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    Introduction To Stat

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    Introduction To Stat

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    Introduction to Stat

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    Introduction To Stat

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    PARTI INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS Nature Statistics is detived fiom the Latin word statue whish means “sate”. tn the word Sotities, iL refers to the actu! numbers derived ftom data and a method of analysis. Definition ‘Sutitiss & a branch of mathenstics whith conemed with the methods for colkcting, orgatiag, preseming, andlyang and inempreing quantitative data wail in dawving vald conctsions and in decison making ‘TYPES OF STATISTICS Descriptive statistics > A type of statics, which focuses on the collecting, summariding, and presenting a mass of data s0 4 to yk meaningful information, Examples 1. A moth teaches wants to detrmine the percentage of stulents wio pasied the 2. Lala is bower wants to find her bowing average fr the past 10 games. Inferential statistic A type of statics, that deals wil making geuerabvation and analyeing sample data to diaw conchsions abou a popubtion, Ths i @ process of obtaning information above 4 ngs goup fiom the staly of a smaller group. Examples 1. Kim a baskethall phyer wants to estimate his chanoe of wiming the MVP award based on his current seaton averages and averages of his opponents 2. A mumger would lke to predict base on previous year’s sales, thr saks performance of company for the next six year, BASIC STATISTICAL TERMS 1. Popukition i comsiting of all ckments such as evens, objocts, and indwviuuls whore chanctetitic is beng suid camp The researcher woull tke to dewrnite the nunber of male BSE sudens in C\SU-Inms campus, 2.Variable isa characteristic of anitem ovindividual that wil be anajaed ing stats Varhbes sxe usualy denoted by any capita ter. {3 Sample- is a portion of population sclocted for stl. 4.Parameter- a numerical meaaie thit descbes a charcterstic of apopubsion ‘S.Siatistics- a numerical measue tha describes a characteristic of a simple ‘TWPES OF VARIABLE, Qualitative variable- < variable, hat cannot be messured mumerically but can be chssiied vo difforert categoris. ‘Ecampls: Names, Gender, Har cobr, subs enoled ia a semester, species. ‘Quantitative variable comsits of viable that can be measured munerialy Examples: prize of ahnuse, hei, gross sales, numbers of cars own, CLASSIFICATION OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE, Diserete Quantitative Variable — a variable resus fiom cthor a finte numbor of posible Vues or a coumuble number of posdbe vals, lt otfer wos, a dscret vasiable can assume only certain wakes no intermediate values Examples: aumber of patent, number of sod cus, umber of book Continous Quantitative Variable 4 wrbbb resus fiom infitaly may posse vulbes that can be associied with points on a continous scale in such a way that there ace ‘mo gps of iteuptions. Examples: tine, eight of person, weight LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT ‘The level of measurement of data detemines the algebraic operations that can be performed nd th satsical 10 that can be applied 10 the data set, LEVEL 1. Nominal is churactezed by daia that consist of mes, bbels, or categories cody Examples: gender, marial sas, empbymert, religion, adres, degree program LEVEL 2. Ontinal it invokes dats that my be arranged in sone order. but diferences between dasa vakes cher camot be deternined or ax meaningless ‘The dita measured can be onlered o rank. Examples: gactes of the sures, mitary sank, job postion, year level LEVEL 3. Interval In this vel lus precse dierences baween messues but tere b mo rw 220, Examples: temperature, 1Q score LEVEL 4. Ratlo § te inerval kvel modifed to inede the inherent 20 staring pow, Forvaies st this kel, diferences and ratios are mesningful Examples: weckly allowance, atca, and volume ‘Some Commonly Used Symbols in Statistics aplal kite sigma denotes she semoy, and summation of smal eter f dew as frequencies captal keter F denotes cum mative frequencies sm ler n denoies sample sce simul letwe i denotes interval capial beter N denotes population size ccaptal krter X demtes independent variable capital biter ¥ demtes dependent variahle ‘mean of the sample capital kter mdenoies population mean HAPTER Tl PRESENTATION AND GRAPHS Mass or bulk of data that i colbcied fom population sample based on the observation, fiom primry or