Powerplant Oral Questions – Jeppesen

RECIPROCATING ENGINES
What is the purpose of dynamic dampers on crankshafts?
They reduce engine vibration.

What types of bearings are generally found in reciprocating engines?

-Plain, ball and roller bearings.

Are the connecting rods used in each cylinder of a radial engine the same? Explain.
-No. Radial engines use master and articulating rod assemblies.

Name the different types of piston rings.

-Oil control, compression and oil scraper

Where should piston ring gaps be installed relative to each other, and why?
-Compression ring gaps should be staggered so that they do not align. This prevents excessive blow-by.

What could result from incorrectly installed piston rings?

-Excessive oil consumption.

What purpose do oil control rings serve?

-They regulate the thickness of the oil film on the cylinder walls.

What is used to help prevent valve surge or floating in an aircraft engine?

-Two or more springs are used on each valve.

On engines equipped with hydraulic valve lifters, what should the running valve clearance be?
-Zero.

What is the purpose of valve overlap?

-It allows better volumetric efficiency and lowers cylinder operating temperatures.

What indications are given in the event of a leaking or open primer while the engine is running?
-The engine will not idle properly.

A cold cylinder is found when troubleshooting a running engine. What does this indicate?
-No combustion in that cylinder.

When pulling a propeller through, a hissing sound is heard, indicating valve blow-by. What procedure
should be performed next?
-A compression check should be performed to identify the faulty cylinder.

What is the purpose of performing a compression test?

-To determine if the valves, pistons and rings are sealing properly.
When an engine is overhauled, how is its total time affected? When an engine is rebuilt, how is its operating
history affected?
-The total time on the engine must be continued and the time since major overhaul is entered into the engine
log. If the manufacturer rebuilds the engine, it is granted a zero-time status and is considered to have no
previous operating history.

What inspections should be performed after a propeller strike without sudden stoppage?
-I. lnspect engine mounts, the crankcase, and the nose section for damage.
-2. lnspect the oil and oil filters/screens for metal particles.
-3. lnspect the crankshaft or driveshaft for cracks and misalignment.

Name some of the precautions that should be performed prior to engine removal.
-Disconnect the battery, turn off the fuel valves, chock the wheels, and if necessary, install a tail stand.

When inspecting a piston, where are cracks most likely to be found?

-In those areas that are highly stressed; usually the base of the piston bosses, inside at the junction of the bore
and the walls, and the ring lands.

What does it mean if an engine part is within "serviceable limits"?

-It means that the part is within the manufacturer's limits and can be used in an engine (does not require
replacement).

What tools or instruments are used to inspect a cylinder barrel for out-of-roundness?
-A dial indicator or an inside micrometer is usually used to measure the top of the cylinder and at the skirt. A
telescopic gauge and micrometer can also be used. Two readings should be taken 90" to each other.

How can a loose stud in an engine crankcase be repaired?

-Remove the loose stud and inspect the hole for size and thread condition. It may be necessary to use an oversize
stud or Heli-Coil.

How are conventional reciprocating engines classified?

They are classified according to cylinder arrangement with respect to the crankshaft (in-line, V-type, radial, and
opposed), or according to method of cooling (liquid cooled or air cooled).

What are the different types of piston rings?

Compression rings, oil control rings, and scraper rings.

What is the purpose of the oil control rings?

They are used to control the thickness of the oil film on the cylinder walls.

What may be the result of installing piston rings incorrectly?

Excessive oil consumption

What types of piston rods are commonly found in radial engines?

A master and articulating rod assembly
What types of bearings are in general use in reciprocating engines?
Plain bearings, which are generally used for crankshaft cam ring, camshaft, connecting rods, and accessory drive
shaft bearings. Roller bearings, which are used primarily as crankshaft main bearings but have other
applications, as well. Ball bearings, which are used for supercharger impeller shaft bearings, rocker arm bearings
in some engines, and as propeller thrust bearings.

What is the indication of valve blow-by?

Valve blow-by is indicated by a hissing or whistle when pulling the propeller through, prior to starting the engine.
A cylinder compression check should be made to identify the faulty cylinder.

What is the purpose of using more than one spring for valve closing?
A valve spring will resonate (or surge) at certain engine speeds. When the spring resonates, it loses its ability to
keep the valve closed and the valve begins to float. By using two springs (different sizes, one inside the other) this
problem is eliminated. The springs will resonate at separate engine speeds so the valve is always held closed by
at least one spring.

What is the purpose of valve overlap?

Valve overlap permits better volumetric efficiency and lowers the cylinder operating temperatures.

Describe the inspection you would give the valve springs during engine overhaul.
They should be cleaned thoroughly and then visually inspected for evidence of overheating, cracks, broken ends,
and for compression strength.

What is the purpose of using valves with sodium-filled stems?

Some intake and exhaust valve stems are hollow and partially filled with metallic sodium. Sodium is used
because it is an excellent heat conductor. The sodium melts at about 208º F. and the movement of the valves
circulates the liquid sodium which enables it to carry the heat from the valve head to the stem, where it is
dissipated through the value guide to the cylinder head and cooling fins.

What causes engine sudden stoppage?

Striking an object or engine seizure due to internal damage

What type inspection must be made after sudden stoppage of an engine due to striking an object?
The propeller drive shaft must be checked for misalignment and the propeller checked for track.

What is the purpose of crankshaft dynamic dampers used in aircraft engines?

Dampers are used to overcome forces that cause deflection of the crankshaft and torsional vibration. These
forces are generated by the power impulses of the pistons. Crankshaft vibrations are reduced by placing floating
dampers (weights) in the counterweight assembly, particularly in a single throw-type crankshaft.

How would you make a ―runout‖ check on a crankshaft that is still installed in the engine?
Remove the propeller from the shaft and attach a dial indicator gauge to the front of the crankcase. Adjust the
position of the gauge needle so that it is touching the shaft. Turn the engine through with the starter and note
any changes in the gauge reading.
What is detonation?
Normal combustion is when the fuel-air mixture burns at a uniform rate across the combustion chamber. The
temperature and pressure within the cylinder rises at a normal rate as the mixture burns. All fuels have critical
limits of temperature and compression, and beyond this limit, they will ignite spontaneously and burn with
explosive violence. This instantaneous explosive burning of the last portion of the charge is called the detonation.

During valve clearance adjustment on an R-2800 engine, why must you depress certain valves other than
the ones being adjusted?
The valves must be depressed (unloaded) in order to remove the pressure from the side positions on the cam and
thus permit the cam to slide away from the valves to be adjusted. This prevents the cam from introducing errors
in the valve clearance settings.

What can be learned about the condition of an engine by studying the results of a compression check?
From the cylinder compression check you can determine if the valves, piston rings, and pistons are adequately
sealing the combustion chamber.

How can a cold cylinder be located on a double-row radial engine?

A cold cylinder check can be made with a cold cylinder indicator, sometimes called a “magic wand,” to locate any
cylinder that has a temperature lower than the normal operating temperature of the other cylinders.

What instrument can be used to check a cylinder bore for out-of-roundness?

A cylinder bore can be checked with a dial indicator, a telescopic gauge and outside micrometer, or an inside
micrometer.
 TURBINE ENGINES
Explain the main difference and advantage of turbofan over turbojet engines.
-A turbofan engine uses a fan to bypass some air around the engine core and to provide thrust. The advantage is
that this provides additional thrust without increasing fuel flow.

Name the major components in a gas turbine engine.

-Air inlet, compressor section, combustion section, turbine section, exhaust section, gearbox and accessory
section.

What determines the amount of airflow through a turbine engine?

-The forward speed of the aircraft, compressor speed, and air density.

Name the two types of compressors commonly used in turbine engines.

-Axial and centrifugal flow compressors.

Name two different methods for attaching turbine engine rotor blades to the rotor disks.
-Dovetail-type root Bulb-type root Fir tree-type root

What is a split compressor system?

-Also called dual or twin spool compressors, these are connected to the turbine section with two rotor shafts, one
inside the other.

What are the different types of combustion chambers used in turbine engines?
-Can, annular, can-annular, and reverse flow annular..

What prevents the combustion chambers from burning?

-Cooling air along the inside of the liner.

What is the purpose of the interconnecting tubes attached between can-type combustion chambers?
-For flame propagation during start.

What functions do axial flow turbine nozzles perform?

-They direct the mass airflow to drive the turbine rotor at a specific angle. Appendix C Oral Test Questions

How is thermal stress relieved on a turbine disc?

-By directing bleed air onto the face of the disk, or by grooves being cut in the disk.

What are carbon seals used for in turbine engines'?

-They are used as oil seals for the rotor shaft bearings.

What are the possible causes for a turbojet or turbofan engine having high exhaust gas temperatures, low
RPM, and high fuel flow at all engine pressure ratios?
-Turbine damage or loss of turbine efficiency due to wear.
Why are compressor washes performed and what methods are commonly used?
-To remove any contaminants from the compressor section and improve engine performance. The fluid wash and
abrasive grit wash are commonly used.

How can you tell if a turbofan or turbojet engine is out of trim?

-There will be a high exhaust gas temperature at the target engine pressure ratio for takeoff power,

Name the different types of compressor blade damage that may be found during inspection.
-Dents, cracks, galling, pitting, scratches, burrs, burns, gouges.

