the sun is lowest Henes
they cannot be due to shadows. Photographs of Jupiter, taken
at Arequipa, just before and just after occultation by the moon,
apparently show a slight flattening of the disk, also an indica
tion of twilight and a lunar atmosphere From the figures
given by Prof. Pickering this observation would give an atmos
phere equal to that of the earth at an altitude of 45 miles
While the professor claims that there is water on the moon
he denies that the so called “seas” ever contained that element

He has found evidence of lakes and rivers on the moon's su

tace which he claims had their origin from hot springs and
geysers formed by volcanic activity.
ee From the Mountains—Carrying Mill he ¢ ‘ Factory in Switz-
- ’
erland From Report f Henry ¢ Alvord, 1 s
SWITZERLAND'S DAIRY PRODUCTS. Dept f Agr

he making of and cheese

}
forms one of the principal { ( including 6 grand p 8 g e only
country with which the At d | m
pare \ | nce N | e attempted
show natural mill d ct 1 continuous
exhibit f fresh dain | pp ble |
having rge display refrig
prominent 1 ré r the \ i

the United States depat ed

( ta ppl f fre ]

Sw nd’s hig 1 medal

, ras '

Dairy t Rutti-Z f
121 si - ;

principal \ eties mas C G ‘

Sbrin | nd Sapsag
+4

MOST POWERFUL GUN IN THE WORLD

Che United States 16 l

States army is the m p f g ed I

was made at the Army Ars \\ w. } I rhs
130 tons 49 Tteet 2.9 eech d
eter of 60 inches 1} it t ‘ 7 treet 4 it he

and the diameter of the bore When fired witl

pounds of brown prist throw a
1,000
steel projectile weighing 2.370 1 tance of 24 mules
when the gun is given f 45 degree ut the
muzzle velocity of the f ( Should tl
gun have a carriage constructed thstand the tert
From the Hamlet—Carrying Milk to the Cheese Factory in Switzer- fic recoil it is proposed to construct 40 more similar fi
land. From Report of Henry C. Alvord, U. 8S. Dept.
of Agriculture. defens've purposes in the largest rhor f the United State
374 POPULAR MECHANICS

LaPhaP aa alas As Aha a NalVal ad al IES NaPNaFLaI Nad Nal tel as As ISLS atMalas ISPs Leel eal tates Make next a wooden frame shown at B. It consists of three
Easy Electrical Experiments pieces. [Two of these, the side pieces, are each 254 inches in

extreme length, 7g of an inch in height, and 1 inch wide at the

FOR BOYS center. The other piece connecting these two is 1 inch wide,
3 inches long and '% inch thick.
By L. PP. DIcKINSON
Take a piece of carbon rod, such as is used in electric lamps,
bd
a
el
Lie
de
Le
Al
UAL
and cut out two pieces each 5% inch ‘long and ™% inch in diam
CHAPTER XXIV, eter Bore half way through each piece lengthwise a very
small hole, using a rotating drill for the purpose. If the carbon
HOW TO MAKE A SET OF TELEPHONE INSTRUMENTS.
held tightly in a vise, and if the boring is done very slowly,
using a light pressure, the carbon need not be split in th
In Chapter XI a simple telephone was described, designed to
process. At right angles to this bore another hole passing
be used over a short line. As there described the instrument
from one side to the other. In this drive a wooden plug. A
was designed to be used both as a receiver and as a trans
section of the carbon is shown at C. Fasten one of these
mitter. That
Ss, a person using the instrument would talk into
pieces of carbon to the center of the wooden frame B, by a
and listen to the instrument alternately, no battery being re-
screw passing through the wooden strip and into the hole in
quired for its operation. Such an instrument is, however, un-
the carbon. Fasten the other piece of carbon to the back of
suited for lines of much length, and the purpose of this and the
the diaphragm in a similar manner.
following chapters is to describe an instrument capable of us«
When the wooden frame B is screwed to the back of the
over a line one mile in length, or even greater distances.
cover of the box, these two pieces of carbon should lie exactly
There are three essential parts to every telephone, viz.—a
in line, and there should be a clear space of about % inch be-
transmitter, a receiver and some form of signalling apparatus
tween them. Adjust them by filing until this condition is se-
for calling. These will be described in the order named.
cured.
To make the transmitter, make a wooden box whose length
In fastening the pieces of carbon in place, insert a piece of
is 434 inches, whose width is 3% inches and whose depth is
fine copper wire (about No. 30) under the end of each piece
next to the screw, so as to make contact with the carbon
Cover.
Front View, mth
These wires should be about 6 inches long.
removed The little space between the carbon pieces is to be filled with
very finely powdered carbon. Pulverize a quantity of the car-
Back View
bon rod with a hammer, until it is no coarser than fine sugar.
Wrap around the two pieces of carbon, after they are both
ap
firmly in place, a small strip of thin cotton cloth. Fill the
B space between the carbon blocks with the powdered carbon,
retaining it in place by means of the strip of cloth, which ay

should be bound around the carbons with a thread.

The two carbon blocks are now supported, the one at the
center of the diaphragm, the other at the center of the strip
at the back, with a % inch space between them, which is filled
with powdered carbon. The cloth, wound around the car

LU port for bons, holds the powder in place, yet it does not prevent the
carbon is shown
by dotted lines free vibration of the diaphragm and its attached carbon block.
Connect the front carbon with a binding post on the top
of the box, and the back carbon with a second binding post,
1% inches, measurements being taken inside the box. This by means of the wires described. Screw the cover and its
should be made of % inch whitewood, and one side, the cover, attachment to the box, and our transmitter is complete.
should be fastened on with screws. >>
—?°->
‘

In the middle of the cover of this box cut a circular hole

FIND WARM AIR ABOVE SIX MILES.
2% inches in diameter. Cut out also from a separate piece of
whitewood, a circular piece 344 inches in diameter, with a % Reports on the results obtained from the ascents of 258 bal-
inch hole in its center. This is shown at A in the figure. On loons to altitudes of 11,000 meters (37,000 feet) have been sub-
one side the hole is cut away so as to form a mouthpiece as mitted to the International Aeronautical commission by Teteser-
shown in the figure. rence de D. Bort of Paris. The thermometrical apparatus em-
This piece is to be screwed to the front of the cover, exactly ployed in these ascents recorded the presence of warmer atmos-
fitting over the hole cut in the cover. There is % inch margin phere above 10,000 meters (32,500 feet), having well defined
left all around the hole, and this will be sufficient to hold the boundaries.
screws, if care be exercised. Before screwing it on, however, Privy Council Assmann of Berlin has confirmed this state-
cut out of a piece of very thin ferrotype iron, a circular piece ment, made by M. de Bort. The former sent up rubber balloons
3% inches in diameter. Bore a small hole through its center, to an altitude of 19,500 meters (63,350 feet), which traversed a
and bore holes near the edges so that the screws holding the warm atmospheric belt.
circular piece A to the cover, can pass through the iron. Cut Count Palazzo of Rome, of the Italian division of the com-
out also from a piece of very heavy cardboard, a ring, whose mission, announced that Italy will join in the commission’s in-
outside diameter is 3% inches, and whose inside diameter is vestigations of atmospheric conditions, and said the Italian gov-
2% inches. Now place the circular piece of iron over the hole ernment is erecting an observatory for this purpose on top of
in the cover, place the pasteboard ring on top of it, next place Monte Rosa, in the Pennino Alps.
the circular piece of wood on top of the ring, and clamp the Count Palazzo also said that this observatory will be used for
whole firmly to the cover by four screws. The iron is to be experiments in the matter of curing tuberculosis by high alti-
the diaphragm of the transmitter. The pasteboard ring is to tudes.
ywwue
keep the circular board from touching the iron, so that the ii

latter is held onlv at its edges. “When it is great Popular Mechanics will tell about it.”
 POPULAR MECHANICS 375

$26,000,000 DEPOT FOR LEIPSIC. RUNS STEAM ENGINE WITHOUT STEAM

he municipality of Leipsic has approved a contract of th

Remarkable Performance of a Texas Engineer—Uses Natural
Prussian and Saxon railroad authorities for the construction of
Gas Instead of Steam
a central railroad station at Leipsic to cost $26,000,000, of wt
Leipsic is to pay $4,500,000. Emperor William wished *) spend
$1,375,000 for the construction of a new railroad station \ vas ) l | \I

Homburg, but the conservatives in the Diet refused such a larg c la unty lex i ( ‘

appropriation for a_ railroad station at such a_ small town.

Emperor William is pressing his scheme, however, and a curiou \t goo te the dr n p
much strong that \ |
scene occurred in the royal waiting room of the Homburg
ers not +} \ 1
station a few days ago when he ordered the burgomaster of
Homburg and a number of prominent citizens of the town t two hol t as they vs f
attend a meeting in the waiting room and hear Herr Thielen, wn out a tormation exact rock at Spit

the Prussian minister of public works, lecture on the desirability 1 Op.

of this proposed new station at Homburg, and the architects P. M. Lea of Lea & Sor B I t, wi is drilling the

explain their plan of the projected building ll, has made a permanent eg t of the first well and
—_——_ —-_~<> eG --——™”
s drilling the third well entirel th 1 f power it fur
nishes So great is the pre uped the ga int
A MILLIONAIRE AUTOMOBILE CLUB. the boiler as a settling tank to prevent getting grit in the en
gine, and then connects it direct vith the engine and pump
Six aditional leaders of finance and commerce in America were and runs the engine with direct p1 ire without steam or fire,
added to the list of millionaire members of the Automobile Club and is now down 400 feet with the third well with the gas power
of America at the club’s last meeting in New York. ‘They are Che pressure is not all turned on, yet the boiler blows off all
H. C. Frick, J. F. O’Shaughnessey, John W. Gates, August Bel the time at 110 pounds
mont, Alfred G. Vanderbilt and A. W. Rossiter. William K. “After the gas is used for power in the engine and pumps the
and Reginald C. Vanderbilt were among the first to join the escape pipe gives the appearance I pipe n an ice factory filled
club. The club announced the acquisition of a large room in with ammonia. ‘The ice freezes a quarter of inch thick on the
————ey
the Garden City hotel as club headquarters and an electrical outside in contact with the atmosphere and chunks of ice form
and gasoline charging station. Several points on Long Island on the inside from condensation of ¢ nd blow out when they
will be selected as sub-stations. shut off the gas sufficient to pu

—,.
New Cooling Tower System
————_—_a-
> __—-

eco

COOLING
ied TOWER

HOT WATER

wal,
SY. as
= =P =< ™

coco WE rae = - -

an ; ae © SIRCULATING
as Bese. ~ PUMP
“4

SEWER
Alberger Cooling Tower, Jet C« mndenser and Circulating Pump

We illustrate a new system of cooling the hot water from condensing engine lhe hot wat to the top of
round steel tower where it is sprayed by revolving arms and _ fall s through wooden slats \ tant current
air to pass upward through the tower, cooling the water. The
379 POPULAR MECHANICS

Popular Mechanics
WHERE THE SWEETEST ORANGES GROW.

Published by Popular Mechanics Co.

Work of Assorting Oranges in the New Region of Northern
Journal Building, . 7 ~ Chicago
California.

SUBSCRIPTION
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions, \ssorting oranges into the various marketable sizes 1s one
le ee ee saa ca emne ene dane wweed $2 00 of the principal jobs in the orange shipping industry. During
Fevetem Commision, pont 90d... ... .....ccccccccccccccccess 3 00 the orange season in California such scenes as are illustrated in
Monthly Edition............... “a an 1 00 the accompanying cut are familiar sights on all the orange plan
Advertising rates, $2 per column inch per issue. tations, large and small. The present methods of assortment
are the acme of simplicity and convenience.
Popular Mechanics is an illustrated weekly review of the mechan-
ical and engineering press of the world, presented in plain, simple (he oranges are poured into the receiver or hopper and per
language, and condensed as much as possible. We always credit pub-
lications from which illustrations and facts are taken. Where the
name only of such publication is given, it indicates we have used prac-
tically the entire article. Where name of publication with date of
issue is printed, we have made only a brief digest, and those of our
readers who desire to study all the details of the subject should pro-
ure from its pubUshers, or their local newsdealer, the copy of
that date
Popular Mechanics is mailed in time to reach every part of the
country by Saturday morning.
~

Make Remittances by Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.

a
se
ad
da
Address, =
=
POPULAR MECHANICS —
7
-

Journal Building, - - Chicago

Entered at the Chicago Postofice as Mall Matter of Second Class.

CONTRADICT THE NEWTON THEORY.

Che Morelian theory, which contradicts and reverses the New-

ton theory, is gaining quite a number of adherents amoug scien-
tists. Oliver M. Babcock says:
“It is gratifying that science has at last risen against the —
dogmatic and absurd theory of attraction as the regulating This Machine Sorts Oranges.

force of the universe. We have only to reverse the order from

attraction to propulsion and we shall find familiarity with all mitted to roll into the separator. This is a kind of long trough,
the operations of nature. Newton did not discover the law of narrow at the end where the oranges enter and wide at th
attraction, for such a law does not exist and therefore could other end. In the center of this trough is a roller of equal
not be discovered. Separation diminishes while approximation length which continually revolves, keeping the oranges in mo
strengthens attraction, according to the Newton theory. If this tion. All sizes of oranges enter the top or narrow end of this
were true then we would weigh more when close to the earth separator together. Whenever an orange comes to a part of
than when at an elevation. Our feet when on the ground would the trough wide enough to permit it to make its exit it drops
be heavier and walking would be more difficult than when on out and falls into a bin below provided for its reception. Thus
the floor of a high building. The earth in winter is 3,000,000 the smallest drop out first and the largest last and all oranges
miles nearer the sun than in summer. If the swun’s attraction of the same size drop out at exactly the same place along
——
holds it from greater separation than its orbit, how is it that the length of the trough or separator. They are divided into
it is not held at a shorter distance with a stronger pull? If sizes of from 8o tc 288 to a box

the earth’s orbit be circular or elliptical, we are in a situation lhe picture shown in the illustration was taken on the orang«
most precarious at a very delicate poise, for the slightest vari ranch of Bates and Bolt in Butte county, Northern California,
ance from the sun in either direction would be fatally aug- where the earliest and sweetest oranges grow. It is from this
mented—either from the sun by weakening of attraction or to- section that we get our oranges for Christmas. Not many years
ward the sun by the increase of attraction. Whether it be mo- ago it was contended that oranges would not grow so far north,
e
mentum or outward attraction that holds the earth away from but those who risked their money on the experiment are now
the sun, the danger would be the same. being generously repaid, for not only do oranges grow here
“According to the Morelian, the propulsive or positive theory, to splendid size but they are of superior flavor and the entir«
all stars radiate force outward, sun and earth included. The crop is marketed before Christmas while the oranges of South
nearer they approach the more they repel, the farther apart, the ern California are hanging green on the trees.
weaker the impvlsion, while from opposite direction they ar —.

driven toward each other. So at about 90,000,000 or 95,000,000

“In a mining region,’ says Dr. Edmund O. Hovey of the
miles apart is the line of equilibrium along which the earth oscil-
United States Geological Survey, “one often hears ores spoken
lates, performing its annual revolution around the sun. Thus
of as running 90 per cent lead, 80 per cent zinc, etc., when the
planets cannot fall onto their suns, nor collide with each other purest crystallized minerals do not contain such amounts of the
How safe! How true! How beautiful!” metals.”
ww
=_-?

