Wachemo University

College Of Engineering and Technology

Department Of Chemical Engineering

Extraction of skin
cream from banana peel
Thesis proposal
12/18/2020

Declaration
I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of this proposal could not have been possible without the participation of
our fellow group and peoples whose names may not be mentioned. However, we would
like to express our deep appreciation to our advisor and family members who helped us to
achieve this proposal writing successfully in any possible way they can. Finally, above all
our gratitude goes to the great Almighty; the creator and owner of knowledge and
wisdom, for his countless blessings.
II
ABSTARCT
Banana, which is scientifically known as Musa sapientum an herbaceous plant, is one of
the major foods that constitute the principal food resources in the world and occupied the
fourth world rank of the most significant foodstuffs after rice, corn and milk.Banana peel
is the outer part of banana fruit which can cause an environmental problem such as a bad
smell and health complication. One way of reducing problem is to convert banana peels
into more valuable product. The resulting extract can be used alone or combined with
cosmetics. This project’s general objective is to make skin cream using extracts of banana
peel which is a waste product of the most popular fruit banana. Banana is one of the most
consumed tropical fruit in the world and the world banana production in 2014 reached the
mark of 114.3 million tons. It has long been used as a medicinal agent due to its
nutritional rich properties. Banana is thought to have antibacterial activity, antioxidant
activity and other biological activities such as antidiuretic, antidiarrheal, antitumor, anti-
mutagenic, anthelminthic and antiulcer genic. Various parts of banana have been shown
to have an inhibitory effect on pathogens making them as excellent candidates for the
antibacterial as well as antioxidant sources. For the extraction process we plan to use
soxhlet extraction which is is a method that will suggested for extraction of lipid for our
raw material. In this method, finely ground sample will be placed in a porous bag or
“thimble” made from a strong filter paper or cellulose, which will place, is in thimble
chamber of the Soxhlet apparatus. Extraction solvents will heat in the bottom flask,
vaporizes into the sample thimble, and condenses in the condenser and drip back. Finally,
we will characterize our product that extracted from the banana peel.
III
List of Table

List of Figure
 Figure 3.1 block diagram.........................................................................................................15
V