What kind of markers can be used to mark the parts in hot and cold sections during repair'?
-Layout dye, felt tip marker, chalk.

How does relative humidity affect turbine engines?

-Negligible effect.

What are the major components of a typical gas turbine engine?

-A typical gas turbine engine consists of an air inlet, a compression section, a combustion section, a turbine
section, an exhaust section, and the accessory section, a turbine section, an exhaust section, and the accessory
section.

What are the two principle types of compressors used in turbojet aircraft?
-The two most common compressors in use today are the centrifugal flow and the axial flow types.

What are three types of combustion chamber systems.

-They are the can type, the can-annular type, and the annular type.

What is the purpose of the interconnector tubes between can-type combustion chambers?
-To spread the flame to the combustion chambers that are not equipped with igniter plugs during engine starting

What prevents burning of the liner walls in can-type combustion chambers?

-Louvers are provided along the axial length of the liners to direct a cooling layer of air along the inside wall of
the liner.

What types of damage may be found when inspecting compressor blades?

-Dents, scratches, gouges, galling, burns, burrs, pitting, and cracks

What is the location and function of the diffuser section in a turbine engine?
-The diffuser is the divergent section of the engine located between the compressor section and the burner cans.
Its function is to change the high-velocity compressor discharge air to static pressure.

Where are stress rupture cracks most likely to occur on turbine blades?
-They usually appear as small hairline cracks on or across the leading or trailing edge of the blades. The cracks
appear at right angles to the edge length.
How are compressor blades attached to a disk-type rotor?
-The compressor blades are fitted into the disks by either bulb-type or fir tree-type roots. The blades are then
locked by means of screws, peening, locking wires, pins, or keys.

What is the purpose of the nozzle diaphragm or turbine nozzle?

-The turbine nozzle prepares the combustion mass airflow to drive the turbine rotor. First, they change a portion
of the heat and pressure energy to velocity energy. The fixed vanes are shaped and set at such an angle that they
form a number of small nozzles that discharge the gases at extremely high speeds. The second purpose of the
turbine nozzle is to deflect the gases so they strike the turbine at the most efficient angle for maximum turbine
rotation.

What is the major difference between a turboprop and a turbojet engine?

-A turboprop engine usually has more turbine stages than the turbojet engine. In addition to operating the
compressor and accessories, the turboprop turbine must also drive a propeller.

What is a turbofan engine?

-A turbofan engine is, in principle, the same as a turboprop except that the propeller is replaced by a duct-
enclosed axial flow fan.

What is the effect of air density on the thrust of a turbine engine?

-Air density determines the mass of air that is used by a jet engine? The factors that affect density are the
temperature and pressure of the air. If density increases, thrust increases, and vice versa. An increase in air
temperature entering an engine will cause a decrease in density and thrust. An increase in air pressure entering
the engine will cause an increase in density and thrust. With a given throttle setting, engine thrust will vary if the
temperature or pressure of the air entering the engine changes.

What are the two most common types of thrust reverse?

-The mechanical blockage type and the aerodynamic blockage type

What is a split compressor system in a turbine engine?

-The split compressor system requires two concentric shafts joining the turbine stages to their respective
compressors.

What is one method of relieving thermal stress on a turbine disk?

-One means is to bleed cooling air back onto the face of the disk.

What may be the indications if a turbojet engine is out of trim?

-The engine has high exhaust gas temperature (EGT) at target engine pressure ratio (EPR) for takeoff.

What is a free turbine?

-A turbine wheel that, rather than driving the compressor rotor, drives a propeller or helicopter transmission
 ENGINE INSPECTIONS
What publication is used to check an engine for normal operation?
-Manufacturer's maintenance manual.

A weak cylinder is found during a compression check. What must be inspected'?

-The inside of the cylinder.

What publications can be used as a guide for 100-hour inspections on aircraft engines?
-Manufacturers maintenance manuals and FAR part 43, Appendix D.

How do you identify the engine serial number?

-It is on the engine data plate.

Prior to returning a reciprocating engine to service after a 100-hour inspection, what operational checks
must be performed?
-Check the power output (static and idle RPM), check magnetos, fuel and oil pressure check, cylinder and oil
temperature check.

What purpose does an oil analysis serve?

-Metal particles in the oil show normal and abnormal wear of the engine. This helps in evaluating the engine's
internal condition.

What inspection should be performed on an engine that has been in storage?

-Perform an inspection to determine if there is any corrosion damage.

Why are hot section inspections performed on turbine engines'?

-To determine the integrity and wear of the hot section components.

What inspections must be performed following a turbine engine overspeed?

-Refer to the engine manufacturer's maintenance manual for the required procedures.

What inspections must be performed on a turbine engine if the exhaust gas temperature exceeds
limitations?
-A hot section inspection.

Where are life-limited parts of an engine listed?

-Engine maintenance manuals, Type Certificate Data Sheet, and the Airworthiness Limitations section of the
instructions for continued airworthiness.

What criteria determines replacement of life limited turbine engine components'?

-Cycles, hours and/or calendar time.

If turbine blades are removed from a turbine disc, why should they be re-installed in the same location?
-To maintain the balance of the turbine wheel.
Where can engine operating limits be found?
-Engine manual, engine specification, type certificate data sheet, and aircraft manufacturer's maintenance
manual.

What FAA approvals are required when installing an engine that is not on the aircraft type certificate?
-An STC (supplemental type certificate) or an FAA field approval.

Under what conditions is compliance with an engine service bulletin mandatory?

-When an airworthiness directive references the service bulletin or when compliance is part of the approved
operating specifications for a commercial or air carrier operator. When engine or component overhaul
procedures require compliance at time of overhaul.

What is fan blade shingling?

-It is the overlapping of the mid-span shrouds of the fan blade.

When a turbofan or turbojet engine is shut down, what should a mechanic listen for during coast-down?
-Any rubbing sound or other unusual noises from the engine.

What steps must be taken in order to prepare an aircraft for a 100-hour or annual inspection?
-Remove or open all necessary inspection plates, access doors, fairing and cowling. Then thoroughly clean the
aircraft and the engine.

What may be used as a guide for a 100-hour inspection on an aircraft engine?

-FAR part 43, Appendix D

What additional inspection must be performed if the cylinder compression is weak?

-You must make an internal cylinder inspection for improper internal tolerances.

Where are the engine operating limitations found?

-In the Aircraft Specifications or Type Certificate Data Sheet

Where can a mechanic look to identify an aircraft engine?

-On the engine identification plate that is affixed to the engine at an accessible location.

What publication is needed to inspect an engine for conformity with specifications?

-The Engine Specifications or Engine Type Certificate Data Sheet

What type of FAA approval is required when a change to an engine type design is not enough to require a
new Type Certificate?
-A Supplemental Type Certificate is required.

What type of FAA approval is required when a change is made to the engine principle of operation?
-A new Type Certificate must be obtained.
 ENGINE INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
Where would a carburetor air temperature bulb be located?
-In the ram air intake duct.

What is the fuel pressure range on float-type carburetors?

-3 to 5 psi.

Where is the fuel flow indicating system generally connected within a carbureted reciprocating engine?
-Between the engine fuel pump and the carburetor.

Name the basic components of a fuel flow system.

-The transmitter and the indicator.

What unit of measure is generally used to indicate fuel flow?

-Pounds or gallons per hour.

Why is fuel flow monitored?

-To determine fuel consumption and engine performance.

What does the manifold gauge indicate and how is it calibrated?

-It measures the absolute pressure in the engine manifold and is calibrated in inches of mercury.

What directly controls manifold pressure?

-Throttle opening and engine RPM.

During engine operation, where should the propeller control be set when checking the manifold pressure?
-Low pitch, high RPM.

Is the aircraft electrical system required to power a cylinder head temperature gauge?
-No. A thermocouple is used as the electrical source.

What are the possible indications of an oil pressure transmitter or indicator malfunction?
-A severe or sudden drop in oil pressure while the oil temperature remains normal and the oil supply remains full.

What does a tachometer indicate on a reciprocating engine?

-Engine RPM.

Where should the thermocouple be installed on a reciprocating engine using a single probe cylinder head
temperature system?
-On the hottest cylinder.

How are gas turbine engine tachometers calibrated?

-They are calibrated in percent RPM..
On a turbine engine, what is the engine pressure ratio and what does it indicate?
-It is the ratio between the total inlet pressure and total turbine exhaust pressure and is used to indicate the
thrust developed by the engine.

On a turbine engine, what does exhaust gas temperature (EGT) indicate and how is it obtained?
-EGT is the average temperature of the turbine discharge gasses and is obtained by thermocouples placed near
the turbine exit.

Can the EGT system on a turbine engine be checked without running the engine?
-Yes, by checking the resistance of the thermocouples and circuits.

What controls both manifold pressure and RPM on an engine equipped with a fixed pitch propeller?
-The throttle.

What is shaft horsepower?

-It is an indication of the torque developed by a turboprop or turboshaft engine.

What are the units in an engine fuel flow system?

-The system consists of a transmitter and an indicator for each engine.

Where is the fuel flow transmitter located?

-It is mounted in the fuel line between the engine-driven pump and the carburetor.

What type of readout is indicated on a fuel flow system?

-The indicator is calibrated to record the fuel flow in pounds of fuel per hour.

