Metals are malleable

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
 VCE CHEMISTRY

UNIT 1 AOS 1: HOW DO THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF MATERIALS EXPLAIN THEIR PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS?

REACTIONS OF METALS NEW!

Metals
Presented by Louise Lennard

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
What's in this lesson?
Study design dot point

• [the common properties of metals (lustre, Metallic bonding1

malleability, ductility, melting point, heat
conductivity and electrical conductivity)1] Properties of metals2
with [reference to the nature of metallic
bonding and the existence of metallic
crystals2]

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Metallic bonding
Most elements are metals 1 2
Ore (n.)
H
1.0
He
4.0
Deposit in Earth’s
Metals are extracted from ores hydrogen
3
Li
4
Be
5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
helium
10
Ne
outermost layer
in the Earth’s crust.
6.9 9.0 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
lithium
11
beryllium
12
Metals Metalloids Non-metals
boron
13
carbon
14
nitrogen
15
oxygen
16
fluorine
17
neon
18
containing metals and
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
23.0 24.3
sodium magnesium
27.0
aluminium
28.1
silicon
31.0
phosphorus
32.1
sulfur
35.5
chlorine
39.9
argon other minerals.
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Deep dive K
39.1
Ca
40.1
potassium calcium
Sc
45.0
Ti
47.9
V
50.9 52.0
Cr
54.9
Mn
scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese
Fe
55.8
iron
Co
58.9
cobalt
Ni
58.7
nickel
Cu
63.5
copper
Zn
65.4
zinc
Ga
69.7
Ge
72.6 74.9
gallium germanium arsenic
As Se
79.0
Br
79.9
selenium bromine
Kr
83.8
krypton Cation (n.)
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Positive ions formed
• Metals have low ionisation energies.
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 96.0 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
55
Cs
56
Ba
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79
Au
80
Hg
81
Tl
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn when an atom loses its
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222)

• Therefore, relatively small amounts

caesium
87
barium
88
hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium
104 105 106 107
osmium
108
iridium
109
platinum
110
gold
111
mercury
112
thallium
113
lead
114
bismuth polonium astatine
115 116 117
radon
118 valence electron(s).
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
(223) (226) (261) (262) (266) (264) (267) (268) (271) (272) (285) (280) (289) (289) (292) (294) (294)

of energy is required to remove valence francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson

66 67 68 69 70 71

electrons from atoms. Lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

• When metal atoms lose one or more

(227) 232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium

valence electrons, they form cations.

I’m giving away Now I’m

electrons for free! a Cation!

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Metallic bonding Metallic bonding (n.)
The electrostatic force
of attraction between
Key takeaway delocalised electrons and
cations in a metallic lattice
The metallic bonding crystal lattice model
structure.
explains how metal atoms bond to each
Sea of delocalised
other in solids. electrons (n.)
Electrons that move freely
A lattice of cations is held together between metal cations in
electrostatically by a sea of delocalised the metallic bonding model.
electrons. Crystal lattice (n.)
Atoms of one type of metal
element that are
Sea ofSea
delocalized electrons metallically bonded and
of electrons model model
organised in a pattern.
Metal ion

Did you know?

Sea
Seaofofelectrons
delocalized Metallic bonding is non-directional
electrons as the electrostatic forces of attraction
between the cations and delocalised
electrons are in all directions (unlike
Metallic bonding ionic and covalent bonding).

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
 Sea of electrons model

Metallic bonding Metal ion

Deep dive Sea of electrons

Example Electrostatic force of

Metallic bonding is strong because of the attraction (n.)
Metallic bonding in aluminium.
electrostatic force of attraction between the Attractive force between
Metallic bonding
delocalised electrons and the cation lattice. charged particles.
Metallic bonding (n.)
The electrostatic force
of attraction between
delocalised electrons
and cations in a metallic
lattice structure.

Sea ofSea
delocalized electrons
of electrons model model
Metal ion

Sea
Seaofofelectrons
delocalized
electrons

Metallic bonding

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Metallic bonding
Key takeaway
Did you know?
There are limitations of the metallic bonding model. Mercury is an
exception. It is a liquid
at room temperature.
The metallic bonding model does not explain
• Different melting and boiling points of metals.

• Differences in electrical conductivity of metals.

• Magnetic properties of iron, nickel and cobalt.

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Worked example Sea ofSea
delocalized electrons
of electrons model model
Metal ion

Draw and describe the metallic bonding model.

Sea
Seaof
ofelectrons
delocalized electrons
(2 marks)

Metallic bonding

Sample answer:
The metal atoms lose their valence electrons to form a sea of delocalised electrons. The sea
of delocalised electrons is electrostatically attracted to the cation lattice which forms when
the valence electrons are shared.

Marking guide

Key criteria Mark allocation

Identifies that metal atoms lose valence electrons to form a cation lattice. 1 mark
Includes that the valence electrons are shared amongst the cations to form a sea of
1 mark
delocalised electrons.