CONTENTS
DECLARATION .........................................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................II
ABSTARCT................................................................................................................................III
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background......................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem...............................................................................................3
1.3 Objectives........................................................................................................................ 4
1.3.1 General objective......................................................................................................4
1.4 Significance of the study................................................................................................. 4
1.5. Scope.............................................................................................................................. 4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................. 5
2.1 OVERVIEW OF BANANA PEEL.......................................................................................... 5
2.2 Overview of Banana Production in the World.............................................................6
2.3 Overview of Banana Production in Ethiopia................................................................6
2.4 Description of Banana Peel............................................................................................. 8
2.5 Use of Banana Peel...................................................................................................10
2.5.1 Health Benefits of Banana Peel..............................................................................10
2.5.2 Other Benefits of Banana Peel............................................................................... 10
2.6 Skin Cream over view....................................................................................................10
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................... 12
3. Materials and Methodology................................................................................................12
3.1 Raw Material Collection................................................................................................ 12
3.2 Chemicals and Reagents................................................................................................12
3.3 Materials and Equipment..............................................................................................13
3.4 Extraction Technology................................................................................................... 13
3.4.1 Factors Affecting the Rate of Solvent Extraction....................................................13
3.4.2 Steps Involved in the Extraction.................................................................................15
3.4.2.1 Raw material preparation....................................................................................16
3.4.2.2 Drying Process..................................................................................................... 16
3.4.2 Methods of Extraction of Plants.................................................................................17
3.4.2.1 Maceration.......................................................................................................... 17
3.4.2.2 Infusion................................................................................................................17
3.4.2.3 Digestion.............................................................................................................. 17
3.4.2.4 Decoction.............................................................................................................18
3.4.2.5 Percolation.......................................................................................................... 18
3.4.2.6 Supercritical Fluid Extraction...............................................................................18
3.4.2.7 Counter-Current Extraction.................................................................................18
3.4.2.8 Ultrasound Extraction (Sonication)..................................................................... 19
3.4.2.9 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)................................................................ 19
3.4.2.10 Accelerated Solvent Extraction..........................................................................19
3.4.2.11 Soxhlet Extraction or Hot Continuous Extraction..............................................19
3.4.3 procedures for the preparation of skin cream from banana peel using Soxhlet
extraction method...............................................................................................................21
3.4.4 controlling temperature.........................................................................................21
3.5 Expected Outputs and Beneficiaries............................................................................. 21
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................... 21
4. Work plan............................................................................................................................ 22
CHAPTER FIVE......................................................................................................................... 23
5. Budget................................................................................................................................. 23