The extension of the Gould railroads to tide-water at Balti- The atmosphere which was formerly believed to extend but
mcre will cost $20,000,000. There are 15,160 miles of road now 60 miles above the earth is now believed to be at least 500 miles
controlled by Gould, and the Gould lines will soon exceed in high. The contention is based on the amount of atmospheric
mileage the Vanderbilt; Pennsylvania and Harriman systems friction necessary to ignite meteors, many of which have been
combined. observed to flash at a height of 100 miles.
 —
POPULAR MECHANICS O44

NOVEL DEVICE FOR COALING VESSELS. OLDEST BLACKSMITH IN AMERICA

The Coaling Scow, a New Invention, Is a Boon to the Mariner. Samuel Brock, of Falmout Gt County, Ky the oldest
blacksmith in America wh king the trade, accord
ing to a thorough reseat nent recently made by
Coaling of vessels which for many years has been
the American Blacksmitl Mr. Brocl os vears old and vet
of the mariner is fast losing its objectionable features by lat
works at the forge every day Hy I ( enarian
inventions Che latest of these is the fueling scow, shown in
His father lived to the ag t 1 | mother wa
the accompanying illustration The Scientific American thus
106 vears old when she died H
describes its mechanism:
years He was bor Virg DD it Mr. Brock
Near each end of the scow are located two large coal-bins
e can yet put a shoe
from each of which an elevator carries the coal and delivers it
to a belt conveyor mounted in the center of the scow rhe
gage ictive work
elevator is so arranged that it may be driven in either direction
thus carrying coal from either bin as may be desired. The belt N. \ ind Mr. Hyatt, of

conveyor by which the coal 1s delivered from the scow into th | Down f Pate

different hatches of the boat is so arranged that it can be carried ville,Ky., 86 years
old; Will f 271 Washington street

~————
ho

mere:
+

nt

A New Means of Coaling Vessels.

on the scow when not in operation. When it is desired to fuel Norwich, Conn., 85 years old; W. H Richard. Monongahela, Pa.,

the boat, the scow is moored fast, and, by mechanical devices, 85; Walter, Stickney, Meriden, | Ss: Albert Avery Hart
wick, Otsego Co., N. Y., 84 years ld: Daniel Gorman, Lima
the delivery end of the belt conveyor is raised or lowered until
it is on a leve! with the deck of the boat, and rests on the )., 84; Daniel Bidwell, Cute, Tenn., 83: John S. Edwards, Leeds
N. Y., 82; Nathan Mosley, Limest ‘ lenn., 82; Frank Milles
deck by means of two shoes. An engine located on the delivery
Potosi, Mo., 81; Stephen H. Abes Esperence, N. Y., 80; L. D
end is used not only for driving the belt conveyor when it
Krum, Krum’s Corners, N. Y., 80 S. D. Bolander, Allentown,
carrying coal, but also for running the belt conveyor out onto
O., 80; G. W. M. Drake, M I] Minn., 80; H. W. Dodge, '
the deck of the boat and returning the conveyor to the scow Stromness, Ont., 80; James E. M { | Ka So
again.
++
This conveyor is so arranged that it does not matter to what
Prof. William T. Sedgwick, of \ tiset | t
distance it is run out on the deck of the boat The belt will
f Technology, says tl ‘ bacteria that
always remain tight and can be used in any position. After
there is little danger in gas« fro
the boat has been coaled, the engine is reversed and the con
pe ols: he repudiates the no» 1 < t d he de
veyor is backed to the fuel scow in position to be transported
nies the unwholesomenes of damy ater
to some other boat. On the rear of the scow is located the
healthier than fresh water and in fa K pieces our
boiler with the necessary driving engines. An auxiliary engin
time honored scientific theories
operates the elevators leading from the bins. soth elevators
and conveyors are large enough to handle any kind of coal,
even large lump coal as it comes from the mine. Popular Mechanics is “writtet derstand it
378 POPULAR MECHANICS

AN ARMY ON SNOW SHOES. interesting than the summer marches over PRETTY, HUSTLING VICTORIA, B. C.
dusty roads in hot weather.
An army on stilts would make better a Victoria, B. C., has issued a handsome
progress these days in this latitude than on AVOID EXTREMES IN MIXING CON- illustrated souvenir (a copy of which we
ur illustration. In CRETE. have received) in commemoration of its re
Norwa however, the winters are long cent “Victoria Day Celebration.” This is
- pies one of the most thriving and enterprising
In a discussion on the subject of wet and towns in the Dominion and is surrounded
dry concrete, Mr. T. M. Ripley, speaking 4, resorts and scenery that have few peers
of concrete foundation work, says that in attractiveness
either extreme shoul 1 be avoided. In a ——_ — p>~eo
p> - )
paper printed in the Journal of the Asso-
ROAD THAT COST $40,000 A MILE.
ciation of Engineering Societies, Mr. Rip
ley states:
“In the laboratory the ingredients can The wonderful toll road from Ironton
be dried, and the water measured and to Ouray, Col., is one of the greatest attrac-
added portion for portion; but on construc- tions in that state of marvels, both of scen
tion this is seldom possible and rarely pr ery and engineering. The old fashioned
tical stage, with all its romantic associations, is
‘Frequently we get wet and dry both on rapidly becoming a thing of the past.

$ePog

cas J
cy

oe
--

Tent Life in Winter.

and the snow deep, and the soldiers are

taught to make long journeys and rapid
maneuvers on the snow. So expert do they
become that very rapid movements of large
bodies of infantry are possible. When on Ayous
one of these expeditions the soldiers carry
the full regulation marching equipment, in-
cluding blanket, musket, canteen and a
day’s rations, and in addition an Alpine

A Detachment of Norwegian Troops.

the same day from the boats. A sand or Hence it is a novel experience to climb into
gravel pile rained on tonight will not re- a Concord coach and for three hours to 7
quire the same amount of water added for ride along a magnificently constructed road,
the mixing as it would today. I have seen hewn out from the side of mountains at an
batches, made from the same piles of expense of $40,000 a mile, gazing into the
gravel and sand, vary from a moderately depths of the canyon below, 1,200 feet, or
dry to a sloppy mess, when using equal looking forward to range upon range of
amounts of water; because in the former frowning mountains. In no part of the
case the ingredients happened to come world, says the Canadian Engineer, can
from the tops of the piles, and in the latter such magnificence of scenery be compressed
from the bottoms of the piles where the into a three hours’ ride.
frost was yet in evidence. (We were us- —_—__-e
ing hot water). No two piles of sand will The American School of Correspond-
absorb the same amount of moisture un- ence, Boston, has arranged with the Ar-
Scouting [Party
less seasoned for a length of time accord- mour Institute, Chicago, whereby Dr. Gun-
stock to help them up steep places. To ing to climate conditions. saulus, president of Armour, becomes
the beginner the exercise is very severe, “Concrete, when too dry, sets in layers, chairman of the advisory board of the
but after he has once mastered the art of and in extreme cases is granular and of American School, and students of the cor-
working the shoes, the trip is much easier no account, resembling concrete poor in respondence school will receive credit to-
than marching on foot. When the troops cement. Concrete too wet may float the ward a degree when entering Armour.
reach a long slope they dash down like a cement; but the greatest loss is usually due
flock of birds presenting an exciting scene. to inability to handle it owing to its semi- Chinese make their spades from British
Notwithstanding the cold weather, and the fluid condition. horseshoes. Shiploads of old horseshoes
a
exposure of sleeping in tents with the are sent from England to China every year.
thermometer below zero, the men seem to “The locomotive has lengthened a man’s Thousands of these spades are shipped back
enjoy the winter service and find it more stride till now he can outstrip the wind.” to London.
 POPULAR MECHANICS

HIGHEST PRICE EVER PAID FOR ONE NOT A PARTICLE OF WOOD IN THIS i * ne VT )

HORSE SHOE. RAILROAD. vec 1 rease ]

‘ part

Robert Collyer, the divine who left his ( t r

Concrete Ties, Long in Use in Prussia, Are
forge to go to the pulpit, was probably Se] _ } (

paid the record price for making a horse- Becoming More Popular. { pat re

shoe. He said:
.uis was soon after the great fire in Another blow at the use of wood in m«
}

Chicago in 1871, when the students of th chanical construction is delivered in the l \

Cornell University offered me a thousand manufacture of armored concrete ties f r

dollars if I would make them a horse-shoe; railroads, which is growing in popular o-oo

t he
shoe was duly made, the money In a recent issue Popular Mecha CUBA’S TELEGRAPH SERVICE GREAT
paid promptly down on the nail, and | of how wood was fastly sinking into d LY IMPROVED
stood ready to make a hundred on the sam use as the forests were
terms.” bridges, piling and numerous other struc
——
tures and appliances formerly of wood
FULL MASTED WHEN LAUNCHED.

It has been decided to rig the seven

masted schooner Thomas W. Lawson be

fore she is launched. As each of her steel
masts weighs 17 tons without rigging and
20 tons when completely fitted she will
have a somewhat unusual weight aloft for
launching and special preparations are be-
ing made for getting her into the water.
RRS 5 SE
SUMMER SCHOOL FOR ARTISANS.
The Summer School for Artisans, at
Madison, Wis., the only institution of its
kind in the country, is to open with the
regular courses this summer. The school
is a branch of the University of Wisconsin
Ayn and was inaugurated last summer. Any
person over sixteen years of age, speaking
the English language and having a fair
knowledge of arithmetic will be admitted.
The tuition fee for the term is $15 for ail
courses, in addition to which are labora-
tory fees of five cents per hour for all
time spent in such practical work. The
courses include the Use of Formulas, Me-
chanical Drawing, Steam Engineering,
Shop Work in Carpentry, Applied Electric-
ity, Transmission of Power, Strength of
Alm Materials, Forging and Machine Tools.
Sn
STORE THAT WILL NOT MISREPRE-
SENT GOODS

At this time when America is gaining an

unenviable reputation from the many adul-
terations in food and clothing, it is gratify-
ing to know that there are some merchants
who strive to protect the public from such
impositions. These many frauds have been
mentioned in Popular Mechanics as they are
detected. In Chicago Hillman’s department
|
Oa
store has started a movement to give to the Track Made of Concrete ar d= tron (kre (< ent News.)
purchaser genuine goods—exactly what they
are represented to be—at reasonable prices. were now made of concrete and other sub
The store has met with such wonderful suc- stances: of how in the most modern com
cess that others have been forced to fall in mercial buildings little or no wood enter
line and the day may not be far away when into their construction
the American citizen may know what he is Here we illustrate a railroad which has
buying not a piece of wood about it. It is a track structi [The new system has added
—————
of the Prussian State Railways, near Bries $100,000 1 the re iry and has trans

The diameter of the steam supply pipe sen. The Railway Review in speaking of
should be about one-fourth the diameter this road says:
of the piston. “The rail fastening consists of an auto
380
POPULAR MECHANICS

and I was led to put together a few facts

SHOP NOTES with a view to remedying the trouble

hese tacts were: First, that hard wood
will wear exceedingly well when thorough-
FITTING CIRCULAR SAW TEETH. also won out in an argument to the effect ly oiled and at the same time has a very
that the number of teeth in a saw was of slight tendency to wear the shaft; second,
importance mainly in the point of speed of that some hard woods are very porous,
\ writer in the Wood Worker gives his
cut. hat is, it 1s not essential that teeth and oil could be supplied to the — shaft
experience in filing the teeth of a circular
should be very close together in order to through the pores if the bearing was on
saw, Which was a new one with teeth of Gs
do smooth work. For instance, in ripping, the grain end of the wood. I have often
the usual shape. Fig. 1. I wanted to uss
* teeth like Fig. 5 will do as smooth work as seen how porous wood is by dipping one
an emery wheel for my limited experi
Fig. 6. For speed, however, the coarser end of a block six or eight inches long
ence had been confined to ordinary filers’
the teeth, and the more gullet, the faster into a dish of water and, after removing
common work, and I proceeded to file,
the stock can be crowded against the saw, it from the water, blowing on the other
maintaining the shape pretty much as |
the cut, of course, being pretty rough. A end. Air bubbles at once appeared on the
found it, but of course, put on a_ bevel
shallow, stiff tooth, nicely set, will cut as wet end, showing that my breath had pass
Che foreman put in an appearance after |
well as a planer saw, and much easier, ac- ed through the block. With these facts in
cording to my experience. mind I constructed the bushing shown in
a Fig. 2.

BUSHING FOR LOOSE PULLEYS. It is similar to that shown in Fig. 1, but

instead of being drilled with a number
of rows of holes for the oil to pass
\ writer in Machinery tells how he fixed
through, I had, in the first bush of this
some loose pulleys which had a habit of
|
Pix:Fig. 3 | Fig.4
iorestetitel | kind (which happened to be a good-sized
getting tight on the shaft. He says:
one), about forty holes drilled staggering
The failure of the self-oiling pulleys is
to insure contact of the wood on nearly all
caused mainly by the action of centrifugal
parts of the shaft, except about ™% inch
force which forces the oil into the outer
on each side end of the bush, as shown in
portion of the oil chamber, away from the
fig. 6 the sketch. All holes were tapped 7-16
a
shaft, thus preventing the bushing from
|nsnsiliapasbesaisteadiel inch and a white ash plug was screwed in
each one far enough to allow filing off
had filed about a dozen teeth, and made on the inside to insure a good bearing of
several vigorous remarks about my “per- the plugs on the shaft. Although I had

sy
nicious activity,” spoiling the saw, etc. some doubts of this bushing being a com-
Under his directions I went ahead again plete success, I had it placed in the hub
as follows: The first proceeding was to ee and the oil chamber filled, then placed it in
reduce the teeth to a shape about like Fig. Garvie’ WavrswaZ the light where I could oberve its action
2, by either rasing or filing. By filing it In about fifteen minutes every plug was
900000 eooqo°o
was preferable to make them like Fig. 3, saturated with oil; on some plugs there
all teeth being filed square across, and level. could be seen a drop of the oil, which 1n
\fter they had all been reduced to a gen- e000 000 oooooe dicated a success. The pulley was then
CAMOLE WICKING
eral resemblance to Fig. 3, the saw was put in place.
placed on the mandrel and carefully rased The next morning, after it had been
off with an oil-stone, hard brick, or piece running for about an hour, it was stopped
of emery wheel. When every point touched, and found to be somewhat heated—not so
G
the filing proceeded, the file being held much, though, but that I could put my hand
only a trifle lower on the handle end, and on it, and in a few days all heating had
pitched back until the teeth showed like disappeared. I think the heating at the
Fig. 4. The bevel in most of the saws was start was caused by the plugs fitting too
very slight, and the front side of the teeth tightly on the shaft. After running about
nearly perpendicular with the radial lines eighteen months I examined the pulley and
of the saw. These saws cut fast, did not found it to be in first-class condition. The
“howl,” and when properly set made a shaft was smooth as glass and the wear
surface nearly like a block plane. was slight. After this it was found to be
After I had succeeded in demonstrating a success.
my ability to make saws go his way, I — —.-e—___

still maintained I could make a rip saw go THE ANGLE OF SCREW THREADS.
fully as well, and with less expenditure of
time, by grinding instead of filing. One
It is interesting to know just what angle
day, somewhat to my surprise, they brought
the thread of a bolt would be when drawn
me in a bevel-edge emery wheel. I had a
in on a drawing as shown in the illustra
new 12-inch saw, with teeth about 44-inch
tion.
apart, which had never been filed. I
straightway and with much glee proceeded The average draftsman shifts his tee
to fix it up on the wheel. I had a lot of square to bring his triangle about right
sawing to do in 2-inch pine, making small accomplishing its purpose. This leaves the and draws in the lines by sight and often
slabs about 3-16 inch thick, and it was nec- shaft dry and causes the pulley to cut and has a bad looking angle, says the Drafts-
essary that they should be very smooth on set fast on the shaft. The loose pulleys man, too steep for practical purposes.
both sides. In most cases they looked as in our wood-working department were con- After some figuring it was found that
if finished with a wide smoothing-plane. I tinually giving us annoyance in this way A for 1 inch to § inches inclusive did not
 POPULAR MECHANICS 381
yary enough to make any material differ \ | weight
ence in the looks of the drawing. T ! convenicik

