Advanced Controller Design for D-FACTS

Device in Grid-Connected PV System

ABSTRACT In the world, photovoltaic (PV) solar energy is regarded as one of the most abundant forms
of renewable energy. As a result, more PV systems are being installed, which is leading to new power
quality issues in grid systems. Unbalanced voltages, changing power levels, harmonic distortions, or
reverse power flow are a few instances of these issues. A Distribution Flexible Alternating Current
Transmission System (D-FACTS), which may be incorporated into the distribution system, is seen to be a
workable option to lessen these issues. Additionally, a Distribution Static Synchronous Compensation (D-
STATCOM) is viewed as a potential remedy to lessen the negative effects of PV integration on voltage
regulation and harmonic distortion in electrical distribution systems. By developing and contrasting an
enhanced control system for D-STATCOM, the research intends to allay power quality worries associated
with PV integration. By simulating a power system model with an integrated PV system and D-
STATCOM, simulation research is carried out. To improve the power quality of the power system, three
control schemes—Proportional Integral (PI), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy
Inference System (ANFIS)—were implemented within the internal control of D-STATCOM. A Hysteresis
Current Controller and a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) inverter arrangement were modified
(HCC). Results are produced in the form of voltage profiles for all the control schemes taken into
consideration with various inverter types under various contingency scenarios. Control characteristic
evaluation for various controllers is another method used to assess performance. Graphical techniques,
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), and Root Mean Squared Error were used to examine various scenarios
(RMSE).

INDEX TERMS D-STATCOM, Power Quality, Harmonics, Total Harmonic Distortion.

I. INTRODUCTION
The large increase in power demand brought on by loads in the residential, commercial, and agricultural sectors has a
considerable impact on energy consumption [1]. Electricity producers, users, and grid operators are all impacted by power
quality. Deviations from the ideal waveforms of voltage and current are the main problems with power quality. Long-
duration voltage fluctuations (sustained voltage oscillation and under voltage), oscillatory and spontaneous transients,
voltage flicker, short-duration voltage fluctuations (dip or sag, interruption, and swell), waveform distortion (DC offset,
notching, and harmonics), & voltage imbalance are a few examples of power quality concerns. Natural disasters, distribution
or transmission, distribution breakdowns, and electricity consumers typically make these issues worse.

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 Voltage fluctuations can have undesirable effects, such as making lighting equipment flicker. Voltage sag can cause
surges and overloading problems in electronic systems, which can result in intermittent lockup. On the other hand, voltage
swell can damage electrical machinery. Transformers, motors, and other electrical machinery are all susceptible to harm
from harmonics. The system's motors and other frequency-sensitive components are the most affected by variations in power
frequency. Because it is a result of a short-duration voltage change, the phenomenon known as voltage sag is used to
characterize a source of power quality problems. Any variation in the source voltage's Root Mean Square is referred to as
this minor voltage sag (RMS). Voltage sag is a temporary dip in the supply voltage RMS value at the fundamental
frequency. The duration of the voltage sag might range from 5 cycles to one minute.
The usage of renewable energy (RE) sources like solar photovoltaic (PV) power is becoming more widespread across the
globe. One of the renewable energy alternatives that are growing the quickest globally is PV. As a result, it is quickly
incorporated into power systems, and the installed capacity of PV systems is increasing. As a result, new power quality
issues for grid systems have emerged, including low inertia, imbalanced voltage or fluctuating power levels, harmonic
distortion, and reverse power flow [3]. Power quality difficulties include voltage and frequency variation, voltage sag,
voltage surge, harmonics, reverse power flow, synchronization problems, and intermittent power flow are serious obstacles
to the integration of PV power into the grid [4].
The intermittent nature of PV energy sources contributes to voltage fluctuation on the grid, which may get worse as PV
adoption increases [7]. When a voltage profile deviates from the IEEE-defined limit and the amplitude of a voltage
fluctuation is consistent and stays within the bounds specified by ANSI C84.1 and IEEE standard 1250-1995, there is a
voltage fluctuation. The nominal value's variations typically range from 0.9 to 1.1 percent.
According to IEEE standard 519 -1992, each specific harmonic distortion cannot be greater than 3%, and the Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD) rate must be less than 5% of the fundamental frequency [8]. If the THD is higher than the aforementioned
threshold, there is a serious power quality risk. Such systems do not comply with international norms [8]. As a result of the
damage done to its fragile components, the lifespan of electronic equipment is decreased [9].

B.  MAIN TECHNOLOGIES TO MITIGATE THESE CHALLENGES

D.  D-STATCOM

To handle power quality (PQ) problems on the distribution side, the Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (D-
STATCOM) is implemented dynamically. The distribution compensator outperforms all other controllers on the market
when it comes to addressing poor power quality. The performance of conventional distribution methods has decreased as
electrical power usage has grown quickly. D-STATCOM was used to create better compensated strategies as a result [33].

1)  COMPONENTS OF D-STATCOM

The two main parts of D-STATCOM are the controller and a voltage source converter (VSC). A power system is capable
of producing a changeable AC voltage source by using a voltage source inverter and a DC capacitor as the input to a D-
STATCOM. When a voltage differential is applied across this reactance to form the D-STATCOM, an active and reactive
power transfer happens. To address problems with voltage quality, the D-STATCOM is connected to networks inside the
power system.