Reference................................................................................................................................ 24
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1Background
Banana, which is scientifically known as Musa sapientum an herbaceous plant, is one of the
major foods that constitute the principal food resources in the world and occupied the fourth
world rank of the most significant foodstuffs after rice, corn and milk (INIBAP, 2002). It
represents 40% of world trade in fruits. The fruit is protected by its peel, which is discarded as
a waste after the inner fleshy portion is eaten or used as feedstock for Banana is one of the
most consumed tropical fruit in the world and the world banana production in 2014 reached
the mark of 114.3 million tons. It has long been used as a medicinal agent due to its
nutritional rich properties. Banana is thought to have antibacterial activity, antioxidant
activity and other biological activities such as antidiuretic, antidiarrheal, antitumor,
antimutagenic, anthelminthic and antiulcerogenic. Various parts of banana have been shown
to have an inhibitory effect on pathogens making them as excellent candidates for the
antibacterial as well as antioxidant sources. The phytochemical components of banana,
tannins, eugenol and Tyra-mine have been proven to have antibacterial effects. Other active
compounds present in banana such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids,
serotonin and dope-mine also contribute to pharmacological effects. effects (Fairuz F., 2014).
Globally, banana is the fourth most important crop of the food market next to rice, wheat and
maize. This makes banana to be the prime leading fruit crop in terms of volume and value in
the world market. As indicated bananas are known for their high nutritional values,
Potassium, fiber, magnesium, vitamin C and B6 are among the nutritious contents in it. It is
also believed that bananas help fight depression, kidney cancer and diabetes.(Mekonnen, 2017)
1
In Ethiopia, modern banana production started with establishment of state farms and different
plantations. The production system of the crop is mainly composed of: (1)Small plantations
in home gardens owned by small farmers in the South-Western. (2)Medium-sized plantations
not more than 10 farmers supplying local consumers. (3)Relatively large plantations above 20
farmers developed to supply export markets. (Mekonnen, 2017)
Nowadays, the demand of herbal cosmetics is increasing. Herbal formulations are receiving
more attention in public because of their high-quality properties and less side effects.
Additionally, it also provides the skin with necessary nutrients. The poly herbal cosmetic
formulations are receiving recognition all over the world, as they give the enhanced feeling of
purity, protection and effectiveness. (Anhwang et al., 2009).
All skin creams have non-Newtonian behavior and shear thinning feature that contribute to
good flow characteristics and favorable spreading ability. A large quantity of skin creams
exists in the market under the form of natural, protected, organic, and herbal. Most of the skin
creams currently in the market use the synthetic polymers, emulsifiers, perfuming agents,
pigments, surfactants and thickeners to form the base. There is wide need to substitute toxic
synthetic agent from base using natural agents. (Anhwang et al., 2009).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

According to a research done in Malaysia in 2009 banana peel represents approximately 30% of
the fruit which can cause an environmental problem such as a bad smell and health
complication. One way of reducing problem is to convert banana peels into more valuable
product. The resulting extract is used alone or combined with cosmetics. The extraction of
bioactive compounds from banana waste is an alternative method to ensure the efficient,
 inexpensive, and environmentally friendly use of this waste. These bioactive components can
be used in foods, cosmetics, and in the pharmaceutical industries. The functionality and yield
may be influenced by the extraction process and recovery of these compounds.
People nowadays are very conscious about their skin (face). To have a standout beauty among
others they use different kinds of skin (facial) products, but most of the products are dangerous
to their skin because they are imported with a low budget and they contain different kinds of
chemicals which can harm the skin. They cause irritation, rashes, acne, systemic adsorption,
cancer and allergies because of the chemical contents in them. So, to decrease this problem it is
good to produce a skin cosmetic product which is both economical and healthy for the skin.
1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General objective
This study will produced a skin cream which extracts from banana peel using Soxhlet extraction
method.
1.3.2 Specific Objective
To characterize the raw material.
To investigate the operating conditions for Soxhlet extraction method.
To determine and characterize the skin cream ingredients and its composition.
1.4 Significance of the study
The production of skin cream from banana peel has economic, environmental and social
advantage for our country, thus peel of banana will be no more considered as agro waste. This
product will decrease amount of importing cosmetics by replacing imported with locally
manufactured cosmetics. Also it is another additional income for the people who engage
themselves in fruit selling. Our project also creates job opportunity and also Eco-friendly.
1.5. Scope
This project is cited targeting the wide range of human users as the product but it will not use
for child and babies.
4

CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW OF BANANA PEEL

Fruits and vegetables are considered as an important part of a good diet. They are known to
reduce risk of several chronic diseases. Fruits and vegetables contain significant amounts of
bioactive constituents which are negatively associated with the morbidity and mortality from
cardiovascular and certain types of cancer. Fruits and vegetables wastes and their by-product
are formed in great amounts during industrial processing and hence represent a serious problem,
as they exert harmful impact on environment. (Sonia p., Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activities
of fruits and Vegetable peels, 2014).
Banana, which is scientifically known as Musa sapientum is herbaceous plant of the family
Musaca the banana (Musa sp.) Banana is known to have originated from the tropical regions of
Southern Asia. The Musa sapientum grows up to height of about 2-8 meter with leaves of about
3.5 meter in length. The stem also known as pseudo stem produces a single bunch of banana
before dying and replace by new pseudo stem. The fruits grow in hanging cluster, which 20
fruits to a tier and 3-20 tiers to a bunch. The fruit is protected by its peel, which is discarded as
a waste after the inner fleshy portion is eaten. (H.A. Hamid, 2016)
Banana is one of the most consumed tropical fruit in the world and the world banana production
in 2014 reached the mark of 114.3 million tons. It has long been used as a medicinal agent due
to its nutritional rich properties. Banana is thought to have antibacterial activity, antioxidant
activity and other biological activities such as antidiuretic, antidiarrheal, antitumor,
antimutagenic, anthelminthic and antiulcerogenic. Various parts of banana have been shown to
have an inhibitory effect on pathogens making them as excellent candidates for the antibacterial
as well as antioxidant sources. The phytochemical components of banana, tannins, eugenol and
Tyra-mine have been proven to have antibacterial effects. Other active compounds present in
banana such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, serotonin and dope-mine
also contribute to pharmacological effects. effects (Fairuz F., 2014).
Banana nutrient fact plant extracts derived from their parts (roots, stems, leaves, fruits) are now
increasingly used in research due to their widespread, immediate availability and cheaper cost,
besides having potential medicinal properties and ability to manage certain health conditions
which have been growing in recognition. (Sonia p.s, 2014)

2.2 Overview of Banana Production in the World

Globally, banana is the fourth most important crop of the food market next to rice, wheat and
maize. This makes banana to be the prime leading fruit crop in terms of volume and value in the
world market. As indicated bananas are known for their high nutritional values, Potassium,
fiber, magnesium, vitamin C and B6 are among the nutritious contents in it. It is also believed
that bananas help fight depression, kidney cancer and diabetes.(Mekonnen, 2017)
Banana is one of the world's most important crops grown by small- and large-scale production.
The global production of banana is estimated to be around 72.5 million metrics, as per the FAO
Statistics, India is the largest producer of banana in the world and accounts for nearly 30% of
the total world production of banana. (Mekonnen, 2017) Banana is a very important crop in sub-
Saharan Africa, especially Eastern Africa, where besides consumption as food, bananas have
cultural and medicinal values. There are many types of bananas grown in Africa, but depending
on how bananas are consumed, it can be broadly grouped as desert banana, cooking banana,
beer banana and multipurpose banana. Day by day banana cultivation is increasing due to its
huge demand for food among the majority of people. (Mekonnen, 2017)
2.3 Overview of Banana Production in Ethiopia
In Ethiopia, modern banana production started with establishment of state farms and different
plantations. The production system of the crop is mainly composed of: (1)Small plantations in
home gardens owned by small farmers in the South-Western. (2)Medium-sized plantations not
more than 10 farmers supplying local consumers. (3)Relatively large plantations above 20
farmers developed to supply export markets. (Mekonnen, 2017)
Bananas have been cultivated for several years as a garden plant in Ethiopia. Specially SNNPR
regions, Amhara, Oromia, Benishangul-gumuz and Harari. According to Ethiopian minister of
agriculture in 2016/17 (2009 E.C) the total production in Ethiopia was approximately
 538,302.34 tons. In the country 63,212.97 hectares’ land is cultivated by banana plant. In
average there are 2000 trees per hectare and the average wet banana trunk weight is 6.5 kg.
Banana in Ethiopia cover about 53,956.16 hectares. Addis Ababa produces 23 tons’/day fruit
waste and from this experiment, from four markets 4kg/day banana peel was collected.
(Mekonnen, 2017)
Table 2. 1 local banana cultivars grown in different parts of ethiopia
Regions Production in Quintals/Yr