Che angle for I inch diameter and 8 ke at hes, say

threads being 86 degrees 30 minutes, and B. I bs 1 Blacksmit!
for 5-inch and 2% threads being 87 d

Ne ‘ t \ i \ l

id f pre ‘ iW
ku let en \ 14

neh ft ‘ wider i il
Fig. 2. Next drive the fuller in between
grees 40 minutes, and 6-inch diameter gave jaws until the re spread the right
the
an angle of only about 87 degrees 50 min- width, Fig. 3 hen turn the jaws and
utes The average for 1 inch to 6 inches forge the indle t uit the work required
inclusive being about 87 degrees. ++o
On '%-inch diameter and 20 threads an
LOSS FROM CONDENSATION OF STEAM
angle of 84 degrees 20 minutes, and on
IN PIPES.
44-inch diameter and 10 threads per inch
an angle of 86 degrees 15 minutes shows /
y ff)
YW {iii
7
sss sbuhstbelestestreteteatoatnadialeon
Wi, Yi ff Yi)
a slighter difference than on the larger Nh /;
Some experiments recently made by M1
Yi
sizes, making an average of 85 degrees 22 aastadhashacaadaadeanatoaiodiaaiod
G. H. Barrus at the Manhattan Railway
minutes on the smaller sizes. Side View of Tunnel. power station London, showed that in a
EE 2-inch steam pipe 100 feet long, and under
HANGING PIPES IN TUNNELS. possibly six or eighi; this may be easily so p unds pre ure the condensation
done if care is exercised when installing amounted to 60.3 pounds of steam per hour
lhe ideal method of laying Steam pipes the first one, to place two rings over the when the pipe was bare, and to 15.14
in the ground is to place them in properly pipe at each point to be hung with the pounds per hour when covered. With
constructed tunnels, where they are easily opening of one ring down to connect with steam at 100 pounds pressure, says the Ele
reached in case of repairs. Such a tunnel a duplicate on the pipe below lhis sys trical Review, the condensation, when un
tem ts described i n The Engineer. covered, reached 72.20 pounds per hour
ts. In a 10-inch pipe 35 feet long, carrying

NATURE STRON GER THAN DYN..AITE. steam at 100 pounds pressure, the con
densation. when uncovered, amounted 1
\ remarkable quarrying feat’ was accom 112 pounds per hour, and when covered t
plished at Aberdeen, Scotland, last winter. but 15.93 pounds per hour The tempera
\ large stone had been drilled ready for ture of the surrounding air ranged during
splitting, when the thought struck the fore- the experiments from so degrees to 75 de
man that nature might aid in the object to grees Fahrenhet
be attained, the idea being suggested by the +++
evere frost which prevailed Water was
WAVES MADE BY SHIPS
poured into each of the drill holes, and, it
being Saturday afternoon, work was SUS
What resists the pa ive ta ship I ipidly
pended until Monday morning when it was
through the water ivs the London Tele
found that the block of granite had com
graph. Most people would reply “the nec
pletely burst open An idea of the immense
sity f pushing nm amount of water
power of the frost will be gathered when
equal to th e of the hull below the sur
it 1s stated that the stone thus detached
face.” Dr leming, who has studied the
measures 12 feet by 5 feet and has a weight
matter, say not that the resistance 1s
of about six tons
><?
chiefly due to tl kiness” of the water
End View of Tunnel.
and the waves the ship pushes up in front
QUICK AND EASY WAY TO FORGE A
four feet high by four feet wide, construct- Of course such liquids as tar or molasses
WRENCH
ed of hard burned brick laid in lime mor ————
present 1 wzreate d gree of this. but water,

tar containing cne-tenth part cement will lso has what is called the skin friction of
\ simple and expeditious met!
last for years. At points ten feet apart or ships Oy rpedo | t it 10 miles an
ging a wrench 1s ck scribed here wit!
each side a pier is constructed, resting hour &8o per cent of the entire resistance
wholly upon these side walls, and forming irises from this water friction; but at full
a bearing for a channel iron as shown in speed thi only 43 per cent, the other 57
the cut \ hole I inch in diameter is per cent resulting frot the huge waves
punched in these channels 18 inches from thrown up in front lhe shape and cover
each end, through which a rod or piece of ing t fish 1 sucl { excite the least

small pipe is placed, having a long thread resistance \ photog? iph of the Viper at

and a heavy nut for adustment before the 43 m les an hour showed the bow actually
earth is filled in on the top of the arch. hitted out of the water wh le the boat her

This rod or pipe extends into the tunnel self seemed to be resting on her bow wave
through a short piece of 3-inch gas pipe It is the steam power required to drive these
firmly imbedded in the arch in an upright huge waves that caused the Deutschiana to
position, ard connects with rings slipped burn 2,500 tons of coal in her five and one
ver the steam piping as shown. METHOD OF FORGING A WRENCH. half-days’ trip across the Atlantic
 MECHANICS

S
A Selling Agent desires some good

~ ATENT specialty for Chicago and vicinity.

Correspondence solicited. Address
P. 441 Popular Mechanics.
cHas. POUTHWORTH aitt WORKS AN ELEPHANT ON HIS FARM.

1133 MONADNOCH BLOCH, James Caml of Roney’s Point, W. Va.,

uses an elephant in working his farm and
CHICAGO. hauling logs. So satisfactory is the result
a
Telephone Har.575 that he says if other farmers would us«
elephants instead of so many horses. th«
lith FLOOR END
(SOUTH OF)siguraR MECHANICS
huge beasts would soon come into general
use in America. The elephant, he claims,
can do the work of six horses. It is do
cile at all times and seems fond of work

MINING ww
uy

WANTED to interest parties in a paying shipping DECAYED DOMESTICITY.

mine, with large reserves of excellent concen-
trating material in sight; ores contain gold, silver, Houses are gone; in flats one dwells,
lead, zinc and copper. Average per cent of lead in
crude ore, 18 per cent. Milling facilities will be at Flats higher than St. Paul his dome.
hand in 60 days. Will stand a rigid examination. The orchestras of new hotels
Mine and smelter within two miles of mine. Address
Drown the old strain of “Home Sweet
DAN C. TOBIN, Whitepine, Colo,
Home.”’
Mention Popular Mechanics.
Only the nurse by baby stays,

A NEW MONEY MAKER

Only the club our food can dress;
We from a cookless kitchen gaze
For Agents. A household neces- Upon a nursery motherless.
sity. 70,000 sold in Minneapolis. Costs
Jo, sells for 2c. Agents making $7.00
per day. Will be sold. You Reckless, the modern woman throws
show what it will do and it sells itself. Her high prerogative away;
People borrow money to buy it. Beats
as & money maker. Send Forth to the market place she goes,
10 cents TO-DayY for sample outfit. And does man’s work—for woman's pay.
Domestic Mfg. Co., Minneapolis, Misa.
Mention Popular Mechanics, Yet if some palliation’s sought
For woman’s error—nay, her crime—
There is at least the simple thought,
This has been going on some time.
ORLAN CLYDE CULLEN,
Counsellor-at-Law Domestic arts whose loss we grieve

U. 8S. Supreme Court, Registered Attorney U. 8. Have been decaying every year
Patent Office, United States and Foreign Pat- Since Adam first observed to Eve,
ents, Caveats, Trade Marks and Copyrights.
“Your cooking’s not like mother’s dear.’
f No. 700 7th Street, N.W. —Londou Daily Chronicle.
k Opp. U.S. Patent Office. WASHINGTON, D.C. —_ —_~<-@
.— -—
Fifty cents a r. Send five cents forasam-
Mention Popular Mechanics. piecopy to Gourm H. Daniels, G. P. A., Grand An engineering contemporary says that
ntral Station, New York. the best way to harden a steel tool for a
Are You Interested in special purpose is to heat it to a cherry
The Hardwood Manufacturers’ Associa- red, drive the point into a cake of lead, and
Automobiles ? tion has voted to advance the price of hard- leave it there until it is cold, when it will
Send for Sample Copy ot
wood lumber $1 per thousand. be found to be hard and tough.
THE AUTOMOBILE
REVIEW, $1.00 a Year

[0 DAYS FREE TRIAL.

The Automobile Review
19 Quincy St., Chicago

We Ship on approval to any person in U. S. or

Canada without a cent deposit, and allow 10 days
free trial. You take absolutely no risk ordering from
No Progressive Merchant, Manufacturer, or us, as you don’t pay @ cent if it don’t suit you.
Organization can afford to be without
The Elliott Addressing Machine for address-
1902 Models oi"33 $9 to $15
1900 and 1901 Models £'s $7 to $if
ing Envelopes, Cards, Wrappers, Statements, Catalogues with large photographic engravings of our
Shippings Tags, Circulars and Time Cards. Bicycles & full detailed specifications sent free to any address.

Our Catalogue explains fully.

500 SECOND HAND WHEELS $3 to $8
taken in trade by our Chic retail stores,
Pe

my |
SEND FOR CATALOGUE “F.” ( standard makes, many C8 BOM ocscceco
wheel until you have written for our
THE ELLIOTT 500 NOT BUY factory prices < Pree TRIAL OFFER.
Tires, equipment, sundries
and sporting s of all kinds, at
NY half regular prices, in our big free sun catalogue. Con-
ADDRESSING UM. tains a world of usefulinformation. Write for it.
MACHINE CO. fam RIDER
\ AGENTS WANTED 2.5°3.i0r
1902 model Bicycle of our manufacture.
‘S.2ie
You can make $10
,

to $50 a week, besides having a wheel to ride for yourself.

48 Dearborn St., Chicago WE WART a reliable person in each town to distribute catalogues for us in
exchange for a bicycle. Write LE for free catalogue and our Special offer.
Mention Popular Mechanics. J.L. MEAD CYCLE CO., Chicago, Ill.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 383

Everyone is now interested in

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| <

ELECTRICITY SBBBeEEeEee
=
eee
a
sk es
ee: ee: oe ee

Se
seeeceeagesegs* DIVIDEND
SSH HS EH He He SH AHH ws
Any desired supplies
can be procured from INACIAIC
us. To successfully DIVIDEND

The Dividend Oil Gompany

learn Telegraphy use
our Eureka Learner's DIVIDEND
Instrument, Complete DIVIDEND
with Manual, each $1.60. Telephones, Call Bells,
Fans, Motors. Everything Electrical. Of Beaumont, Texas DIVIDEND
ts DIVIDEND
Manhattan Electrical Supply Co. Capital Stock, $125,000 Tressury Reserve $50,000
DIVIDEND
New York. Chicago. DIVIDEND
ONE-CENT —
The Dividend Oil Company has made m« m DIVIDEND
DIVIDEND ress
public
since
until
its
the
organization
company was
None
earning
of its stock
moneys
was
The dest
NOSE CUP THE LATEST. management was to offer the investor something
than promises DIVIDEND
DIVIDEND The investor has begun to realize that one share of stock
in a company capitalized at $100,000 s equal to t shares of
Did you ever see a nose cup?
DIVIDEND
ck inaece ome any capitalized at $1,000,000, provided t

very latest addition to the toilet and som DIVIDEND > of the same par value
—— Divide nd oil Co. owns its land on Spindle Top in
doctors say it is as necessary as a toot! } fee mple, on which it has one well of 50,000 barrels capa \

brush. In large cities where the air is full DIVIDEND

The Dividend
wells,
Company has land for thre«
which will be drilled as soon as the market demands
dditional
DIVIDEND
The Dividend Company owns 2,000 acres lease! ld in
the Louisiana oil flelds.

DIVIDEND
The Company owns, in addition, 2,000 acres lease! ld in DIVIDEND
the Texas oil fields, where important developments are taking
place
The Company owns a valuable tract in the Sour Lake
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The Dividend Company has seventeen tank cars for
individual shipment, which renders it independent of the demands
which might be made on the railroads. DIVIDEND
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A DIVIDEND PAYER DIVIDEND
As the name of the company indicates, it is a dividend payer
DIVIDEND and shows a most remarkable record. A tual shipments of oil by
the company has been going on for some time, and it is shipping
from five to tem cars per day. DIVIDEND
DIVIDEND
che DIVIDEND COMPANY
Has sold the major portion of its ~~" to the Sun Oll Company DIVIDEND
DIVIDEND one of the biggest oil corporations in the wo ow
The Dividend Company gets ‘marta pr its oll
and thus gets the advantage of a constant!» ‘aiedanc ines
DIVIDEND
DIVIDEND market. This contract
36 Per Cent in dividends.
alone guarantees Ut) company at least

The Dividend Company will pay its s! ~~~ a

Two and One-Half Per Cent dividend Jun g DIVIDEND
of smoke and dust ladened germs, the nos- DIVIDEND It will pay its stockholders a Three Per Ce nt Div idend
Aug. ist, from its earnings.
trils become filled with dirt. Then you fill
DIVIDEND
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nose in the cup and snuff up the water. You are offered a limited amount of this stock
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When the water runs out it removes all dirt
from the nostrils.
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+e
Call or send your order to DIVIDEND
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SAYS RAILWAYS AID IN
CHINAMEN.
SMUGGLING
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Suite 194 Laclede Bidg., St. Louis, Mo.

By Chairman Shattue of the House Committee DIVIDEND
on Immigration.
DIVIDEND General Offices:
OUR WEEKLY
Citizens’ National Bank
MARKET
Bidg.,
LETTER ON BEAUMONT
Beaumont, Tex
STOCKS
FURNISHED ON APPLICATION,
The immigration laws of this country DIVIDEND
are flagrantly violated. Canadian steam- DIVIDEND
PARAAABRA RA A A
ship agencies in Europe do not hesitate to
Ym
Oe ee
eB RRR
8 Re eB we we we
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advocate openly and guarantee to their
A
SS" fp Hek asasBsBas8 ~ a a
BABB
= al e
Bat
= ce)
passengers (the good, bad and indifferent
ones) that they shall be safely delivered » SF
AR EBB EEE
AAARAAA EB BEE
A A BA <2»,o
into the United States and no questions
asked if they will only take passage via
Canada. I have their bills so advertising.
This “is not all. It can be proven that Hair or moss do not afford good mate- | desire to represent a manufacturer
one of the Canadian railways is in the rial through which to strain color. Chees« as Selling Agent, Mechanical Line
Chinese passenger traffic regularly, and is cloth at 3 cents per yard is cheap, and gives preferred. On com mission basis.
assisting the smugglers by stopping its clean color. Varnish can be used to the
very bottom of the can by straining. In References exchanged. Correspond-
passenger trains several miles outside of
a certain city and discharging the Chinese fact, nearly all first-class body finishers in
ence solicited. Address
in the country, where wagons built espe- sist upon straining all their varnish x. Popular Mechanics.
cially for the purpose, take whole gangs en June 15th the Lake Sh re and Pennsyl
over the border under cover of the night Wooden pulleys are now made in Ger- varia roads put in “eT Vice a 20-hour
and in this way thousands of Chinese enter many with cross-laid veneer faces formed train bet veen Chicag ind New York. Ex
the United States annually. under pressure while hot. tra fare $8
 ————L

384 POPULAR MECHANICS June 21, 1902.

MONTHLY EDITION
of.
Popular Mechanics
The publisher announces the first number of a
*

Attractions for July 4th.

