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KETIGA
MEMAHAMI SNI 2847-2019 / ACI 318M-14 – PENJELASAN
KONSEPTUAL TENTANG PEMANFAATAN ACI 318M-14
• Seismic overview slides from
presentation by Andy Taylor.
• The seismic design provisions of
ACI 318 are founded on three
basic principles.
• · First, both concrete and
reinforcement are permitted to
respond in the inelastic range
when subjected to earthquake-
induced forces. This is in keeping
with the strength design
philosophy utilized throughout
the Code, as described above in
Section 3.
• Second, controlled inelastic
action is accepted at pre-
determined locations, generally
known as “plastic hinges,” within
the lateral-force-resisting
system. Typical locations for
plastic hinges are at the ends of
beams in concrete moment
frames, and at the bases of
shear walls.
• If the beams are stronger than the
columns, plastic hinges will
occur at the columns first. Often
this occurs at the base story
where seismic shear is typically
highest. When hinges form in the
columns, it takes relatively few
hinges to produce a global
collapse mechanism in the
structure, leading to collapse.
• Kegagalan yang terjadi pada
Imperial Valley Hospital, 1971.
• Contoh klasik yang ditampilkan
hampir di semua text books
tentang kegagalan bnagunan
gedung akibat gempa di USA.
• In contrast, if we force the hinges to
form in the beams first, it takes a
relatively large number of hinges to
form a mechanism where the
structure is unstable.
• Of course, this mechanism can only
occur if we reinforce the structure
so that shear failures are precluded
in both the beams and the columns.
There are seismic provisions for
design strength and detailing that
help guard against premature shear
failure
• Please note when completing a beam design many times we have to consider seismic
forces where members are part of the seismic-force-resisting-system. The code
committee determined that design of members considering earthquake loads needs to
stay out of the member chapters and remain as a stand-alone chapter – now Chapter 18
– “Earthquake-Resistant-Structures”
• Earthquake resistant structures’ design and detailing requirements are provided in the
code based on the type of member in the classified or designated structural system.
The minimum system required is based on the designated seismic design category.
For low seismic risk buildings or SDC B, ordinary moment frames are needed. For
medium seismic buildings or SDC C, intermediate moment frames are required, and
for higher seismic risk buildings, special moment frames are needed to resist lateral
forces due to seismic events.
• Members that meet the requirements of the member chapters meet the requirements
for SDC A.
• Notice that there are two members that are common through all three moment frames
– beams and columns. This new code placed more emphasis on singling out
earthquake resistant requirements of members; in this case beams and columns, which
are typical member of moment frames. As you go into higher risk moment frames,
more members are added to support higher levels of seismic loads and deformations.
• The special seismic requirements
for ordinary moment frames are
covered in Section 18.3.2.
• The requirements include 2
continuous top and bottom bars.
The bottom bars must have an area
at least ¼ of the maximum area of
bottom bars along the span.
• The bars need to be anchored to
develop fy at the face of the
support.
• Intermediate moment frames must
meet the requirements for ordinary
moment frames and the
requirements in 18.4.2.
• At the supports, the positive
moment strength must be at least
1/3 the negative moment strength.
• At any point along the beam, the
moment strength must be at least
1/5 the maximum moment strength
at the joints
• There are also a couple requirements
for shear strength. The design shear
strength has to be greater than the
lesser of
a)The shear applied when the nominal
moment strength is reached at each
end of the member (Mnl + Mnr)/ln +
wu ln/2
• Note that the audience may need to be
reminded that reinforcing steel within the
effective flange width needs to be included
in the negative moment capacity calculation.
This also applies when calculating Mpr in
other sections of the code.
b)The factored shear force found when
the seismic load is doubled.
• For special moment frames, the
first requirements are dimensional
limits.
• The clear span must be at least 4d.
• The beam width must be greater
than 0.3 h and 250 mm
• The beam width on each side of the
column is limited to c2 and 0.75 c1.
c1 is the width of the column in the
direction of the beam. Wider beams
have difficulty transferring loads
into the columns.
• Intermediate moment frames must
meet the requirements for ordinary
moment frames and the requirements
in 18.6.3.
• At the supports, the positive moment
strength must be at least 1/2 the
negative moment strength.
• The reinforcement ratio must exceed
0.025 for both top and bottom
reinforcement.
• At any point along the beam, the
moment strength must be at least 1/4
the maximum moment strength at the
joints.
• Splices also have some limitations. They
must be enclosed by hoops or spirals. The
spacing of the hoops or spirals must be
less than d/4 or 100 mm
• Splices are prohibited within or within 2d
from the joint and within 2d from sections
expected to yield in flexure.
• For transverse reinforcement, hoops are
required within 2d of face of support and
2d on either side of sections expected to
yield. Flexural bars must be supported
like column bars as in 25.7.2.4. Bars in
this region will carry large axial loads
during flexural cycles.
• Cross ties on two-piece hoops must
alternate ends.
• For shear, the strength has to
exceed the value when the
probably maximum moment
(calculated using a 25% increase
in yield strength) occurs at each
end. In areas expected to yield,
the concrete contribution to shear
strength is neglected when
certain conditions apply.
• The requirements for beams in
nonparticipating frames are in section
18.14. They only apply in SDC D, E,
and F.
• The nonparticipating frame structure
has to be evaluated for gravity loads at
the design displacement of the structure.
However, the members are only
designed for gravity loads. There are
detailing requirements that depend on
whether the design strength is exceeded.
• If the beam forces produced from the
evaluation do not exceed the design
strength of the beam, some of the
requirements for special moment
strength need to be met. There must be
two continuous top and bottom bars.
There are limits on the area of steel
both top and bottom. The
reinforcement ratio must exceed 0.025.
Transverse reinforcement spacing
cannot exceed d/2 for the entire length
of the beam. If the axial load is
significant, then hoops need to be
provided that meet the column tie
requirements.
Penjelasan lanjut dalam ACI 318-19 (int. unit)
• If the beam forces produced from the
evaluation exceed the design strength
of the beam or are not evaluated, the
requirements from the previous screen
must be met. In addition, the
transverse reinforcement is based on
Ve produced by the probable
maximum moment (1.25 fy) at each
end and the factored gravity loads on
the span. The concrete contribution to
shear strength is also set at 0 within 2d
from each end and 2d on each side of
yielding sections when the two
conditions shown are met.