‫ روی ﻟﯾﻧﮏ زﯾر ﮐﻠﯾﮏ ﮐﻧﯾد و ﯾﺎ ﺑﮫ وﺑﺳﺎﯾت "اﯾﺑوک ﯾﺎب" ﻣراﺟﻌﮫ ﺑﻔرﻣﺎﯾﯾد‬،‫ﺑرای دﺳﺗرﺳﯽ ﺑﮫ ﻧﺳﺧﮫ ﮐﺎﻣل ﺣل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺋل‬

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1

CHAPTER 1

P. E. 1.1
(a) A  B  1,0,3  5,2,6   6,2,3

A  B  36  4  9  7

(b) 5 A  B  5,0,15  5,2,6  0,2,21

(c) The component of A along ay is Ay = 0

(d) 3 A  B  3,0,9   5,2,6   8,2,3

A unit vector parallel to this vector is
a11 
8,2,3
64  4  9
  0.9117a x  0.2279a y  0.3419a z 

P. E. 1.2 (a) rp  a x  3a y  5a z
rR  3a y  8a z

(b) The distance vector is

rQR  rR  rQ  (0,3,8)  (2, 4, 6)  2a x  a y  2a z

(c) The distance between Q and R is

| rQR | 4  1  4  3

P. E. 1.3 Consider the figure shown on the next page:

uZ  uP  uW  350a x 
40
2
 a x  a y 
 378.28a x  28.28a y km/hr
or
uz  379.3175.72 km/hr
Where up = velocity of the airplane in the absence of wind
uw = wind velocity
uz = observed velocity
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N
y

up W E
x
uW
uz

P. E. 1.4

Using the dot product,

A B  13 13
cos AB   
AB 10 65 50

 AB  120.66 

P. E. 1.5
(a) E F   E  a F a F 
E  F F 
 104,10,5
2
F 141
  0.2837a x  0.7092a y  0.3546a z
ax ay az
(b) E  F  0 3 4  55,16,12 
4  10 5
a E F   0.9398,0.2734,0.205

P. E. 1.6 a + b + c = 0 showing that a, b, and c form the sides of a triangle.

a  b  0,
hence it is a right angle triangle.

1 1 1
Area  ab  bc  ca
2 2 2
1 4 0 1 1
 3,17,12
1
ab 
2 21 3 4 2
1
Area  9  289  144  10.51
2
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P. E. 1.7

(a) P1 P2   x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1 
2 2 2

 25  4  64  9.644


(b) rP  rP1   rP2  rP1 
 1,2,3    5,2,8
 1  5 ,2  2 ,3  8 .
(c) The shortest distance is
d  P1 P3 sin   P1 P3  a P1P2
1 6 3 5

93  5  2 8


1
 14,73,27   8.2
93

Prob.1.1

rOP  4a x  5a y  a z
rOP (4, 5,1)
arOP    0.6172a x  0.7715a y  0.1543a z
| rOP | (16  25  1)

Prob. 1.2
Method 1:

rAB  rB  rA , rBC  rC  rB , rCA  rA  rC

rAB  rBC  rCA  rB  rA  rC  rB  rA  rC  0

Method 2
rAB  rB  rA  (2, 0,3)  (4, 6, 2)  (6, 6,1)
rBC  rC  rB  (10,1, 7)  (2, 0,3)  (12,1, 10)
rCA  rA  rC  (4, 6, 2)  (10,1, 7)  (6, 7,9)
rAB  rBC  rCA  (0, 0, 0)  0

Prob. 1.3
(a)
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A  3B  (4, 2, 6)  3(12,18, 8)  (4, 2, 6)  (36,54, 24)

 (32, 56, 30)
(b)
2 A  5B  2(4, 2, 6)  5(12,18, 8)  (68,86, 28)
| B | 122  182  82  532  23.065
(2 A  5B )/ | B | (68,86, 28) / 23.065  2.948a x  3.728a y  1.214a z
(c )
1 0 0
ax  A   6a y  2a z
4 2 6
(d)