MONTHLY EDITION reproduced from the regular
weekly editi.n. The monthly will be issued on Did you know that the American flag is 100 years older
the first of each month and contain 64 pages, than the flags of Germany and Italy and older than the flags
over 200 articles and more than 150 i'lustrations. of Great Britain, France and Spain? If not you ought to read
One Dolla- per year; single copies to ceats Fur
sale by newsdealers, or address about it in the Fourth of July issue of Popular Mechanics. It
POPULAR MECHANICS
will tell all about our flag, how it came into existence, etc.
There is not a boy in America who will not suffer a great
Journal Bld. Chicago
privation if he fails to get this Fourth of July issue. Nothing
*“‘Want’’ and “‘For Sale’’ Ads. to cents per like it was ever published before. It will not be smeared over
line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to with red and yellow paint, but it will tell you how to do things
a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
forwarded promptly without extra charge. on the Fourth of July just as the regular issue of Popular
Mechanics tell you how to do things in general. There will
be an article on how to make a volcano, how to make a Fourth
YOU CAN always buy Vlopular Mechanics of July Cannon; how to make several other different kinds of
back and current numbers at Horder's News
Depot, 149 Washington St. (Cor. La Salle), fire works; where fire crackers come from; how they are made
Chicago.
in China; how to make a Fourth of July kite; how to make a
THE OZARK LIVE STOCK CUMIANY bas
$3 of good assets for every dollar of stock match cannon; how to fire fire-works of all kinds and many
issued. It owns 1,350 acres of land and has
the right to graze on 30,000 acres more. Its other articles of interest to every person who cares to know
originators cleared last year 200 per cent about the whys, hows and wherefores of things. The Fourth
profits on the money invested. Shares $10,
sold at par. Write the care 109 Hartford of July issue will appear June 28. It will contain the usual run
Building, Chicago. The best investment on
the market. on instructions to boys on electrical works, wood and iron
work and how to make them, with other mechanical articles of
eau BUSINESS CHANCES. __ unusual interest. The next issue will contain about 50 articles
FOR SALE—Planing mill, sash, blind and on the most interesting mechanical events of the day. Order
door factory. In good condition. Plenty of
work. Steam and water power. In village of your newsdealer early.
of 2,000 population; has canal and railroad.
For particulars inguire of C. F. Rice, Boon-
ville, Oneida Co., N. Y.
WANTED—Partner
to manufacture
with capital or facilities
six wood-working machines, HELP WANTED.
MACHINISTS—Superior Iron Works, West
Superior. Wis.
four of which are now patented. They have
been operated and shown to be practicable and with machinists’
COMMEKCIAL ARTISTS. Woodward &
Ww A NTED Young man, handy Tiernan Printing Co., St. Louis. —_— ”
of great utility. Will alone make a good bus-
too:s and understands general work. Address
iness. A thorough investigation solicited. Box 567, Waterloo, Ind. VULCAN Steam Shovel operator. Box 746,
Henry A. Holt, Wilton, N. H.
PATENTS procured without fee if not suc-
PAINT MIXER—Western Shade Cloth Co., Atlanta. Ga.
PLUMBEKS—THREE UNION. H.L. Burns.
21st and Jefferson Sts., Chicago, Hl. fats S
cessful, 426 Popular Mechanies. Spokane,
Wash. —
SIMPLEST and most practicable automobile “TRUNK AND SAMPLE CASEMAKER—C. PATTERNMAKERS. The Balkwill Pattern
in America, cheap. 480 Popular Mechanics. H Forby, 1406 Dopglas St., Omaha, Neb. Works, 970 Hamilton street, Cleveland, Ohio.
COMPOSITOR—First-class Job Compositor;
AUTOMOBILE» BATTERIES cleaned and
repaired by experts, 427 Popular Mechanics. $12. Daily News, Beloit, Wis. TUP BUILDER, seat trimmer. Laporte Car-
riage Co., Laporte, Ind. ” _
PATENTS procured in quickest
patent no pay, 428 Popular Mechanics. ea
time—No MECHANICAL DRAFTSMEN—Chief
man, P. O. Box 911, Pittsburg, Pa.
Drafts-
CUTTERS AND GLAZIERS—Two, Kansas
D., 483 E. Water St., Milwaukee, City Stained Glass Works, Kansas City, Mo.
POPULAR MECHANICS reaches the men
who are searching for late inventions. r" TYWRITER REPAIR MAN—AddressD. G.
TYPEWRITERS—Bought, suid and ex- WANTED AN AGENT in every town in the POSITIONS WANTED.
changed. 423 Popular Mechanics. _ United States, Canada and Mexico, to repre-
sent Popular Mechanics. YOUNG MAN, high school graduate, to se-
AUTOMOBILES—New and second band, best PRESS HANDS-WANTED for cutting tin. cure means to attend Chicago University. P-
bargains, 424 Popular Mechanics. Oo. Box 92, Goshen, Ind.
Missouri Can Co.,.1210 W. 9th St., Kansas
PATENTS OBTAINED—New book on pat- City, Mo. ; JAPANESE, Armour student, drafting or of-
ents free. 425 Poepular Mechanics.
~CANADA—Harness makers. Great West fice work during Summer. H. §. S.,S&., 297
29%
AUTOMOBILES of all descriptions; al! at- Saddlery Co., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Prairie Ave., Chicago, Ill,
tachments and appliances. Address 417 Pop- MULATTO GIRL—Office work or attendant;
ular Mechanics. MACHINIST HEUPERS—The Iola Portland
Cement Co., Iola, Kas. fine penman; grammMar school graduate. Jani-
FOR SALE—Two “second-hand Worthington tor, 205 E. Chicago av., Chieago, Il.
= tascam Steam Pumps—419 Popular Mechan- CAR BUILDERS +America Car and Foundry
YOUNG MAN 21 years oid wants chance to
es. Company, Chicago rise. Lyle Miller, 1034 Marquette Bldg.
FOR SALE—Hardware store and tin shop— DRAFTSMAN—Peru Steel Casting Company,
Peru, Ind. YOUNG MEN who want to embark in busi-
420 Popular Mechanies. ness will find a valuable medium in Popular
~
BUILDING plans, estimates, consultation MOLDERS—Kalamazoo Stove Co., Kalama- Mechanics Want Columns.
zoo. Mich.
and color sketches free—421 Popular Mechanics. PLUMBER—A, Kenuedy, 31 Catherine street,
LINEMEN—Fifty good climbers. [T. & A.
CAN SELL Keal Estate anywhere. Special Telephone Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Albany N. Y.
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reasonable; no sale, no pay. Address 409, 4th av., So., Seattle, Wash.
Popular Mechanies. ENGINEER—10 years experience, Thos. L.
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NOVELTIDPS—Ansthing you want, in any Leather Co.. Milwankee, Wis.
quantity. Write for prices and latest noy- YOUNG
MAN 17—In mechanical draughts-
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FOR SALE—Second-hand 60-light dynamo, GERMAN-AMERICAN, at anything; trade
good as new and guaranteed; in use only
for one year to Box 136, Station B, preferred. Fred Koerwern, 59-61 Stockton St.,
short time; taken out to = in a 120-light Cleveland, Ohio. Brooklyn.
machine. For sale at a bargain. Address
408. care Popular Mechanics.
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et
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eta
err
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 POPU LAR MECHANICS.
| sais Week: What to Make for July 4th

Weeks, 3
Rev= == "|\ aa
er e Mecha Nica] leoF
A
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ae
HH] ,
£Ayan
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STN Z
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sll MymM To DO THINGS:

' P
Vol. 1. No. 25. CHICAGO, JUNE 28, 1992. Price 5 Cents,
| ao
Greatest Invention of the Century
THE LIBRARY OF
’ CONGRESS,
Two Corts Recewer ne

WUN. 23 1902 Z '

Corrmenr enrey

CLASS XXo. No.

COPY 8B.

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rade
This Machine Makes Corn Stalks Worth Millions

SUMMER COURSE IN EASY MECHANICS, FOR BOYS

Begins in This Issue }
Other Departmentsof the Paper Full of Interesting Features
@&
a7
gS :
,
 386
POPULAR MECHANICS

PULP FOR PAPER MADE FROM CORN STALK. The manufacture of paper attained its first degree in Spain and
then spread into Italy, France and Burgundy; later into Ger-
A Chicagoan After Years of Labor, Perfects the Greatest many and the Netherlands, reaching England in 1588, the first
Invention of the Century. fine white paper being made there in 1690. The art saw its
inception in America in 1690, a factory being established near
No longer is the United States dependent upon Canada for Philadelphia by William Rittenhouse. Here paper was made
its supply of pulp for paper and paper is a commodity which en- from refuse, such as rags, waste paper, old sacks, ropes, etc.
ters more conspicuously into the life of every American citizen The next great step in the evolution was made by Dr. Hill of
than any other, excepting food and clothing. No longer is there Augusta, Maine, who discovered the process of making paper
cause for alarm over the growing scarcity of the Canadian spruce, from wood, the process that has since been in vogue. The idea
from which our paper is made. No longer need publishers and the was suggested to Dr. Hill by a hornets nest. “If a hornet can
public fear that the one cent daily and other cheap publica- make paper from wood,” he argued, “why can’t man do the same.”
tions will soon become an impossibility, because of the extinc- He discovered that the hornet first chewed the wood into fine
tion of the Canadian forests. The millions of dollars Uncle Sam pulp before making it into nest material. Such was the begin-
has been paying Canada for wood pulp from which our news- ning of the wood pulp industry, which has since been one of the —

papers, books, writing paper, wrapping paper, and every other greatest sources of wealth.
kind of paper is produced, may now remain at home. This But the trees from which the wood is obtained grow slowly;

lowa
es ee =
|Nebraska. Acreage 8.048.946
Tilinois.
Yield per Acre 36bu
Acreage. 8,093,464. F
Total Yield,305,659,948. )Acreage India na. [Onio. |
| Yield PerAcre 24.O '
26 bu Value $62,582,'86. : Acreage. ‘Acreage, yoog
Total Yield Yi ; a teed per Acre, :
210,430,064 bu Stover, '2,846.1i 7 ton | 4.031 .600 Yield
Value — t
$65,239,320. Yield perAcre!Toral Yield
a
“ Stover Tons
8.838.062. Total Yield -
*38 bu 106,890,188 bu
264.176.2266 Value $36,342,664
_ yield
Missouri Value $64596.392)!
$59
153,200,800 Stover, Tons
Stover 4489, 387.
1LO95,40!/ tons value $
49,024256

| Acreage Stover, tecs

8,624770
Yieid 6.434.433
per Acre ig Bu
| Tota! Yield 163.870.630. bu
Value $52,436,602. * j Acreage 6453943.
i Stover ’ |\Yietd per Acre 28b
| 6.682.566 tons. [Tere Yield 180,710,404
\'Yalue $ §7.86227.329.
pepess. 7.589,836.tons. STATES TONS

5 Bas 4
——.. Oe
es es ae 4,489,387
Indiana 6,434,433
| \ Illinois .
Iowa . .
11,095,401
. 12,846,117
Missouri 7,589,836
Nebraska . 8,838,062
Kansas’ 6,882,566
These figures show what was produced and wasted; which waste was
available for feed, paper stock and cellulose compounds. Total waste . 58,175,802
Map Showing Corn Belt and Corn Crop, 1900.

money will go to the American farmer—the corn grower—and many years are required for them to attain maturity. Thousands
be will find his profits trebled, or perhaps quadrupled. of trees are consumed in the manufacture of paper necessary
A process has been discovered by which paper of all grades to produce one day’s supply for America. The forests are being
may be made from the corn stalk. For many years the world bared. Few of the trees remain.
has been searching for a material of annual growth from which But “necessity is the mother of invention,” and as these once
paper could be produced. It remained for a Chicagoan to make great paper producing forests seem upon the eve of extinction,
the discovery. Quietly this Chicagoan has been laboring over an American has come to the rescue with a new material and
the process for eight years. Now he announces to the world source of supply, even as King Eumenes did hundreds of years
the success of his labors and has the pulp, the paper and the ago. Thus the “keeping of records” goes on and now the news-
process of manufacture ready to exhibit. His may be regarded papers may publish the almost hourly records of the happenings
as the greatest discovery of the twientieth century, and one of of the world, at less expense than before.
the greatest of the world. It makes a new epoch in civiliza- And who is this American who has been such a benefactor
tion, another step in the evolution of the “keeping of records.” of mankind? He is a modest Chicagoan, who lays no particular
At first these records were kept by repeating them orally from claim to fame and who refuses to announce his invention as
father to son, next by the carving of characters on stone, as anything out of the ordinary. His name is George R. Sherwood.
revealed in ancient ruins; following these Egyptian hieroglyphics His greatest delight seems to be in knowing that he has suc-
came the writing on papyrus, an Egyptian reed; parchment, the ceeded in aiding the corn grower to make largely increased
next material in order, was invented by Eumenes, king of profits from his corn crops.
Pergamus ‘and perpetuated his name in history; at this time, Not only has- he succeeded in making paper from the corn
oe
ote
the outer world discovered that the Chinese had long been mak- stalk, but in utilizing every particle of the corn plant to mer-
ing a crude paper from the inner bark of the mulberry tree, cantile advantage. It used to be that the cotton seeds were re-
the next step in the advancement was made by Spain which garded as waste and one of the greatest labors and expenses of
eer
ee produced paper from woolen and cotton rags; then flax, hemp the cotton planter was to get rid of them. These seeds are now
and linen rags gained first place in the popular favor. almost as valuable to him as the cotton itself. Far greater will
 POPULAR MECHANICS 387
be the advantage of this new invention to the corn grower. No year. Of this enormous crop one-half has heretofore been an
longer will it be necessary to gather and husk corn and pull absolute waste. The accompanying map of the corn belt will
fodder by hand. The corn plant in its entirity is fed to a single give an idea as to the enormous extent of this former waste
nachine and this machine separates the ears, husks, leaves, shell all of which may now be utilized and turned into money tor
and pith, preparing each product for its respective market. The the farmer. The whole of the corn plant, less the ear, is called
fine inner husks are sold for manufacturing mattresses and up stover.

holstery. The pith of the stalk is used for making certain grades Only a short time ago Popular Mé«
of paper, paper box boards, cellulose, gun cotton, smokeless “Something must be found besides spruce and white pine wood
powder, varnish and many other products. This pith mixed with pulp from which cheap papet in be manufactured Dhese
waste leather makes a floor covering superior to any grade on sources of supply are so rapidly ecoming exhausted as to
the market; also wall decorations and paneling capable of being threaten the existence of the one-cent daily newspaper and
embossed and finished in a highly artistic manner and at moderate other large consumers.”
cost. From the hard shell of the corn stalk is made the pulp The Southern Industrial Review said \ material which
that is destined to replace that produced from the Canadian nature may renew yearly must be discovered and adapted
wood. While all this process of separation is accomplished with the trade and the most natural sources must be sought in the
one machine operated by one man, it is purposed for the average field of agriculture or among the fibres and grasses which have
depithing plant to consist of :5 or more machines, with auto annual growth.”
matic conveyors for transferring the materials from the farmer’s The Boston Herald a month ago said “The paper making
wagon to the depithing machines or the stacking yards, and industry of the world will soon be dependent on Canada for
sufficient engine and boiler capacity to operate the machinery, its Taw material The great pulp wood reserves of United

all of which will be housed in substantial buildings. States, Norway and Sweden are already becoming exhausted
The de-pithing machine will, when stalks are fed to it, snap and there is actually no place in the world excepting Canada
off the ears and drop them on the husking rolls, the stalks pass- for the bulk of its spruce supply