There are two main ways that the D-STATCOM exercises control. A system for regulating AC voltage is connected to the
D-STATCOM power bus. A DC voltage control that is connected across the D-STATCOM capacitor regulates its voltage.

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Shunt reactive power injection is a well-known method for regulating the bus voltage. Proportional-integral (PI) controllers
are frequently used as internal controllers to regulate both voltage regulators [34].

2)  CONFIGURATIONS OF D-STATCOM

TO MAINTAIN A CONSTANT VOLTAGE ACROSS A CAPACITOR VIA A DC LINK CAPACITOR, D-STATCOM

ADDITIONALLY EMPLOYS A PI CONTROLLER. THE PI CONTROLLER PERFORMS ADMIRABLY AND YIELDS
SUPERIOR RESULTS, HOWEVER DYNAMIC AND INCREDIBLY NONLINEAR LOADS MAKE THE SYSTEM
UNSTABLE.

This study attempts to develop a sophisticated control system to reduce power quality issues brought on by PV integration.

3)  THREE-PHASE THREE-WIRE D-STATCOM

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A.  SYSTEM MODEL

a three-wire 3- distribution system using a distributed static compensator (D-STATCOM) configuration with a load. An
electrical connection between a 3-load and a 3-source voltage of 415V can be made using 3-transformers with voltage
ratings of 11/0.415 kV. To reduce harmonics and regulate voltages at the bus interface, the D-STATCOM is linked to the
PCC. Six IGBTs are used in the D-STATCOM to power a three-legged voltage source inverter.

B.  SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

This simulation model was chosen because it combines the study goal and domain to provide an accurate simulation that will
explain the effects of various controllers. A step-down transformer with an 11 kV, 50 Hz voltage rating is used in a typical
distribution system to supply the various load types. The voltage of the distribution line to the consumer is 415V, which is
Bahrain's standard rating. Under various load conditions, VSI-based D-STATCOM switching is employed for voltage
compensation, and the controller acquires the fundamental reference control signals for switching. The D-STATCOM Simulink
model was utilized in the study work to create the suggested strategy and execute simulations.

D. D-STATCOM Regulation Controller

It is essential to the functionality and quality of D-STATCOM to create the compensating reference current. The voltage
regulation controller in the dc-link is a crucial component. The dc-link voltage (v dc) can be altered in one of two ways to
account for compensating current: either option is acceptable. To ensure effective VSI operation, a certain reference value on
the inverter's dc side is necessary. Keeping the dc-link voltage constant lessens VSI switching. The mean active current
factor (i (D dc)) must be applied to the dc-link voltage to maintain stability according to the rotating frame theory. We'll
contrast the following controllers:
 Artificial Neural Network control (ANN)
 Artificial Neural Fuzzy control (ANFIS)

A. CONTROL SCHEMES INSTALLED WITH D-STATCOM

1) TRAINING DATA COLLECTION

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 The system's preparation of the required training data set includes two inputs (error and integration of error) and one output
for each PI controller. Simulated training data was gathered. However, by merely connecting D-SATCOM from 1s to 12s
and employing loads 1 and 2. The PI controller parameter is calculated using equations (23), (24), (33), and (34); the results
are K pd=0.014, K id=2, K pq=0.0041, and K iq=200, where R st=0.004 and L st=0.003, and =0.707 is taken into account
[41, [42].

V.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The power system that is connected to the PV system and D-STATCOM encounters a single fault under various loading
situations. The simulations lasted 12 seconds. The six different types of loads are previously listed. To regulate the load
voltage profile under eight different operating scenarios for the power system, this compares the performance of six control
schemes (SPWM-PI, SPWM-ANN, SPW-ANFIS, Hystresis-PI, Hystresis-ANN, AND Hystresis-ANFIS).

Displays the load's overall RMS voltage curve (b). The next sections will go into great depth about each voltage
adjustment. By evaluating the settling time, settling average value, rise time, and peak value, together with the root mean
square error (RMSE), steady state error (SS Error), and other voltage profile control parameters, this result is further
analyzed quantitatively.

A. SCENARIO 1: D-STATCOM ON
As soon as the D-STATCOM is enabled, the load RMS voltage is adjusted to the reference voltage (415V).
The ANFIS controller using SPWM has the smallest RMSE, settling time, and rising time, as shown in Table III.
However, the best SSError and Settling Average Value are found in ANN controllers with SPWM. Additionally, the RMSE,
settling time, and rising time are all the lowest with the ANFIS/ANN controller. This illustrates that the SPWM inverter
outperforms the hysteresis inverter in terms of performance.