12 18 8
B  ax   8a y  18a z
1 0 0
( B  a x )  a y  8

Prob. 1.4

(a) A B  (10, 6,8) (1, 0, 2)  10  16  26

10 6 8
A B   (12  0)a x  (8  20)a y  (0  6)a z
(b) 1 0 2
 -12a x 12a y  6a z

(c) 2 A  3B  (20, 12,16)  (3, 0, 6)  17a x  12a y  10a z

Prob. 1.5

(a) A  B  C  (2,5,1)  (1, 0, 3)  (4, 6,10)  (1, 1,8)

1 0 3
BC   (18, 2, 6)
(b) 4 6 10
A  ( B  C )  (2,5,1)  (18, 2, 6)  36  10  6  32
A B 2  0  3
(c) cos  AB    0.05773   AB  86.69o
AB 4  25  1 1  9

Prob. 1.6
1 1 1
BC   a x  2a y  a z
(a) 0 1 2
A ( B  C )  (1, 0, 1) (1, 2,1)  1  0  1  0
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1 0 1
A B   a x  2a y + a z
(b) 1 1 1
( A  B ) C  (1, 2,1) (0,1, 2)  0  2  2  0

1 0 1
(c ) A  ( B  C )   2a x  2a y  2a z
1 2 1

1 2 1
(d) ( A  B )  C   5a x  2a y  a z
0 1 2

Prob.1.7

(a) T = (4, 6, -1) and S = (10, 12, 8)

(b) rTS  rS  rT  (10,12,8)  (4, 6, 1)  6a x  6a y  9a z

(c ) TS | rTS | 36  36  81  12.37

Prob. 1.8

(a) If A and B are parallel, B=kA, where k is a constant.

Bx  kAx , By  kAy , Bz  kAz
For Bz , 3  k (1)  k  3
Bx    kAx  (3)(4)  12
By    kAy  (3)(2)  6
Hence,   12,   6

(b) If A and B are perpendicular to each other,

A B  0   4  2  3  0

Prob. 1.9

10 5 2
(a) A ay   2a x  10a z
0 1 0
(b) A  a z  2
A  az 2
(c) cos  z     z  100.14o
100  25  4 11.358
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Prob. 1.10

(a) A  B  ABcos  AB
A  B  ABsin  AB an
 A B  A  B   AB   cos 2  AB  sin 2  AB    AB 
2 2 2 2

(b) a x  a y  a z   a x  a x  1. Hence,
a y  az ax
  ax
a x  a y  az 1
az  a x ay
  ay
a x  a y  az 1
ax  ay az
  az
a x  a y  az 1

Prob. 1.11

(a) P  Q   6, 2, 0  , P  Q  R   7,1, 2 
P  Q  R  49  1  4  54  7.3485
2 1 2
(b) P.Q  R  4 3 2  2  6  2    8  2   2  4  3  8  10  14  4
1 1 2
4 3 2
Q R    4, 10, 7 
1 1 2
P.Q  R   2, 1, 2    4, 10, 7   8  10  14  4
4 3 2
(c) Q  P    4,12, 10 
2 1 2
Q  P R   4,12, 10    1,1, 2   4  12  20  4
1 1 2
or Q  P  R  R Q  P  4 3 2    6  2    8  4   2  4  6   4
2 1 2
(d)  P  Q   Q × R    4, 12,10    4, 10, 7   16  120  70  206
4 12 10
(e)  P × Q  × Q × R    16ax  12a y  8az
4 10 7
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(f) cos  PR 
PR

 2  1  4   7  0.9526
P R 4 1 4 11 4 3 6
 PR  162.3

PQ 16  144  100 260

(g) sin  PQ     0.998
P Q 3 16  9  4 3 29
 PQ  86.45

Prob. 1.12

A B  (4, 6,1) (2, 0,5)  8  0  5  13

(a) | B |2  22  52  29
A B + 2 | B |2  13  2  29  71

(b)
A B
a  
| A B |
4 6 1
Let C  A B =  (30, 18,12)
2 0 5
C (30, 18,12)
a     (0.8111a x  0.4867a y  0.3244a z )
|C | 302  182  122