Machine for Husking, Stripping and De-Pithing the Indian Corn Plant

ing on into the machine, The husking rolls husk the ears, deliver- The Fourth Estate said Canada is to be the greatest pro-
ing them to a conveyor, and the husks which cling to the ear ducer of wood pulp and paper in the world, not in the distant
when it is snapped from the stalks will be drawn off future only but in the days that are now at hand.”
by another conveyor. The husked ears of corn the With Canada supplying the paper of the world, it is not hard
farmer may remove to his crib or deliver to his merchant, or to prophesy how long it will be before her already thinned
the company will be prepared to purchase it from him spruce foresis will become extinct Che paper made from the
at the market price, or store it for him, whichever corn stalk pulp is far superior in quality, and can be made
he may desire. As the stalk passes on through the machine much cheaper than it can be made from wood pulp
such of the husks as adhere to the stalk, together with the leaves —_——_—__<p~o@p- -— -
on the stalk, are next stripped off and likewise drawn from the
machine by a conveyor. Thus stripped of the ears, husks, leaves AMERICAN WOMEN LIKE ANGELS
and dirt, the clean stalk next passes into the de-pithing sec-
tion of the machine, where the shell and the pith are separated Prof. Weihrle, of Berlin, an eminent German teacher of es-
and deposited on separate conveyors ready for the paper mill thetics, has this to say of the American woman
and other mills where they will each be worked into a finished “The American climate is one of the chief causes of her pre-
product. eminence. Her graceful lightness, an ease of bearing entirely
A company has been organized for the purpose of exploiting her own, her quick, mercurial movements, her fascinating, beau-
this marvelous invention of Mr. Sherwood. It is known as tiful head, her tender roundness of limbs, are seen only in
the National Fiber and Cellulose Company, and has offices at America.
1oor Merchant’s Loan and Trust building, Chicago. “These are the women that resemble one’s conception of what
To comprehend the wonderful saving and profits that will re- fairies, sylphs, nymphs and. angels ought to be Jeauties such
sult from this new invention one must realize that the United as Rubens painted are seldom met with among the Americans
States produces the corn used by the civilized world. More of the Anglo-Saxin race, but beings such as Raphael painted are
than 80,000,000 acres of ground are devoted to corn each frequently seen in the streets of every large city
388 POPULAR MECHANICS
BURN OIL TO STOP SMOKE IN TUNNEL.
Popular Mechanics
Published by Popular Mechanics Co. Railroad men working on freight trains dread the passage
Journal Building, - ~ - Chicago through the Hoosac tunnel. The tunnel is 434 miles long and
the track rises from each mouth towards the center making
SUBSCRIPTION over two miles of heavy grade going either east or west. Even
United States, Canada, Mexico and all U. S. Possessions, the fast moving passenger trains travel in a cloud of smoke
Co aS ee eer ere ee Euiccessanee $2 00
Foreign Countries, post DC taeacdsud acnageionses osnew ee 3 00
€2
Monthly Edition...............
penta carates, $2 per column inch per‘issue.
i

Make Remittances ma Draft, Money Order or Registered Letter.

Address,
POPULAR MECHANICS
Journal Building, - ~ Chicago

Entered at the Canenge Postoffice as Mail Matter of Second Class.

NEW GERMAN ACETYLENE GENERATOR. ——

Consul-General O. J. D. Hughes, of Coburg, reports that

Mr. Erik Cornelius, chemist at the carbide factory at Troll-
hattan, has invented a new acetylene generator. This generator
is described as being much simpler in construction than any
yet placed upon the market, and occupies but little space. In
its operation, the falling of the carbide into the water is auto-
matically regulated by a hollow rubber ball, which, as soon as
it is filled with gas, closes the valve between the carbide and
Head Engine Burns Oil.
the water. When the volume of gas decreases, the rubber
ball contracts and the feed valve again permits the carbide to
drop. The gas is stored partly in the rubber ball and partly and gas, while the freights fare much worse. An attempt has been
in the space between the funnel-shaped carbide magazine and made to remove the smoke through an air shaft 1,028 feet to the
the water. If more than the normal amount of gas is gener- top of the mountain, with an immense fan to increase the draft.
ated, it secures more room by forcing the water through valves This helped but did not cure. Now the company have fitted
into the water jacket in the sides of the apparatus. A sep- some engines to burn oil which makes no smoke and little gas.

Steam
Pop Vatve Set at 151be.
Handle for

Section Through Firebox '

Handle for Oil
at |A-B Air Pressure in
Oi! Tank
= 15-Ibs. per. sq. in.

Brick Kemoved Here

Heater Coli in
wae! Tank

y ew with Back of
Virebux Removed

Firebox Setting for Oil Fuel-Boston & Maine Railroad.

arate gas tank is therefore not needed. Should too much gas Our illustration from the American Engineer shows a train on
be produced, both the water and the gas escape through a the up grade nearing the tunnel. The helper engine, burning
safety valve. Common carbide is used; no cartridges. The oil, is in the lead, and working just as hard as the second, which
gas is dried by being allowed to pass through the carbide maga- burns coal. The cut shows the difference in smoke production.
zine, where the carbide absorbs the moisture. As there is no The oil is carried in an iron tank on the tender and forced into
gas tank, and as the quantity of gas thus stored is insignifi- the burners under an air pressure of 15 pounds per square inch.
cant, it is considered that the fire insurance companies will, The cut of the firebox shows the details.
without raising the premiums, approve of the apparatus, even {
when it is placed in dwelling houses. Popular Mechanics is “written so you can understand it.”
 POPULAR MECHANICS 389
Things to Do and Make for July 4th
NEW AND BRILLIANT CONCEITS IN FIREWORKS. discharging all the time a continuous stream of meteors, bombs,
gold rain, ete., and making a brilliant aerial display for public
Miniature Volcanoes and Hundreds of Other Designs In and private exhibitions There are hundreds of other designs
in fire works, many of which are very expensive and many are
vented by Americans.
in the reach of all
€2 \ handsome lawn decoration is known as the “decorating net.”
It used to be that China was the only nation that knew how
to manufacture fireworks. Now American inventive genius is
making China look to its laurels. Many new and _ beautiful
conceits in the line of explosives are on the market this year—
the product of American manufacturers—that will make even the
Chinamen look on in amazement. The old time fire-cracker and
roman candle still hold sway but they are eclipsed in grandeur
by some of these new inventions. There are all kinds of mines,
batteries, floral shells,saucissions, Jacks-in-the-box, devils-among,
the-tailors, wheels, verticals, triangles, rosettes, geysers, prismatic
whirlwinds, etc., that will be a delight to the youthful celebrator.
There will be volcanoes that will give a miniature representation
of Mount Pelee in eruption. Some of the most beautiful effects
are obtained from the Bengola lights, colored torches, new flower

Fan Fountain

It is a new novelty made of cambric, in American, French, Irish,

Italian, Foresters and Knights of Pythias colors. The nets are
durable and can be festooned in forms of butterflies, fans, ete.
When spread out they are about 40 by 90 inches. They may be
bought for $5 a dozen.
a

DIRECTIONS FOR FIRING FIREWORKS.

Rules Every Boy Should Know About New Explosives and

the Old Ones

Many kinds of fireworks will appear this Fourth of July.

which the youthful celebrator has never seen before. They will
“What Happened to Hooligan’. be told about elsewhere in this issue Below are directions

pots, gerbs, etc. More brilliant still are the new silver birch
trees, aerolites, fountains, Indian jugglery, fiery meteors and
bouquets of rockets.
For lawn displays the fan fountain commends itself as a thing
of beauty. It produces a brilliant outburst of scintillating fire in
such a manner as to show a grand fountain of fire spreading
out like a fan. What happened to Hooligan will amuse every
boy and girl that can possess one of these novelties. When the
stem to Holligan’s rocket is lighted he has more terriffic experi-
ences than ever related by the comic supplements. Then there
is the house that Jack built, cheap and entertaining as can be
The chimney of the house is a big fire cracker. The boy builds
the house, puts in the chimney cracker with fuse end up. When
lighted it explodes the cracker and blows the house to atoms. Decorating Net

The house and crackers can be bought for about $1 a hundred.

Montgolfier balloons, which when flying high look like a strange furnished Popular Mechanics by the Paine Manufacturing Com-
1
star in the sky, are made in more brillant designs than ever this pany, the largest manufacturers < f a’l kinds of fire works in

year. Meteoric balloons are also to be in great demand. The the world, which tell how these new inventions, as well as the
string of fireworks attached to the tail is lighted when the balloon standard fireworks should be handled:
ascends. As soon as it gets above the house tops the display When possible, fire from level ground. Avoid firing from a
commences and lasts until the baloon is high in the heavens, platform, it is dangerous and liable to cause accidents lhe
390 POPULAR MECHANICS

person in charge of a display should be cool-headed and care- or four persons, the mouth of the balloon being about a foot
ful. The fireworks exhibitioh pieces, when possible should be from the ground. Light the inflator, and when a sufficient
placed in position before dark, and loose goods, such as shells, strain is felt, allow the balloon to rise. In the case of the fire
batteries, etc., placed at a safe distance in the rear, and kept works balloon, attach the trail of fireworks to the hanging wire,
covered with canvass or rubber cloth, so that no sparks may and light the trail before letting go the balloon.
fall upon them. Sky rockets should have the sticks attached, Souquet of rockets,—should be set up on end, nearly perpen
and covered as above. dicular and well braced. Open the end and light at fuse.
Roman candles may be fired from the hand. Grasp around the Shells of all kinds ;—are fired from mortar and must be handled
candle firmly an inch or so from the end that has no fuse. Hold with extra care. The mortars should be placed upright in the
steady and firmly, but do not shake. ground (in some open space), about two-thirds being buried
Sky rockets are fired from troughs, which should be placed lhe shell is put in the mortar, cone end down, leaving fuse hang-
ing over the outside of the mortar. Light the black end of the
fuse and quickly move away a good distance. Never lean over
the muzzle of the mortar when placing shell in, or after shell
is in. Always clean the mortar of all paper and fire after each
shell is fired.
Exhibition pieces—are put on posts 2 by 4 inch stuff, 12 to
16 feet high, with cross braces on the bottom to hold them steady,
and stood on level ground. These standards or posts can be
tipped over so as to put on the pieces without a ladder. Nail
the hanger on the side of the post (according to the size of the
piece) near the top of post. In order to allow all the people to
easily witness the display, the bottom of the frame of the piece
should not be less than six to ten feet above ground.

ms Ces
art] | ——_—__»->_

FIRE CRACKER
--

KITE.

METEGRIC BALLOONS MONTGOLFIER BALLOONS, | The sport is better adapted to engage in at a lake or over a
river or pond, than in towns and cities. It may, however, be
on the ground. Do not fire rockets from a platform. Troughs
safely indulged in if the kite can be flown over a large vacant
may be made of two boards, five or six inches wide, and longer
lot or prairie. To the tail of a good-sized kite fasten a bunch
than the longest rocket to be used. Brace upright with a slight
of fire crackers. To this tie two feet of string and fasten an-
angle, so as to prevent the rocket from falling over. Light the
other bunch. If the kite is large and the wind strong, several
black fuse and step back a little. Be sure and keep loose rockets
bunches may be hung one below the other. Around the string
far enough away from the troughs so that no falling sparks may
connecting the bunches of crackers wind tissue paper, in which
ignite them. Keep them well covered.
is laid a grain of powder. Tie the tissue paper to the string
Jack-in-the-box, mines, batteries, floral shells, saucissons, devil-
with thread wound around it.
among-the-tailors.—Place on level ground, remove outside covers
When the kite is ready to raise, lay the tail and extension
and light fuse.
straight in front and let the runner with the ball of string
Wheels of all kinds, verticals, triangles, rosettes, etc.—are
stand 100 feet or more distant. One boy holds the kite while
fired from posts. Each wheel is provided with a spindle or wire
another is stationed at the last bunch of crackers. When al!
nail, which is to be put through the hole in centre of wheel and
is ready he lights the bunch, gives the order to start and the kite
driven in the post near the top. See that the wheel revolves
is raised as quickly as possible. The kite should be able to reach
freely and does not touch the post. Light fuse and step to one
a height of 300 to soo feet before the first bunch is exploded,
side.
when the fire will follow up the powder train and set off the next
Geysers and prismatic whirlwinds.—Place on smooth ground
bunch and so on. The noise and effect of the crackers explod-
ing as they fall from this great height is both novel and exciting.
when all are fired the kite may be drawn down and again loaded.
a pe

BLOWING UP THE FORTRESS.