Amhara 30,537.06

Oromia 980,171.07

Benishangul-Gumuz 53,128.25

S.N.N.P.R 4,273,713.46

Harari 929.79

2.4 Description of Banana Peel

Banana peel is the outer covering part of the banana fruit. Once the peel is removed, the fruit
can be eaten raw or cooked and the peel is generally discarded. Because of the removal of the
banana peel, there is a significant amount of organic waste being generated. Banana peels are
used as animal feedstock as they have some nutritional value like feedstock for cattle, goats,
pigs, poultry, rabbits, fish and several other species. The specific nutrient contained in peels
depends on the stage of maturity and the cultivar; for example, plantain peels contain less fiber
than dessert banana peels, and lignin content increases with ripening (from 7 to 15% dry
matter). On average, banana peels contain 6-9% dry matter of protein and 20-30% fiber
(measured as NDF). Green 19 plantain peels contain 40% starch that is transformed into sugars
after ripening. Green banana peels contain much less starch (about 15%) and ripe banana peels
contain up to 30% free sugars. Banana peels are also used for ethanol production, cellulose,
and as fertilizer and in composting.
The extraction of bioactive compounds from banana waste is an alternative method to ensure
the efficient, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly use of this waste. These bioactive
components can be used in foods, cosmetics, and in the pharmaceutical industries. Previous
studies have shown that different banana crop residues have significant antibacterial and
antioxidant properties.
Musa sapientum peels were analyzed for minerals, nutritional and anti – nutritional contents.
The result of mineral content indicates the concentrations (mg/g) of potassium, calcium,
sodium, iron, manganese, bromine, rubidium, strontium, zirconium and niobium to be 78.10,
19.20, 24.30, 0.61, 76.20, 0.04, 0.21, 0.03, 0.02 and 0.02 respectively. The percentage
concentrations of protein, crude lipid, carbohydrate and crude fiber are 0.90, 1.70, 59.00 and
31.70 respectively.

banana peel extract compostion

Banana peel extracts composition
elemicin
isopropyl nyreslate
3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl
methyl14-methylpentadecanoate
palmitic acid
isopropyl palmitate
methyl 9/12-octadecadienoate
methyl 9,12/16-octadecatrienoate
linoleic acid
ethyl lineolate
trioctylamine

2.5 Use of Banana Peel

2.5.1 Health Benefits of Banana Peel

Some health benefits of banana peel are reducing wrinkles, warts, and pimples. they’re also
great for depression, headaches, pain relieving It helps in Psoriasis (dry skin), detox the body
and enhance immune system and heals wounds, mosquito Bites (Kapoor Shweta and Saraf
Swarnlata, 2010)
2.5.2 Other Benefits of Banana Peel
Banana peels play a great role as a fertilizer, especially tomato plant fertilizer. They also act as
compost, as a shoe polish, meat tenderizer, and also provides lot of electrolytes. In conclusion
Banana peels are simply great in providing amazing health and nutritional benefits. (Akash,
Karekar and Vale, 2015)
2.6 Skin Cream over view
The appearance and function of the skin are maintained by an important balance between the
water content of the stratum and skin surface lipids. The skin represents the most superficial
layer of the body and so it is constantly exposed to different environmental stimuli. Exposure to
external factors as well as endogenous factors may disrupt this balance. In addition, frequent
use of soaps, detergents and topical irritants such as alcohol and hot water can remove the skin
surface lipids. Disruption of skin barrier led to various types of skin problems most common
condition is loss of water content which lead to dryness of skin such as roughness, scaling,
cracks, redness and an uncomfortable feelingof tightness, sometimes with itching and stinging
cracks, cuts, maceration and infections. Treatment with moisturizers aims at maintaining skin
integrity and the well-being by providing a healthy appearance of the individual.
(v.v.paithankar, 2010) The poly herbal cosmetic formulations are popular all over the world, as
they convey the better impression of purity, safety and efficacy. Numbers of moisturizers are
available under the label of natural, safe, organic, herbal, while the basic properties of
humectant, occlusive are consistent across all moisturizers. Most of the available moisturizers
use synthetic adhesives, emulsifiers, perfuming agents, pigments, surfactants and thickenersto
form the base. There is extensive need to replace toxic synthetic agent from base using natural
agents. The herbs should have varieties of properties like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
antiseptic, emollient activity and antibacterial etc. Cosmetics are 10 developed to reduce
wrinkles, fight acne and to control oil secretion. For various types of skin ailments formulations
like skin protective, sunscreen, anti-acne, anti-wrinkle and anti-aging are designed using
varieties of materials, either natural or synthetic. Cosmetics are the substances intended to be
applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, and altering the
appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions. But the usage of synthetic
products becomes very harmful from long time for the youth as well as our environment.
Various synthetic compounds, chemicals, dye and their derivative proved to cause various skin
diseases having numerous side effects. Thus we are using herbal cosmetics as much as possible.
 (Akash, Karekar and Vale, 2015) Skin cream is one form of semi-solid dosage with a composition of
more than one material which is dispersed into a suitable base material and has small moisture
content of less than 60% and has moisturizing and harmless properties on the skin. Today’s
skin-care consumer is presented with a wide array of available products to treat dry skin, the
choices for the individual consumer seem endless.Natural Perfumes can be added in skin cream
such as Vegetable Origin Perfumes, animal origin Perfumes, castor, essences from natural
herbal sources, sandalwood oil, rosemary oil, lavender oil, rose, orange, lavender.
(v.v.paithankar, 2010) Known products from banana peel like lip balm, hand and body lotion,
make up remover, face tightening mask and eye cream.
11