Prob. 1.13

P Q  (2, 6,5) (0,3,1)  0  18  5  13

2 6 5
P Q   21a x - 2a y  6a z
0 3 1
P Q 13
cos  PQ    0.51    PQ  120.66o
PQ 10 65

Prob. 1.14

P and Q are orthogonal if the angle between them is 90o. Hence

P  Q  PQ cos   0
P  Q  (2, 4, 6)  (5, 2,3)  10  8  18  0
showing that they are perpendicular or orthogonal.
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Prob. 1.15

(a) Using the fact that

 A  B   C   A  C B  B  C A,
we get
A   A  B    A  B   A  B  AA   A  AB

A A

A B
B
A
-
A
A
B
(b) A ×  A ×  A × B   =        

A
A
-
A
A

A
B
︵  ︶︵  ︶︵  ︶︵ ︶
=
-
A
A
B
2
︵ ︶
since AxA = 0

Prob. 1.16 P2

b
P1

c P3

a  rp 2  rp1  (1, 2, 4)  (5, 3,1)  (4,1,3)

(a) b  rp 3  rp 2  (3,3,5)  (1, 2, 4)  (2,5,1)
c  rp1  rp 3  (5, 3,1)  (3,3,5)  (2, 6, 4)
Note that a + b + c = 0

a b  8  5  3  0 
 perpendicular
b  c  4  30  4  0
c  a  8  6  12  0
Hence P2 is a right angle.
1 1 4 1 3 1
Area = | a  b |  | (1  15)a x  (6  4)a y  (20  2)a z |
2 2 2 5 1 2
(b)
1 1
 | (14,10, 22) | 196  100  484  13.96
2 2
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Prob. 1.17

Given rP  ( 1, 4,8), rQ  (2, 1,3), rR  (1, 2,3)

(a) | PQ | 9  25  25  7.6811
(b) PR  2a y  5a z
(c )
QP  (1, 4,8)  (2, 1,3)  (3,5,5)
QR  (1, 2,3)  (2, 1,3)  (3,3, 0)
QP QR 9  15  0
  0.7365
| QP || QR | 59 18
PQR  cos 1  0.7365   42.64o
1 1 3 5 5
(d) Area  QP  QR   0.5 (15, 15,8)  0.5 225  225  36  10.677
2 2 3 3 0
(e) Perimeter  PQ  QR  RP  59  18  29  17.31

Prob.1.18
Let R be the midpoint of PQ.
1
rR  {(2, 4, 1)  (12,16,9)}  (7,10, 4)
2
OR  49  100  16  165  12.845
OR 12.845
t   42.82 ms
v 300

Prob. 1.19

Area = Twice the area of a triangue

4 1 5
= | D  E | | (3  10)a x  (5  12)a y  (8  1)a z |
1 2 3
| (7, 19,9) | 49  361  81  22.16

Prob. 1.20

(a) Let P and Q be as shown below:

y Q

P
2
1
x
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P  cos 2  1  sin 2  1  1, Q  cos 2  2  sin 2  2  1,

Hence P and Q are unit vectors.

(b) P  Q  (1)(1)cos( 2 -1 )

But P  Q  cos 1 cos  2  sin 1 sin  2 . Thus,
cos( 2  1 )  cos 1 cos  2  sin 1 sin  2

Let P1  P  cos 1a x  sin  1a y and

Q1  cos 2 a x  sin  2 a y .
P1 and Q1 are unit vectors as shown below:
y

P1

1+2
1 x
2
Q1
P1  Q1  (1)(1) cos( 1   2 )
But P1  Q1  cos 1 cos 2  sin  1 sin  2 ,
cos( 2   1 )  cos 1 cos 2  sin  1 sin  2

Alternatively, we can obtain this formula from the previous one by replacing
2 by -2 in Q.
(c )
1 1
| P  Q | | (cos 1  cos  2 )ax  (sin 1  sin  2 )a y |
2 2

1
 cos2  1  sin 2  1  cos2  2  sin 2  2  2 cos  1 cos  2  2 sin  1 sin  2
2

1 1
 2  2(cos  1 cos  2  sin  1 sin  2 )  2  2 cos( 2   1 )
2 2
Let  2   1   , the angle between P and Q.