This exhibition may be made either with several bunches of

large crackers or better, a quarter pound of powder. A shallow
trench is made in the ground several inches deep, and in this
a trough is laid of dry lath. This trough may be two or more
laths long. In the trough lay a fuse the entire length, or a train
This Will be Popular. of powder. Then cover with a lath and replace the earth, leav-
or a level board, the stick or cross-guide down with its ends ing one end open to fire from. At the other end connect the fuse
turned up. Light black fuse and step a little away. or powder train to a quarter pound of powder in a dry tin can.
Bengola lights, colored torches, flower pots, gerbs, etc.—Those The powder should be tied in thin paper, put.in the can, a small
with handles to be held by the handle; without handles may be opening torn in the paper so a few grains of the powder will
stood upon the ground. escape, then invert the can and connect the fuse. Over the can
Silver birch trees, aerolites, fountains, Indian jugglery, fiery place a small wooden box and upon the box throw carefully a
meteors and Mount Vesuvius;—are fancy ground pieces with light cover of earth. On the fortress set a flag and a row
pointed ends. Plant firmly in the ground and light fuse. of round clothes pins to represent sentinels, cannon, etc. When
Balloons.—Select a place sheltered from the wind as much as all is ready place a piece of dry paper at the end of the fuse
possible. Open the balloon and have the sides held out by three farthest from the mine, light it and quickly get back far enough
 POPULAR MECHANICS $9!

to avoid the explosion. When the paper burns down to the fuse in diameter. Roll up a piece of stiff paper to form a cylinder
or powder train, the fire will follow into the mine, and when and place it in the hole making the paper form the wall of th
it reaches the can of powder the fortress will fall—after first hole. Also place a piece of stiff paper at the bottom of the hole
going up 25 feet in the air. Make the paper hide the ground i parts ol the hole so as 1
>>
—_—->
keep away the moisture of the ground Now your volcano 1
HOW FIRE CRACKERS ARE MADE IN CHINA. built Che next is to load it.
You are supposed to have at your side 10 cents worth of
Guarded Secret of the Methods of Manufacture Discovered potash, which may be bought at any drug store. Be sure to tell
the druggist the purpose for which it is wanted as there are
by the American Vice-Consul
numerous kinds of potash that will not d Mix your potash
By the Hon. John Goodnow, United States Consul-General at Shanghal,
with an equal amount of sugar Now it is ready to be put
China. into the hole. But first arrange the fuse by which the volcano
In making crackers, here in China, only the cheapest kind of is to be lighted. For this a fire cracker stem will do, but you
straw paper which can be produced in the immediate locality may make a better fuse yourself by winding powder in tissue
where the crackers are made is used for the body of the cracker. paper. Place one end of the fuse down in the hole leaving the
A little finer paper is used for the wrapper. A piece of straw other end resting on the side of the volcan Now place the

paper 9 by 30 inches will make twenty-one crackers 1% inches mixture of potash and sugar in the hole On top of this place
long and one-fourth of an inch in diameter a layer of pure potash unmixed with the sugar, and on thi
The powder is also of the cheapest grade, and is made in the pour some gun powder. Light the fuse and the volcano will do
locality where used. It costs 150 to 175 per catty, or 6 to 7 cents
gold per pound.
For the fuse, a paper (called “leather” in Shanghai) is used,
which is imported from Japan and is made from the inner lining
of the bamboo. In other places a fine rice paper is used, gen-
erally stiffened slightly with buckwheat-flour paste, which, the
Chinese say, adds to its inflammability. A strip of this paper
one-third of an inch wide by 14 inches (a Chinese foot) long
is laid on a table, and a very little powder put down the middle
of it with a hollow bamboo stick. A quick twist of the paper
makes the fuse ready for use.
It is not easy to persuade the Chinese to exhibit their modes
of manufacture to a foreigner; but Mr. Williams, vice-consul
at Shanghai, thus describes the work as he has seen it:
The straw paper is first rolled by hand around an iron rod
which varies in size according to the size of cracker to be made.
To complete the rolling, a rude machine is used. This consists
of two uprights supporting an axis, from which is suspended
by two arms a heavy piece of wood, slightly convex on the lower
side. There is just room between this swinging block and the
top of the table to place the cracker. As each layer of paper is
Home Made Volcano,
put on by hand, the cracker is placed on the table and the sus-
pended weight is drawn over the roll, thus tightening it until the rest. There is an explosion which sends fire, smoke and sand
no more can be passed under the weight. For the smallest upward. Then follows a flame lasting f 1 about a minute and
“whip” crackers, the workman uses for compression, instead of the lava pours down the sides of the mound
this machine, a heavy piece of wood, fitted with a handle like
— oo
that of a carpenter’s plane. In filling crackers, two hundred to
three hundred are tied together tightly in a bunch. Red clay FACTS YOU OUGHT TO KNOW ABOUT OUR FLAG.
is spread over the end of the bunch and forced into the end
of each cracker with a punch. While the clay is being tamped Here is some information about the American flag, furnished
in, a little water is sprayed on it, which makes it pack closer. by Samuel Harden Church, which every American boy and
The powder is poured in at the other end of the cracker. With girl ought to know:
the aid of an awl the edge of the paper is turned in at the upper Why should the flag of such a young country be called “Old
end of the cracker, and the fuse is inserted through this. Glory”? Because it is twenty-five years older than the present
The long ends of the fuses are braided together in such a way flag of Great Britain, seventeen years older than the French
that the crackers lie in two parallel rows. The braid is doubled tricolor, nearly a hundred years older than the present flag
on itself, and a large quick-firing fuse inserted, and the whole of Germany and Italy, and eight years older than the flag of
is bound with a fine thread. The bundle is wrapped in paper and Spain. When the Continental Congress found that the political
in this shape sent to the seacoast. bands which connected us with the mother country had indeed
=
iid been perpetually broken, they appointed a committee to devise
HOW TO MAKE A “POTASH VOLCANO.” a flag that should stand for the nation; independence, dignity,
and power. George Washington was the chairman of that
Shooting forth flames and spouting ashes and lava the “Pot- committee, and, upon receiving his report 1777, Congress re
ash Volcano,” is a minature likeness of the great Mont Pelee solved, “That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen
eruption that destroyed St. Pierre. Any child can make a “Pot- stripes, alternate red and white; and the union be thirteen stars,
ash Volcano,” and it is not more dangerous than firing a fire- white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.” At
cracker. It is the only toy volcano that will emit lava which first a new star and a new stripe were added for each new state,
flows down its side in realistic streams. but our vast territory was molded into states so rapidly that
To make the volcano build a mound of sand about one foot this arrangement became cumbersome, and in 1818 Congress
high. Dig a hole in the top five inches deep and 1% inches passed an act returning to the original stripes, but added a
392 POPULAR MECHANICS

star for each new state. That is the law today, so that this flag DISHWASHING MACHINE, A WOMAN'S PATENT.
has thirteen stripes, seven red and six white, and forty-five stars,
representing a nation of seventy millions. Dishwashing, once the abhorred drudgery of the kitchen, is
Immortal honor hangs thick on every square inch of its fabric. made an easy,
latest improved
speedy and simple operation by the use of the
dishwashing machine. Modern hotels and restau-
4
=
It was adopted when the American people were but a human

Bei |
fringe on the sea coast, their way into the interior blocked by
the red savages and howling wolves of the wilderness. The
whole inspiration of our life as a nation flows out from the
waving folds of this banner. Our flag had its origin in that
conflict whereby we achieved our independence in the last cen- J | <<——

tury. Again, 1812, it vindicated the principle that American

OOOO EE a
seaman should not be impressed to service on foreign ships.
CCU NIE
In 1845 it again gave liberty to Texas. In 1861 it carried free- ‘ime, |
dom to four million slaves in this country. It has been stormed ncn A\
at with shot and shell and torn to tatters in a hundred battles, TH gai ap
but it has always waved for freedom, and after every conflict —_

its advanced position in a better civilization has ameliorated

and improved the conditions of human society. It stands now
for a united people; it is beloved in every section of our terri-
tory, and when it waves aloft it’s all one to us whether the band
plays “Yankee Doodle” or “Dixie.”
>>
“_-o? Ready to Wash Dishes.

LIQUID AIR AUTOMOBILE. rants throughout America have almost entirely dispensed with
the old system of washing dishes by hand. Only in Europe where
the people use antiquated methods because they have formed
At the recent automobile exhibition in London, there was seen
a liking for them through long association, is the machine un-
a liquid air machine which had a speed of 20 miles an hour.
known.
The liquid air at a temperature of 312 degrees below zero,
The standard diswashing machine of America is made by a
is carried in the tank A, which holds 18 gallons, or enough for woman, Mrs. J. Garis-Cochrane, manager, patentee and sole
manufacturer of the Garis-Cochrane machines. The machinery

\ is operated by steam or electricity and a simple device for priv-

ate families is worked by hand. The dishes are placed in the

TT
“

al

VAY

Runs with Liquid Air.

a 35-mile ruu. B is the radiation in which the liquid air is

heated. A pressure of 200 pounds is obtained in one minute
by allowing tl = liquid air to exaporate. Our illustration is from
Dishes all Washed.
the Motor Car Journal, London.
a>
ate st
racks and slide directly from the scrapping table into the ma-
SAIL THAT PULLS WITH THE SLIGHTEST BREEZE. chine and out again. They are not lifted at all in the process
of washing, rinsing and drying.
—
=_--?>
A novel sail has just been invented. It is composed of inde-
pendent sections, each of which is separated from but overlaps CENSUS BUREAU’S REPORT ON SHIPBUILDING.
the adjoining one, the result being that each section spills the
wind away from the one next to it. Furthermore, the upper ends The census bureau has issued a report on ship building and
of each section are secured to a gaff and one corner of the lower repairing in the, United States in 1900. It shows a capital of
end of each to a boom. Finally a pair of independent sheets or $77,362,701 invested in 1,116 establishments reporting for the
ropes are connected to the after corner of the lower end of industry. This amount does not include the capital stock of
each section and there are guiding leads for these ropes. <A any of the corporations. The value of the product is returned
mainsail constructed in this fashion was tested recently and it at $74,578,158. The report says:
proved much more serviceable in various respects than an old- “In 1900 the tonnage under American registry was only 826,-
fashioned mainsail. The main advantage claimed for this new 694, showing a loss of 461,631 tons since 1890, a shrinkage double
sail, however, is said to lie in the fact that it enables a yachts- the total new registered tonnage built in the United States dur-
man to utilize to the utmost even a slight breeze. ing the decade.”
 POPULAR MECHANICS 3032

Fourth of July Catapault tom of the head Make

heavy wire and fasten it securely at the

a triangle of the

top of the rod to the cross arm and tri

|——— Home-Made Cannon which Will Hurl Life-Size Dummy

angle to keep them from slipping down
The head may be made of excelsior, paper
100 Feet Through the Air
or hay put in a cloth bag of proper size
and slipped on over the wire loop. Then
One of the most exciting amusements for piston firmly in its place at the end of the sew the bottom of the bag, or tie it with
boys is shooting life-sized dummies rod. If the rod is flattened somewhat at strong string at the neck to keep the con
dressed as men and women from the the place where the upper piston is lo- tents of the head from coming out rhe
mouth of a cannon. If care is taken to cated it will hold it there. Now take some head should be made of very strong ma
mount the cannon in the first place so it stiff iron wire about as big around as a terial such as canvas or gunny-sack, as the
will discharge at an angle of about 45 de-
grees, and not to fire it when any one is
within range, the first of which is easy to
do and the second not difficult to remem-
ber, there is no possibility of harm. The
powder charge is in the safest form pos-
sible, as it is fired with a blow from a 41". p' pe IBin.to 24-in. long

hammer instead of a burning fuse. The

outfit will afford amusement to old and
young and involve no exposure or risk.
If the cannon is made according to direc-
tions there cannot possibly be any explo-
4-1n cap cap drilled
sion. Two or three days will be required
to prepare the machine, so do not wait
until the Fourth if you intend to have one. qa»
First procure a piece of common steam hin. pipe 4-1n long
pipe, 4 to 6 inches in diameter and any-
where from 18 to 24 inches long. Old pipe kn pipe fitted to cap
is as good as any, provided it is straight.
Take it to a machinist and have him cut cap to hold nail
a thread on the outside of one end and fit
an iron cap to screw on to the pipe. Then
bore a hole 1 inch in diameter in the cen-
ter of the cap and thread the hole. Take
a piece of I-inch gas pipe, 4 inches long, pipe fitted with cap
thread both ends and screw the small pipe
securely into the hole in the cap. It should wood wood
go in so as to project a quarter of an inch
inside the cap. Then take a cap to easily wood pistons and iron rod
screw on the outside end of the 1-inch pipe,
and in the center drill a hole just large
enough to permit an 6 penny wire nail to
enter. be ye)
This completes the cannon proper. The
next step is to make the dummy, which
may be dressed in old clothes to represent
either a man or woman. Two dummy
frames may be made, or the dress can be wire frame
changed from man to woman after the
firing begins. First make two round blocks
of hard pine or oak and about 3 inches
thick. These blocks should be % inch less
diameter than the mouth of the cannon
so they will slide in and out freely. The
inside of the cannon must be free from
rust, and if dirty scraped clean and
Manner of ae
greased. In the center of each block bore
a %-inch hole. Keep this hole as rough
and small as possible. Next secure an iron The Catapault Cannon
rod about 4 feet long. Make a ring at one
end and thread the other end for 4 inches. a loop at the top of head will receive plenty of punishment.
slate pencil and make A
Slip one of the circular blocks onto the the rod for the head.
Wire it to the ring false face, or one painted on white cloth,
rod and move it up towards the ring about in the rod which is now at the top of the can then be sewed on. An old coat, the
14 inches. Screw a nut on the rod up 3% head. Then make the arms, This is done lighter the better, should be put on and
inches. Slip the other circular piece of by lashing with a fine wire or strong hemp stuffed, allowing the arms to hang down
wood on the rod up against the nut, then twine a piece of wood 1 inch square and from the shoulders. For pants a pair of
screw on another nut to hold the wooden 20 inches long; place it close to the bot- old overalls are excellent These can be
394 POPULAR MECHANICS

stuffed or not. ‘Tie several streamers about SKY LANTERNS. tending from the powder in the lower
the waist, made of red and white bunting chamber through the side of the cracker
cut in strips 6 or 8 inches wide and sev- These are for night display and should When the cracker is to be fired it is set on
eral feet long. These will greatly increase be flown over a vacant lot or park to avoid end and the fuse is lighted. The powder
the spectacular flight through the air. possibility of setting fire to housetops. exploding in the chamber, tlfrows the
lo mount the cannon nail a cleat firmly Make a good sized ordinary kite, or take cracker upward, and while it is yet hig!
across a board, put the breach of the can- one of the fancy kites of a strong lifting in the air the second charge is exploded
non against and bind the cannon to the power and to the kite string at a distance by fire from the fuse extending through
board with rope. Lay the board with one of 200 feet from the kite attach six feet of the plug between the two chambers. In
end on the ground and resting on two very small wire. At the end of the wire their manufacture the clay is first tampered
boxes or supports which will incline it at fasten a Japanese paper lantern containing in with a punch to form the separating
an angle of about 45 degrees. There a lighted candle. The small wax or paraf- pluz. The lower chamber is then loaded
should be just enough of the board project fine candles such as are used on Christmas with powder and closed by turning over
beyond the cannon to nicely lay the dummy the paper at the end. The upper chamber
on face up when the wooden pistons are
put into the muzzle of the cannon. You
A Kx
is loaded and closed with clay.
punched in the side of the lower chamber
A hole is

are now ready to load. Clear away every- with an awl and the _ fuse _ inserted
one in front and on either side of the can- through this opening.
non. As the dummy will fly from 50 to scaaencaiesilaliiltiapctiiss
100 feet no one must be allowed in front PARACHUTE PROJECTILE.
where they can possibly be struck with the
dummy. This is important for at short This toy comprises a sphere in two
range the rod on which the dummy is built parts hinged together and containing a
will easily penetrate an ordinary tight Sky Lanterns in Afr. miniature parachute, trapeze with figure of
board fence a man attached. A string is fastened to
trees are best on account of weight. If
The firing charges consist of the ordinary one of the halves of the sphere and wound
the wind 1s strong and steady several may
shot gun paper cartridges but waded with
be attached at intervals of several hundred
powder only. Coarse black powder of or-
feet, to the kite string. Sometimes it is also
dinary size is best, though any size
possible to raise a small tea table ball at
will answer. These cartridges of course
the end of the kite tail which will ring
are primed with percussion caps. In load-
with the lashing of the tail in the wind.
ing the wooden pistons (which carry the
rod and dummy) into the cannon do not
ram the bottom one clear back, but leave NIGHT VOLCANO IN OPERATION.
two or three inches between the cartridge
and the lower piston. Insert the cartridge Take ordinary black powder, place it in
in the 1-inch pipe. It should fit snugly. a dish (must hot be a metal one) and pour
Screw on the firing cap, insert the wire in just enough turpentine to form a dough
nail firing pin, until it rests against the when it is mixed. A soft pine stick of
cap in the cartridge. Then, if the range is clean, new lumber free from grit, or a
clear, give the command to fire, which is green branch should be used to stir the
accomplished by a sharp rap of the ham- mass gently. When mixed take about as
mer on the nail. A loud report followed much of the powder as will fill a teacup
by a cloud of smoke will result and your and with the hands compress it and mould
dummy will be seen sailing through the to a peint at the top, the sides sloping
air, the arms, legs and streamers fluttering about equally all around. In the top insert
in the air and presenting a most realistic some dry twisted paper extending about
and life-like appearance. The dummy two inches above the volcano. Cover the
must not be too heavy; it should weigh outside of the mountain with a coating of
about 6 pounds. damp stiff clay (not mud) leaving an open- Parachute Bomb.

