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    G9 CH10

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    SIAEMENIES. Mok Ah Chee HONG|KONG EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING|COMPANY, LTD. MATHEMATICS Chanter 10 | Centres of a Triangle CPanitia enn Where Is the Best Location to Build the Restaurant? 10.0 Concept Review p.10.3 10.1 = Special Lines in a Triangle @ p.t05 Fa we 10.2 Centres of a Triangle @ p.10.17 I We 10.3 Coo ites of the Centres of a Triangle @ p.10.32 Investigation Task TI Ue Ceo Oe Objectives @ Understand the concepts of the special lines in a triangle. @ Understand the concepts of the centres of a triangle. 102 | 38 Chapter 10 Open Problem Where Is the Best Location to Build the Restaurant? An architect is going to build a restaurant in an amusement park. He wants to locate the restaurant so, that it is equidistant from all the entrances in the park. za Tra Entrance C, ance B Where should he build the restaurant? 4 Steps for Solving Problems = i 2 3 4 * | Understand the BASICS), _| Make a planforan | | Draw a CONCLUSION |) | Havea REFLECTION of the problem EXPLORATION after carrying out the plan || and extond learning 3 Locate the position of the restaurant on the above map. eter to 025 on p. 10.39 fordetais. Centres of atriangle J 10.3 Se 10.0 | Concept Review GQ Angles Related to Triangles 1. Interior angle and exterior angle 4 In the figure, BCD is a straight line, IFABC is a triangle, IARC is atriangle, then a ++ c= 180° then d= a+b. re 2 sum of A ext. 2 ofA 2 cue 2. Isosceles triangle A IFAB=AC, IF ZB= ZC, then 2B = ZC. then AB = b c louse Zs, isos.A sides opp..04.2s 3. Right-angled triangle if 2B =90°, IAB’ + BC then AB? + BC = AC* then ZB = 90°. Pyth, theorem [converse of Pyth. theorem Find the unknown ina triangle In the figure, DAC is a straight line and AB = AC. . asc Soa Inthe Fg ACD sag Kine and B= AC-Find. Solution: . c ZABC = 35° (base Zs, isos.A) ZABC + ZACB (ext. Z of A) 35° 435° 0° Qa Congruent Triangles Recall the following conditions for congruent triangles: 4 ° A According othe above figures, ‘whieh ofthe following is true? A. AABC = ADEF (RIS) SABC = ADEF (AS) asa) SABC = ADEF (ratio of 2 sides, ine.) B ¢ D. 104 [} 38 Chapter 10 Level 1 Find the unknowns in the following figures. (1-9) iB 1. BDCis a straight line. 2 ABC is a straight line, > A . @ ila © & 4 2 re % A \ Z 0 20 2 B 4 40, ic In each of the following, prove that AABC = AADC. (10-12) GD 10. BCD is a straight line. i. 2. 2 * A a za Za B . c iD Level 2 13. In the figure, AB = DE, BC= EA, AB | BC and AE L ED. A £ (a) Prove that AABC = ADEA. (b) Prove that ZACD = ZADC. B é > 14, In the figure, ADC, AEB and BFC are straight lines. AE = CF, AD = DC, A E, DE ABand DF 1 BC. (a) Prove that AADE = ACDF. D (b) Prove that BE = BF. 8 2 GOOG Centres of atriangle J 10.5 10.1 | Special Lines in a Triangle ©Q Concept of Special Lines in a Triangle ‘There are 4 kinds of special lines in a triangle, Angle Bisector Perpendicular Bisector An angle bisector is a straight line that divides am interior angle of a triangle into two parts of the same size B iz © AQis the angle bisector of ZBAC. A perpendicular bisector is a straight line that passes through the mid-point of a side of a triangle and is perpendicular to the side. N A B a © NM is the perpendicular bisector of BC. Median Altitude ‘A mediian is a Tine segment that joins a vertex of a triangle and the mid-point of the side opposite to the vertex. 4 7 AM isa median SABC. An allttucle is a straight line that passes through vertex of a triangle and is perpendicular to the side ‘opposite t0 the vertex. 4 B ra F AP is an altitude of AABC. Note: * A perpendicular bisector may NOT pass through a vertex of a triangle, while the cther 3 kinds of special ines MUST pass through a vertex of a triangle. angle bisector MFBMR —perpencicvla bisector MHS median a altuce wR, TREIR 10.6} 38 Chapter 10 (Concept check In each of the following figures, what kind of special line is PO? (1 — 4) Ve = ’ > A. Altitude B. Angle bisector ‘A. Altitude B. Angle bisector C. Median. Perpendicular bisector C. Median D. Perpendicular bisector ? é A. Altitude —B, Angle bisector A. Altitude B. Angle bisector C. Median. Perpendicular bisector C. Median. Perpendicular bisector Tn the figure, ADC isa straight line, AB-= AC and AD 1 BC. Determine ‘whether each ofthe following is true or false. es (a) AD is the angle bisector of ZBAC. (b) AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC. (©) AD is a median of SABC. (@) AD is an altitude of ABC. In cach of the following figures, draw the required special line by using a ruler and a protractor. (6-9) GY6. Tre angle bisector of ZBAC GB) 7. Tre perpendicular bisector of AB . 4 ww, o™~ " Qa eee A + In 09 of Concept Check 1, we can see that an altitude may not cut the side opposite to the vertex. The altitude cuts the extension of the side. Note: GS) GET 10. Dm én te unknown ange In the figure, ADEB is a straight line. CD is c the angle bisector of ZACB. CE is an altitude of ABC. Find ZACD. ed Solution: ‘+ CEis an altitude of AABC. a ae? 4 ZBEC= 90° In aace, LCBE + ZBCE + ZBEC=180° (2 sumofa) (CBE + 20° + 90° = 180° ZCBE=70 In sabe, ZACB+ ZBAC+ ZABC = 180° (Zsumof.d) ZACB + 36° + 70° = 180° ZACB = 74° v CDis the angle bisector of ZACB. 2 ZACD= ZACB +2 74 #2 =3P In the figure, BDC isa straight line. AD is a median of SABC. AD = CD. Prove that BA LAC. Solution: BD=CD (given) . ZBAD= ZABD (base Zs, is0s.A) ZADC= ZABD + ZBAD (ext. £ of A) (given) (base 2s, isos.A) (2 sum of A) ZADC + ZCAD + ZACD = 180° 2x4 ZCAD + ZCAD = 180° 2ZCAD = 180° — 2x 2ZCAD = 2(90° x) ZCAD = 9° ~ +) ZBAC = ZBAD + ZCAD + (90° =) ‘0° BALAC CPD are straight lines. Centres of atriangle J 10.7 Cees) Inthe figure. ADEC isa straight line, BE = CE, BD isan slide of AABC. BE isthe angle bisector of “ZABC. Find ABD. Ex 10.1 413-14 @ Inthe figure, ADB. Al Ex 10.1 #23 108 [} 38 chapter 10 ERTL 10.3 Yr Prove that a saight ine is a special ine ofa viangle BD and ZCAD = ZCBD. Pe) (a) Prove that AC = BC Inthe figure, AEB and DEFC are sruight limes. BD = BF, AE = BE (b) Prove that CD is the angle bisector of ZACB. and ZBAC = ZABC, Solution: (@ AD=BD (given) B C ZBAD = ZABD (base 2s, isos.A) ZCAD = ZCBD (given) ZBAC = ZCAD + ZBAD ZCBD + ZABD = ZABC (b) Prove that AB isthe AC =BC (sides opp. eq. 25) Perpendicular bisector of DF. (b) In SACD and ABCD, AC=BC (proved) AD=BD (given) CD=CD (common sidey AACD = ABCD (SSS) ZACD = ZBCD (corr. 28.248) ie. CDis the angle bisector of ZACB. Ex 10.1 #25 G) Properties of Bisectors Angle bisector and perpendicular bisector have some useful properties. Let's study these properties in this section. Property of Angle Bisector In the figure, BD is the angle bisector of ZABC. P is a point lying on BD. O and R are the feet of the perpendiculars from P to AB and BC respectively. It can be proved that PQ = PR. Proof: In. ABPQ and ABPR, ZPBQ= ZPBR (given) ZBOP = ZBRP=90° (given) BP =BP (common side) s ABPQ=ABPR (Aas) Hence, we have PQ= PR. (corr. sides, =As) Note: + Forthe case of P coinciding with 8, Q and Fi also coincide with B, so PQ =PR (which is equal to) In general, if a point lies on the angle bisector of an angle, then the point is ‘equidistant from the wo sides of the angle. Suppose that Q and A are the feet of the perpendiculars from P to AB and BC respectively. If Plies on the angle bisector of ZABC, then PO= PR. (Reference: property of Z bisector) (On the other hand, if P is a point equidistant from the two sides of an angle, i PQ = PR, where Q and R are the feet of the perpendiculars from P to AB and BC respectively, then P lies on the angle bisector of ZABC Proof: In ABPO and ABPR, ZBQP = ZBRP = 90° (given) (common