The Philosophy of Gautama Buddha- The Dhammapada

Galata Philosophy society. (week 83 3.4.2021)

 Siddhattha Gotama or Siddhārtha Gautama (Buddha)

Buddha : awakened one

Born
563 BCE Lumbini, Shakya Republic

Died c. 483 BCE (aged 80)

Kushinagar, Malla Republic 

Spouse Yasodharā

Children Rāhula obstacle

Parents Śuddhodana (father)
Maya Devi (mother)
5 Ascetics
First Buddhist council

second Buddhist council

-Mahayana
-Hinayana
-Vajrayana
.
 Vinaya Pitaka Basket of Discipline

Sutta Pitaka Basket of Discourse

Abhidhamma Pitaka Basket of Higher

Doctrine

The Mahāsāṃghika Tripiṭaka (amounting to 300,000 slokas)
The Sarvāstivāda Tripiṭaka (also 300,000 slokas)
The Sthavira Tripiṭaka (also 300,000 slokas)
The Saṃmitīya Tripiṭaka (in about 200,000 slokas)
Sutta Pitaka
Digha Nikāya , the "long" discourses.
Majjhima Nikāya, the "middle-length" discourses.
Saṁyutta Nikāya , the "connected" discourses.
Anguttara Nikāya , the "numerical" discourses.
Khuddaka Nikāya, the "minor collection".
Dhammapada
Udana
Itivuttaka
Suttanipata
Vimanavatthu
Petavatthu
Theragatha
Therigatha
Jataka
Niddesa
Patisambhidamagga
Apadana
Buddhavamsa
Cariyapitaka
Nettipakarana or Netti
Petakopadesa
Milinda Panha
I teach only suffering and the cessation of suffering
4 NOBLE TRUTH
1 DUKKHA
2 SAMUDAYA
3 NIRODHA
4 MAGGA
1. DUKKHA
Duhkha (Sanskrit; Pali dukkha) is a term found in ancient Indian literature, meaning anything that
is "uneasy, uncomfortable, unpleasant, difficult, causing pain or sadness". The term duhkha does
not have a one-word English translation, and embodies diverse aspects of unpleasant human
experiences. It is opposed to the word Sukkha, meaning "happiness," "comfort" or "ease.“

" life creates dukkha " Buddha

yad aniççam tam dukkam
" discontinuous things gives dukkha “
Types of Dukkha
1.Dukkha-dukkha – the suffering of suffering. This refers to the physical and emotional discomfort
and pain all humans experience in their lives.

2.Viparinama-dukkha – the suffering of change. This refers to the suffering that arises from an
inability to accept change. People cling to pleasurable experiences and feel sad when they
pass, and they cannot accept the truth of impermanence.

3.Sankhara-dukkha – suffering due to formations.

3.Sankhara-dukkha – Sankhara refers to the intentional formation of thoughts (often
translated as “mental formations”)

A) Formation of the matter and the 6 senses.

B) Formation of sensation.
C) Formation of perception.
D) Formation of consciousness.
E) Formation of thoughts . 52 thoughts such as: will, hate, ignorance, selfishness, ……
 4 NOBLE TRUTH ,

1 DUKKHA
2 SAMUDAYA
3 NIRODHA
4 MAGGA
2 SAMUDAYA ("origin" or "source“)
1 The Second Noble Truth is Samudaya, which refers to the cause of suffering. It is related to the concept of tanha, which means ‘craving’ thirst or desire. there are three different
types of tanha(Trishna):

Craving for sense-pleasures (kama-tanha): this is craving for sense objects which provide pleasant feeling, or craving for sensory pleasures.

Craving to be (bhava-tanha): this is craving to be something, to unite with an experience. This includes craving to be solid and ongoing, to be a being that has a past
and a future, and craving to prevail and dominate over others.
Craving not to be (vibhava-tanha): this is craving to not experience the world, and to be nothing; a wish to be separated from painful feelings .
2
Ignorance (Pali: avijja) can be defined as ignorance of the meaning and implication of the four noble truths. On a deeper level, it refers to a misunderstanding of the nature of the
self and reality.

Another common explanation presents the cause of dukkha as disturbing emotions (Sanskrit: kleshas) rooted in ignorance (Sanskrit: avidya). In this context, it is common to identify
three root disturbing emotions, called the three poisons, as the root cause of suffering or dukkha. These three poisons are:

Ignorance (Sanskrit: avidya or moha): misunderstanding of the nature of reality; bewilderment.

Attachment (Sanskrit: raga): attachment to pleasurable experiences.
Aversion (Sanskrit: dvesha): a fear of getting what we don't want, or not getting what we do want.
 4 NOBLE TRUTH
1 DUKKHA
2 SAMUDAYA
3 NIRODHA
4 MAGGA
3 NIRODHA
Nirodha (cessation, ending) of this dukkha can be attained by the letting
go of this tanhā

Nibbana follows after Nirodha as practitioner sees links of dependent

origination with wisdom

Nibbana is the goal of the Buddhist path. The literal meaning of the term

is "blowing out" or "quenching". It is the state of getting rid of tanha
(craving’ thirst or desire)

Nibbana has also been claimed by some scholars to be identical

with anatta (no soul) and sunyata (emptiness) states though this is hotly
contested by other scholars and practicing monks. In time, with the
development of the Buddhist doctrine, other interpretations were given,
such as the absence of the weaving (vana) of activity of the mind, the
elimination of desire, and escape from the woods, etc.
 4 NOBLE TRUTH
1 DUKKHA
2 SAMUDAYA
3 NIRODHA
4 MAGGA
4 MAGGA
Magga (the Middle Way), which is also known as
the Eightfold Path.
Magga is the path leading to the end of the suffering.

1)Right View: our actions have consequences.

2)Right Resolve or Intention
3)Right Speech
4)Right Conduct or Action
5)Right Livelihood
6)Right Effort
7)Right Mindfulness
8) Right dhyāna (meditation)
 pratitya-samutpada, the chain, or law, of dependent origination,
or the chain of causation

1) if A then B
2) if A then also B
3) if not A then not B
4) if not A then also not B

NIDANAS (cause)

1)ignorance (avidya)
2)action (samkhara)
3)consciousness (vinnana)
4)name and form(nama rupam)
5) 6 senses(shalayatana)
6) contact (phassa)
7)sensation (venada)
8)desire( tanha)
9) attachment, clinging, grasping(upadana)
10) to be or to become(bhava)
11)birth (cati)
12) death(caramaranam)
Buddhism doesn’t say who you are.it has no idea and no concept of god.
Because Buddhism is not interested in concepts but direct experiences
and direct experiences only. So from Buddhist stand point all concepts are
wrong, just in the same way that nothing is really what you say it is.it is what
it does. If you say what you really are is something and if you believe that
you stuck with the idea and you are clinging on to it for spiritual security.

A lot of people says: "I like to have a religion because it gives me

something to hold onto.’’ but Buddha says there is nothing that you can
hold onto. As long as you hold on to something you don’t have religion.
You only really there when you let go of everything. And you don’t
depend on any fix idea ,any belief for your sanity or happiness.

So you would think that Buddhism is very destructive because it does not
believe in god.it doesn't believe in immortal soul. It doesn’t believe in life
after death. It absolutely faces the fact of transiency of life. There is
nothing that you can hold onto so man let go.

But if you do that ,you discover something much better than anybody has
who has a belief. You got the real thing and you cannot say what it is . It is
like a dumb man who has had a wonderful dream .if you have had a
wonderful dream you would like to tell everybody about your dream but
you cannot because you are dumb.
ALAN WATTS