I.

EXPLAIN the Architectural Features and Structural Principles:

a. Makkah Royal Clock Tower

The Makkah Royal Clock Tower, also known as the Abraj Al Bait Towers, is a
complex of seven skyscrapers located in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The main tower, which
houses the clock, is 601 meters tall. Personally, I have been there and it looked so tall
and it is considered to be in the top 5 tallest building in the world. The tower is mostly
constructed from reinforced concrete, which gives the structure strength and stability.
Steel bars support the concrete, making it more durable and resistant to earthquakes
and other natural disasters. The construction is built to withstand the severe winds that
are frequent in the region. The tower's tapered shape serves to lessen wind pressure,
and the building is equipped with a tuned mass damper, which helps to reduce wind
sway. The building's facade is made of glass, which allows for natural light and adds to
its visual appeal. The glass panels are also intended to reflect sunlight and so minimize
energy use. The building's design integrates traditional Islamic architectural elements
such as geometric patterns and calligraphy. The clock in the tower is one of the largest
in the world, with a diameter of 43 meters. The glass clock faces are lit at night, making
the tower a striking part of the Makkah skyline. The structure is also energy-efficient,
including features such as solar panels and a wastewater recycling system. In a
nutshell, the Makkah Royal Clock Tower is a concrete structure supported by a steel
framework that extends to the structure's summit. The structure's load-bearing base is
made up of four V-shaped support columns. The columns taper and merge with the
conical steel beams above the clock area and it is an impressive example of modern
architecture and engineering.

b. Ping An Finance Center

The Ping An Finance Center is an extraordinary feat of modern architecture and

engineering, utilizing a variety of innovative design and structural principles to create a
stunning and functional skyscraper. The Ping An Finance Center is an impressive
skyscraper in Shenzhen, China that incorporates innovative structural principles in its
design. One of the most notable features of the building is its diagrid structure. This
system consists of diagonally intersecting steel beams that create a lattice-like pattern,
providing strength and support to the building's structure. The diagrid structure helps to
distribute the weight of the building evenly, reducing the amount of steel needed for
construction and allowing for a more lightweight design. This design feature also allows
for more open floor plans and greater flexibility in interior space usage. Additionally, the
building's tapered shape helps to reduce wind resistance and prevent swaying during
high winds. The building's diagrid structure, glass facade, tapered shape, skybridge,
and sustainable features all contribute to its stability, energy efficiency, and aesthetic
appeal. With its LED screen and other modern design elements, the Ping An Finance

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Center stands out as a striking addition to the skyline of Shenzhen, China,
demonstrating the possibilities of cutting-edge design and engineering.

II. CITE and DRAW the Different Types of Insulating Concrete Formworks (ICF) and its
detailed connections?

Insulated concrete form (ICF) is a portable component of interconnected expanded

polystyrene (EPS) panels filled with concrete.

Different Types of ICF (from left to right)

 BLOCK – This type of ICF are commonly 16in. by 4.ft in size. The outside shape
of an ICF is similar to that of a Concrete masonry unit, however ICF blocks are
frequently larger in size since they are manufactured from a material with a lower
specific gravity. The edges of block ICFs are typically constructed to interlock,
minimizing or eliminating the requirement for a bonding material between the
blocks.
 PLANK – This type of ICF are commonly 1 ft. by 8ft. in size
 PANEL – This type come in sized up to 4ft. by 8.ft. Panel ICFs have the flat
rectangular shape of a section of flat wall, and their breadth is frequently limited
by the material's manipulability at greater sizes and the general usefulness of the
panel size for creating walls.

III. ANSWER the ff:

1. PILE AND PIER FOUNDATION is intended to transmit structural loads through

the upper zone of poor soil to a depth where the earth is capable of providing the
desired support.
2. PIER UNITS formed in place by excavating an opening to the desired depth
where concrete is poured.
3. CAISSON foundations are used when soil of adequate bearing strength is found
below surface layers of weak materials such as fill or peat.
4. MAT foundations are typically used when the building loads are so extensive
and the soil so weak that individual footings would cover more than half the
building area
5. RAFT system acts like a raft floating on water. The slab on grade becomes thick
enough so the entire building acts as a single load applied over the entire slab
surface. This is used when you have poor soils.
6. PILE foundations are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer the load of
the structure to the bearing ground located at some depth below ground surface.

The main components of the foundation are the

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7. FOOTING
8. SLAB
9. PILES are long and slender members which transfer the load to deeper soil or
rock of high bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of low bearing capacity The
main types of materials used for piles are Wood, steel and concrete.
10. BATCH is the amount of concrete mixed in 1 time.
11. Concrete coming from a conveyor should be directed straight down by using
deflector plates and a down pipe. TRUE or False
12. A. (CONSOLIDATION PROCESS) Compacting the freshly place concrete to
form & around the reinforcing steel to remove air pockets and pockets of stone.
(a, Consolidation Process b,Compaction process c.Reinforcing Process d,None
of the above)
Curing methods used for concrete:
13. FORMS
14. SPRINKLING
15. WET COVERING MATERIAL
16. SHEET MATERIALS
17. CURING COMPOUNT
18. CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES is a mixture of Portland cement, aggregates, and
water. In addition, admixtures are often incorporated to impart certain
characteristics, and reinforcement is used to increase tensile strength.

Types of shallow foundation

19. SPREAD FOOTING
20. MAT FOUNDATION
21. TYPE USE 1 STANDARD PORTLAND cement for general use when special
properties are not required.
22. TYPE IV STANDARD PORTLAND cement for use when a low heat of hydration
is desired, as in mass concrete for dams to diminish cracking or in other massive
members. It is also slow setting and attains its strength over a longer period
23. WATER making concrete or the cement paste that binds the aggregates together

24. ACCELERATING ADMIXTURES are used to achieve high early strength and to
shorten the time of set. High early strength results in earlier removal of forms,
reduction of required time for curing and protection, earlier use of a structure, and
partial compensation for the retarding effect of cold weather.
25. PIGMENTS added to concrete to produce color are termed coloring admixtures.
They should be colorfast, chemically stable, and have no adverse effect on
concrete. These pigments are generally inorganic oxides of the synthetic type.