side) (given) (RHS) (corr. 2s,=As) i.e. Plies on the angle bisector of ZABC. Note: * For the case of P coinciding with 8, obviously, P los on the angle bisector of ZABC {at the point) In general, the converse statement of ‘property of bisector" is also true. That is, if a point is equidistant from two sides of an angle, then the point lies on the angle bisector of the angle. Suppose that Q and A are the feet of the perpendiculars from P to AB and BC respectively. IEPO=PR, then P lies on the angle bisector of ZABC. A Pe * ® (Reference: converse of property of Z bisector) Centres of a Triangle | 109 ‘The converse statement of if P, then @’is if Q, then?’ 10.10 | 38 Chapter 10 Example @( of 2 bisector to solve problems property Peon In the figure, ADC is a straight line. BD is the angle bisector of ZABC. AB L BC. Find the area of AARD. Inthe figure, BDC is. siaight line. AD is the angle bisector of ZBAC, fe AC LBC. Find CD, D Bem ® Tem c Solution: Refer to the figure. Denote the feet of the perpendiculars from D to AB and BC by E and F respectively. ar SS DE=DF (property of 2 bisector) 74 6 Letxem = DE= DF. Area of AABD + Area of ABCD = Area of ABC gem “| 1 1 1 fom~ FBI + Faye) = F.15;8) ial c sem — Bg 2 a x= 00x2 120, Lg (120). ‘ J (8){ 2 Jem? 4 Area of AABD = 5( ( 2) Ex 10.1 #28 Property of Perpendicular Bisector In the figure, QR is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment AB. M is the mid-point of AB. P is a point lying on OR. It can be proved that AP = BP. Proof: In AMP and aBMP, AM= BM (given) ZAMP = ZBMP=9? ——(xiven) PM=PM (common side) s AAMP = ABMP (SAS) Hence, we have AP = BP. (corr. sides Note: + For the case of P lying on AB, since itis given that P lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB, P coincides with M. Obviously, AP = BP (as AM = BM). Centres of a Triangle | 10.11 In general, if a point lies on the perpendicular bisector of a line segment, then the point is equidistant from the two end-points of the line segment. On the other hand, if P is @ point equidistant from the two end-points of the line segment AB, ie. AP = BP, then P lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB. Proof: Denote the foot of the perpendicular from P to AB by M. In AAMP and ABMP, ZAMP = ZBMP = 90° (by construction) AP=BP (given) PM = PM (common side) 2 AAMP = ABMP (RHS) = AM=—BM (corr, sides, =As) ‘AM = BM and PM LAB 2. Plies on the perpendicular bisector of AB. Note: ‘+ For the case of P lying on AB, since It is given that AP = BP, Ps the mid-point of ‘AB. Therefore, Flies on the perpendicular bisector of AB. In general, the converse of “property of bisector’ is also true. That is, if a point is equidistant from the two end-points of a line segment, then the point lies on the perpendicular bisector of the line segment, 10.12 | 38 Chapter 10 eed 10.5 Yreery Apply raperty of In the figure, ADC and BEC are straight lines. A DE is the perpendicular bisector of BC. AB | AC. a AB= 12.em and BE = 10 em. (@) Find AC. » c (b) Find the perimeter of AABD. * bisector’to solve problems Solution: (a) «> DE isthe perpendicular bisector of BC. . CE=BE= 10cm In AABC AC? + ABP=BC? — (Pyth. theorem) AC = VBC? ~ AB? = Y10 + 10)? = 12? em J256 em (b) Perimeter of AABD =AB+AD + BD AB+AD+DC (property of 1 bisector) =AB+AC (12+ 16) em 28 cm Consolidation JMU 1. Inthe figure, ADC and BEC are straight lines. AE = CE. (a) Find ZBAE. (b) Determine whether each of the following is true or false. (AB's the angle bisector of ZBAC. )) AE is a median of ABC. Gi) DE is the perpendicular bisector of BC. Giv) AB is an altitude of ABC. 2. In the figure, ADC, AFB, BEC, BGD, CHGF and DHE ate straight lines. BD and CF are two altitudes of ABC. DE is the perpendicular bisector of BC. ZBCF = 30° (a) Find ZCBD. (b) Find ZBAC. Ped In thefigue, ADB and BEC are ‘sraight lines, DE isthe perpendicur bisector of AB.AC LBC. A and CE= 10cm, A D e 7 (a) Find the area of ABC: (Find the perimeter of AABC ‘correct 10 3 significant figures. Ex 10.1 #30 @C = Centres of a Triangle | 10.13 Solving Tools https://790103ha/mKa Exercise Warm-up Questions In each of the following figures, what kind of special line is, rat (-4 1 B p ¢ A. Altitude ——-B. Angle bisector Altitude B. Angle bisector C. Median DD. Perpendicular bisector meds D Perpendicular bisector eB, 4. x Ls A. Altitude B. Angle bisector Altitude B. Angle bisector C. Median. Perpendicular bisector c Median. Perpendicular bisector Level 1 In each of the following figures, BDC is straight line, Find the unknowns. ( ~ 10) 5. AD is a median of AABC. 6. ADis the angle bisector of ZBAC, A A Zs AN 3 e atl DT c B D ¢ 7. AD is the angle bisector of ZBAC. 8. AD is the angle bisector of ZBAC. : 5 D c A B 4 10.14 | 38 Chapter 10 In each of the following figures, APC and BOC are straight unknowns, (11 = 12) 's. PQ is the perpendicular bisector of BC. Find the 4 2. a woe Ape f Za nots 2 c 13, In the figure, BDEC is a straight line. AD is an altitude of AABC. AE is 4 the angle bisectorof ZBAC. Find ZACB ——__ aD Aa , DE 14, In the figure, AEC, AFD, BDC and BFE are straight lines. AD is an a altitude of AABC. BE is the angle bisector of ZABC. 35° (a) Find ZACB. 2s. (b) Find 2BAD. ih \ 2 Z| c D 15. In the figure, AEB, AFD, BDC and CFE are straight lines. AD and CE ate a ‘two altitudes of AABC. Find ZCAD. {| 5 8 fe TX c 16. In the figure, ADC is a straight line. BD is the angle bisector of ZABC. A AB=AC. (a) Find 8 (b) Find ® c 17, In the figure, ANM and BMC are straight lines. AM is a median of AABC. 4 isa median of AACM. Find the ratio of the area of AACN to the area of ABC. B L c 4 18. In the figure, BDC is a straight line. AD is the angle bisector of ZBAC. Prove that AD = CD. 19. In the figure, BCD is a straight line. AC is a median of AABD. Prove that AB is an altitude of MACD. Centres of a Triangle | 10.15 20. In the figure, AQB is a straight line. If PQ is the perpendicular bisector of AB, prove that ZABP = ZBAP. In the figure, ZBAD = ZBCD = 90°. If BD is the angle bisector of ZABC. , “ e a. 4 prove that AB = CB. > a c Level 2 (22. In the figure, ADB, AEC, BFC, BGE, CHGD and EHF are straight lines. A EP is the perpendicular bisector of BC. CD is the angle bisector of ZACB. rane Roker ‘ind 21 E. ZS, 23, In the figure, ABC and AED are straight lines. BE is the perpendicular bisector of AD. AC is an altitude of AACD. (a) Find AB. (b) (i) Prove that AABE ~ AADC. Find Be (ii) Find BC. ar 24, In the figure, AEB, AFD, BDC and CFE are straight lines. CE is the angle bisector of ZACB. AE = AF, Prove that ZCAD = CBI 25. In the figure, AMC and BNC are straight lines. MN is a median of ABCM. BM is the angle bisector of ZABC. (a) Prove that BN = MN = CN. b) Prove that BM is an altitude of AABC: ” “ aD In the figure, BDC is a straight line. BA = BC. The perimeter of ABC is 40 em. If AB + BD = 18 em and BC + AC = 28 cm, prove that AD is a median of ABC. 27. In the figure, BFC is a straight line. AF is the angle bisector of ZBAC. D and are the feet of the perpendiculars from F to AB and AC respectively. Prove that AABC is an isosceles triangle. 