CHAPTER THREE
3. Materials and Methodology

3.1 Raw Material Collection

The main raw material for this study will been banana peel and also water, mineral oil, coffee powder,
lemon juice, fragrance, beeswax, glycerin and paraffin.
3.2 Chemicals and Reagents
All the chemicals and equipment’s required for the experiment are expected to be available at
Wachemo University chemistry laboratory .The chemicals that we will use are: Ethanol, benzoic
acid and distilled water.
Ethanol: - is an organic chemical compound, a simple alcohol with a chemical formula C 2H6O. it
is a volatile ,flammable, colorless liquid with a slight characteristic odor. it’s mainly produced in
brazil and united states of America .
boiling point- 78.37⁰c
3
density – 789kg/m
molar mass -46.07g/mol
0
melting point – 114.1 c
benzoic acid –it a white solid with a formula C 6H5CO2H, it’s the simplest aromatic carboxylic
acid, which occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of
many secondarymetabolites
0
melting point-122.3 c
 0
boiling point – 249.2 c
3
density- 1.27 g/cm
Beeswax- is a natural wax produced by honey bees of thr genus apis. is formed into scales by eight
wax producing glands in the abdominal segments of worker bees which discard it in or at the hive.
Glycerin- is a natural compound derived from vegetable oils or animal fats . its colorless, odorless
syrupy liquid with a sweet taste.
paraffin- is a soft colorless solid derived from petroleum,coal or shale oil that consistsof a mixture
of hydrocarbon molecules ontaining between twenty and forty carbon atoms.
3.3 Materials and Equipment
The materials and equipment will needed for the production process are water, beaker, filter paper,
flasks, measuring cylinder, electrical blender, Stirrer, water bath, soxhlet extractor, and a
microwave. All the materials will be available for the process.
3.4 Extraction Technology
Extraction, as the term is used pharmaceutically, involves the separation of medicinally active
portions of plant or animal tissues from the inactive components by using selective solvents in
standard extraction procedures. The products so obtained from plants are relatively impure
liquids, semisolids or powders intended only for oral or external use.
It is the method of removing active constituents from a solid or liquid by means of liquid
solvent, in this method the required components are dissolved by the use of selective solvents
known as menstruum and marc, after the extraction the unwanted matter is removed. Extracts
are prepared by using ethanol or other suitable solvent. Extracts can be defined as preparations
of crude drugs which contain all the constituents which are soluble in the solvent.
3.4.1 Factors Affecting the Rate of Solvent Extraction
The efficiency of solvent extraction of bioactive component from banana peel can be influenced
by different factors such as particle size, solvent type used, temperature, extraction time,
moisture content of the peel, solid to solvent ratio.
3.4.1.1 Particle Size
Particle size influences the extraction rate in a number of ways. The smaller the size, the greater
the interfacial area between the solid and liquid, and therefore the higher the rate of transfer of
material and the smaller the distance the solute must diffuse within the solid. It is to rupture its
organ, tissue and cell structures so that its medicinal ingredients are exposed to the extraction
solvent. On the other hand, the surface may not be effectively used with a very fine material if
circulation of the liquid is impeded, and separation of the particles from the liquid and drainage
of the solid residue are made more difficult. Therefore, the use of a compromise particle size is
almost invariably desirable. Particle diameters or thicknesses in the 0.2 – 0.5 mm range usually
represent a good choice for industrial scale extractions. (Henry, 1983).
3.4.1.2 Solvent Type
The liquid chosen should be a good selective solvent and its viscosity should be sufficiently
low for it to circulate freely. Generally, a relatively pure solvent will be used initially, although
as the extraction proceeds the concentration of solute will increase and the rate of extraction
will progressively decrease, first because the concentration gradient will be reduced, and
secondly because the solution will generally become more viscous.
The most commonly used solvents for food processing are water, aqueous solutions of acids,
nontoxic salts, commercial hexane, and in some cases other alkanes, ethanol and to a lesser
extent the other lower alcohols, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, and acetone.
The use of alcohols and alcohol-water mixtures for extracting vegetable oil and banana peel has
attracted attention recently. These solvents can provide greater selectivity than hexane, which is
currently used for most vegetable oil extractions. Alcohols and alcohol-water mixtures can also
be separated from extracted oil more readily and with less expenditure of energy.
3.4.1.3 Temperature
Temperature generally affects both the equilibrium and mass transfer rate of the extraction
process. In the former, a higher temperature results in greater solubility of compounds in the
solvent, resulting in a larger K value (equilibrium constant). In the latter, the higher the
temperature, the higher will be the D (diffusion coefficient), which increase the rate of
extraction. In conventional solid-liquid (solvent) extraction processes, temperature is limited by
the boiling point of the solvent. It is also important to bear in mind that increasing the extraction
temperature may also potentially degrade thermos labile bioactive compounds. Thus, an
optimized balance has to be determined when selecting the extraction temperature.The
temperature of the extraction should be chosen for the best balance of solubility, solvent-vapor
pressure, solute diffusivity, solvent selectivity, and sensitivity of product.
3.4.1.4 Time of Extraction
In general, prolonged extraction time results in an increased yield of the extract until
equilibrium is reached. Thereafter, the concentration of compound will not increase further but
there will have greater liability for degradation. Prolonged time is also not desirable from an
economic standpoint of labor and energy requirements. Therefore, it is essential to find an
optimum extraction time.
3.4.1.5 Solvent Volume
The important factor is the ratio of extracting solvent volume to the sample to be extracted. The
solvent volume must be sufficient to ensure that the entire sample is immersed, especially when
having a matrix that will swell during the extraction process. Generally, in conventional
extraction techniques a higher volume of solvent will increase the recovery, because the
extraction depends on the partition between the phases. A larger extracting phase leads to a
lower consequently better partition from the sample. It is also better to extract repeatedly with a
smaller volume than once with a larger volume.
3.4.2 Steps Involved in the Extraction