secondary source is stil considered araw daa, > Raw data is the dita recorded in the sequence in whch they we colketed and before they are processed or ranked. This deciion camat be derive easly if te reauts are aot yet orgiaized because & docs act give © car es of presentation of ‘what Ins gathered ‘Tiave different forns of presentation ‘Textual form of presentation = These firms of revertation mike use of wows, sentences and paragraph tn preseuing data collected, For example + Atiiudes to women wih children working vary depenling on the sage of the YYougest child, wih support for working oussile the home inereasng, as the chikten set oiler. + When the yourzest chill is pre-school age the majpriy of respondens, (57%) ‘thought the worn shoudl stay at hone. About a dhrd thought she should work parttime, and there was late agecment with her working fu-tine outside the hone 2%) + Once the youngest chill at school npsi peop think women should work pant time (71) and there & litle support or women mt working cutide the home stall (6%. + Once the chiliren hive kt home, the najriy of people think women should be in paid work fallime (64%) Tabular form of presentation = We shows the dat in a mee concise and sysematic maner, A way of cbssiying relied merical fics in horizontal arays calkd ines oc sows and vertical anys called columns. The spice common to apartcular raw antl colinn calle cel Eanpe f i i t : Ht sl /*1=1=1=[*1>19I les] #2] [15] || =[=[e]=[=]=|> 17 els /=)=1 51>] |=] DSBgeEeEe ele|*|=/=|~1= =|] ralefe l= lel} TI ele] 52] ea] #|= ||| =|) PEEP FEEL GoBUGEOLR PERCE REPRE EAT & Graphical presentation “i the most ineresing and ment Beatie meats of omaniing and presenting Satitcal data Graphs tell a story with vsuals rather than in words or numbers and. can help readers oe students toundrstand and iterpet the indings ofthe dota colacta. Kinds of Graphs Unt commonly sel in data presemtation: > Cirde or Pie Graph, commonly wed to represents the relaionslip of defeert componeas of a paicubr data, It is a creulor chart dived ivo sectors, ‘usta rumerical proportion. Pe chart represents the total sample or population. The sectors shoul! be proportinal to the percentage compenents of the data in which the total aea was 100%. Eaanpe > Line Graph — It shows the cebtionhips beween wo sets of quantiles. It was dene by pling the ponts of x along the hovizmtal axes and y nthe vertical axes. Broken ines connect the puted points, at lat line segment was faaly fered, Ecampe ‘This fe graph shows the midlay temperature over a perind of 7 days, You can see at a ghine that the temperstire was at is highest om Monday and that it Stared to fil in Ue niddle of ie week before rbing again alte end of te Week. > Bar Graph is te comparisons of mnerial vahes of a given dem over a period, E was composed of bars. redamee or rectangular prim of equal wi It can be drawn vertically or Inrizotally in sige or pated bac graphs and it begins wth 200 For example CHAPTER I FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Frequency Distitution or Frequency Table is 2 tbubr summary of a set of data that shows the totl number of tives speci data item occured of fell under one of the inet cusses mmed ‘Two Types of data in Frequency Distribution 1. Grouped Data 2. Ungrouped. Data UNGROUPED DATA > tnames all the data in wbubr form ard tel how maay times she vahie occured Example 1 Consider the flowing data obtained when a dice ossed 40 tines, 203 4 6© 3 6 1 6 192 5 4 6 3 241 5 6 6 1 2 4 4 4 4 2 1 3 5 6 4 6 5s 2 3 6 3 2 3 4 Constructo frequency table Solution Create a three column tie. In the fist cow. you wil put te oumbers in the dice. a the second row, the tally of each numbers ia the dice appeared. In the last cokmn the Mequency by which the vahues occu, Nunber onthe Dee Tay Fieqeny T Ti 6 Ta Tit “To getthe range of the dats we have the highest yak and the lowes wahe ofthe die, 6 ‘and 1 respecte. Ths R=Hglest Yale Lowest Value R=6-1 R=5 GROUPED DATA > Dats that ate organized and stranged ia the form of fiquency ditibution Example (Ms. Hautea teaches math to TOstudents. She has a st of the number of days each stadent eas absent in her cls for the ene yea Bos $s 6 3 4 1209 209 © n ow 179 42 1 8 7 7 3 11 5 8 6 4 7 @ sb B wou m2 9 9 4 % 5 6 RB 1 6 9 6 15 74 6o41ot 2 5 6 8 (Construct a Frequency Table) Solution: [STEP 1: Look forthe range of the dat Range =Hishest Vale ~ Lowest Vabie STEP 2: Look for the chusses Approsinate No. Of Chsses = [(2)(Tetal number of observation) [233% No, OFChsies =[2N70]388 ag09288 519-5 STEP 3; Determine the css inewal and eb limits ‘Approximate Class Inna! = Ramage Nunber of Cases = 3 Chass Imervl (Class Limite the smalest and the bigest values shat woall be placed ina given, Tee lower Anil is the kowest possible value in the class while the upper tin is the hihest poss vabe in the chss. Where in 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, and 26 are the lower knits ‘while 5,10, 18, 20,25, and 30 re the upp lini. CLASS 1s 610 1-13 16-20 21-25 26-30 ‘STEP 4: Fd the runber of obsertions (Gequency) in each cass ‘Nunber of Absenses (CLASS) STEP 5: Determine the cls boundaries and the chs mac Freguene 2 3 is 6 1 T 70 Upper Tw: Chass Bounlaies (UTCB )= Upper Limit +0.5 Lover Tive Class Bounares LICB ) = Love: Lint —08 Cas Mink Upper Lint + Lover Li 2 Netbesst wat as tomeanes | cuss Mak as, » | ures urea |G) rs B os 55 3 6-10 3 35 5 § nas 4 105 155 1 16=20 a BBE 25 8 213s 1 205 3s 23 36-30 1 255 35 2 SUN 70 STEP 6: Cumbitive Frequency Distribution Reve Cunmulaive Frequemy =Fiequacy (umber of obvervaions/ocomences ‘Total Number of Frequemey clean |] rene | Percemye Freqemy | Cumuliive | Cunmubtive Freaveney | “Frequency ‘Frequency (scr) a a 7 3mm 35 ry 036 36% ig a on 0% oy no 3 T o Oar Tie T 70 Tar 1% 70 00% es ) CHAPTER IV MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY ‘Measwes of Central Tendency + Is asingle number that desenbes aset of data * Itisako caled messure of cers location +The mst commonly used measures of cental tendeney mode, ILcaa be computed depends WA 8 ungrouped ant groped data Ungouped Data data that are aot yet organized (Grouped Data dat tat are orgarized and arranged in he form of flequeney disubution ye mean, redian, and Smo Reston Th big mee wii Sp (> Harm 330.9 Wican ei th X=. 2oe5 soon whe xsi te a pepreerey chen tere ulate Sonera Vicon ie simon onan oil ip wee Sw We heats sit fe fn be smmaton al fe be np. ek el or cima amp Uh Ki Ni KIT Sw yu aeration Sebo Exanple2: Ue Xi=13, 30515, X19, nd Yoi-v Solutte: Yui -1) SX) OO) HOH) = U3) 15-1) 4019-1) 2141s a4 Rubs on Summation Notation Rake No.1: The suumation notation i distrbutive over addon Sour -SueSn Rake No.2:IFeis constant thon Rake No, 3:If e's constant the 2 Exampler Use the ruks onsummition to wite out the expansion ofthe gen expression See Rub No2 21 r4XeAXs) 40 AQ $224.34 14-4N5) ‘Tome Measures of Central Tendency A Arithmetic Mean or Mean =referrad asthe average 1 Ungouped Data “The mean i tle sum of the ahs of var divided by the aumber of ‘observations Forun Sn ae — Dees aeewacae Sete mebened ole Sante oe sane. Fre nan 7s eu somes 85.9078 80.75. Se N=85-490ESTANS-ROLTSH 89 = 589 7 7 8357 Example: What isthe mean age of a group of S students whose ages are 12,15, 19, 20, and 18? Solution: seIZH5H19}20418 = 84 = 16.8 5 3 2.Grouped Data Foran: x=Sfixi Where! netotal mmber of observations [isthe class mask ofthe ih css itera fistle fequeney of the ith itera Example } Fhd tle mean score of SO sudents in periodic exam fy Math, Chss Inenal Fieqexy of [Cass Mak & Scorsit) 9 3 7 ea WE 10 % 3a TD 5 7 THOS BOE 0 @ wD 7579 = 7 cs 0-7 3 v3 30 oa) 2 a Tat 0 TROIS Solution We can nd the cass murk by adding the class imerval divided by two, ‘The £3 k smply imukiplying the frequency by the class mark, We canmnow find the simmntion of fx by ‘edding ab of the vales. Then, substiule tothe foul X=DSiXL =4215 =843 a sr ‘Taas, the mean score of 50 suaetts in perinic exam is 84.3, B Median ai Si a aa a weoee Aenlet elonen deme 1Ungonpat Data "yf th med, mst aman te data in deceasng or hasng of igi the tol beaude mie Pamoatend tame meng ton Eeompe Fd to malin ofthe bing wt re 28,1612 2a 18 Sotto Aang he dit 1,16, 182325 Tie obvinly hs Sees te allo: Te mein te or see is es 2) Example? Fhd the madi ofthe folbwing set of seors in Math 4,6,9,7.3, 10 Solution: ‘Arrange the data: 3.4, 6.7, 9,10 "Thon, tho middle ofthe scores are6 and 7 so weean use the arthmotis avenge 1 find te median. Ths, 647 =65. ‘The median & 65. 2 2.Grouped Data me as aa) g : ‘where: Lisbwer lit of sumed mevian determine by expression 0/2 cbecumilaive Gequery just below the asuned median comespoadnng fequency ck class interval Example 1 Conpue fer the median wing grouped data ‘Chass nara = 9599 T 0.95 2 co 3 BORE € 7579 2 ES iz e00 6 Oe + 60 Soto Chss wienal F Cas Boniay =r 909 T 8500.5 oo 0.98 z DSSS 3 3599 3 7 Boer = Deus Ea TF TESS cy Tee oases 2 65.09 GSOS 10 6.6 4 DES 4 50 Solatin: To obtain the mein chess Fist he forn = @) =30" 27 ‘Then we cannnw locate where 30*item is equal oF neatest but mot greater than the wah inthe bss than curmbtive Sequeacy (

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