What is the reason for monitoring the fuel flow?

-In addition to fuel consumption, the operator can determine from the fuel flow indication whether the engine is
operating at the correct fuel-air mixture for a given power setting.

What does a manifold pressure gauge indicate?

-It measures absolute pressure in the intake manifold.

What would be the effect of a broken manifold pressure gauge line?

-A broken line will cause the gauge to indicate atmospheric pressure.

What does the engine tachometer indicate?

-It indicates crankshaft speed (rpm).

What are turbine engine tachometers designed to indicate?

-They are designed to indicate percent of rotor rpm.

What is turbojet EPR?

-It is a ratio between total turbine discharge pressure to total inlet pressure and is an indication of thrust being
developed by the engine.
What is the electric source for a cylinder head temperature gauge?
-The gauge is connected to a thermocouple attached to the cylinder which tests show to be the hottest on the
engine.

Where is a carburetor air temperature bulb located?

-It is located in the air intake passage to the engine.

How can a turbine engine EGT be checked without operating the engine?
-By checking resistance to thermocouples and circuits
 ENGINE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
What types of fire detector systems are used for engine fire detection?
-Overheat, rate of rise, and flame detectors.

How does a thermal switch fire protection system operate?

-When heated past a predetermined temperature, the switch closes causing the warning devices in the cockpit to
activate.

How many thermal switches are needed in a thermal switch fire protection system?
-At least one.

What kind of fire detection system allows more complete coverage than a spot-type system?
-A continuous loop system.

What happens if an engine equipped with a thermocouple fire warning system overheats slowly?
-Nothing, because a fast temperature rise or rapid heating is required for this type of fire system to operate.

What electrical power is required for a thermocouple fire protection system to operate?
-Both the thermocouple-produced power and the aircraft electrical system are required for this type of fire
protection system to operate.

What is the likely cause of a false fire warning?

-The engine fire sensing loop is bent or kinked excessively.

What are fire extinguishing systems designed to do?

-They are designed to dilute the oxygen levels around the engine to a point that does not allow combustion, or to
reduce temperatures below the ignition point.

Describe how a Kidde and Fenwal continuous loop fire protection system functions.
-A Kidde system has a sensing element consisting of a sealed Inconel tube containing two conductors that are
embedded in a thermistor material. One wire is electrically grounded to the outer tube at each end and acts as
an internal ground, and the other is a positive lead. When a fire or overheat occurs, the resistance of the
thermistor material drops, allowing current to flow between the two wires to activate an alarm. A Fenwal
system uses a sensing element consisting of a small diameter flexible Inconel tube containing a single wire
electrode surrounded by ceramic beads. These ceramic beads prevent the electrode and tube from touching each
other. Current is applied to the electrode while the outer tube is grounded to the aircraft structure. When a fire
or overheat occurs, the core resistance of the ceramic beads drops, allowing current to flow between the center
electrode and ground, energizing the alarm system.

What elements must be present for a fire to occur?

-An ignition source such as heat or a spark, fuel and oxygen.

What group of fire extinguishing agents are no longer manufactured because of environmental concerns?
-Halons (or Freon or chlorofluorocarbons [CFCs]) were no longer manufactured after 1995. However, existing
stocks of CFC may still be used and are subject to strict handling and disposal regulations.
How are fire extinguishing agents distributed?
-Through perforated tubing and/or discharge nozzles.

What is the purpose of the discharge cartridge and how is it activated?

-The discharge cartridge, or squib, which is electrically ignited, fires a projectile into the frangible disk, thereby
releasing fire extinguishing agent.

How is a fire extinguisher system with a high rate of discharge classified?

-As an HRD fire extinguisher system.

What do the red and yellow discs in a fire extinguishing system indicate?
-A yellow disc indicates a normal discharge. A red disc indicates a thermal discharge.

How is the fire extinguishing agent in an HRD system distributed, and how long does it take to discharge?
-The agent is distributed through a series of high pressure tubes and takes one to two seconds to discharge.

What is the purpose of a pressure gauge in a fire extinguishing system?

-Indicates pressure within the container. To check if the pressure is within limits, a pressure-temperature chart is
used.

What types of fire detectors are used for engine fire protection systems?
-They are overheat detectors, rate-of-temperature-rise detectors, and flame detectors.

When using a thermocouple type fire detector system, what happens if the engine overheats slowly?
-A thermocouple depends on the rate of temperature rise and will not give a warning if the engine slowly
overheats or a short circuit develops.

Describe the operation of a Kidde continuous loop fire detector system.

-The Kidde continuous loop system has two wires embedded in a special ceramic core within an Inconel tube.
One wire acts as an internal ground and the other wire is a hot lead that provides a current when the ceramic
core material changes its resistance with a rise in temperature.

Where does a thermocouple fire detector system get its electrical power to operate?
-The thermocouple produces power to close a relay, and power from the aircraft electrical system flows through
the relay to the warning light.

Describe a thermal switch fire detector system?

-Thermal switch systems have one or more lights that are energized by the aircraft’s electrical system when a
heat-sensitive thermal switch closes the circuit at a specific temperature.

How are thermal switches electrically connected in the circuit?

-Thermal switches are connected in parallel with each other but in series with the warning light. A temperature
rise in any one section of the circuit will cause a thermal switch to close and complete the circuit to indicate a fire
or overheat condition.
What is the most common cause of a false fire warning in a continuous loop detector system?
-The most common cause of false warnings is dents, kinks, or crushed sensing element causing an internal wire
to shore to the ground wire or outer tubing.

What two methods are used to discharge fire extinguishing agents?

-Mechanical and electrical.

What method is used to release the fire extinguishing agent in a typical turbine engine fire protection
system?
-One common method is to equip the fire extinguishing containers with discharge valves that are operated by
electrically discharged cartridges. The discharge plug is seated with a breakable disk that is ruptured by the
explosive cartridge, and the contents of the bottle are discharged into the engine area.

What method is used to determine proper fire extinguisher container pressure?

-Check the container gauge to determine if the pressure is between the prescribed minimum and maximum
limits.

What method other than the pressure gauge is used to indicate low agent pressure in a container?
-Some aircraft are equipped with a low-pressure warning light in the cockpit.

What is the purpose of the yellow and the red discharge plugs in a turbine engine fire extinguishing system?
-The yellow plug indicates pilot initiated discharge, and the red plug indicates thermal discharge.

What are two methods commonly used to distribute the fire extinguishing agent to the engine?
-Many systems use perforated tubing or discharge nozzles to distribute the agent.

How does the fire extinguishing agent put out the fire?
-It dilutes the atmosphere so that it will not support combustion.

What does the HRD stand for in an HRD fire extinguishing system?
-High rate of discharge

How is the fire extinguishing agent distributed from an HRD system?

-It is delivered from open-end tubes.

How long does it take to discharge the extinguishing agent in an HRD system?
-It only takes one to two seconds.

Which type of fire detection system gives a more complete coverage of a fire hazard?
-A continuous-loop detector system.
 ENGINE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
When the engine is operating, what does an ammeter/loadmeter indicate when connected to:
1. Battery positive lead?
2. Generator output lead?
-When connected to the battery positive lead, the ammeter indicates whether the battery is charging or
discharging. When connected to the generator output lead, it indicates the current produced by the generator,
or electrical system load.

What is done to ensure that each generator shares the load in a multiple generator system?
-The generators are paralleled.

Where would you find generator rating and performance data?

-On the data plate attached to the generator.

How is the voltage of a DC generator controlled?

-By varying the field current strength.

What is the most common type of alternator used in most aircraft AC systems?
-The three phase alternator.

How does a voltage regulator control the voltage of an alternator?

-By regulating the voltage output of the DC exciter.

What does the speed of rotation and number of poles of an alternator determine?
-The frequency of the alternator output.

What are some of the methods used to maintain 400 Hz alternator output frequency on large turbojet or
turbofan engines?
-Constant speed drives, integrated drive generators, and variable-speed constant frequency (VSCF) power
systems.

Name the major parts of a DC motor.

-The armature, field, brushes and frame assembly.

Name the components of a direct cranking electric starter system.

-An electric motor, reduction gears, and an automatic engaging and disengaging mechanism.

Name three types of DC motors.

-Series, shunt and compound.

What type of DC motor is commonly used for a reciprocating engine starter and why?
-A series wound motor is commonly used because it has a high starting torque under heavy load conditions.

What are the operating modes of a turbine engine starter generator?

-It operates first as a starter, then as a generator once the engine is running.
What is a possible indication when a starter drags?
-A dirty or worn starter commutator.

Where would wire with high temperature insulation material be used?

-When they run close to high temperature areas such as exhaust stacks or heating ducts.

What is the size standard for electrical wire used in US manufactured aircraft?
-The American Wire Gauge (A WG).

How are wire sizes represented?

-By a numbered gauge size. The smaller wires are represented by larger numbers. The smallest size wire normally used in
aircraft is 22-gauge.

What is the maximum slack allowed between the supports of a single wire or bundle installation?
-Not over % inch.

Why are wires bonded on powerplant installations?

-To provide a current return path for electrical accessories, and to prevent static discharge.