10.18 | 38 Chapter 10 28. In the figure, BDC is a straight line. AD is the angle bisector of ZBAC A AC LBC. idee som (a) Find BC. (b) Find the area of ABD. a fe ex m 29. In the figure, AEC and BDC ate straight lines. BE is the angle bisector of ZABC. DE is an altitude of ABCE. It is given that AB = 15 em, BC = 20 em and the area of ABCE is 24 em? (a) Find the distance of from AB. (by) Find the distance of A from BC. 30, In the figure, ADC and BEC are straight lines. DE is the perpendicular bisector of AC. AB L BC. BC = 48 em and CD = 25 em. (a) Find AB. (b) Find the perimeter of ABE. ex) 31. In the figure, APB and AQC are straight lines. PQ is the perpendicular © bisector of AB. AB = AC, BP = 4m and PQ =3.m, 2 (a) Find @C (b) Find the ratio of the area of APO to the area of ABCO. A + 32. In the figure, ADC and BEC are straight lines. DE is the perpendicular A bisector of BC, ZBAC = 90° and AB 2 (a) Prove that BD is the angle bisector of ZABC. (b) Find ACB. . é % In the figure, AEB and BDC are straight lines. AD is the angle bisector of a ZBAC. DE isa median of AABD. : (a) Find Z6AD. i (b) Prove that DE is the perpendicular bisector of AB. 8 > € Challenging Questions 34. In the figure, AEC and BED are straight lines. ZBAC = ZBCD = 90° p (a) Prove that ABCE is an isosceles triangle, i (b) Find BE. bem AX sem (©) Kelly claims that CE is a median of ABCD. Do you agree? Explain ‘your answer. B lc es 2am 10.2 | Centres of a Triangle ©Q Concept of Concurrent Lines For two straight lines lying on the same plane, they must intersect at exactly ‘one point if they are non-parallel. However, for three or more non-parallel straight ines on the same plane, they may not intersect at single point. a ‘Three lines do NOT intersect at single point. ‘Thre lines intersect ata single point If three or more straight lines on the same plane intersect at a single point, these lines are concurrent, they are called coneurrent lines. @ Concurrent Lines in a Triangle Recall that we learnt some geometric constructions by using a straightedge and 4 pair of compasses in Book 2B Chapter 9. Centres of a Triangle | 10.17 Concurrent is the adjective. Concurrence is the noun. “Teaching Videos hitos://790103.hk/nacM entes, draw two is tat they angle © Poin PO. PO isthe perpendicular 1. Angle bisector A © Using Xana Ya ‘Using as tho entre, aw am ae to eu arcs with ual OW and OB at and Y espestvey sce at Z © bein 02. 02 istne T bisector of 2408. 2. Perpendicular bisector rE © Using A and Bas centres, draw bisector of AB two ares wih qual radi on a tic sdeof APs that they oh nee at Pand Nn — ko _e PQ intersects AB at M, which isthe imi point of Ad 3. Perpendicular line Using Pas the contre, draw two) ares with equal radi to ut AB. at Nand ¥ © AB and pass Using Nand Yas de centes © Mav wears wit a ‘0 that they mest at 2. @ Join PO. PO iste line perpendicular es through P. Cconcument $85 concurrent ines $8858 10.18} 38. chapter 10 Class Activity GUEESa atiiangle 1. Ineach ofthe following, draw a triangle arbitrarily and then draw the three specified special lines inthe triangle. (Use a straightedge and a pair of compasses, ora ruler and a protractor to draw the figures.) & (a) Angle bisectors (b) Perpendicular bisectors (©) Medians. (a) Altitudes Vv (a) Do the three angle bisectors in QI(a) intersect ata single point? Yes/No & (b) Do the three perpendicular bisectors in Q1(b) intersect ata single point? Yes / No (©) Do the three medians in QU(c) intersect at a single point? Yes / No (a) Do the three altitudes in Q1(@) intersect ata single point? Yes / No 3. Comparing with your classmates, do they have the same results as yours in Q2? Yes / No GD 4. tncteiange, (a) the three angle bisectors are / are not concurrent, (b) the three perpendicular bisectors are / are not_ concurrent, (©) the three medians are / are not concurrent, (d) the three altitudes are / are not concurrent. Uuoysm>u0) In Class Activity 1, we can see that the same type of special lines in a triangle are concurrent. Moreover, we may use @ computer software to explore the concurrence of the special lines. Centres of a Triangle | 10.19 Use GeoGebra to Explore the Concurrence of Special Lines in a Triangle Angle bisectors ‘construct the anglo bisector of ZABC. ‘Select AC to construct) the perpendicular bisector of AC. Medians ‘Select AC to construct the midpoint O of. Construct a ine BD which is a median of AABC. Altitudes g Giek the bottom toptard some LO ithe con [and [= Pemnsesee then select ‘Angle ==" Bisactor. 7 Pens Baer Result: 4 ‘The three angle [2 tegete Repeat steps 2 and 3 to construct the angle bisectors of 2B4C and AB. Click the bottom ‘of the icon [5 and then select repetend carer PLOLOL4 ‘Perpendicular the perpendicular and BC. Click the bottom right hand corner — of the ican 2) ‘and then select “Midpoint oF Center ‘The three medians ‘are concurrent. httpsv/790103.nK/oTEC “P Repeat steps 2 to 4 to construct the remaining two medians of ABC. click the bottom and then select = “Perpendicular Line’ 2 oe Bec [> oo 4 aren owe FS citnecongy pete] Trermecatnses He fareconcurent. ft hitos://790103hk/eaNNE 10.20 | 38 Chapter 10 i @ Centres of a Triangle Incentre In Class Activity 1, we see that the three angle bisectors of the three interior angles of a triangle intersect at a single point. This point is called the incentre of the triangle. In general, the following statements are true “Incentre is also called ‘in-cente’ a Consider ABC as shown, where Fs its incentre, P,Q and R are the feet of the “ 4 \ a perpendiculars from / to BC, AC and AB respectively. We have IP =1Q= IR. ae pl Sl So we can construct a circle passing through P, Q and & with J being the centre of the circle. This circle is called the inscribed circle or the incirele of ABC. isthe incense, Proof 1. In the figure, the angle bisectors of ZABC and ZACB (the blue lines) A intersect at a point /. P, Q and R are the feet of the perpendiculars from 1 to BC, AC and AB respectively. 8, ‘We are going to check whether / lies on the angle bisector of ZBAC. +: BB and IC are the angle bisectors of ZABC and ZACB respectively. ©. IR=IP and IP =10 (property of Z bisector) £m ie. IR=10 s *. Ties on the angle bisector of ZBAC. (converse of property of Z bisector) ‘Hence, the three angle bisectors are concurrent. From the above proof, we have IR = /P and 1P = 1Q. Hence, the incentre is equidistant from the three sides of the triangle. Note: + In each ofthe folowing figures, isthe incentre of SABC. The ncire must i inside a tiange 4 5 A LN < cg DN Acute-angled triangle Obtuse-angled triangle Right-angled triangle ‘+ The term inscribed circle or incircle Is not required in the junior secondary mathematics curriculum. Incente Ab inscribed circle PIR incircle LED Centres of a Triangle 10. Circumcentre In Class Activity 1, we see that the three perpendicular bisectors of the three sides of a triangle intersect at a single point. This point is called the circumeentre of the triangle. In general, the following statements are true nae A as me Oa occas, Wee Ls oN oA=on=0C a lc So we can construct a circle passing through A, B and C with O being the centre of the circle. This circle is called the circumscribed circle or the circumeirele of AABC. O's the circumcemtre. Proof: 1. In the figure, the pependiculrbisectors of AB and AC (he be tines) 4 intersect at a point O. Q and R are the feet of the perpendiculars from Oto AC and AB respectively. We are going to check whether 0 lies on the perpendicular bisector of BC. x o OR and OC are the perpendicular tors of AB and AC respectively. OB =OAand OC =0A (property of 1 bisector) eT © ie. OB=OC “+. Olies on the perpendicular bisector of BC. (converse of property of 1. bisector) Hence, the three perpendicular bisectors are concurrent, 2. From the ahove proof, we have OB= OA and OC = OA. Hence, the circumecentre is equidistant from the three vertices of the triangle Note: * In each of the following figures, O is the circumcentre of AABC. The circumcentre of a triangle may ie inside, outside, or on a side of a triangle. A A 0 * © conades with ne rmerpont of AC. | ee ‘a LYN é s 7 ' 6 Acule-angled tiandle Obiuse-ancled triangle Rightangled tangle + The term circumscribed cirele or ecumeleele Is not required in the junior secondary ‘mathematics curnculum. Ccroumcente Joi» circumscribed cle M&M crcumecle 8 10.22 | 38 Chapter 