Yo fire again, first insert the rod and ing one-half inch across for the cic‘er
about it several times. The other end of
pistons in the cannon, then unscrew the Through this the paper extends. Light the
the string is fastened to a small weight.
firing cap remove the empty shell and put paper with a torch and the result is a The sphere is fired from a mortar, and
in a loaded cartridge, replace the cap, in- shower of beautiful sparks playing like a
when high in the air the string unwinds,
sert the firing pin and you are ready for fountain. A volcano four inches high allowing the ball to open and release the
orders. A good way where there are sev- should burn one minute or more. It i
contents.
eral boys in the sport, is to choose one as best displayed at night, although it makes _-o

captain who gives the orders; there should an interesting day piece. HOW TO MAKE A MATCH CANNON.
be two in the firing squad, one to handle oe

the cartridges and another to screw the FIRE CRACKERS THAT POP TWICE— You may have a cannon in doors, which
caf) off and on and do the firing, and at HOW THEY ARE MADE. you make yourself at insignificant cost if
least two for the hospital corps. These you chance to possess a small amount of
should have a stretcher on which to bring In China there is a fire cracker which méchanical genius. Take a glass tube of
in the dummy after being fired. pops twice and which is a source of won- one-half inch diameter and close it at one
a derful amusement to the little Chinese end: with sealing wax. For wheels use
The following definition of a lie was boys. It is called the “Twice Sounding” spools and the gun carriage is made of
given by a little girl: “A lie is an abomi- cracker. It has two chambers separated cigar box wood. To fasten the barrel,
nation to the Lord and a very present by a plug of clay through which runs a glue a hollow piece of cork on the gun
help in time of trouble.” connecting fuse. There is also a fuse ex- carriage as the figure shows. The wooden
 POPULAR MECHANICS 2

tom gores have each an edge unpasted

"
TO MAKE A FOURTH OF JULY KITE
parts of the gun are connected by tacks
and glue. As axle for the wheels use a Lay them together and paste them neatly
strong knitting needle or a piece of wire. Paste the bottom edge of the balloon Patriotic Shield That Is Easily Made and
lo prevent the wheels from coming off the about a hoop so as to form the moutl a Source of Much Sport.
axle, stick a large glass bead on each of which will be about 16 inches in diameter
the axle ends. Before the hoop
Load the gun with a parlor match, in of the balloon, however, it should be pro-
serting it head first, and closing the open- vided with cross wires to support the fir
ing of the barrel with a piece of cork or T

I
|
bread kneaded into a small ball, to make
it airtight. Do not insert too tightly, or
it will prevent the match from flying out. |
———
The gun is fired with a second match,
|

held under cannon. The match will ex |

|
plode with the report of a miniature can- |
non and fly from three to five yards, en- |
veloped in a blue cloud of smoke. !
|

citadel
HOW TO MAKE A FOURTH OF JULY
BALLOON.

To make a Fourth of July balloon first

make a pattern of stiff brown papers by
Y Frame for ~ l 1 Kite

which to cut the gores. Of course the size ball (made of old lamp wicks wound to I e of gr port when properly
of the gores depends on the size of bal- gether). Then build a fire place with a n 1 trim d. It may have a bright
loon you want to make. For a balloon piece of stove pipe for a smoke stack lantert 1 string of exploding fireworks
four feet high, there must be thirteen Place the wick-ball in a pan with a corked ittached t ts tail for night exhibitions,
gores, each 6 feet long and 1 foot greatest bottle of alcohol beside it. Fill the fire but in the daytime it shows up to splendid
width. Cut the gores from manila or tis- place with paper or shaving. Light the advantage without such adornment In
sue paper. The pattern should be cigar fire; hold the mouth of the balloon over making the kite secure four strong sticks,
shaped, pointed at one end and flat at the the top of the smoke stack, not too near to two for the cross sticks and two for the
other. Lay one of these gores on the floor ignite the paper. Let another party pour curved sticks Place the cros stick at
and fold it in the center; over this lay an- right angles with each other, as shown in
other gore (not folded) leaving a mar- the illustration, and fasten securely as in
gin of the under gore, (folded), protrud- the case of an ordinary kite send the
ing from beneath. Cover the protruding side stick \¢ the curve desired and hold
edge with paste and turn it up over the them in position until securely fastened
upper gore pressing it down until the edges The dotted lines in Fig. 1 show how the
adhere. Now fold the upper gore as you strings should be attached
did the first one and lay a third gore on it You may be able to purchase paper with
as in the first case; paste the protruding the red and white stripes already arranged
edge, and so on until all 13 are pasted. as well as the star paper with the blue
Then it will be found that the top and bot- field. If so, you will have only two pieces
to paste together Otherwise, secure the

¢? Lantern Frame for Fourth of three separate colors, red, white and blue
July Kite.
Paste the red and white together in stripes
the contents of the bottle of alcohol over
for the bottom. Cut out white stars and
the wick ball in the basin. Let the ball
paste on the blue which forms the top
soak up all of the spirits it will. When
Then lay your paper cover on the floor
the balloon is extended to the utmost and
and place your kite frame on top of it
is pulling, fasten the wick ball to the cen-
Allow ample margin and paste on _ the
ter of the cross wires; fasten it securely
cover as in the case of an ordinary kite.
by means of twine, thread or wires, and
To make the lantern cut out a round
work as rapidly as possible; touch a light
piece of pasteboard and tack it on a
to the ball and let the balloon go forth on
wooden hoop for the bottom. Then bend
its upward voyage.
aoe
+--+ ’
a thin strip of wood so that it may be at
LARGEST PIE IN THE WORLD. tached as shown in the illustration. Cover
the body of the lantern from the upper
A feature of the coronation celebration hoop to the bottom with tissue paper, leav
in London will be a coronation pie on ing the top open. Melt candle to stick it
which King Edward and his lords will at the bottom. Fastern the lantern to the
feast. This is to be the largest pie ever tail of the kite. When in the air it will

made in the world. It will weigh tw bob about in a most eccentric manner,

tons; will be 25 feet in circumference and causing wonderment to all who view it
onbnuimaiasdine »
three feet in diameter. The mystery of its
contents will be known only to the cook “Dear Editor: Our cow has gone dry,
Suffice it to say that it will contain “fish, could we sell her for dride beef? If so,
flesh and good red herring.” whear?”
Lantern Balloon.
396 POPULAR MECHANICS

ee POPPIILL 7-16 inch from the thin end, bore a hole the size of the iron

$ Easy Electrical Experiments } screws first mentioned,

hole, from the sidé that is cut away.
and push one of the bolts through
Bevel the hole on this
the

FOR BOYS ; side so that the head of the screw will sink down almost level
—— ;$
<
with the surface of the strip. Make a circular wooden piece
By L. P. Dick1Inson
S 7% inch in diameter, and \% inch thick, with a hole through its
center just big enough to fit tightly upon the screw. ‘The strip
CHAPTER XXV.—HOW TO MAKE A TELEPHONE. first mentioned is to form one end of a spool of wire. The cir-
cular piece just described is to form the other end, and is ac-
Part II. cordingly screwed on to the screw after the latter is in its place
in the wooden strip. These pieces are shown as S and T re-
Having made the transmitter, we must next make the receiver spectively.
This will require the following materials: One inch horse- lhe space between them is to be wound full of No. 36 double
shoe magnet, one ounce of No. 36 double silk covered magnet silk covered magnet wire. Before beginning to wind, cover the
wire, two No 10 flat head iron machine screws one inch long, iron core with a layer of heavy paper, gluing it in place. Make
and a few pieces of whitewood from 5% inch to % inch in thick- two coils exactly alike, using the two iron screws for the pur-
ness. pose.

Cut out a piece of wood, 3% inches square, and % inch thick The strip S is made of the shape shown in order that the coils
Draw a line through its center parallel to two edges. Lay the may be screwed to the inside of the bottom of the box, with
horseshoe magnet upon this piece, with its ends parallel to the the heads of the screws resting firmly against the poles of the
line just drawn, and projecting 4% inch beyond the line. This steel magnet. Their position is shown in the right hand figure.
Be sure that they are fastened firmly in place by means of a
screw and a little glue. Then connect the terminal of one coil
with one terminal of the next so that a current will go around
the second coil in direction opposite to that in which it goes
around the first. Connect the two remaining terminals to the
two binding posts on the back of the receiver.
All that remains is to make the diaphragm and to secure it
in place. It should be made from a piece of very thin ferro-
type iron, such as photographers use. Cut out a circular piece
3% inches in diameter. Cut out also a piece of wood, 3% inches
square, and % inch thick, with a hole through its center 4
inch in diameter. Hollow out one side to form a mouthpiece
as shown at B. Cut out a circular ring of heavy cardboard,
whose external diameter is 3% inches, and whose internal di-
ameter is 3 inches.
Place the iron diaphragm over the front of the box contain-
ing the coils. It should almost touch the ends of the iron
screws. Adjust it so that there will be 1-32 inch between the
ends of the screws and the diaphragm. Then place the paste-
board ring on top of the diaphragm, put the wooden mouth-
piece on top of this, and screw the whole together by four
screws at the corners. The pasteboard ring keeps the wooden
FRONT VIEW mouthpiece from touching the diaphragm except at the edges,
DIAPHRAGM REMOVER leaving the diaphragm free to vibrate.
>>

magnet is to be clamped firmly in place by a wooden cleat shown

at H. Too much pains cannot be taken to see that the magnet WHERE FIRE CRACKERS COME FROM.
is fixed so firmly in place that it will not work loose. For this
reason a wooden wedge inserted between the arms of the magnet, Most of our best fire crackers come from China. The Chinese
and screwed to the backboard is desirable. Use only brass screws invented gun powder and as far back as history records fire
in this part of the apparatus. crackers have been made and universally used in their country.
Having clamped the magnet in place, make next a piece of In the beginning they were used to frighten away evil spirits.
wood 3% inches square and 1% inches thick, with a circular Now they are most generally employed on festive occasions.
hole cut out of its center 3 inches in diameter. It may be built They are boomed at weddings, births, funerals, festivals, religi-
up of two % inch pieces glued together, and the hole may be ous, civil and military cermonies. The very low price at which
cut out by means of a scroll saw, or by the help of a small drill. the crackers sell in China is enough to make the American boy
This piece is to be fastened to the piece upon which the magnet wish he were a Chinamen on the Fourth of July. If you lived
is mounted, and secured firmly in place by means of glue and in China, you could buy two hundred fire crackers for one cent:
brads. Of course it must be cut away on the under side so as a thousand for five cents, and a great box of 10,000 for one tael,
to fit over the magnet snugly, and also over the cleat which which is equal to 62 cents. It is the duty that makes them cost
holds the magnet in place. This will make a box, square on the so much in America. The crackers are sold at such a low cost be-
outside, but circular inside, with the poles of the magnet pro- cause Chinese labor is so cheap, and because the fire crackers
jecting through one side, and resting at the center of the box. are made at the home of the workmen. The cracker maker
The coils next claim our attemion. One of these is shown works from 6 a. m. to II p. m., seven days a week. They are
complete, and is also seen at C. They are made as follows: paid amounts equivalent to 5 and 7 cents a day. The women,
Cut out a piece of wood 1% inches long, 3% inch thick, and 7% many of whom are engaged in the work, are never paid more
inch wide. Cut away one end for a distance of % inch, so that than 5 cents. The trade is considered unhealthful and danger-
it is only % inch thick. Through the center of the piece, and ous.
 POPULAR MECHANICS 3SU,

in two pieces, the lower piect \. being the

Summer Course in Easy Mechanics cutting part, while the upper piece, B, 1s a
guard
to prevent the w d from splintering
For Boys. up when planing acr the grain or when
By Wilbert S. Drew. the grain is crooked
In sharpening p ( Live crew =»
[This series, commenced in issue of June 28, will continue each week It will
give instructions which any boy can understand, how to use carpenter's tools and must be oosened and the piece B slid
make things. In doing this only a few tools will be required, and cost of material
will be small. The articles to be made will include a boat, table and similar subjects.]

. . |
SELECTING TOOLS AND MAKING” they should be kept as nearly as possible i r-- ————
WORK BENCH. of this form. In whetting them on the
—————— stone use a plentiful supply of oil, hold 4
|
In doing any kind of work requiring the the tool easily but firmly in both hands
use of tools, it 1s important that the tools with the bevelled edge on the stone and . | F
and materials selected should be well applying just svufficient pressure to cause | Ww
adapted to the work at hand in order to the stone to cut nicely he tool should ch >
sccure the best results. As good work and be so held that the cutting edge is away = —s
C dl |
i] *1
t ‘

Sis Saintes elias! , ice at 7 “ na j

a ! | \ t1
aa
ity
; |
1 | li
1
,ae
Bos <N x—— h
2
iy
i]
1 || ity
!
.
il
— ———
{ |
or
i 4
~%
Q—0 ~r
I’ \ ‘ fv
& +i | ! i
| !
ip! i | wi
1, | O-~9 | iy!
ee ee ee
a a
-
2ST
- y
| ick u | ( | v c¢ | (