B. SCENARIO 2: ACTIVE, REACTIVE, AND NON-LINEAR LOAD ON

As demonstrated, when an extra load is attached to the system, the D-STATCOM regulates the load RMS voltage to the
reference voltage (415V). Additionally, it is evident that the controller of ANFIS and ANN modulated by SPWM results in
the quickest response time.
Similarly, the controller ANFIS with SPWM has the best Settling Average Value and the lowest RMSE, settling time, and
rising time. However, compared to the other controllers, the ANN controller utilizing SPWM has a lower SSError value. The
settling time is the shortest for the SPWM ANFIS and Hysteresis ANFIS controllers, while the rise time is the shortest for
the SPWM ANFIS and ANN controllers. It also shows how the SPWM inverter & hysteresis inverter works differently in
this situation.

C. SCENARIO 3: PV ON WITH 1000 W/M2 IRRADIATION

Adding the PV to the system has increased the load RMS voltage. It is also clear that the controller of ANFIS and ANN
modulated by SPWM produces the quickest response to the reference point.
The ANFIS controller using SPWM has the smallest RMSE, settling time, and rising time. Its settling average value is the
highest. The Hysteresis-using ANN controller, in contrast to the other controllers, has a lower SSError value. The settling

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time and rising time are the lowest for the SPWM ANFIS and ANN. Even with a similar controller type being utilized in this
situation, the results show that the SPWM inverter performs better than the hysteresis inverter.

I. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (THD)

The total harmonic distortion of the voltage for the SPWM- (PI, ANN, and ANFIS) and Hysteresis- (PI, ANN, and
ANFIS) during the course of the simulation. The lists of the specific THD results for each of the three controllers that have
been modified to use an SPWM inverter and hysteresis. The SPWM with the ANFIS control technique had the lowest THD
percentage, only 1.82% THD. The D-STATCOM-based system with a PI controller had a maximum THD of 2.11% in the
Hysteresis PI scheme. When there was no external controller present in the system, THD was approximately 3.57%.
VI.  CONCLUSION
For extremely solar-isolated regions around the world, PV systems are regarded as one of the finest sources of renewable
energy. Therefore, when the capacity for PV system installation grows, it raises additional issues with the grid system's
power quality, such as uneven or variable voltages. Power quality difficulties include voltage and frequency changes, voltage
sag, voltage surge, harmonics, reverse power flow, islands, synchronization problems, and intermittent power flow making it
difficult to integrate PV power into the grid. The harmonic distortion of current and voltage is a serious problem brought on
by the expanding use of PV energy sources. Due to power electrical components like inverters that convert the direct current
(DC) output of solar panels to an alternating current signal, it happens in a PV energy system. Passive filters, active filters,
and FACTS devices like the static synchronous compensator can all help to reduce harmonics in the system (STATCOM).
The uncontrollable volatility of the system's PV energy sources is what causes voltage sag and swell.
Three controllers' (PI, ANN, and ANFIS) performance was compared against D-STATCOM control in the simulation.
To lessen the negative effects of PV integration on voltage regulation and harmonic distortion, ANFIS and ANN-based D-
STATCOM controllers can minimize power quality issues associated with PV integration.
The power system integrates the PV system with D-STATCOM, and simulations were run for 12 seconds. Eight different
simulation scenarios are encountered; they are briefly explained.
The following paragraphs emphasize the main findings of the simulation analysis:
 It demonstrates that ANFIS SPWM D-STATCOM, followed by ANN, achieves the smoothness of the load voltage
profile, the lowest RMSE, and the quickest control response. This demonstrates the potent control of ANFIS, a
system that models and controls ill-defined and unpredictable systems using an intelligent Neuro-Fuzzy method.
 The SPWM ANN control scheme for D-STATCOM, however, performs better than other control schemes in a few
scenarios because it has the lowest steady-state error (SSError) in scenarios 2 (attach new load) and 8.
(disconnected PV system).
 Scenario 4 (fault state), which is the most dangerous scenario in all cases because an external disturbance is applied
to the system, has the lowest settling time and rising time for the Hysteresis PI control scheme. This may be
explained by the controller's slow response following a fault in the system, which allows it to maintain the system's
voltage profile without having a rapid reaction time that could distort the system.
 In scenario 2, the Hysterriss ANN control method achieves the lowest SSError (connect new load).
 The THD was calculated using the voltage profile, and the results show that the controller ANFIS using SPWM has
the lowest value of THD in the system as shown in Table XII. This is because the THD in voltage for SPWM- (PI,
ANN, and ANFIS) and Hysteresis- (PI, ANN, and ANFIS) are both dependent on the voltage profile.

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 In the majority of instances, SPWM with ANFIS performed better than other control methods. The SPWM inverter
technique was thus found to adjust the control input more quickly than the Hysteresis scheme. The aforementioned
conclusion indicates that ANFIS, which uses an intelligent Neuro-Fuzzy technique for modeling and regulating ill-defined
and uncertain systems, performed better than other sophisticated controllers in terms of performance. Using D-STATCOM
devices, the power system's power quality can be efficiently improved.
The effectiveness of these sophisticated control approaches, when combined with FACTS devices to optimize voltage
profile, boost power quality, and reduce THD in voltage and current profiles, will be the subject of further study. Future
studies will be critical in determining the control technique's ideal parameters for getting the most performance out of D-
FACTS devices. Additionally, the research can be expanded by including wind and PV-integrated power systems because
the integration of wind power systems can also introduce its constraints into the power system.

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