10 | Centroid In Class Activity 1, we see that the three medians of a triangle intersect at a single point. This point is called the centroid of the triangle. A Gis he ceatoid. In general, the following statement is true: Proof: In the figure, R and Q ate the mid-points of AB and AC respectively. Two 4 medians CR and BQ (the blue lines) intersect at a point G.AG is produced to a point $ such that BS // RC. Denote the point of intersection of AS and BC by P. We are going to check 4 2 whether P is the mid-point of BC. Pa (intercept theorem) # AG = GS and AQ = QC Gollsc (mid-pt. theorem) ie. BQ// SC BS // RC and BQ i! SC . BSCG is a parallelogram. (by definition) =. Pis the mid-point of BC, (diags. of! gram) Hence, the three medians are concurrent. wt: Tees ote lenis fore lin cold sAaci ered net fn ema * a 4 ZL. —— 6 BY. come osccenmye ‘rgeeueitcgs ‘+ Actually, the centroid divides each median internally In the ratio 2: 1. This property Js not required in the curriculum. Interested students may refer to the Appendix on 1 10.50 for further study. contro Ft Centres of a Triangle | 10.23 Orthocentre In Class Activity 1, we sce that the three altitudes of a triangle intersect at a f single point. This point is called the orthocentre of the triangle. In general, the following statement is true: 4 SEE y 2 Actually, the concurrence of altitudes follows from the concurrence of the perpendicular bisectors. Proof: In the figure, P is a point lying on BC such that AP L BC. ie. AP is an altitude of AABC. Construct three lines passing through the three vertices of AABC and parallel to the three sides of ABC. A new triangle, ADEF, is formed Note that ACBF and ABCE are parallelograms, (by definition) His the enthocente | FA= BCand AE=BC (opp. sides of gram) ie. FA=AE ZFAP = ZAPC = 90° (alt, 2s, FE I! BC) AP is the perpendicular bisector of FE. Similarly, it can be proved that the other two altitudes of AABC correspond to the perpendicular bisectors of another two sides of ADEP.. By the concurrence of the perpendicular bisectors of ADEF, the altitudes of AABC are concurrent Note: + In each of the following figures, H is the orthocentre of AABC. The orthocentre of a triangle may le inside, outside, or on a vertex of a triangle. A z c ee “ c 8 ic 4 85H coincides with 2, ‘Acute-angled tangle Obtuse-angled tangle Fignt-angied tangle lonhocentre > 10.24 | 38 Chapter 10 Centres of Isosceles Triangles | In the figure, AABC is an isosceles triangle, where AB = AC. P is a point 4 lying on BC such that AP L BC, ie. AP is an altitude of AABC, Hence, the orthocentre of ABC lies on AP. Moreover, it can be proved that AABP = AACP (RHS). Therefore, AP is an angle bisector, a perpendicular bisector and a median of ABC as well. So, the four centres of AABC are collinear. That is, the four centres lie on the same it ine (AP). a pe I c circumes “ “ AP isthe ani of symmetry in general, the incentre, the circumcentre, the centroid and the orthocentre of our an isosceles triangle lie on the axis of symmetry of the triangle. In particular, the four centres of an equilateral triangle coincide at one point, Locations of Centres of Isosceles Triangles In each of the following figures, AB = AC. Denote the incentre, circumcentre, centroid and orthocentre by |, O, G and H respectively. a 7 F 7 L\ Ls azo ces ae rede oe ABC Is an equilateral triangle. 1,0, Gand H coincide at a point iH aw A 8 = c 8 c 0 BAC 99" 90° < ZBAC < 180° Heoincides with A (O.coincides with the mid-point of BC. CS (concept eck Centres of a Triangle | 10.25 In each of the following figures, determine whether P is the incentre, circumcentre, centroid or orthocentre of f ‘MABC.(1-4) Qa Problems Involving the Centres of a Triangle Incentre Recall thatthe incentre ofa triangle lies on the angle bisector of each interior —_iGEHl] « —> [JANIE HAG angle of the triangle. Identifying the equal angles can help us solve problems involving the incentre, example GID) In the figure, AC = BC. Lis the incentre of ABC. A Find the ZCBI. [REID Solve problem involving the incenre Inthe figure. AB = BC. Fs the incence of ABC. Find ZABC and Solution: 2AIC In ABC, AC =BC (given) ZBAC= ZABC (base Zs, is0s.A) ZABC + ZBAC + ZACB= 180° (sum of A) A ZABC + ZABC + 52° = 180° 2ZABC = 128° (BN ‘ZABC = 64° @ isthe incentre of AABC. 4s Bibisects ZABC. 4 ZABL= 2081 cpr ZABC 2 we 2 =32 &10.2#7-10 —— 02 10.26 | 38 Chapter 10 i Orthocentre Recall that the orthocentre of a triangle lies on the altitudes of the triangle. (UV@RBSEEaEy] «—» Ande) entifying the right angles can help us solve problems involving the orthocentre GEISEN 10.7 Yr Soive problem involving the orthocentre In the figure, AEC, AHD, BDC and BHE are straight lines. 1 is the orthocentre of ABC. Find ZABE. Inthe figure. ADB, AHE, BEC and CHD axe sigh ines. His the dorthocentte of ABC. Find ABC. Creed Solution: ‘+ His the orthocentre of ABC. AD and BE are altitudes of ABC. ie. AD | BC and BE | AC 4 ZADC= 90" and ZAEB = 90° InaAcD, A CAD + ZACD + ZADC = 180° (2 sum of A) ZCAD + 70° + 90° = 180° ZCAD = 20° In ABE, 4 ZABE + ZBAE + ZAEB = 180° (2 sum of A) ZABE + (45° + 20°) + 90° = 180° al (ZABE = 25° E # Exto2 411-12 @C wrenasniVeta) {Concept Check 1. In the figure, H is the orthoventre of AABC. Write down the size of ZABH Centres of a Triangle | 10.27 Circumcentre Recall thatthe crcumcentre ofa triangle is onthe perpendicular bsectors of a f the three sides of the triangle. Identifying the right angles and the equal lengths can help us solve problems involving the eireumeentre, ranger Vety CS Cancer In each of the following figures, O is the circumeentre of ABC. Find the unknowns, (1 2) In the figure, O is the centre of the circle passing sii through A, B and C. It is given that the radius of the Inthe figure, Oi the centre ofthe circle passing through A,B and C. circle is 15 em and O is 9 em from BC. Find BC. chk pasine mms A Bent C. and AC = 24 em, Find the diameter of the circle A Solution: ‘Note that 0 is the circumcentre of ABC. Refer to the figure. Denote the mid-point of BC by M, then OM is the perpendicular bisector of BC. OB=15em (radii) OM=9 em (given) 40 %s9¢m rom BC. In AObM, OM? + BM? = OB (Pyth, theorem) bm = Von - om? = Vis? 9? em = 12cm BC= BM +CM BM +BM =(12+12)em Bx 102 #22 10.28 | 38 Chapter 10 in (Consolidation WZ Determine whether each of the following is true or false. (1 3) 1. The centroid ofa triangle must lie inside the triangle True / False If Fis the incentre of ABC, then Al = BI = Cl. ‘True / False 3. In AABC, if AB = BC, then the four centres of AABC and the point B are collinear. ‘True / Fé 4. In the figure, AEC, AHD, BDC and BHE are straight lines. H is the 4 orthocentre of ABC. A (a) Find «. e (b) Prove that AAEH ~ AADC. (c) Is BE the perpendicular bisector of AC? Explain your answer. pet AN on Solving Tools Exercise | 10.2 hitpss/790103.hi/2knBo Warm-up Questions In cach of the following figures, determine whether P is the incentre, circumcentze, centroid or orthocentre of AABC. (1 ~ 6) LA 2 » —_— " ” c B c 3. “ aA © » = Y 5. 8. A 6. A ¢ Centres of a Triangle | 10.29 Level 1 In each of the following figures, / is the incentre of AABC. Find the unknowns. (7 - 10) em) f La A 8. A La ZA % a wm A a Ls. . rw In each of the following figures, H is the orthocentre of ABC. Find the unknowns. (II ~ 12) a) I. AHP, AQC, BHO and BPC are straight lines, 12. AHP and BPC are straight lines, LX In each of the following figures, O is the citcumcentre of ABC. Find the unknowns, (13 ~ 16) 13. BMC isa straight line. 14, AMB and ANC are straight lines. A 4 15. BMC isa straight line. 16. BMC is a straight line. 4 C N Y 45 In cach of the following figures, G is the centroid of ABC. Find the unknowns. (17 = 18) 17. AGM and BMC are straight lines. 