How would you seat newly installed generator brushes to the commutator?
-When new brushes are installed in a generator, the face of the brushes must be shaped to provide an area of
maximum contact with the commutator. To seat the brushes, use fine grain sandpaper placed around the
commutator with the sanding surface facing outward. Turn the armature in a normal direction of rotation until
the face of the brushes is properly contoured. Remove the sandpaper and blow out any residue with compressed
air.

Where is the generator rating and performance data located?

-It is stamped on the data plate attached to the generator.

What units make up a DC generator three-unit regulator?

-The voltage regulator, the current limiter, and the reverse current cutout.

What method is used to control the voltage of an aircraft alternator?

-The voltage regulator

What determines the frequency of the voltage of an alternator?

-The frequency depends upon the speed of rotation of the rotor and the number of poles.

How is alternator frequency maintained?

-By installing a constant speed drive (CSD) unit between the engine and the alternator.

What are the three basic types of DC motors?

-Series motors, shunt motors, and compound motors

Name the parts of a DC motor?

-The armature, the field, the brushes, and the frame.
What is a starter-generator system, used on many turbine engines?
-The system uses a starter-generator which operates as a starter motor to drive the engine during starting, and
after the engine has reached a self-sustaining speed, it operates as a generator to supply the electrical system
power.

What is the American Wire Gauge (AWG) system of designating electrical wire size?
-A gauge number is assigned the wire according to its cross-sectional area. The smaller the gauge number, the
larger the wire.

What is open wiring?

-Open wiring is any wire, wire group, or wire bundle not enclosed in conduit.

What method is used to control the voltage of DC aircraft generators?

-The only practical means of regulating generator voltage is to control the strength of the magnetic field. Field
strength is determined by the amount of current flowing through the field coils, and the current is controlled by
placing some form of variable or intermittent resistance in the external field circuit of the generator.

What are the causes of excessive arcing at the generator brushes?

-Arcing can be caused by a commutator that is dirty, rough, or out of round. A more common cause of arcing is
worn or binding brushes or the brush spring tension too low.

When installing single wires or wire bundles, how much slack is normally allowed between supports?
-Slack between supports should normally not exceed one-half inch.

What precaution should be taken when running wires close to heating ducts or exhaust stacks?
-The wires should be insulated with a high-temperature material.
 ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
A reciprocating engine is found to have excessive oil consumption without evidence of any oil leaks. What is
the likely cause?
-The piston rings are worn or broken.

What are the functions of lubricating oil in reciprocating engines'?

-To reduce friction between moving parts and remove heat.

Name two important characteristics of aircraft engine oil.

-The oil must be light enough to circulate freely yet heavy enough to provide the proper oil film at engine
operating temperatures.

What could happen to an oil that is too low in viscosity at normal engine operating temperatures?
-It may become so thin that the oil film between moving parts is easily broken, resulting in premature wear.

What are some of the factors that must be considered by an engine manufacturer in determining the proper
grade of oil for a particular engine?
-The operating load and temperature as well as the rotational speed.

Why do aircraft reciprocating engines use a relatively high viscosity oil?

-Because they usually have large operating clearances, and operate at high temperatures and pressures.

Name some oil contaminants.

-Metal particles, dirt, carbon, moisture and acids.

What is a possible indication of low oil pressure together with high oil temperature'?
-A low or inadequate oil supply.

In ashless dispersant (AD) oils, what function does the dispersant perform'?
-The dispersant causes sludge-forming materials to repel each other and remain in suspension until they can be
trapped by the oil filter or drained. This keeps the oil passages and ring grooves free of harmful deposits, and the
inside of the engine clean.

Why do oil reservoirs have expansion space?

-To provide for oil foaming, thermal expansion, and air in the return oil.

What could cause oil foaming?

-Diluted oil, contaminated oil, and the oil level being too high.

What controls oil pressure in a gear-type oil pressure pump?

-An oil pressure relief valve.

What function does an oil cooler bypass valve perform?

-It directs the oil either through the cooler or around it in order to maintain proper operating oil temperatures.
What could be a possible indication if the oil cooler passage becomes obstructed?
-A high oil temperature.

Where is the oil temperature bulb usually located?

-At the engine oil inlet.

What does the presence of metal particles in an engine oil filter indicate?
-Depending on the type and size of the metal particles, this usually indicates abnormal wear and possible engine
internal failure.

What should be done if metal particles are found in an engine oil filter?
-Follow engine manufacturer's maintenance instruction.

Where is the most critical point of lubrication in a gas turbine engine?

-At the turbine bearing.

What type of oil is used in a turbine engine oil system?

-Synthetic oil.

Where are oil screens or filters most likely located in a turbine engine oil system?
-At the oil pressure system (main filter), scavenge system, and at or just before the oil jet (last chance).

Name two types of turbine engine oil coolers.

-Air cooled and fuel cooled.

What is the primary purpose of lubricant in an aircraft engine?

-To reduce friction between moving parts

What is the most important property that aircraft reciprocating engine oil must possess?
-Viscosity

What factors must be considered in determining the proper grade of oil to use in a specific engine?
-The operating load, rotational speeds, and operating temperatures are the most important factors to be
considered.

What is the purpose of the oil flow control valve?

-The oil flow control valve, located on the oil cooler, regulates the flow of oil either into or around the oil cooler.

What are the main oil contaminants?

-They are gasoline, moisture, acid, dirt, carbon, and metallic particles.

From what location on a reciprocating engine is the oil temperature usually taken?
-In a dry sump lubrication system, the oil temperature bulb is located anywhere in the oil inlet line between the
oil tank and the engine. Wet sump systems have the temperature bulb located where it senses the temperature
after the oil passes through the oil cooler. In either system, the bulb is located where it measures oil temperature
before it enters the hot sections of the engine.
What do metallic particles on an oil screen indicate?
-Metallic particles may be an indication of internal failure of the engine.

What could cause oil foaming?

-Foaming can be caused by diluted oil, contaminated oil, or the oil level too high.

What would be an indication of blocked oil cooler passages?

-High oil temperature

What would be an indication of an inadequate oil supply?

-Low oil pressure and high oil temperature

What type of oil is used in turbine engine lubrication systems?

-Specially developed synthetic oils

What are two types of oil coolers used in turbine engine lubrication systems?
-The air-cooled oil cooler and the fuel-cooled oil cooler are the two basic types in general use.

What is the meaning of oil flash point? Fire point?

-Oil flash point is that temperature at which the oil will begin to give off ignitable vapors. The fire point is that
temperature at which there are sufficient vapors to support a continuous flame.

What are the functions of engine oil in a reciprocating engine?

-In addition to lubrication, oil cools various parts of the engine, helps to seal the combustion chamber by
providing a film between the cylinder walls and the rings, and aids in cleaning the engine by carrying engine
residues to the oil filter.

What is the weight of aircraft engine oil?

-Approximately 7.5 pounds per US gallon

What is the purpose of an oil dilution system?

-The oil dilution system thins the oil by introducing fuel into the lubrication system, which makes cold-weather
starting easier.
 IGNITION AND STARTING SYSTEMS
How can the remaining service life of starter-generator brushes be determined?
-By visually inspecting the amount of wear groove remaining on the brushes.

What components of the starter-generator require periodic inspection?

-Both commutator and brushes should be inspected for wear beyond operational limits.

Between field and armature windings in starter-generators, which ordinarily receive current for operation in
the start mode?
-Generally, both field and armature receive current for operation in the start mode?

What are possible sources of low pressure compressed air used for starting jet transport aircraft equipped
with air turbine starters?
-A ground power unit, (GPU), an on-board auxiliary power unit (APU), compressed bleed air form an already
running engine.

When should ignition ideally occur?

-A specific number of degrees (as determined by the manufacturer) before the piston reaches top dead center on
the compression stroke.

Why are dual magnetos used in the engine ignition system?

-To improve combustion efficiency, and provide redundancy for safety.

Why is magneto timing so important?

-For an engine to run properly, the spark plug in a cylinder has to fire at a specific time. To produce the required
energy for the spark at the required time, the magneto must be in the E-gap position, the breaker points must
start to open, and the distributor must be electrically aligned with the particular cylinder. If any of these
requirements are not correctly adjusted, the engine will run rough or may not run at all. When preparing a
magneto for installation, first the internal timing must be correctly adjusted, then the magneto-to-engine timing
is adjusted.

What function does a magneto perform?

-It produces a high voltage that forces a spark to arc across a spark plug gap.

Name the components of a high tension magneto system.

-A permanent multipole rotating magnet, soft iron core, and pole shoes.

Name the three main circuits of a high tension magneto system.

-Magnetic, primary and secondary.

What is an E-gap angle?

-It is a point a few degrees beyond the neutral position of a rotating magnet where maximum magnetic field
stress exists.
What reduces arcing in the points and also aids the collapsing of the magnetic field in a magneto?
-A capacitor.

How does a magneto produce the high voltage required to fire a spark plug?
-In the rotation cycle, when the magnetic rotor is in the E-gap position, the primary points open, which interrupts
the current flow in the primary circuit causing a high rate of flux change in the core, and inducing a pulse of high
voltage in the secondary coil.

What is the P-lead and how does it function?

-The P-lead connects the ignition switch to the primary circuit of the magneto. When the ignition switch is turned
off, the P-leads on both magnetos are grounded. When the ignition switch is turned to the "LEFT" position, the
right magneto is grounded, so that only the left magneto operates, and visa versa.