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Multiple choice activity

What type of bonding takes place between A. Ionic bonding

metal atoms?
B. Covalent bonding

C. Metallic bonding

D. Intermolecular bonding

E. I don’t know.

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Multiple choice – Response

What type of bonding takes place between A. Ionic bonding

metal atoms?
B. Covalent bonding

C. Metallic bonding

D. Intermolecular bonding

E. I don’t know.

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Properties of metals
Malleable
Malleable (n.)
Metals can be bent and hammered into Ability to deform under
different shapes without breaking. pressure without
breaking.
• The delocalised electrons move alongside
the cation lattice maintaining the strong
bond.

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Properties of metals
Ductile
Ductile (n.)
Metals can be drawn into thin wire without Ability to be hammered
risk of breaking. or stretched into a thin
shape without
• Useful for conducting electricity.
breaking.
• The delocalised electrons are free to move
in the wire towards the positive electrode
in a circuit.

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Properties of metals
Electrical conductivity
Electrical conductivity
Most metals conduct electricity. Electrical (n.)
conductivity allows the flow Ability to allow an
of charge. electric current to flow
through.
• Useful in electric circuits.
• Electrons are attracted to the positive
electrode in a circuit.
On

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Properties of metals
Heat conductivity
Heat conductivity (n.)
When a piece of metal absorbs heat, the rise Ability to allow heat
in temperature causes an increase in kinetic to pass through.
energy of the delocalised electrons
and cations.

Deep dive
• The cations vibrate more rapidly (in a fixed
position) and delocalised electrons
can move faster, transferring the kinetic
energy to nearby cations and other
delocalised electrons.
• This creates a chain reaction.
• When the metal is in contact with another
conductive object, the kinetic energy carried
by moving electrons will transfer
to the object as heat. Heat carried in metals by free electrons

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Properties of metals
High melting and boiling point
Metals can withstand high temperatures, without melting or boiling.
• Can be used in incandescent light globes.

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Properties of metals
Lustre
Example – metal saucepan Lustre (n.)
Metals look shiny and reflective. Shiny and glossy
• Due to the presence of delocalised appearance.
electrons at the surface of the metal being
able to reflect light.

Sea ofSea
delocalized electrons
of electrons model model
Metal ion Example – magnetite

Sea of electrons
Sea delocalized
electrons

Metallic bonding

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Worked example Sea ofSea
delocalized electrons
of electrons model model
Metal ion

Explain why metals are generally lustrous.

Sea
Seaof
ofelectrons
delocalized electrons
Use an annotated diagram to support your response.
(4 marks)
Metallic bonding

Sample answer:
Delocalised electrons are constantly moving across the cation lattice. When light rays fall
on delocalised electrons the light rays are reflected. This gives the metal surface a lustrous
appearance.

Marking guide
Key criteria Mark allocation

Includes delocalised electrons are constantly moving. 1 mark

Includes effect of light on the delocalised electrons. 1 mark

Labels the diagram correctly; sea of delocalised electrons, metal ion 2 marks

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Multiple choice activity

What property of metals is NOT explained A. Electrical conductivity

using the metallic bonding model?
B. Malleability

C. Magnetism

D. Lustre

E. I don’t know.

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Multiple choice – Response

What property of metals is NOT explained A. Electrical conductivity

using the metallic bonding model?
B. Malleability

C. Magnetism

D. Lustre

E. I don’t know.

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Summary What’s coming next Key terms:
Reactivity of metals Ore
Cation
Sea ofSea
delocalized electrons
of electrons model model Metals have the following Electrostatic force of attraction
Metal ion properties Metallic bonding

• Malleable Sea of delocalised electrons

Sea
Seaof
ofelectrons
delocalized
• Ductile Crystal lattice
electrons
Malleable
• Conduct electricity
Ductile
Metallic bonding
• Conduct heat
Electrical conductivity
• Generally high melting
Heat conductivity
and boiling points
Lustre
The metallic bonding model is a lattice of cations • Lustrous
immersed in a sea of delocalised electrons.

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© Louise Lennard & Edrolo 2022
Image credits and further material links
Image attribution:
• Page 5: Bismuth Crystal © Paul / flickr.com / CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
• Page 7: Image © Marmall4 / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0
• Page 7: Image used under Public Domain from Wikimedia Commons
• Page 11, 16, 20: Image © Cooks & Kitchens / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 2.0
• Page 11: Image used under Public Domain from Pixnio.com
• Page 12: Image used under Public Domain from Pixnio.com
• Page 12, 13: Image created by fabrikasimf - freepik.com
• Page 13: Image by jjpn / Pixabay.com license
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• Page 15: Image created by Yuliia Hurzhos / Shutterstock.com
• Page 15: Image used under Public Domain from Wikimedia Commons
• Page 16: Image © Rob Lavinsky / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0

Question sources:
• All questions written by Louise Lennard.

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