18. AGM, ANB, BMC and CGN are straight lines. eM Bos My 10.30 | 38 Chapter 10 19, If the point A is the orthocentre of AABC, find ZBAC. | 20. Consider ABC, where ZC = 90° (a) Which side is the hypotenuse of AABC? (b) Let M be the mid-point of the hypotenuse of AABC. Determine whether M is the incentre, circumcentre, centroid or orthocentre of AABC. 21. In ABC, AB = 16 em, BC = 30 em and AC = 34 em. an (a) Is ABC a right-angled triangle? Explain your answer. (b) Find the radius of the circle passing through A, B and C. Level 2 22, In the figure, O is the centre of the cirele passing through A, B and C. It is ‘given that the radius of the circle is 10 cm and 0 is 6 cm from AB. Find AB. am 23. In the figure, 0 is the centre of the circle passing through A, B and C. It is ‘given that AC = 24 em and 0 is 16 em from AC. (@) Find the radius of the circle. (b) If AB = 38.4 cm, find the distance of O from AB. 24, In the figure, M is the mid-point of OR. OCP is a straight line. If C is the ircumcentre of APOR, prove that PR | OR. 25. In the figure, AEC, AHD, BDC and BHE are straight lines. H is the orthocentre of AABC. (a) Prove that AACD ~ ABCE. (b) How many triangles are similar to A4CD? 26, In the figure, M and V are the points lying on DE and DF respectively such that DM = ME = DN = NF. Ps the citeumcentre of ADEF. (a) Prove that PM (b) Prove that DP is the angle bisector of ZEDF. Centres of a Triangle | 10.31 7. In the figure, G and Fare the centroid and the incentre of AABC respectively. 6 AGI isa straight line, Prove that AB= AC. f — > « ¢ 28. ‘The figure shows APOR and a circle touching the 3 sides of it. C is the Cen ofthc Ds hf teppei fam 0 OR et A Siyicovised enya carpio of the circle. (o Pave ttpr=2 AAEM ° {b) It is given that PQ = 70 cm, OR = 75 cm, PR = 65 cm and P is 56 cm from QR. Find CD. 29. In Figure (a), P is a point lying on the angle bisector of ZXYZ. Q and R x are the feet of the perpendiculars from P to XY and YZ respectively. (a) Prove that OY = RY. (b) If ZXYZ= 90°, what kind of quadrilateral is POYR? (©) In Figure (b), 1 is the incentre of AABC. T, U and V are the feet of the Heme perpendiculars from 1 10 BC, AC and AB respectively. It is given that A 5 vy, (i) Find the radius of the circle touching the 3 sides of ABC. B c T Feweo) Challenging Questions 30. In the figure, BPD and BORC are straight lines. P is the circumcentre of 4 AABC. AR is an altitude of AABC. PQ 1 BC and RA ff CD. (a) Prove that CD // QP. (b) Prove that BP = DP. (©) Someone claims that a circle passing through A, B, Cand D can be Z—T | is drawn. Do you agree? Explain your answer. er Ly cn OG0G | 10.3 | Coordinates of the Centres of a Triangle In order to study more about the applications of the mid-point formula, the section formula and the slope formula, we will discuss on how to find the These formulss were learnt in coordinates of the centres of a triangle on a rectangular coordinate plane in 800K 38 Chapter 9. this section. QQ Coordinates of the Circumcentre and the Orthocentre For the circumeentre and the orthocentre, each perpendicular bisector and each altitude is perpendicular to « side of the triangle, Moreover, identifying [ifeumssie) <—> Ee the horizomal/vertical lines can help us simplify the problem. ad omg «6S - > GS (Concept che In the figures, H and P are the orthocentre and citeumcentre of AABC respectively. Answer the following questions. (I - 5) ‘Slope Formula For Atk, ¥4) and Bt, y2), and ‘AB isnot vertical slope of AB = 22-41, hem ‘Slopes of Perpendicular Lines WL, LL then slope of L; x slope of Ls =-1, where L; and L, are not vertical 1. Write down the x-coordinate of H. 4-33) 5.3) Write down the x-coordinate of P. Which side of ABC is perpendicular to AH? Find the slope of AH. 4) Find the slope of PM, where M is the mid-point of AB. fH Teaching Videos httos:/700103.hK/aMAtr era 3) GEERIEEN 10.9 rm Fin the coordinates ofthe onhocentre In the figure, His the orthocentre of APOR. Find 2.7) the coordinates of H. Inthe figore, His the onhocente of ‘AABC. Find the coontinats of Solution: (0,5) 0 oroonic sr part ctiioosin a A ro 20.0) Refer to the figure, Let (a,b) be the coordinates of H, -_ Note that RH is a vertical line, we have a R27) Slope of PR = z A L oO PRLOH mo 2. Slope of PR x Slope of QH. (3,0) 219.0) 7b ‘if ond QU are 2,() ee bes s. The coordinates of H are (2,5). __£#103 95-7 @, Centres of a Triangle | 10.33 When figure is not provided, we should sketch a figure to understand the problem clearly. were ncrVetet CS Coma Ca¥ 1. Consider three points A(-2, 0), 6(5,0) and C(0,6). (a) Sketch AABC in the space provided. (b) Does AABC have a side on a coordinate axis (x-axis or y-axis)? If it does, write down the side and the coordinate axis, (©) Does the orthocentre of AABC lie on a coordinate axis? If it does, ‘write down the coondinate axis. (@) Mark the orthocentre of ABC on the same figure in (a). (No need to find the coordinates of the orthocentre.) EY 2. Consider three points A(4, 0), B(4, 2) and C(O, 2). Sketch ABC in the space provided and find the coordinates of its circumcentre. Teaching Videos ptps://7901ca.AW/ANIAQ GS] SETI 10-1O pr te coordinates ofthe ccumcene “The coordinates of the points A and B are (3, 5) and (-1,—1) respectively. 1¢ WSLSaiMAASIAA) P(4, 4) is the citcumeentre of ABC. find the value of. “Te cooninaes ofthe points A and mB | Bare 42,2) and 2,3) reapectively Solution: Phy) isthe circaooente oF SABC. find the vale of Pie te croumcente + Phesonthe the ln segment AB, id-poi is By ‘property of 1 bisector, we Refer tothe figure. Let M be the mid-point of AB.’Then MP is the perpendicular | BY Dropory of Doctor: w bisector of AB. aa) ay sabe athos pepe . 4) Coordinates of (=! 2.2 2 ” Using AB 1 MP, the value of k can be determined. The actual position of Cis not important in this problem. ABA MP x 10.3 49 1034 | 38 Chapter 10 G ‘The coordinates of the points A and B are (0, 10) and (-8, 0) respectively. Let CC be a point lying on the y-axis such that the x-coordinate of the orthocentre of AABC is ~15. Find the coordinates of C. Se ek 10.1 Te Find the unknown from the given centre of a tangle ‘The coordinates ofthe points A and Bare (3,0) and , 3) respectvel Let Cbe point lying on the x-axis such thatthe 3-coordinateof the fonthocentte of ABC is 4. Find the coordinates of C. Solution: ‘Since A and C both ie on the y-axis, the altude passing through B is @ horizontal lina, Note that the orthacentre ies on this atituce. © Let (0, #) be the coordinates of C. Denote the orthocentre by H. Coordinates of H=(-15,0) 4B and H both lie on the x-axis. Steer m.._10-0 40.10) one of HAS 5 (cis) 3 k-0 _k Slope of BC * 0-H) 8 “ HALBC 1215.0) 4 Slope of HA x Slope of BC Taos 0.4) ex103 #17 & —_ 10317 ©) In Example 10.11, after locating A,B and H in a figure, we con locate ¢ by using HA 1 BC and lies on the y-axis, Then we can determine that ¢ lies on the negative y-axis. When no sides of a triangle are horizontal/vertical, we need to solve simultaneous linear equations to find the coordinates of the ci orthocentre of the triangle. Centres of a Triangle | 10.35 FE Find the coordinates ofa centre by solving simitaneous equations g @ Gamaz10.12) Let O be the origin. The coordinates of the points A and B are (9. 