What is a magneto timing light used for, and what does it indicate?
-It is used for both internal magneto timing and magneto-to-engine timing, and indicates the exact instant the
magneto points open.

Why are turbine engine igniters generally not susceptible to carbon fowling?
-Because the high energy sparks they produce clean off any deposits on the firing end.

What is the function of a duty cycle in relation to a turbine engine ignition system?
-A duty cycle allows the operation of the ignition system for a given amount of time, and is then followed by a
minimum specified cooling down period.

What are the three main components of a turbine engine ignition system?
-lgnition exciters, high tension leads, igniters.

What is a magneto?
-A magneto is a special type of engine-driven AC generator that uses a permanent magnet as a source of energy.
The magneto develops a high voltage that is used to fire the spark plugs.

What is the purpose of the condenser in a high-tension magneto electrical system?

-To prevent arcing at the points and to hasten the collapse of the magnetic field around the primary coil.

Where is the E-gap position in a magneto?

-The E-gap position is when the poles of the rotating magnet are a few degrees past the neutral position.

What are the three major circuits of a high-tension magneto system?

-The magnetic circuit, the primary electrical circuit, and the secondary electrical circuit.

What are the components of a high tension magnetic circuit?

-The magnetic circuit consists of a permanent multipole rotating magnet, a soft iron core, and pole shoes.
What happens when the primary breaker points open in a magneto?
-Opening the breaker points, stops the flow of current in the primary coil. The magnetic field that was emitted by
the primary coil collapses. As this magnetic field collapses, its flux lines cut across the windings of the secondary
coil, inducing the pulse of high voltage current in the secondary coil needed to fire the spark plugs.

What is the piston position when the spark occurs in a cylinder?

-The piston is a specified number of crankshaft degrees before top dead center of the compression stroke.

What is a dual magneto ignition system?

-The duel magneto system incorporates two magnetos in one housing, and one rotating magnet, and a cam are
common to two sets of breaker points and coils. On radial engines, the right magneto fires all the front plugs and
the left magneto fires all the rear plugs.

What is the difference between a low-tension and a high-tension ignition system?

-In the high-tension system, high voltage is generated in the magneto and flows to the plugs through high-
tension leads. In a low-tension system, low voltage is generated in the magneto and flows through low-tension
leads to the primary winding of a transformer coil located near each spark plug. There the voltage is increased to
high voltage by transformer action and is conducted to the plugs by very short high-tension leads.

When the ignition switch is in the OFF position, what is the condition of the primary circuit?
-It is completed through the ignition switch to ground.

What three conditions are required to fire plugs in a cylinder when the piston is in the prescribed position?
-The magneto’s magnet poles must be in the E-gap position, the breaker points must open, and the distributor
rotor must be aligned with the distributor electrode for that cylinder.

In a dual magneto ignition system, what part of the system is grounded when the ignition switch is placed in
the RIGHT position?
-The left magneto circuit will be grounded.

What is internal timing of a magneto?

-It is adjusting the breaker points to open when the poles of the rotating magnet are at the E-gap position.

What is the purpose of an impulse coupling used with a magneto?

-The purpose of an impulse coupling is to retard the timing of the spark for starting the engine, and then spin the
magneto rapidly to produce a hotter spark.

What is staggered ignition timing?

-It is the firing of one spark plug before the other one instead of firing them simultaneously.

What is the proper spark plug reach?

-The proper spark plug reach is when the electrode end of the plug inside the cylinder is in the best position to
achieve ignition.

What type ignition system is used in most turbine engines?

-A typical engine is equipped with an electronic capacitor-type ignition system.
What is the function of the igniter plugs in a turbine engine?
-The function of the igniter plugs is to provide a discharge gap for the current which is stored in the capacitor.
The discharge results in a high intensity spark which ignites the fuel-air mixture.

When are turbine engine ignition systems normally in use?

-The ignition system is normally required only for starting or restarting an engine.

What are two types of igniter plugs?

-Annular gap – a long-reach plug that extends into the combustion chamber
-Constrained gap – a short-reach plug that does extend into the chamber because the spark does not remain
close to the plug.
 FUEL METERING SYSTEMS
What are some of the sources used to heat the fuel in a turbine engine fuel system?
-Bleed air and engine lubricating oil.

What are the most common types of fuel metering systems used on small reciprocating engines?
-Float-type carburetors, pressure-injection carburetors and direct fuel injection systems.

What function does the mixture control perform?

-Controls the fuel/air mixture.

What generally causes spark plug fouling?

-Operating the engine with an excessively rich mixture at idle.

What is the purpose of an accelerating system?

-It provides an immediate but brief increase in fuel flow in the venturi to enrich the mixture.

What is a carburetor economizer system?

-It is a power enrichment system that provides a richer mixture at high power settings, where the excess fuel aids
in engine cooling. This system functions at throttle settings above cruise power settings.

When the mixture is placed in the idle-cutoff position, a slight rise in RPM is noted prior to the engine
decelerating. What does this indicate?
-The idle mixture is set correctly.

Why should engine RPM be accelerated periodically when making carburetor adjustments?
-To clear the engine.

What maintains the fuel pressure in a pressure-injection carburetor?

-An engine-driven fuel pump.

What happens if the manual mixture control of a pressure injection carburetor is moved to the idle cutoff
position?
-The engine stops.

How does an automatic mixture control (AMC) function?

-A sealed brass bellows connected to the fuel metering system, expands and contracts with changes in pressure
and temperature, adjusting the mixture accordingly.

What are some of the advantages of fuel injection systems over carburetor systems?
-Less danger of induction icing, better acceleration, better fuel distribution, better fuel economy, reduced
overheating of individual cylinders.

What purpose do turbine engine fuel control units serve?

-They automatically meter fuel to the engine.
What are the two basic types of turbine engine fuel control units?
-Hydro-mechanical and electronic.

What are the engine variables detected by the fuel control unit?
-Power lever position, engine RPM, compressor inlet temperature, compressor inlet pressure, compressor
discharge pressure, burner pressure.

What are the two major components of a supervisory electronics engine control?
-The electronic control unit (computer), and the hydro-mechanical fuel control.

What are some of the advantages of a full-authority digital engine control (FADEC) over a hydro-mechanical
fuel control?
-Better fuel economy, improved starts, requires no engine trimming, provides engine limit protection, provides
constant idle speeds regardless of atmospheric conditions or bleed air requirements, fully modulates the active
clearance control, and allows more repeatable engine transients.

What do turbine engine fuel spray nozzles do?

-They inject fuel into the combustion area.

What are the different engine indications used for trimming a turbine engine?
-Either EPR or RPM is used depending on the particular engine.

What maintenance adjustments are normally allowed on an installed hydro-mechanical fuel control?
-Specific gravity for fuel, idle RPM, and maximum RPM (or maximum EPR).

Where are the fuel spray nozzles located in a turbine engine?

-They are located either externally or internally on the combustion chamber in such a way that the fuel can be
sprayed into the combustion area.

Name the heat sources for the operation of fuel heaters used in turbine engines.
-Turbine engine fuel heaters operate as heat exchangers. Fuel lines are routed through the fuel heater, which
uses as a heat source either bleed air engine lubricating oil. If bleed air is used as a heat source, it is called an air-
to-liquid heat exchanger, and when oil is used, it is called a liquid-to-liquid heat exchanger.

What engine variables are sensed by a hydromechanical fuel control?

-The fuel control senses power lever position, rpm, compressor inlet pressure or temperature, burner pressure or
compressor discharge pressure, and EGT or TIT.

What are the two most commonly used carburetors in small reciprocating engines?
-They are the float-type carburetor and the pressure-type carburetor.

What type fuel control unit is used in a turbine engine?

-Both hydromechanical and electronic fuel control units are in use today. However, the most commonly used fuel
control unit is completely hydromechanical type.
What is the purpose of a mixture control in a float-type carburetor?
-It is to control the fuel-air mixture as air density changes with changes in altitude.

What is the purpose of an accelerating system on a float-type carburetor?

-When the throttle is opened rapidly, the fuel-air mixture will lean out momentarily. To overcome this tendency,
a charge of fuel from the accelerating pump will temporarily enrich the mixture in the venture.

Describe the purpose and operation of a venturi.

-The venturi performs three functions. It proportions the fuel-air mixture, lowers the pressure at the discharge
nozzle, and limits airflow at full throttle.

What is the function of a metering jet?

-The main metering jet is placed in the fuel passage between the float chamber and the discharge nozzle. Its
purpose is to limit the fuel flow when the throttle valve is wide open.

What is the fuel metering force in a float-type carburetor?

-It is the differential pressure between the pressure in the float chamber and that at the nozzle.

What will be the result of using excessively rich idle mixtures?

-Excessively rich idle mixtures will cause carbon fouling of your spark plug.

What is the purpose of the economizer system in a float carburetor?

-The economizer is essentially a valve which is closed at throttle settings below 60% to 70% of rated power, but
provide additional fuel for cooling the engine to prevent detonation at higher throttle settings.

Where does a pressure injunction carburetor obtain fuel pressure?

-It obtains fuel pressure from the boost pump for starting and from the engine-driven fuel pump for normal
operation of the engine.

What operates an automatic mixture control (AMC) on a pressure carburetor?