Figure 2.1 block diagram

3.4.2.1 Raw material preparation

The whole process of raw material preparation includes the collection of the banana peel,
storage until its ready for work, washing off its dirt (specifically using 5% citrus acid for best
result).
3.4.2.2 Drying Process
Drying or Dehydration is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another
solvent to about 15-20% moisture (dry basis) solvent [by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid
or liquid. A source of heat and an agent to remove the vapor produced by the process are often
involved. In bio products like food, grains, and pharmaceuticals like vaccines, the solvent to be
removed is almost invariably water.
3.4.2.2.1 Types of dryer
Air Drying: Hang to expose the plant to air at ambient temperature. The advantage of air
drying is the Bioactive compounds to results in high recovery yield and the disadvantage is that
it May take longer time and be subjected to contamination at unstable temperature condition.
 Microwave drying: Uses electromagnetic radiation that possesses both electric and magnetic
fields. The advantage of microwave is that it takes shorter time, it has low energy consumption,
and higher bioactive compounds than other drying methods. The limitations are Charring,
Degradation of bioactive compounds, and Degradation of phytochemicals.
Freeze drying: This is a Method base on the principle of sublimation. The advantage of freeze
drying is it prevents the components from denaturation, protect from oxidation, and inhibit
growth of microorganisms and activity of enzyme. The disadvantage is if the temperature is too
low, refrigeration load will cause excessive energy consumption and the sublimation rate will
decrease.
Oven-drying: Uses thermal energy to remove moisture from the samples. The advantage is that
it uses shorter extraction time, has higher antioxidant activity by increasing the concentration of
banana peel extract tested. The disadvantage is that a high temperature affects physical,
chemical and antioxidant properties.
Sun drying: Normally herbs are evenly spread on a tray and put where the sunlight can get
them. The advantage of Sun drying is that it’s very cheap. The disadvantage is that it has a
Lower antibacterial activity and facilitates oxidation process.
3.4.2 Methods of Extraction of Plants
There are many types of extraction methods. Some of these are Maceration, Infusion,
Decoction, Digestion, Percolation, Soxhlet extraction or hot continuous extraction, Counter
current extraction, Supercritical fluid extraction, Ultra sonication- Assisted Extraction,
Microwave assisted extraction, Accelerated solvent extraction.
3.4.2.1 Maceration
The whole or coarsely powdered crude drug is placed in stoppered container with the solvent
and allowed to stand at a room temperature for a period of at least 3 days with frequent
agitation until the soluble matter has dissolved. The mixture then is strained, the marc (the
damp solid material) is pressed, and the combined liquids are clarified by filtration or
decantation after standing.
3.4.2.2 Infusion
Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the crude (extraction consist in soaking the solids
plants powder drug) for a short period of time with cold or boiling water. These are dilute
solutions of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs.
3.4.2.3 Digestion
This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction. It is
used when moderately elevated temperature is not objectionable. The solvent efficiency of the
menstruum is thereby increased.
3.4.2.4 Decoction
The crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for a defined time; it is then cooled and
strained or filtered. This procedure is suitable for extracting water-soluble, heats table
constituents. This process is typically used in preparation of Ayurvedic extracts called “quath”
or “kawath”. The starting ratio of crude drug to water is fixed, e.g. 1:4 or 1:16; the volume is
then brought down to one-fourth its original volume by boiling during the extraction procedure.
Then, he concentrated extract is filtered and used as such or processed further.
3.4.2.5 Percolation
A percolator (a narrow, cone-shaped vessel open at both ends) is generally used. The solid
ingredients are moistened with an appropriate amount of the specified menstruum and allowed
to stand for approximately 4 h in a well closed container, after which the mass is packed and the
top of the percolator is closed. Additional menstruum is added to form a shallow layer above
the mass, and the mixture is allowed to macerate in the closed percolator for 24 h.
3.4.2.6 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
 SFE also called as dense-gas is a substance that shares the physical properties of both gas and
liquid at its critical point.
Interest in Supercritical-CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction due to excellent solvent for non-polar
analytic and CO2 is readily available at low cost and has low toxicity.
3.4.2.7 Counter-Current Extraction
Wet raw material is pulverized using toothed disc disintegrators to produce a fine slurry. In this
process, the material to be extracted is moved in one direction (generally in the form of fine
slurry) within a cylindrical extractor where it comes in contact with extraction solvent. The
further the starting material moves, the more concentrated the extract becomes. Complete
extraction is thus possible when the quantities of solvent and material and their flow rates are
optimized
3.4.2.8 Ultrasound Extraction (Sonication)
The procedure involves the use of ultrasound with frequencies ranging from 20 kHz to 2000
kHz; this increases the permeability of cell walls and produces cavitation. Although the process
is useful in some cases, like extraction of rauwolfia root, its large-scale application is limited
due to the higher costs.
3.4.2.9 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
The microwave-assisted extraction is a method used for extraction of soluble products into a
fluid from a wide range of materials using microwave (non-ionizing electromagnetic fields in
the frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz) energy. The principle of heating using
microwave is based upon its direct impacts on polar materials. Electromagnetic energy is
converted to heat following ionic conduction and dipole rotation mechanisms
Microwaves penetrate into biomaterials and generate heat by interacting with polar molecules
such as water inside the materials. Then the penetration of microwaves depth into plant matrix
depends on dielectric constant, moisture content, temperature, and the frequency of the
electrical field. The water contained in a plant material is responsible for the absorption of
microwave energy which led to internal superheating and cell structure disruption. This action,
created the diffusion of bioactive compound from the plant matrix the surrounding extraction
solvent can remain cold.
3.4.2.10 Accelerated Solvent Extraction
Solvents are used at elevated temperatures and pressures to keep the solvent in liquid form
during the extraction process. Due to elevated temperature the capacity of the solvent to
solubilize the analyst’s increases and thus the diffusion rate increases. A further, higher
temperature reduces the viscosity and the solvent can easily penetrate the pores of the matrix.
3.4.2.11 Soxhlet Extraction or Hot Continuous Extraction
Soxhlet extraction is a method that was suggested for extraction of lipid first by Franz Ritter
von Soxhlet, a German chemist.In this method, finely ground sample is placed in a porous bag
or “thimble” made from a strong filter paper or cellulose, which is place, is in thimble chamber
of the Soxhlet apparatus. Extraction solvents is heated in the bottom flask, vaporizes into the
sample thimble, condenses in the condenser and drip back
Table 3. 1 Advantage and Disadvantage of extortion method
Methods Advantage Disadvantage
Maceration - A simple method using - Duration of extraction time is long and
non
complicated utensil and sometimes takes up to weeks
equipment.
Decoction - The Equipment is not -It is not advised for the extraction of heat
expensive
 - It is easy to perform. sensitive constituents