1 1
| P  Q | 2  2 cos 
2 2
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But cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin 2A.

1 1
| P  Q | 2  2  4sin 2  / 2  sin  / 2
2 2

Thus,

1  
| P  Q || sin 2 1 |
2 2

Prob. 1.21

 (1, 2, 2)
  (1, 2, 2), r  rp  ro  (1,3, 4)  (2, 3,1)  (1, 6,3)
3
1 2 2
u  r   (18, 5, 4)
1 6 3
u  18ax  5a y  4az

Prob. 1.22
r1  (1,1,1), r2  (1, 0,1)  (0,1, 0)  (1, 1,1)
r1  r2 (1  1  1) 1
cos         70.53o
r1r2 3 3 3
Prob. 1.23
T  S  2, 6,3  1, 2,1 7
(a) Ts  T  as     2.8577
S 6 6

(b) S T   S  a T a T 
S  T T   72,6,3
T2 72
  0.2857a x  0.8571a y  0.4286a z

TS 2  6 3  12,1,10 245

(c) sin  TS      0.9129
T S 1 2 1 7 6 7 6
  TS  65.91

Prob. 1.24
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Let A  AB  AB 
A B
AB  ( A  a B )a B  B
BB
Hence,
A B
AB  A  AB  A  B
BB

Prob. 1.25

(a) A  B  20  0  10  10
20 15 10
(b) A B   15a x  30a y  15a z
1 0 1
( A  B ) B 10(a x  a z )
(c) AB  ( A  a B )a B    5a x  5a z
B2 2

Prob. 1.26

Ax 2
A  a x  Ax  A cos   cos     0.2673    74.5o
A 4  16  36
4
Ay
cos   
 0.5345    122.31o
A 56
A 6
cos   z   0.8018    36.7o
A 56

Prob.1.27

(a) H (1,3, 2)  6a x  a y  4a z

(6,1, 4)
aH   0.8242a x  0.1374a y  0.5494a z
36  1  16
(b) | H | 10  4 x 2 y 2  ( x  z ) 2  z 4
or
100  4 x 2 y 2  x 2  2 xz  z 2  z 4

Prob. 1.28
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R  Ra R , R4
P Q
aR 
| P Q |
2 4 1
P Q   2a x + a y  8az
1 2 0
2a x + a y  8az
aR   0.2408a x  0.1204a y  0.9631a z
4  1  64
R  Ra R  4(0.2408a x  0.1204a y  0.9631a z )  0.9631a x  0.4815a y  3.852a z

An alternate choice of R is  0.9631a x  0.4815a y  3.852a z

Prob. 1.29

(a) At (1, -2, 3), x = 1, y = -2, z = 3.

G  a x  2a y  6a z , H  6a x  3a y  3a z

G  1  4  36  6.403
H  36  9  9  7.348

(b) G H  6  6  18  18

G H 18
cos GH    0.3826
(c ) GH 6.403  7.348
GH  112.5o

Prob. 1.30

(a) H  10(2)(16)a x  8(8)a y  12(4)a z  320a x  64a y  48a z

F

Let  ax  a y
(b) ( H  F ) F (320  64)(1, 1, 0)
H F  ( H  a F )a F    128a x  128a y
F2 11

Prob. 1.31
(a) At (1,2,3), E = (2,1,6)

E  4  1  36  41  6.403

(b) At (1,2,3), F = (2,-4,6)

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( E  F )F 36
E F  ( E  aF ) aF  2
 ( 2,4,6)
F 56
 1.286a x  2.571a y  3.857az

(c) At (0,1,-3), E = (0,1,-3), F = (0,-1,0)

0 1 3
EF   (3,0,0)
0 1 0
EF
a E F     ax
EF

Prob. 1.32
(a) At P, x = -1, y = 2, z = 4
D  8a x  4a y - 2a z , E  10a x  24a y  128a z
C  D  E  2a x  20a y  126a z
C ax 2
C a x  C cos  x  cos  x 
   0.01575
(b) C 2  202  1262
2

 x  90.9o