-The AMC contains a sealed bellows that expands or contracts with changes in atmospheric pressure. The
movement of the bellow operates a tapered needle that controls the impact air pressure into the “A” chamber of
the carburetor.

In what position do you place the mixture control of a pressure injection carburetor to stop the engine?
-In the idle cutoff position

What rpm indication should result when the mixture control is placed in the idle cutoff position when the
idle mixture is set correctly?
-There should be a slight increase in rpm, followed by a rapid drop of rpm to zero.

What is the purpose of filling a pressure injection carburetor full of fuel and allowing it to soak for a period
of about eight hours prior to installation?
-This is done in order to soften the diaphragms and make them as pliable as they were when the carburetor was
originally calibrated.
What are three types of carburetor icing?
-Throttle icing, impact icing, and fuel evaporator icing

What is the typical fuel pressure in a float-type carburetor?

-3 – 5 psi
 ENGINE FUEL SYSTEMS
What type of pump can vary the amount of fuel discharged regardless of speed?
-A variable displacement pump.

What is used to keep water, sediment, and foreign matter out of the carburetor?
-The main fuel strainer.

What is the purpose of a pressure relief valve in a constant displacement pump?

-It returns excess fuel that is not required by the engine to the inlet side of the pump.

What type of engine-driven fuel pump is widely used other than gear or piston pumps?
-A rotary vane type.

What function do h e 1 boost pumps perform?

-They supply pressurized fuel to the fuel pump, which helps prevent vapor lock and cavitation.

What is a commonly used type of fuel boost pump?

-The centrifugal type.

What causes vapor lock and why is it of concern?

-Vapor lock is caused by insufficient fuel pressure, high fuel temperatures and excessive fuel turbulence, which
may completely block any fuel flow resulting in engine failure.

What function does the engine-driven pump on a turbine engine perform?

-It provides a continuous supply of fuel at the proper pressure while the engine is running.

Name the two categories of turbine engine pumps.

-Constant and variable displacement.

What category is a gear-type pump classified in?

-Constant displacement.

When performing an external inspection of an engine-driven fuel pump, what should you look for?
-Leaks and security of mounting.

What is the purpose of a shear section of the driveshaft in a dual element constant displacement pump?
-If one element seizes, a portion of the driveshaft seizes, allowing the other element to continue to operate.

Where in a turbine engine fuel system is ice formation likely to occur and how is it prevented?
-The fuel filter is most susceptible to ice formation, so a fuel heater is used that consists of a heat exchanger
using either engine oil or bleed air to warm the fuel.

What is the purpose of a bypass valve in an engine fuel system micron filter?
-It is a safety feature that allows fuel to flow to the engine if the filter becomes blocked.
What is the purpose of a duplex fuel nozzle?
-A duplex fuel nozzle discharges two different spray patterns. The spray pattern is wider during start up and
acceleration and narrows when engine speed increases above idle.

What are the functions of the pressurizing and dump portions of a pressurizing and dump valve?
-The pressurizing portion provides primary and secondary fuel flow to dual-line duplex fuel nozzles, and the dump
portion allows fuel to drain from the manifolds after engine shutdown.

What purpose do fuel selector valves serve?

-They allow tank and engine selection, and provide a means for shutting off fuel flow.

What could happen to an oil that is too low in viscosity at normal engine operating temperatures?
-It may become so thin that the oil film between moving parts is easily broken resulting in premature wear.

Name two types of turbine engine oil coolers.

-Air cooled and fuel cooled.

What is the purpose of strainers in a fuel system?

-They are used to prevent foreign matter from entering the carburetor.

What is the purpose of fuel selector valves?

-They provide a means of shutting off fuel flow, for tank and engine selection, for crossfeed, and for fuel transfer.

What should be looked for when inspecting an engine-driven fuel pump?

-Look for fuel leaks and security of mounting.

What is the purpose of an engine-driven fuel pump?

-The engine-driven fuel pump must deliver a continuous supply of fuel at the proper pressure at all times during
engine operation.

What type of fuel pump is generally used with large reciprocating engines?
-A positive-displacement rotary vane-type pump

What happens to the excess fuel not required by the engine in a constant displacement pump?
-The pressure relief valve opens and the fuel is routed back to the inlet side of the pump.

What is the most common type of fuel boost pump?

-The electrically driven centrifugal-type pump

What is the purpose of the bypass valve in the engine-driven fuel pump?
-The bypass valve provides a path around the pump vanes for starting the engine and to allow fuel to bypass the
pump in case of pump failure.
What is the purpose of using boost pumps in a fuel system?
-Electric boost pumps are used to supply fuel to a pressure carburetor during engine starting and in case of
engine-driven pump failure. However, a main function of a boost pump is to keep the pressure on the suction
side of the engine-driven pump from becoming low enough to permit the fuel to boil when operating at high
altitudes.

What are the three general causes of vapor lock?

-They are low fuel pressure, high fuel temperatures, and excessive fuel turbulence.

Turbine engine fuel pumps may be divided into what two distinct systems categories?
-Constant displacement and variable displacement

What category is a turbine engine-driven gear-type pump?

-Constant displacement

What type fuel pump can be made to vary the fuel flow at any speed?
-A variable displacement pump

What part of a gas turbine engine fuel system is very susceptible to the formation of ice?
-The fuel filter

How is the engine fuel system protected from ice formation?

-By the use of fuel heaters

Why is a micron fuel filter provided with a bypass valve as a necessary safety factor?
-Because the small openings in this type filter make it very susceptible to clogging.
 INDUCTION SYSTEMS
Name the three components on the induction system of a reciprocating engine.
-The air scoop, carburetor or fuel control, and the intake manifold.

What could happen if the induction system becomes obstructed?

-The engine may not be able to produce its rated power or It may not run at all. This may also be an indication of
a dirty air inlet filter.

How does induction icing affect engine performance?

-It causes a reduction in power and possible erratic operation.

How is induction icing categorized?

-As impact ice, fuel evaporation ice, and throttle ice.

What is the common method used to prevent induction system ice in a reciprocating engine?
-Raise the temperature of induction air with a preheater.

What causes fuel evaporation ice?

-Fuel evaporation ice is formed because of the decrease in air temperature resulting from evaporation of the fuel
after it is introduced into the air stream.

Is carburetor throttle ice more likely to occur at a higher or lower power setting? Why?
-At a lower power setting because the throttle is partly closed, offering a larger surface area for ice
accumulation.

What may be the indication of leaking intake pipes?

-The engine runs rough at low RPM

What happens to engine power when the carburetor heat is applied?

-There is a noticeable drop in power.

What could happen if carburetor heat is applied at high engine power settings?
-Detonation.

What are two types of supercharged induction systems?

-Internally driven and externally driven.

How and at what point does an internally driven supercharger boost air pressure?
-An (engine-driven) impeller compresses the fuel/air mixture after it leaves the carburetor.

What is used to power a turbocharger?

-Engine exhaust gas directed onto the turbocharger turbine.
What could result if the waste gate on a turbocharger system does not close fully?
-The engine may not be able to produce its rated power at certain altitudes, and the aircraft may not be capable
of reaching critical altitude.

What function does a turbocharger waste gate perform?

-It controls the amount of exhaust gas either into or around the turbocharger, thus controlling the boot pressure
of the turbocharger.

What could cause a turbocharged engine to surge?

-There could be a waste gate or controller malfunction.

What are the most common ways to control a waste gate?

-Either mechanically with linkages to the throttle or a separate control, or by an actuator that is driven by oil
pressure.

In a pressurized reciprocating aircraft, what component in the turbocharger system is used to limit the
amount of turbocharger airflow used for cabin pressurization?
-The sonic venturi.

What is the function of a divergent-shaped jet engine inlet during subsonic flight?
-It causes the air velocity to decrease with a subsequent increase in air pressure.

Where are bellmouth inlet ducts typically found?

-On helicopter engines.

How do venturi-type particle separators, found on many turbine powered helicopters, function?
-A venturi is used to accelerate the flow of incoming air and debris through a curved intake. The debris gains too
much inertia to allow it to follow the curved intake towards the engine, and is channeled away from the
compressor.

What are the most common methods used for anti-icing of turbine engine inlet ducts?
-Engine bleed air and electric heating elements.

What are the three major parts of a reciprocating engine induction system?
-The airscoop and ducting, the carburetor, and the intake manifold

What effect does induction system icing have on engine performance?

- induction system icing can cause an engine to act erratically and lose power.

What method is used to prevent or remove induction system ice in a reciprocating engine?
-The most common method of preventing or removing ice formation in the induction system is by the use of
heated air.

How is ice cleared in some aircraft induction systems if the carburetor heat is too low to clear the ice?
-A fluid such as alcohol, anilol, or mersol is sprayed into the induction system ahead of the carburetor. The fluid
will dislodge the ice which is ingested by the engine.
What engine indication can be the result of a dirty air filter?
-Low power

What is the danger of using carburetor heat when operating at high power settings?
-The higher air temperatures could cause detonation and possible engine failure.

Carburetor throttle ice is most likely to form when the throttle is in which position?
-During part throttle operation when the throttle is near the closed position

What are two general classifications of superchargers used in reciprocating engine induction systems?
-They are classified as internally driven or externally driven (turbocharger) supercharger systems.

What is the purpose of a distribution impeller in a supercharger?

-It is designed to break up the fuel globules into finer particles for better distribution to the cylinders.