<< 8& a K, whet ‘ p \ parated

irs en ( en

TTT
. reated l | ( p

i+ C rs 1 ty | ting the | rogethe ig: the end oft

- AS ~ L 20 ry
“ s » = ‘ty part B should| et about 1-3: cl ch
art tat ted o ' €
of the utting edg even with ii thet
he 6 ~
tre crew S mu t ‘ et up tig In do
S “ p> ing this the clamp of the plane may b
used as a screw driver
!
tL’?
iT”
L
re
D
te ~
*“e *a ft
. 2
The blade d project but t dis
| ne * ». 9
&
| .;
tance bey the bottom { the pl ne and
s
K must be just even with it or it will cut
¥ Y
Front and Top of Bench.
nore on one ide than on the other In
using the plat {t must 1 t he i ywed to

poor tools seldom accompany each other. from the operator and care must be used loc with chips t n refuse to

always buy the best your means will per- not to rock the hands up and down, as cut and must be take ipart and cleaned
mit and having secured them handle them out
this produces a rounded edge and destroys
carefully and keep them in the best pos- the cutting qualities of the tool. The cor lo make the york bencl clear pine
sible condition rect shape of the edg is shown
| lumber should be used and it will be best
in the up
to have it dre ec t m (;et a x
Ii is better not to buy tools in sets, ar- per view of Fig. 1, while the form to be
avoided is shown in the lower view. After teen-foot board 1 ch thick and 12 inch
ranged in the small chests so tempting to
the tool has been whetted on the bevelled wide, another of the ime length and
the amateur, but select a few at a time as
thickness 8 inches wide also a piece I
needed, as a better collection can be made
inch by 8 inches by 4 feet, a six-inch board
in this way and the purchase of useless is
1 inch thick, and 16 feet long, another of
articles will be avoided. 7
9
same kind 4 te long 2 pieces I inch
It will be well for the beginner to select
a good hand saw, rip saw, and stiff backed ; — nA, a. | thick,
pieceof 2 by
2 inches
4, 16 feet
wid 10
long
feet long, and a

tennon saw, a jack plane with iron

he \ a i 2)
or | —— 1 t , -

Cut the 12-inch board in two at the mid

frame, three chisels of 4%, 54% and 1 inch in
dle, giving two boards 8 feet long for th
width, a carpenter’s hammer, a try square,
——————————— - top of the bench In cutting the pieces al
a two-foot rule, an oil stove of first qual- es C= =>
ways draw a line at the point to be cut,
ity, a brace and several bits, the latter run- Sharpening Plane Blade. using the square and a sharp knife. Saw
ning from % inch to 34 inch in diameter,
off 4 pieces of the 2 by 4 each 27 inches
and a screw driver. edge A, Fig. 1, until, by running the finger long for the legs. and thre pieces each 22
One of the best oil stones for this work along the flat side, a slight barb can be felt,
inches long. In cutting the 2 by 4, draw a
is that known as the India oil stone, hav- the flat side should be laid on the stone
line all around the piece with knife and
ing one side of coarse and the other side and one or two movements of it made
square and saw exactly to the line with
of medium grain. These cut rapidly, give diagonally across the stone to remove this the stiff-backed saw
a keen edge and with good care will last roughness. If this is properly done the
Place one of the 22-inch lengths on top
a lifetime. tool will now be sharp enough to cut hairs
of each pair of legs and nail securely Now
The chisels and plane will be ground from the back of the hand. cut the 8-inch board in the middle, shape
to the correct angles when purchased and The blade of the plane, Fig. 2
“a, is made ends as shown at E in the drawing and
398 POPULAR MECHANICS

ii
nat] in the position shown, setting the legs
back 6 inches from each end. Take the 8-
inch by 4 foot board and cut two lengths SHOP NOTES
each 22 inches long and nail on ends as
shown at A and B, Now nail in brace C, SECURING WORN-OUT CAP OF CHECK The heat affects the center equally with
using three nails in each end. The nails VALVE. the exterior and the two expand together
should he about 2™% inches long. Cut the
and the danger of cracking is not incurred.
pieces D and F, from the 6-inch boards, 7 An excellent temporary repair of a When the ingot is reheated a steel mandrel
feet 2 inches long, and 22 inches long, ré- check valve with worn-out cap is given in is put through its hollow center, and sub-
pectively, and nail in position as shown, ied
jecting the two to hydraulic pressure, the
6 inches above the floor. Next put in
metal is forced down and out over the
braces G and H and lastly nail on the top.
mandrel. Thus an internal anvil is prac-
Nail well into each cross piece and also
tically inserted into the forging and there
into the side pieces.
is, therefore, really much less than one-
(his completes the bench and we are
half the amount of metal to work on than
now -ready to make the vise.
if the piece were solid.
For this get two pieces of well-seasoned
Wher, the work of shaping is completea
white oak, 1% inches thick, 4 to 6 inches
the forging is reheated to the proper tem-
wide, one of them 32 inches long and_the
perature and then either annealed in the
other 30 inches long, and.<;-étrip of oak the Engineer and illustrated herewith. The
usual manner or plunged into a tempering
1 inch
:
by 1% inck
Aes by 18 inches. cut explains itself.
bath of oil or brine, to set the fine grain
Che “cw and fittings can be bought of permanently that has been established by
your hardware dealer. These fittings con-
HOW HOLLOW SHAFTS ARE FORGED.
the reheating. A mild annealing follows
sist of the screw, S, a nut N and flange F. to relieve any surface or other strains that
By H. F. P. Porter, of the Bethlehem Steel Co.
Bore a hole in the back piece of the vise, may have been occasioned by the rapid
four inches from the top and fit the nut There are two ways of making a forg- cooling.
into it snugly. The flange or rim of the ing hollow. The ordinary way of getting Hollow forgings oil tempered and an-
nut must go on the back side of the piece rid of the center of a forging is simply to nealed are considered the best grade of
to keep it from pulling through. Bore a bore it out. After boring, it is tempered, forgings made and any forgings made oth-
hole in the front, or shorter piece of the and thus the strength is restored which erwise, although they may be suitable for
vise in same position as the other hole was taken away with the material which the service to which they may be applied,
just made and of such a size as to allow was in the center. cannot be looked upon in any other man-
the screw to just slip through. Another way of getting rid of the center ner than as of an inferior grade.
Cut the hole K in position shown in the of large forgings is to forge them hollow. ow
=_-o>
front piece by boring two holes close to- A person who has not considered the sub- REMOVES SCALE FROM BETWEEN
gether with a %4-inch bit and chisel out to ject carefully would naturally think that TUBES.
size, I inch by 1! 4 inch. Fit the remain- the first thing to do in making a hollow
ing strip into this hole, making a good forging would be to cast a hollow ingot. \ simple device for removing scale from
snug joint and cut another hole in the back It has been mentioned that there are va- between tubes of upright boilers has been
piece in a corresponding position so that rious defects which occur in ingots, the made and successfully used by John M.
the strip W will just slide through nicely. most serious of which are “segregation” Leitch. In the Engineer he says:
Now fasten the strip into the front piece and “piping,” and that it is in the center “The clipper smashes all the scale col-
by boring a %-inch hole X and driving in and upper portion where those defects oc- lected between the tubes and the straight
a hardwood pin. Bore a row of %-inch cur, If an ingot were to be cast hollow a
holes, 1% inches apart in strip W. Screw solid core of fire-brick or similar material
the back piece of vise firmly in position would replace the center metal, and in-
shown, screw the flange F in position, and stead of one on the outside there would be
pass the screw through the nut. Make a two cooling surfaces, one on the outside
pin Z to fit the %-inch hole. and one around the core, and the position
In using the vise this pin is slipped into of last cooling would be transferred to an
the proper hole in front of the back piece annular ring midway between these sur-
of the vise in order to keep the jaws par- faces where the “piping” and the “segrega-
allel with each other when tightened on the tion” would collect. This would not be
work. A hole must also be bored in the satisfactory, beeause the metal there is
front side piece of the bench to let the what must be depended upon for the
screw pass through. strength of the hollow forgirg. It is nec-
An adjustable bench stop should be pur- essary, therefore, to collect the “piping”
chased and put in position as indicated at and “segregation” in the center and at the
QM. This is to hold the end of a board top, where metal has been added to the
which is rested against it when planing its original ingot for the purpose.
sides. Then, having cut off the top and bored
The %-inch hole L should be bored for out the center, the “piping” and “segrega-
receiving a pin to support long boards when tion” are entirely eliminated, and what is and angle hose-pipe washes it out, clean-
the edges are being planed. left is as sound and homogeneous a piece ing the pipe down to the bare iron. The
——___—_.§---o——————— '
of steel as can be obtained crown of the tube sheet of any boiler is a
The summer course is by Prof. Drew of After the hole has been bored in the in- vital spot. It is dangerous to have scale
the Chicago Manual Training School, one got, the next process is to reheat it, and, there as the sheet is liable to get overheat-
of the leading institutions of its kind in as before explained, this process is not zs ed and weakened and then comes what is om
ere

the world. delicate a one as if the ingot. were solid. called a ‘mysterious explosion.’ ”
 POPULAR MECHANICS 30Y

PATENTS
| desire to represent a manufacturer
as Selling Agent, Mechanical Line
preferred. On commission basis.
References exchanged. Correspond-
ence solicited. Address
cHas. SOUTHWORTH wpitr 430 Popular Mechanics.

1133 MONADNOCKH BLOCH,

Everyone is now interested in
CHICAGO.
Telephone Har.575
ELECTRICITY
Any desired supplies

lith FLOOR (‘Ssuitping. ) Orvis...

can be procured from
us. To successfully
learn Telegraphy use
our Eureka Learner's
Instrument, Complete
WOULD REARRANGE THE AMERICAN be one-eighth larger than those represent- Jjwith Manual,
each $1.60. Telephones, Call Bells,
FLAG. ing the states afterward admitted. Fans, Motors. Everything Electrical.
—_—__— ———— Manhattan Electrical Supply Co.
Representative Shafroth of Colorado MIRROR FOR THEATER CHAIRS. New York. Chicago.
suggests a plan for changing the arrange- menes
ment of the American flag. He would Hattie <A. Northridge of Brooklyn,
have the field of the flag one-third the fly N. Y., went to a theater and mussed her
length of the banner and contain thirteen hair all up in removing her bonnet. By MINING
.
stars in ‘
a circle, ,
representing ‘
the thirteen the— time she , reached
a a home : she *had in-
. W ANTED to interest
mine, oth parties
ane ficms on in
ye apaisa
paying Bshippin
consent
trating material in sight; ores contain gold, silver,
original states. He would then have thirty lead, zinc and copper. Average per cent of lead in
stars, representing thirty states, placed crude ore, 18 per cent. Milling facilities will be at
hand in 60 days. Will stand a rigid examination,
within the circle in the design of a large Mine and smelter within two miles of mine. Address
DAN C. TOBIN, Whitepine, Colo,
star, and two stars, representing Wyoming,
Utah and Hawaii, the last states admitted Mention Popular Mechanics

to the Union, placed temporarily on a

straight line eact. side of the center of the “i A NEW MONEY MAKER
For Agents. A household neces
intcrior star. His plan is to continue the sity. 70,000 sold in Minneapolis. Costs
Te, sells for %c. Agents making $7.00
symmetry of the design as other states ; perday. Millions will be sold. You
are admitted. He thinks the stars repre- show what it will do and it sells itself.
People borrow money to buy it. Beats
senting
°
the thirteen
°
original
°
states should vented
re
a mM)
mirror attachment
7 ac Le
which
ic <
she > says
cay
everything as a money maker. Send
should be on the back of every seat in a 0 cents TO-DAY for sample outfit.
Domestic Mig. Co., Minneapolis,
theater. When not in use it can be swung
Are You Interested in : & Mention Popular Mechanics
° out of the way. It also affords a ready —~ -
heancarsasceaa means of looking at the people behind one ORLAN CLYDE CULLEN
nd for Sample : er ; —
without twisting your neck out of joint. ’
THE AUTOMOBILE aot Counsellor-at-Law
REVIEW, $1.00 a Year . : U. 8. Supreme Court, Registered Attorney U. 8S
An editor of a farm journal IS in receipt Patent Office, United States and Foreign Pat-
The Automobile Review . . ents, Caveats, Trade Marks and Copyrights
$9 Quincy St., Chicago ©! the following inquiry:
“Dear Editor: Our cow has gone dry, No. 700 7th — N.W.
do you think we could sell her for dride Opp. U.S. Patent Office. ASHINGTON, D. C.
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th 500
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P. 441 Popular Mechanics.

 400 POPULAR MECHANICS June 28, 1902.

MONTHLY EDITION
Attractions for Next Week.
of.
Popular Mechanics
The publisher announces the first number of a
MONTHLY EDITION reproduced from the regular
Did you know that America’s position in the commercial
weekly edition. The monthly will be issued on world is invincible; that all the powers of all the rest of the
the first of each month and contain 64 pages, world combined cannot now dethrone her, so impregnable are
over 200 articles and more than 150 illustrations.
One Dollar per year; single copies 10 cents For
her commercial fortifications. If you do not know this you ought
sale by newsdealers, or address to read in the next issue of Popular Mechanics the words of
POPULAR MECHANICS Privy Counsellor Goldberg, a German who was sent to Amer-
pa Bid. _ Chicago ica by his government to investigate the trade conditions. What
are the things that make America great? First are her natural
“Want” and
and “For Sale’’ Ads. 10 “cents per resources. In our next issue we are going to tell you about some
line payable in advance. Replies may be sent to of these. You have probably not heard very much about Oregon.
a number, care Popular Mechanics, and will be
forwarded promptly without extra charge. We are going to explain how Oregon is rapidly becoming one
of the most splendid states of the Union.
A Canadian statesman a short time ago said that if Canada
THE B EST BOOK re ehoctebdiens ‘ona! re had thrown off the British yoke at the same time as the United
in electricity
Price 10 cents.
is * How to Make and Ure Electricity.”
Address Box 150, St. Paul, Minn.
States did, Canada would now be equally populous and prosper-
ous. He thought Canada would always be of humiliating im-
YOU CAN always buy ‘Popular Mechanics
back and current numbers at Horder’s News portance unless she united her fortunes with Uncle Sam. Uncle
Depot,
Chicago.
149 Washington St. (Cor. La Salle), Sam is something of a Mormon, you know, and if Canada does
THE OZARK LIVE STOCK COMPANY has
not wait until she is a withered up old maid, bereft of all her
$3 of good assets for every dollar of stock charms, our Uncle Sam may receive her in his fold and let her
issued. It owns 1,350 acres of land and has
the right to graze on 30,000 acres more. Its partake of our overflowing bounty. The English somehow are
originators cleared last year 200 per cent
profits on the money invested. Shares $10, so far behind. They have just now begun to make general use
sold at par.
Building,
Write them care 109 Hartford
Chicago.
of celluloid. They didn’t know it would burn. One Englisman
The best investment on
the market. had his neck burned from wearing a celluloid collar; an English
oe BUSINESS CHANCES. PES lady’s comb caught fire and burned her hair; an organ with
FOR: sSAL E- S. Patent No. 695,793, dated Mare h
celluloid keys exploded—tread about it next week.
18, 1902. Setting instrument A tool every machin-
ist should have. Used for different purposes. Will
sell entire patent. For descri re circulars address
Morris Chamberlain, Bariley,
MECHANICAL DRA wert se as "YWRA “OR RE PATe MAN—Address D. G.
FOR SALE—Planing mill,.% “blind and
door factory. In good condition. Plent» oa mer P- * sox vill, Pittsburg, Pa. ~ PATTERNMAKERS. The wb.‘kwill Pattern
work. Steam and water power? village oe 483 E. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis. Works, 970 Hamilton street, Cleveluau, Oh
of 2,000 population; bas ape ond railroad. “WANTED AN AGENT in every town in the TOP BUILDER, seat trimmer. Laporte Car-
For
ville, particulars
One's. dpoy
uire of aOC. F.we Rice, Boon-
United States, Canada and Mexico, to repre- riage Co., Laporte, Ind. ,
sent Popular Mechanics. CUTTERS AND GLAZIERS—Two, Kansas
sa Co., N. ae
~PRESS HANDS WANTED for cutting tin. City Stained Glass Works, Kansas City, Mo.
WANTED—Partner with capital or facilities Missouri Can Co., 1210 W. 9th St., Kansas
to manufacture six wood-working machines,
four of which are now patented. They have
City, Mo. POSITIONS WANTED.
been operated and shown to be practicable and “GANADA—Harness makers. Great West
Saddiery Co., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. GAS AND ELEC TRIC AL ENGINEE R of ability
of great utility. Will alone make a good bus- would like to go to Cuba or Phillipine Islands. Very
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Henry A. Holt, Wilton, N. H. Cement Co., Iola, Kas. lar Mechanics.
PATENTS procured without fee if not suc- “GAR BUILDERS—America Car and Foundry YOUNG MAN, high school graduate, to se-
cessful, 426 Popular Mecchanics. — Company, Chicago. cure means to attend Chicago University. P.
~
SIMPLEST and most practicable automobile ~DRAFTSMAN—Peru Steel Casting Company, O. Box 92, Goshen, Ind.
in America, cheap, 430 Popular Mechanics. Peru, Ind. YOUNG MAN 21 years old wants chance to
AUTOMOBILE BATTERIES cleaned and MOLDERS—Kalamazoo Stove Co., Kalama- rise. Lyle Miller, 1034 Marquette Bldg.
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~ POPULAR MECHANICS reaches the men LINEMEN—Fifty good climbers. P. & A. ness will find a valuable medium in Popular
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FOR
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SALE—Second-hand heSa
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short time; taken out to = in a 120-light
cyaame,
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