Supercritical - Dissolving power is -The selectivity of supercritical fluidi

controlled by s
fluid pressure and/or temperature. higher than liquid solvent as its solvation
extraction - SCF is easily recoverable power can be tuned either by changing T
from the
extract due to its volatility. and/or pressure
-Compression of solvent requires elaborate
recycling measures to reduce energy costs.

Ultra - Reduction in extractio - The active constituents of medicinal

n time, plants
sonication- energy, use of solvent and through formation of free radicals and
equipment
Assisted size. consequently undesirable changes inthe
Extraction - Faster response to process drug molecules.
extraction
control, energy transfer and
kinetics.
Microwave -Increased marker recovery -This technique presents a low yield when
assisted -Increased purity of the solutes or solvents are nonpolar.
extract
extraction -Reduced heat degradation -It also need stage of filtration or
-Reduced processing costs. centrifugation to remove the solid residue of
the extract.

Accelerated -An efficient form of liquid solvent ASE performed by high temperature,
solvent extraction compared to solvent and it
extraction Soxhlet extraction leads to degradation of thermo
- Control temperature and pressure labile
-Compared with Soxhlet extraction, compounds.
ASE presents a dramatic reduction.

3.4.3 Basic procedures for the preparation of skin cream from banana peel using
Soxhlet extraction method
In this method, finely ground sample is placed in a porous bag or “thimble” made from a
strong filter paper or cellulose, which is place, in thimble chamber of the Soxhlet
apparatus. Extraction solvents is heated in the bottom flask, vaporizes into the sample
thimble, condenses in the condenser and drip back.
3.4.4 controlling temperature
Temperature control is very important for minimizing extraction times, maximizing
extraction amount.
Generally there is an optimum temperature and extraction time, which must be
determined experimentally, and typically extraction reaches a maximum and then falls
with increasing temperature and extraction time. However chemicals with a low boiling
0
point are best extracted at 30 c or less while chemicals with a higher boiling point a
larger volume require higher temperature and extraction times. With standard crimp top
0
extraction vials, the maximum operating temperature is about 80 c. to control this
temperature it is necessary to introduce a cooler between the reflux condenser and
extractor. ( Jerold H. smith, Stanford university,2009)
3.5 Expected Outputs and Beneficiaries
The produced skin cream compounds are expected to decrease amount of importing
cosmetics by replacing imported with locally manufactured cosmetics. The product from
banana peel will expected to give the additional income for the people who engage
themselves in fruit selling and also creates job opportunities and basically it reduces a big
deal of wastes that contribute to polluting of the environment.
21
CHAPTER FOUR
4. Work plan
Table 4. 1work plan

Activities Week- 1,2,3&4 Week -5 Week-6 Week-7 Week-8

Contact advisor
Raw material and Data collection
Review of literature
Laboratory work and preparation
of documentation
Finalized documentation
Submission
22
 CHAPTER FIVE
5. Budget
Table 5. 1 budget
Materials Quantity Price (ETB)

Electrical blender 1 Available in HU

Microwave 1 Available in HU

Soxhlet extractor 1 Available inHU

Chemicals

Mineral oil 1L 560

Beeswax 1kg 680

Grinded coffee 1kg 200

Lemon 1kg 80

Paraffin 1L 100

Glycerin 1L 100

Fragrance 1L 950

23
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