3) and (4,8) respectively. Find the coordinates of the circumcentre of AOAB. Let 0 be the exgin. The coordinates ofthe points A and B are ®,3) sohtion: erin Boi ae 6) rv damasas ota par civomsint ; = Refer to the figure. Let P(t, A) be the circumeentre, Denote the mid-points of OA and OB by M and N respectively. Then PM and PN are the perpendicular bisectors of OA and OB respectively. comtoerotita (22, ©2)-45 9 Coordinates orw-(224 %8)-2.9 2° 2 *: OALMP 40.3) 2 Slope of OA x Slope of MP = —1 Mt - 3-0 k a8 9-0" h-45 k-15 3h 45) = 15 =-3h 4135 21S — econ OB L.NP Slope of OB x Slope of NP = Denote the mid-point of AB by P. By AB LRP, we can also set ‘up an equation in h and k. Note that we choose OA 1 MP ‘and OB 1. NP, which involve (0,0) {or the ease of calculation. Q) Substituting (1) imto (2), 2(15 Substituting f= 4 into (1), ‘The coordinates of the citcumcentre are (4, 3). ——— eee (Concept Check 1, The coor ites of the vertices of ABC are given. Describe how to find the coordinates of its circumcentre. 2, The coordinates of the vertices of AABC are given. Describe how to find the coordinates of its orthocentre. Not + The coordinates of the centroid can also be found by solving simultaneous ‘equations. The Appendix on p. 10.51 provides another method, which is not required in the curriculum, Interested students may refer to the Appendix for further study. | 38 Chapter 10 @ Coordinates of the Incentre Recall that the incentre is the point of intersection of angle bisectors of «RSH «—» [ANSI triangle. Also, the incentre is equidistant from the three sides of the triangle. This relationship is useful for finding the coordinates of incentre. {3 Teaching Videos hitps:/700103.hq/Mita Classwork 10.13 [EEA Find the coordinates of the incentre Cann Let O be the origin. The coordinates ofthe points A and B are (0, 8) and (6, 0) respectively. Find the coordinates of the incentre of AOAB. Let Obe the origin. The coordinates ‘of the poias A and B ure (0-8) and (15.0) respectively. Find the ‘coordinates of the incentre of A0AB, OSE Solution: Refer to the figure. Denote the incentre by J. Denote the feet of the petpendiculars from /to AB, OB and OA by P,Q and R respectively. Let r= IP. Then 1Q=IR=r. *+ ORIQ isa square and / lies inthe first quadrant 2 Coordinates of f=(r,r) 0.8) AB = (0 36+ 6+ 10 Area of AOAB = Area of AOA/ + Area of AOBI + Area of ABI p 8x6 Or 2 a R our Vi a 00.0 6.0) r=2 The coordinates of the incentre are (2,2) 610.3 428-30 In general, to find the coordinates of the incentre of an arbitrary triangle requires some extra knowledge. Interested students may refer to the Appendix on p. 10.52 to 10.53 for further study GS (consolidation IE 1. Let O be the origin. The coordinates of the points A and Bare (25,0) and @ZN (16, 12) respectively. (a) I (b) Find the coordinates of each of the following centres of AOAB. () Orthocentre ii) Ciroumeentre Gi) Incentre AOAB a right-angled triangle? Explain your answer, Centres of a Triangle | 10.37 Solving Tools Exercise | 1 0. 3 ‘nttps/790103.n4/WpYG. [ Warm-up Questions 1. Refer to the figure. Determine whether each of the following is true or False. 04) (a) The orthocentre of AABC lies on the x-axis. (b) The x-coordinate of the circumeentre of AABC is —1 A607 “BC.0) 2. Refer to the figure. Suppose that C, G and H ave the circumeentre, the ROI) centroid, and the orthocentre of APR respectively. Without finding the coordinates of C, G and H, answer the following questions. (a) The extension of PG cuts RQ at M. (®)_ Find the coordinates of M. (ii) Find the slope of CM. PS) 209 (b) Find the slope of QH. Level 1 3. Refer to the figure. 02.4) (a) Find the coordinates of the orthocentre of ABC. (b) Find the coordinates of the cireumcentre of ABC. — AC6,0) 2.0) 4, The coordinates of the points A, B and C are (-3, 0), (0. respectively. (a) Prove that AB LAC. (b) Find the coordinates of the orthocentre of ABC. (6) Find the coordinates of the circumeentre of ABC. 3) and (4,7) In cach of the following figures, His the orthocentre of AABC. Find the coos of H.(S—7) a B22 €(9,-2) 10.38 | 38 Chapter 10 Let O be the origin. The coordinates of the points A and B are (4, 5) | and (5, 5) respectively. Find the coordinates of the orthocentre of AOAB. 9, The coordinates of the points P and R are (~3, 0) and (5, ~4) respectively. Mis the mid-point of PR. (a) Find the coordinates of M. (b) If C(3, A) is the circumcentre of APOR, find the value of k. 10. The coordinates of the points P and Q are (4,2) and (2, 2) respectively. If C(h, ~3) is the circumcentre of APOR, find the value of h. 11, Let be the origin. The coordinates of the points P and Q are (8, 4) and (8,—A) respectively. Find the coordinates of the circumcentre of AOPO. In cach of the following figures, 2 s the circumeentre of APOR. Find the coordinates of C. (12 ~ 14) F.6) 13. X12) 14, P53) RO) ye?) POO 218.0) i1.-8) O14,-6) 15, The coordinates of the points A, B and C are (-6, 3), (2, 3) and (1, -4) respectively. Find the coordinates of the circumcentre of AABC. Level 2 16. In the figure, P is a point lying on the y-axis, @ and R are points lying ‘The coordinates of C and R are (-1, 1) and (2, 0) respectively. Find the ea) 17. The coordinates of the points A and B are (0, 4) and (5, 0) respectively. Let C be a point lying on the x-axis such that the y-coordinate of the orthocentre of ABC is 2.5. Find the coordinates of C. 18. The coordinates of the points A and B are (0,8) and (16, 0) respectively. C is a point lying on the y-axis such that the y-coordinate of the circumcentre of ABC is 2. (a) Find the coordinates of C. (b) Find the coordinates of the circumcentre of AABC. Centres of a Triangle J 10.39 In each of the following, find the coordinates of the orthocentre of AABC. (19 = 21) 19, AC-2, 3), BO,0), C(8, 1) 20. A(0,6),B(6,0).C(-4,-6) 21 AC-1, 2), BQ, -2).€-4, 4) In each of the following, find the coordinates of the circumcentre of ABC. (22 ~ 24) 22. A@,0), BC, -7), C9, -3) 23. A(-8, 0), BO, —4), C(-5, -9) 24, A(3, 4), B-15, -2), CC, -10) 25, Refer to the Open Problem (p. 102). A rectangular coordinate system 4} is introduced such that the coordinates of entrance A are (0,0). From C!? the grid, the coordinates of entrances B and C are (18, 12) and (-7, 17) respectively, Denote the restaurant by the point R. (a) Describe the geometric relationship between Rand ABC. (b) Find the coordinates of R. (©) If | unit of the coordinate system represents 50 m, find the distance between the restaurant and entrance A & Bs, 12) 26. In the figure, O is the origin, ABC is an isosceles triangle where AC = BC. 40,8) I(r, 0) is the incentre of ABC. AOB, AQC and OIC are straight lines, where y e OF LAB and Of LAC. Ox (a) Find AQ and CO. ° cas.0) (6 xpress nd Cin terms of ea (©) By considering ACIQ. find the coordinates of J. pe 27. Let O be the origin. The coordinates of the points A and B are (6,8) and iD (-6, 8) respectively. (a) Is AOAB an isosceles triangle? Explain your answer. (b) Find the coordinates of the incentre of AOAB. In cach of the following, find the coordinates of the incentre of ABC. Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary. (28 - 30) 1018.) ‘5E 28. A(0,0), 8(0, 7), C(-24,0) 29. A(0,0), B(8,0), C18, 6) 30. A(0,0), BE6, 0), C(O, -6) 31. Let O be the origin, The coordinates of the points A and B are (18, 24) and (50,0) respectively. (a) Prove that OA | AB. (b) Find the coordinates of the incentre of AOAB. Challenging Questions 32, The coordinates of the points A, B and C are (7,3), (9, 3) and (-7, 11) the orthocentre and circumcentre of AABC by Q and R respectively. a) Find the coordinates of Q and R. (b) Prove that P, Q and R are collinear. (©) Find QP : PR. | 10.40} 38 chapter 10 [es Chapter Quiz Date Marks: ‘True-or-false Questions (7 marks, 1 mark each) In Figure (a), AFC, AEDB and BCG are straight lines. AGL BG, EF 1 AB, AE = BE and ZBCD = ZACD. Determine whether each of the following is trve or false. (1-3) 1. CDisthe angle bisector of ZACB. ‘True / False a DE 2. EF isa median of AABC. Tre / pees) BG is an altitude of AABC. True / False In Figure (6), APQ, ARC. BPR and BOC are straight lines. ZBAQ = ZCAQ 4 Determine whether each of the following is true or false. (4 ~ 7) (must be the incentre of ABC. ‘True / False e (S.B must be the orthocentre of AABC. True / False G6» R must be the circumcentre of ABC. True / False » Ix \ ° o (7. The centroid of AABC must lies on BR. ‘True / False ese i Multiple-choice Questions (6 marks, 2 marks each) 8. In the figure, AFC and BECD are straight lines. BE = CE, ZABF = ZCBF and AD L BD. Which of the following is an angle bisector of ABC? @D A. AD B. AE ©. BF D. cD (Inthe figure, G must be the A circumeentre of ABC. centroid of ABC. incentre of AABC. orthoventre of ABC. B pow> (10. Let O be the origin. The coordinates of the points A and B are (0, 18) and (24, 0) respectively. The t-coordinate of the circumcentre of AOAB is A. 0. B. 6. c. 8. D. 12 Conventional Questions (18 marks) IL, In the figure, BDEC is a straight line, AD is the angle bisector of ZBAC. AB is an altitude of ABC. (a) Find ZCAD. (b) Find ZDAE. (5 marks) 12. In the figure, ADC and BEC are straight lines. DE is the perpendicular bisector of BC. (a) Find ZADB. (b) Is AC equal to BC? Explain your answer. (©) Prove that BD is the angle bisector of ZABC. (6 marks) (3, In the figure, Fis the incentre of AABC. Find ZABC. (3 marks) “14, In the figure, 0 is the origin, Let H be the orthocentre of AOAB. (a) Write down the x-coordinate of (b) Hence, find the coordinates of H. ene | Aa a A DE ic p \ A a c ue rs 10.42 | 38 Chapter 10 Solving Tools https:7790103.hk/OWDIN Level 1 10.4 1. Inthe figure, PLO and QMINR are straight lines. LM 1 OR, PN OR and p OM = MR = 5 cm. Determine whether each of the following is an angle L bisector, a perpendicular bisector, a median or an altitude of APOR. ANN (a) LM (b) PN © PM z . = = In the figure, ADC, AFE, BEC and BFD are straight lines. AE is an altitude a a AABC. BD is the angl bisector af ZABC Find. BDC Ne In the figure, BDEC is a straight line. AD is an altitude of ABC and it is the perpendicular bisector of BE. (a) Find ZABC. 20" 5 c {b) Someone claims that AB is an altitude of AABE. Do you agree? a * Explain your answer. " «ep 4. In the figure, ADB and AEC are straight lines. BE is the angle bisector of A ZABC. AC 1 BC and ED | AB. AC = 18 cm and BC = 24 em. D, (a) Is CE equal to DE? Explain your answer. : (b) Find the area of AABC. (c) Find the area of ABE, b lc In the figure, ADC and BEC are straight lines. DE is the perpendicular 4 bisector of BC and AB = BD. es (a) Find ZABD. (0) Is AC equal to BC? Explain your answer. an i ‘ 102 (6 In the figure, P is the centre of the circle passing through A, B and C ‘Three lines are constructed to pass through A, B and C, and perpendicular to PA, PB and PC respectively. A new triangle DEF is formed. (a) Which centre of ABC is P? (b) Which contre of ADEF is P? Centres of a Triangle | 10.43 (Te In the figure, P is the incentre of AABC, ADB, AEC, BPE and CPD are A straight lines. Find each of the following angles. > = : (a) ZBAC (b) 2BPC (©) ZBEC EE <—S 8 Lees c (B.) In the figure, F is the centroid of AABC. ADC, AFE, BEC and BED are 4 straight lines. AB . BC. (a) Find the area of AACE. > (b) Find the perimeter of AACE. (Give the answer correct to 3 significant Ja figures.) 8 E tem GD In the figure, O is the circumeentre of AABC. Find each of the following angles. {a) ZBAC (b) 2B0C (c) ZOBC 103 0; Refer tothe figure, Determine whether each ofthe following is true or false. 70.9) (a) Ois the orthoventre of AOPO. (b) The x-coordinate and y-coordinate of the incentre of AOPG are the same. (©) The s-coordinate of the centroid of AOPQ is 6, (d) The mid-point of OG is the circumcentre of AOPO. 00.0) (1, The coordinates of the points P and Q are (2,1) and (~10, 5) respectively. 8") If C(-4,) is the circumcentre of APOR, find the value of k. G2; Let 0 be the origin. The coordin respectively. (a) Prove that OP 1 PQ. (b) Find the coordinates ofthe circumcentre of AOPO. (©) Find the coordinates of the orthocentre of AOPQ. of P and Q are (3, 6) and (15, 0) 3; Let 0 be the origin. The coordinates of P and @ are (6, 10) and (16, 0) respectively. (a) Find the coordinates of the orthocentre of AOPQ. (b) Find the coordinates of the cireumeentre of AOPO. 10.44 | 38 Chapter 10 wee (GA, Inthe figure, O is the origin. Fis the incentre of AOAB. P,Q and Rare the feet of the perpendiculars from ft OA, OB and AB respectively, Let r= OP. (a) Express the coordinates of Zin terms of r (b) Express AP and BQ in terms of r (6) Hence, find the coordinates of 1 Level 2 15, In the figure, ABC and BED are straight lines. BC = BE, AE = DC and ZAEB = ZDCB. (a) Prove that ABE = ADBC. (b) Is BE an altitude of AACE? Explain your answer. (©) IfCE= DE. find ZACD. 16. In the figure, AEC, APD, BDC and BPE are straight lines. AD is a median of ABC. AE: EC = 2: 1. Let xand y be the areas of ABDP and ACEP respectively. (a) Prove that the area of ABCE is 2x + y. (b) (i) Express the area of AAPB in terms of x, (iy Hence, find AP: PD. (©) @ Find x: y Gi) Heene, find 2 01 APB atea of CDPE (7. In the figure, ABCD is & parallelogram. AEFG, BCG, BED and CFD are straight lines. CF = CG. (a) Someone claims that AE is a median of AABD. Do you agree? Explain your answer. (b) Prove that AF is the angle bisector of ZBAD. i (48, In the figure, J is the incentre of AABC. ADB, AIE, BEC and CID ate straight lines. Find ZABC. 9 In the figure, 1 is the incentre of AABC. ADB, AIE, BEC and CID are straight lines. ZBAE = ZACD. (a) Prove that AADI = ACEI. ¢b) Prove that BD. E, 40,12) o (20. In the figure, Fi the incentre of AABC. BID is a straight line, ZABD = ZACD and ZCAD = ZCBD. Prove that AD = CD= 1D. (21, In the figure, P isthe circumcentre of ABC. Prove that ZBPC = 2ZBAC. (22, Let O be the origin. The coordinates of P and Q are (— respectively (a) Find the coordinates of the orthocentre of AOPO. (b) Find the coordinates of the citcumeentre of AOPQ. 9) and (21, 21) (23; In the figure, O is the origin. The coordinates of P and Q are (8, 12) and (20, 0) respectively. Denote the orthocentre and circumcentre of AOPQ by Tand J respectively. p Na, ‘ (a) Find the coordinates of and J. {b) Lis reflected with respect to the straight line OQ to a point R, (i) Find the coordinates of R. Gi) Someone claims that the circumeircle of AOPG passes through R. Do you agree? Exp! o your answer. (24, (a) Let a and p be the area and the perimeter of AXYZ respectively. Denote the radius of the inscribed circle of AXYZ by r. Prove that pr = 2a. (b) In the figure, 0 is the origin. D is a point lying inside AOPO such that Dis equidistant from the three sides of AOPO. 26.8) [~~ od 1,0) (8) Describe the geometric relationship between D and AOPO. (Gi) Find the perimeter of AOPQ. ii) Find the coordinates of D. Centres of a Triangle | 10.45 OSE 10.48 | 38 Chapter 10 prep} (25, In the figure, AOAB is an obtuse-angled triangle. Denote the circumcentre @EINB Ose and the orthocentre of AOAB by P and Q respectively (not shown in the figure) Ibis given that A, P and Q are collinear. ® é (a) Prove that OA = AB. (b) A rectangular coordinate system is introduced so that the coordinates of 0 and B are (0,0) and (12, 12) respectively while the y-coordinate of Ais8. (Find the coordinates of A. (ii) Find the coordinates of P. Gil) Consider the following two circles: Circle I: The circle of centre A and radius OA Circle II: The cirele passing through 0, A and B Which circle is larger? Explain your answer, Challenging Questions (26, In the figure, C and H are the circumcentre and the orthocentre of AOPO ID respectively. CM 1 OQ. OC is produced to R. It is given that ROL OQ and PR OP. PHN and OMNG are straight lines. iss ZEN, MN (a) @ Prove that HPRQ is a parallelogram. i) Find CM : PH. Gii) Denote the point of intersection of CH and PM by G, Find PG: GM. (b) A rectangular coordinate system, with O as the origin, is introduced in the figure so that the coordinates of P, Q and R are (5, 5), (6, 0) and (6, 4) respectively. Let E and F be the mid-points of CH and PH respectively. (Find the coordinates of C and H. (ii) Find the coordinates of E and F. (ii) Prove that EF = EM = EN. 6 = Multiple-choice Questions 27. 