How does an internally driven supercharger boost air pressure?

-A high-speed impeller is driven through a gear train from the crankshaft at a gear ratio that varies from 6:1 to
12:1.

Where does an externally driven supercharger get its power?

-The exhaust gases are directed against a turbine. For this reason, they are commonly called turbochargers.

What unit regulates the amount of exhaust gases to the turbine of a turbocharger?
-The waste gate

What type of power is used to control the position of the turbocharger waste gate on some engines?
-Oil pressure to an actuating piston.
 ENGINE COOLING SYSTEMS
What effect does excessive heat have on reciprocating engines?
-It shortens the life of the engine parts, changes the behavior of combustion, and impairs lubrication.

What is the purpose of cooling fins?

-They provide a larger cooling surface area for removing heat from cylinder heads of air-cooled reciprocating
engines. Airflow around the cooling fins transfers the heat from the cylinder heads to the air.

What are the reasons for using engine cowlings, baffles and cowl air seals?
-The cowling performs two main functions: it streamlines the engine area to reduce drag, and is used together
with the baffles and cowl air seals to direct airflow over the cylinders for cooling.

What is the purpose of cowl flaps and how are they operated?
-They are used to control the amount of airflow through the cowling. They are either mechanically, electrically or
hydraulically operated.

How does an augmenter cooling system work?

-An outer tube placed over the exiting exhaust gas creates a venturi effect that draws more airflow over the
engine, thus providing additional cooling.

Where should cowl flaps be positioned for ground operations'?

-Fully open.

What type of power is used to operate cowl flaps?

-Manual, hydraulic, or electrical.

What should be done when cooling fin damage is discovered?

-Depending on the scope of damage, some cooling fins may be repaired subject to the manufacturer's overhaul
and repair limitations. If an excessive amount of the cooling fin is broken off, the cylinder should be replaced.

Why is cowl flap adjustment important?

-The movement must be within tolerances to keep cylinder head temperatures within allowable limits.

How are turbine engines cooled?

-They are cooled by air passing through the engine. About 75% of the air passing through the engine is used for
cooling which leaves only about 25% for combustion. This air is used to cool the combustion chamber and
turbine.

In a turbine engine, where does bleed air come from that is used to cool bearings and other parts?
-The engine compressor.

What is the relationship between turbine engine upper temperature limits and power produced?
-The higher the combustion temperatures that an engine can withstand without damage, the more power it is
capable of producing.
What is the approximate percentage of air passing through a turbine engine that is used for cooling rather
than combustion?
-Approximately 75%

What can be done to effectively allow higher gas temperatures in the turbine section of some engines?
-Compressor bleed air ducted through hollow sections in the turbine inlet guide vanes and first stage rotor blades
can lower temperatures enough to prevent heat damage.

What is the most common means of regulating the cooling air flow through a radial engine?
-By the use of cowl flaps.

What is the purpose of the fins on engine cylinders?

-To increase the effective size of the cylinder for cooling.

What other engine characteristics are designed to aid in engine cooling besides cooling fins?
-The engine cowling and fables are designed to force air over the cylinder cooling fins.

Why is the ―open and close‖ adjustment during installation of cowl flaps important?
-For each engine installation, the cowl flaps are set for tolerance that will permit them to open and close the
correct amount to keep the cylinder head temperature within allowable limits.

What should be done to cylinders when too much of the cooling fin area is broken off?
-The cylinder should be replaced because it cannot cool properly and a hotspot will develop.

When should cowl flaps be kept in the fully open position?

-Normally during all ground operations

What publication should be referred to before reprofiling cylinder cooling fins?

-The manufacturer’s service or overhaul manual should be used to obtain the allowable limits.

What power sources are used to operate the cowl flaps?

-Cowl flaps may be operated by electrical power, hydraulic power, or manually.

What is the purpose of blast tubes that are built into the baffles on a reciprocating engine?
-To direct jets of cooling air onto the rear spark plug elbows of each cylinder to prevent overheating of the
ignition leads.

What are the main reasons that excessive heat in a reciprocating engine is undesirable?
-Excessive heat shortens the life of the engine parts, impairs lubrication, and affects combustion.

Describe the augmentor system.

-Augmentors consist of two pairs of tubes running from the engine compartment to the rear of the nacelle. The
exhaust gas collector feeds exhaust gases into the inner augmentor tubes. Air that has passed over the engine is
fed into the outer tubes where it is heated by the exhaust tubes and then expelled to mix with the exhaust gases.
The heating of the air causes it to form a high temperature, low pressure, jet-like exhaust which draws additional
cooling air over the engine. The heated air is sometimes used for cabin heating, defrosting, and anti-icing.
What is the source of air that is directed to engine bearings for cooling?
-It is to bleed air from the compressor section of the engine.

What is the purpose of installation on the exhaust duct of a turbine engine?

-To reduce the temperature of the structure in the vicinity of the exhaust duct or afterburner and to eliminate the
possibility of fuel or oil coming into contact with the hot parts of the engine.

What types of materials are used to make insulation blankets for turbine engines?
-They are made of stainless steel, with layers of aluminum foil, fiberglass, and silver foil.

What areas of a turbine engine are cooled by the secondary air passing through the engine?
-The combustion chambers and the turbines

What is the purpose of an engine cowling?

-It streamlines the engine to reduce drag and it forms an envelope around the engine, which forces air around
and between the cylinders to cool them.

What is the purpose of an oil cooler bypass valve?

-It allows the thick oil to bypass the cooler when the oil is cold.
 ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEMS
What is the purpose of the exhaust system?
-To remove high temperature noxious gases.

Name two types of reciprocating engine exhaust systems.

-The short stack and the collector system.

What drawback in using collector-type exhaust systems is more than offset when used on turbocharged
engines?
-The loss of horsepower due to exhaust system back pressure.

What could result if the internal baffles or diffusers in an exhaust system fail?
-The flow of the exhaust gasses could be restricted, resulting in a loss of engine power.

What type of exhaust system is used on turbocharged engines?

-The collector system.

What kind of material is normally used to make the muffler shrouds found in the exhaust system?
-Stainless steel.

How do you inspect the internal baffles and diffusers of an exhaust system?
-By disassembling the exhaust system as necessary and visually inspecting the components.

Why is an exhaust system failure considered a severe hazard?

-It can result in carbon monoxide poisoning, loss of engine power, or fire.

What could happen if lead, zinc, or galvanized marks are made on an exhaust system?
-They cause a change in molecular structure, which could result in cracks when heated.

What happens if the heat exchanger leaks exhaust gasses into the induction system?
-There is a loss of engine power.

What is an indication of an exhaust gas leak?

-A flat gray or sooty black deposit in the area of the leak.

Where are the most common places to find cracks in an exhaust system?
-At welded or clamped areas and at the flanges.

What is a common cause of turbocharger waste gate sticking?

-Coke deposits or carbon buildup.

Why are turbocharged exhaust system leaks very damaging at high altitudes?
-Pressure differential will cause the leak to escape with torch-like intensity.
What are exhaust system coke deposits?
-Excessive carbon buildup.

What is the result of changing the exhaust nozzle area of a turbine engine?
-The engine's performance and exhaust gas temperature change.

Name the components of a typical turbine exhaust nozzle.

-The tail cone, exhaust ducts and support struts.

What is the purpose of thrust reversers?

-They help decelerate an aircraft after landing.

How does a noise suppressor found on older turbojet engines work?

-It converts low frequency sound, which is audible over great distance, into high frequency sound, thus reducing
the sound footprint.

What are the two most commonly used types of thrust reversers?
-The clamshell (or mechanically blocked) and the Cascade (or aerodynamically blocked).

How much thrust do the thrust reversers produce compared to the engine's full forward thrust?
-Substantially less.

What are the hazards of operating some thrust reversers at low ground speeds?
-Ingestion of foreign objects stirred up by the exhaust gasses and re-ingestion of hot exhaust gasses.

What are two types of reciprocating engine exhaust systems?

-The short stack system and the collector system

What are the possible hazards of exhaust system failure?

-Depending on the location and type of exhaust system failure, it can result in carbon monoxide poisoning of the
crew and passengers, partial or complete loss of engine power, and an aircraft fire.

What type exhaust system is generally used on low powered non-supercharged engines?
-The short (open) stack system.

What type of exhaust system is used on turbocharged engines?

-The exhaust collector system

What type of exhaust system creates a higher exhaust back pressure?

-The collector system

What is the purpose of a reciprocating engine exhaust system?

-To dispose of high temperature, noxious gases that are discharged by the engine
What happens when lead, zinc, or galvanized marks are made on an exhaust system?
-The mark is absorbed by the metal when it is heated and causes a change in the molecular structure of the
metal.

What type of visual indication can usually be seen in the area of an exhaust leak?
-Exhaust leaks usually leave flat gray or sooty black streaks on the pipes in the area of the leak.

How are ceramic-coated exhaust stacks cleaned?

-By degreasing only

What is the usual cause of muffler and heat exchanger failures?

-They are usually caused by thermal and vibration cracking or ruptures in areas of stress concentration.

Where are exhaust manifold and stack failures most likely to occur?
-These failures usually occur at welded or clamped points in the system.