29. In the figure, AFB and BDEC are straight lines, FD 1 BC, AE 1 BC and BD = CD. Which of the following is a median of ABC? 4 A. AD Bb B. AE c. BD D. FD a Dee ap In the figure, BDC is a straight line. AD 1 BC. A a - c AD MUST be ‘A. an angle bisector of ABC. B, a perpendicular bisector of ABC. CC. amedian of AABC. D. analtitude of ABC. In the figure, M is the mid-point of BC. AM = BM. Which of the following must be true? 1. AM isa median of AABC. Il, AM is the angle bisector of ZBAC. TIL x+y=90° Land I only Vand Ill only Mand Ht only a © I, Hand 11 poe In the figure, P MUST be the A incentre of AABC. circumcentre of AABC. centroid of ABC. orthocentre of AABC. a o vow> In the figure, H is the orthocentre of AABC. If ZHAC = 30° and ZABH = 40°, then ZBAH = A. 20°, B. 30°, C. 40°, D. 60°. Centres of a Triangle | 10.47 (2; Let O be the origin. The coordinates of the points A and B are (7, 0) and (5, 6) respectively. If P is the orthocentre of AOAB, then the slope of OP is A. -3. B. 3. (BB. Let O be the origin. The coordinates of the points A and B are (36, 0) and (36, 48) respectively. The }-coordinate of the circumcentre of AOAB is A. 0. B. 12. c. 16. Dz 24, SE (G4, Let O be the origin. The coordinates of the points A and B are (48, ~36) and (48, ~36) respectively. ‘The y-coordinate of the orthocentre of AOAB is A. -50. B. -24, se (GS: The coordinates of the points A, B and C are (0, 16), (12,0) and (-12,0) respectively The y-coondinate of the incentre of ABC is 35 16 paw > 3 6, . 9. 10.48, | 38 Chapter 10 (36. (a) Let a and p be the area and the perimeter of ATUV respectively. Denote the radius of the inscribed circle of ATUV by r. Prove that pr=2a. (b) The coordinates of H and K are (15, 20) and (36, 0) respectively. Let P be a point lying inside AOHK such that the perpendicular distance from P to OH is equal to the perpendicular distance from P to HK, where 0 is the origin, (@ Does HP bisect ZKHO? Explain your answer. Gi) Lis given that PO bisects ZHOK. Find the slope of KP. Refer to HKDSE 2019 Paper 1 Q17 37. Let O be the origin. The coordinates of the points A and B are (0, 72) and (40, 30) respectively. The x-coordinate of the orthocentre of AOAB is 7 > tat goa lB Reels & Refer to HKDSE 2015 Paper 2.042 (BB. Let O be the origin. The coordinates of the points A and B are (0, 18) and (24, 0) respectively. The x-coordinate of the incentre of AOAB is, A. 0. B. 6. c. 8. D. 12. Refer to HKCEE 2006 Paper 2 048 Centres of a Triangle | 10.49 Let's study the 2 cases of Napoleon’s theorem. GY > tr Figure 1, 4480, AACE and ABCE are three equilateral triangles 2 erected externally on the sides of AABC. P, Q and R are centroids of AABD, AACE and ABCF respectively. E (a) Join PQ, PR and OR. Measure their lengths, correct to the nearest Oem. 3 (b) What kind of triangle is APOR? A a F Figure Gs. to Figure 2, samp, aACE and ABCF are three equilateral triangles F erected internally on the sides of ABC. P, Q and R are centroids of a AABD, AACE and ABCF respectively. m (a) Join PQ, PR and OR. Measure their lengths, correct to the nearest | Ole. (b) What kind of triangle is APOR? oe: Conclusion 6 4. From Q2 and Q3, the triangles formed by the Reflection: centroids are triangles. We have learnt Scan the GR code to explore the Napoleon's Theorem in GeoGebra: iS hitps://790103:hk/cQcUD Napoleon's theorem SR 59 10.50 | 38 Chapter 10 ] Appendix | a Property of Centroid ‘The centroid of « triangle has the following property ‘The centroid of a triangle divides each median internally in the ratio 2 : 1 Proof: In the figure, R and Q are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively. Two A medians CR and BQ (the blue lines) intersect at a point G. AG is produced to a point § such that BS RC. Denote the point of intersectic On p. 10.22, we proved that 1. BSCGis a parallelogram. TL. Gis the mid-point of AS. IIL. AP isalso a median. The three medians AP, BQ and CR are concurrent at G. of AS and BC by P. ‘Therefore, RG:GC=RG: BS (opp. sides of gram) 1:2 (mid-pt. theorem) 4» AR = RB and AG = GS: 06: GB=0G:cs (opp. sides of 1 gram) 21:2 (midpt. theorem) 4» AG=68 ana AQ=0C PG:GA=386:6A (diags. of! gram) 1 86:86 (proved) =1:2 Hence, the centroid divides each median internally in the ratio 2: 1 ES (concept eck A 1, In the figure, AEC, AFB, AGD, BDC, BGE and CGF are straight lines. G is the centroid of ABC. The area of AEG is 8 em? (a) Find the area of ACEG. (b) Find the area of AABD. 2, In the figure, AEC, AFB, AGD, BDC, BGE and CGF are straight lines. G is the centroid of ABC. The area of ABC is 42. em’. (a) Find the area of AABD. (b) Find the area of AABG. Centres of a Triangle | 10.51 @ Formula for the Coordinates of the Centroid Using the property of centroid on the previous page, we can find the coordinates of the centroid of a triangle from the given coordinates of vertices on a rectangular coordinate plane. Let us illustrate the method as follows. In the figure, G is the centroid of AAB. Denote the mid-point of AB by M. Note that OM is a median of AOAB. Coordinates of M 010.0) = C2 ao) 4 Mid-point formula 2 2 Inthe figure, APB isa straight -3,-6) 2,4) | We. 0G:GM=2:1 4 an) ee s+ Coordinates of G neta Ales .— Os2e8)) Section formula Mid-point Formula 241 WAP =P, then = (55%, ae Actually, for a triangle with vertices (x,..y,), (gs y9) and (3. y), it ean be - proved that the coordinates of the centroid of the triangle are ‘Section Formula WAP: PB=r:s, then Atyty newts oy) = (Bee +4) 3S ree" rte by using the mid-point formula and the section formula, Concept Check @&) In each of the following, find the coordinates of the centroid of AABC. (1 ~ 3) 1 a0 QB. & Q> «a 6.2) ao CLS) 0,10) C6,-16) B-2,-2) 4, If G(-2, 0) is the centroid of AABC, where the coordinates of B and C are (3, ~2) and (-11, -3) respectively. find the coordinates of A. 1052 | 38 Chapter 10 a Angle Bisector Theorem The following is a theorem relating to the angle bisectors of a triangle, which A is called the angle bisector theorem: ‘Suppose that P is a point lying on BC. If ZBAP = ZCAP, then BP : CP = AB: AC. Proof: Refer to Figure (a). 4 ‘Taking BP and CP as the bases of AABP and AACP respectively, the two triangles have the same height BP: CP = Area of AABP : Area of ACP sa.) Refer to Figure (b). 8 Denote the feet of the perpendiculars from P to AB and AC by Q and R respectively PQ=PR (property of Z bisector) ‘AB and AC as the bases of ABP and AACP respectively, the two triangles have the same height (PQ = PR). AB: AC =Area of ABP : Area of ACP From (1) and (2), we have BP : CP = AB: AC. 2) GS Concept check ET} Ua9 1. Inthe figure, BDC is a straight line. ZBAD = ZCAD. If the perimeter of AABCis 63 om, find BD. 2. In the figure, O is the origin. APB is a straight line. OP is the angle bisector of ZAOB. (a) Find AP: BP. (b) Find the coordinates of P. ‘angle bisector theorem 957 98528 @ Formula for the Coordinates of the Incentre Now, we will derive a formula to find the coordinates of the incentre of an arbitrary triangle, In the figure, the coordinates of A, B and C are (ry, ¥1), (X25 99) and (xy, 93) respectively. I(i, k) is the incentre of ABC. AI is produced to cut BC at the point P(p, q). Denote the lengths of the sides opposite to the vertices A, B and Cy a,b and c respectively. BAP = ZCAP BP: PC=e:b <0 By the section formula, Pt ana g =

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