What is a common cause of the waste gate unit malfunctioning in a turbocharger system?
-The most common cause of waste gate malfunctioning is carbon buildup, causing the waste gate valve to stick
in the CLOSED position.

What factors are affected if the area of the exhaust nozzle of a turbine engine is changed?
-The size of the exhaust nozzle affects both the engine performance and the exhaust gas temperature.

What are the probes in a turbine exhaust tailpipe used for?

-They are used to measure exhaust gas temperature (EGT).

Why do you disassemble and inspect the collector type?

-Exhaust system failure can result in carbon monoxide poisoning of crew and passengers.

What is the purpose of the waste gate on a turbocharger exhaust?

-This valve controls the amount of exhaust gases forced through the turbocharger turbine. When the gate is fully
closed, all gases must pass through the turbine.
 PROPELLERS
What is the function of a propeller?
-The propeller blades create thrust to pull or push an airplane through the air.

What is the difference between a fixed pitch propeller and a controllable pitch propeller?
-A fixed pitch propeller is one that has a built-in blade angle that cannot be changed by the pilot. These
propellers can have the blade angle changed by the manufacturer or an approved repair station to optimize
performance. A controllable pitch propeller is one that can be changed by the pilot and is usually controlled by a
governor that maintains a constant speed. Some controllable propellers also provide reverse pitch and
feathering.

How are some wooden propeller blades protected from wear and damage?
-By metal tipping fastened to the leading edge and tip.

What happens to the blade angle of a constant speed propeller during a constant power dive?
-The blade angle increases to prevent an overspeed.

What are the functions of a constant speed propeller governor?

-It boosts engine oil pressure before it enters the propeller hub, it senses rotational speed of the propeller, and
then adjusts the oil flow to the propeller hub to change pitch and, therefore, speed of the propeller.

What is the purpose of propeller counterweights?

-Centrifugal force acting on the counterweights causes the blade angle to increase.

What is meant when a propeller governor is in an "on-speed" condition?

-The governor is not accelerating or decelerating and the speeder spring and flyweight forces are in balance.

How is a constant speed feathering propeller feathered?

-By releasing oil pressure in the governor, the counterweights and feathering spring move the propeller into
feather. This happens automatically if the governor oil pressure drops to zero (following an engine failure in most
turboprops), or can be manually controlled by the pilot by moving the propeller control into the feathering
detent.

What is an unfeathering accumulator?

-It is an oil accumulator used to provide oil pressure to unfeather a propeller.

What is "alpha range" and "beta range" and where are they found?
-The alpha and beta ranges pertain to the operating modes of turboprop reversible-pitch propellers. In the alpha
range, the propeller is operating in the standard, constant speed mode, which is usually in flight. In the beta
range, the propeller is operating in the zero or minimum thrust range and negative thrust or reverse thrust
mode, which is usually on the ground.

What systems are commonly used for propeller ice control?

-Fluid (alcohol) and electrical heat applied to the propeller blade root.
What propeller repairs can be performed by a certified mechanic with a powerplant rating?
-Only minor repairs and alterations can be performed by a certified mechanic with a powerplant rating. Major
repairs must be performed by the manufacturer or a certified repair station. The propeller manufacturer's
maintenance manual outlines the scope of repairs.

How are wooden propellers generally cleaned?

-With a brush or cloth and warm water with mild soap.

Where would you find the correct method and technique for cleaning an aluminum propeller and hub?
-The propeller manufacturer's maintenance instructions.

What type of nondestructive testing should be accomplished to a propeller after blending?

-The procedures recommended by the manufacturer.

What are the two criteria used by many manufacturers to determine the amount of bend damage that can
be repaired by cold bending of aluminum propellers?
-The extent of the bend and its blade station location.

How can repair file marks be removed from an aluminum propeller?

-With very fine sandpaper.

When performing a static balance on a two bladed propeller, what positions must the propeller be placed in
when measurements are taken?
-Vertical and horizontal positions.

What is a propeller protractor used for'?

-It is used to measure propeller blade angle.

What blade conditions can cause engine vibration?

-Vibration can be caused by a propeller being out of track and/or balance, as well as incorrect blade angle
setting

What is blade tracking?

-Blade tracking is a procedure that compares the position of the propeller blade tips relative to each other.

What is the purpose of a propeller?

-To create thrust and either pull or push the airplane through the air.

What are the two types of propeller configurations?

-The tractor type and the pusher type

What type of propeller has the blade angle built into the propeller and cannot be changed?
-A fixed-pitch propeller

What is the purpose of the metal tipping on a leading edge of a wooden propeller?
 -It is to protect the propeller from damage caused by flying particles in the air during landing, taxiing, and
takeoff.

What tool is used to determine propeller blade angle?

-A universal propeller protractor

What are the aerodynamic forces and loads acting on a rotating propeller blade?
-A rotating propeller is acted upon by centrifugal, twisting, and bending forces.

What is the meaning of propeller blade back and blade face?

-The cambered or curved side of the propeller blade is called the blade back. This is the side of the blade that
faces away from the engine. The flat side of the propeller blade is known as the blade face. This side of the blade
faces the engine.

What should be used to clean aluminum and steel propeller blades and hubs?
-They should be washed with a suitable cleaning solvent using a brush or cloth.

What positions are used on a balance stand to check a two-bladed propeller for static balance?
-First, the vertical position and then a horizontal position

When centrifugal force acts on the counterweights of a hydraulic counterweight propeller, it tends to rotate
the blades in which direction?
-Centrifugal force tends to increase the blade pitch.

Why do you put the blades of a counterweight propeller into high pitch before stopping the engine?
-This type propeller has a movable cylinder that slides over a fixed piston. In the low pitch position, the cylinder is
outboard and the piston is exposed to the open air, but in the high pitch position, the cylinder moves inboard and
covers the piston. In this position, the piston is protected from dirt and moisture in the air. This is particularly
important if the airplane engine will not be operated for several days.

Why are cones installed on splined shafts with a propeller?

-The cones center the propeller on the shaft as they are forced toward each other by the tightening of the
retaining nut.

How is feathering accomplished on a constant speed counterweight propeller?

-Releasing governor oil pressure allows the counterweights and feathering spring to move the blades to the
feathered position.

What types of systems are used for deicing propellers?

-Fluid or electrical deicing systems

What is the purpose of a slinger ring on some propeller installations?

-Propeller deicing fluid is ejected from a stationary nozzle on the engine into a scoop attached to the rear of the
propeller assembly. The U-shaped channel is called the slinger ring. The fluid under pressure of centrifugal force
is transferred through a tube to the propeller blades.

What is blade tracking?

 -It is the process of determining the position of the tips of the propeller blades relative to each other.

Do the counterweights on a constant-speed propeller increase or decrease the blade angle?

-The centrifugal force of the counterweights is used to increase the pitch of the blades.

What should be adjusted if a pilot requests 50 more rpm on a constant-speed propeller-equipped aircraft
engine?
-Adjust the governor’s prop-lever set screw.
 AUXILIARY POWER UNITS
What is the purpose of an APU?
-They provide ground electrical and pneumatic power for aircraft systems when the engines are not running.
Pneumatic power can be used for engine starting, ground heating or air conditioning, and anti-icing. Many APUs
may also be used as an emergency source of inflight electrical power.

Name the main components of a typical APU.

-A small power turbine for power and bleed air, and an electrical generator.

When is the greatest demand placed on an APU'!

-When supplying bleed air

How is an APU generally started?

-With its own electrical starter and battery power.

Where does the APU get its fuel supply?

-From one of the aircraft's main fuel tanks.

At what speed does a gas turbine APU operate and how is this speed maintained?
-At or near its rated speed regardless of electrical or pneumatic loads imposed. The APU fuel control
automatically adjusts the fuel flow to maintain the rated speed.

What is used to prevent a heavily loaded APU from exceeding its maximum EGT?
-A load control valve modulates the pneumatic load to maintain EGTs within limits.

How is an APU shut down and why is this procedure used?

-After the APU is unloaded by closing the bleed air valve, it is run for a specified amount of time to allow the EGT
to cool and stabilize. This cool down period is typically three minutes. If a heavily loaded APU is abruptly shut
down without any cooling down period, damage could occur as a result of thermal shock.

What powers the variable inlet guide vanes used on some APUs to regulate compressor intake airflow?
-Fuel pressure.

What is the typical relationship between an aircraft‘s auxiliary power unit (APU) generator and the
enginedriven generator?
-They are identical.

Where does the APU fuel supply normally come from?

-The airplane’s main fuel supply

How is the APU rotated during start up?

-With an electric starter

What is the function of an APU air inlet plenum?

-It is to stabilize the pressure of the air before it enters the compressor.
When operating at high loads, what is the speed of an APU?
-The APU remains at or near rated speed regardless of the load condition.

What is the effect of the pneumatic power when being used in conjunction with maximum APU shaft power
output?
-The pneumatic loading will be automatically modulated to maintain a safe EGT.

Before shutdown, how would APU cooling be accomplished?

-By closing the bleed air valve

When is most of the load placed on an APU?

-When the bleed air is opened

What regulates fuel scheduling during APU start and under varying pneumatic bleed and electrical loads?
-Fuel scheduling is maintained automatically by the APU fuel control system.

What is the primary function of the load compressor on APUs equipped with a free turbine and load
compressor?
-To provide bleed air for aircraft pneumatic systems.