MIDTERMS
ways of living may still depict practices
Art Appreciation
MODULE 1: DEFINING ART
ART is a creative activity that expresses
imaginative or technical skills. Derived
from a Latin term “ars” which means
ability, skill or craft.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF ART
TRADITIONAL ART called “do it yourself
arts”, originally practiced to serve a
useful purpose.
Examples:
Architecture, Sculpture, Painting,
Literature, Music, Performing,
Film/Photography
LIBERAL ARTS take the term art in the
sense of a learned skill rather than
specifically the fine arts.
Examples:
Grammar, Logic, Rhetoric, Arithmetic,
Geometric, Music, Astronomy
3 CLASSICAL BRANCHES OF ART
PAINTING
SCULPTURE
ARCHITECTURE
ASSUMPTIONS / NOTIONS OF ART
ART IS EVERYWHERE Art can be found THEIR CULTURE.
anywhere and everywhere logically
because we exist. Art co-exists with us
simply because they also bring with them
functions apart from beauty.
ART AS EXPRESSION AND
COMMUNICATION Artists become
artists because they stand out from the
crowd, this is because they express and
communicate differently among others
through their craft or art forms.
ART AS CREATION Art is given meaning personality of a person, so with his
because of how it is made. The process
consists of important steps and
techniques that make up the totality of
the artwork. Creation entails originality
which requires planning, proper
execution and consciousness for a well- are formed with different components.
thought output.
ART AND EXPERIENCE As one feels,
sees, and experiences, the artists’
experiences are part of his/her total
being, and once the artists express their Culture shapes and molds individuals. It
thoughts, emotions and perspectives
through their craft, they manifest them in adapt to his present society and acts
their art. Experience help you learn how
to go about art and contributes to how
you express art in the most organic and
authentic way.
ART AND NATURE Nature is not art
because it is not made by human beings, locations—they share the same
but nature can only be an inspiration for
making art which human beings can
imitate.
ART AS BEAUTY Our perspective and
taste for art are subjective because of our brute force. This is why up to now; our
culture and breadth of artistic knowledge.
Beauty is not just in the eye of the
beholder, but in the culture of the
beholder.
MODULE 2: EXPLORING ARTS AND
CULTURE
CULTURE
Social scientists defined culture as a “set peculiar in modern times.
of values, beliefs, and attitudes” that a
person or group of individuals may
possess.
Humanistic scholars, culture pertains to
the “complex whole of ideas and things”
produced by men in their existence.
Encyclopedia Americana (1992) defined
culture as the “human behavior and
history”.
Newhill and La Paglia (1977) described
culture as refinement or sophistication.
Culture is the “blueprint of living”.
Fernandez (2017) defined culture as an
accumulation of shared knowledge,
experiences, values, attitude, beliefs,
notions and objects.
With this, they claimed that a “cultured”
person possesses good manners, and
appreciates art, music, and literature.
ARTS BECOMES A GATEWAY TO
UNDERSTANDING PEOPLE AND
CULTURE AND SOCIETY
CULTURE connotes the way of living in
which the society creates to satisfy its
basic needs, while SOCIETY comprises
individuals interacting in various tasks for
the sole purpose of survival.
KEY CONCEPTS ON CULTURE
CULTURE IS A TOTAL PATTERN The
behavior, is affected by culture. This
becomes evident in the ways in how a
person was raised.
CULTURE HAS STRUCTURE cultures
Civilization cannot exist without
hierarchies.
CULTURE IS LEARNED OR ADAPTED
is through a culture that man learns to
according to the standard and norms of
the community he belongs to.
CULTURE IS SHARED The idea of
culture sharing is often manifested by
people living in specific geographic
principles and practices.
CULTURE IS INFLUENTIAL During
Spanish regime, Filipinos were stripped
off of their own culture and identity, by
that show the influences of our past.
CULTURE IS TRANSMITTED Culture
can be passed from one generation to
the next.
CULTURE IS DYNAMIC Some practices
before may no longer be practiced now
because they are deemed obsolete or
CULTURES ARE DIFFERENT No two
persons are alike given that we grow up
in varied cultural environments. Our
lifestyle is greatly influenced by what our
culture dictates, so as with our art
products.
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
By John W. Bennett (1992) of
Washington University
TRAIT the quality which makes one
person or thing different from another.
COMPLEX The situation and even the
materials used are forming part of how
this element exists.
PATTERN The existence of a regular
and repeated way of doing things such
as the reliable sample of traits, acts,
tendencies, or other observable
characteristics of a person, group, or
institution.
MEANINGS The derived idea
represented by a word, phrase, or even
the idea expressed in a work of writing,
art, and others. This is the meaning
attached to the item of culture, which can
be an idea, behavior, pattern, or object.
FUNCTIONS This refers to the purpose
of a particular item, word, or idea of a
specific culture.
INSTITUTIONS Groups of activities with
specific need-satisfaction and how they
function. These can be the families and
other groups of individuals. And most of
the time, these are the social institutions
that cohabit in a given society like that of
a family; while under political are
community organizations, government,
and also an economic category which
comprises cooperative labor, housing,
and private entities.
LANGUAGE
NORMS
SHARED BELIEFS AND VALUES
MODULE 3: VENTURING INTO
HUMANITIES | ON FUNCTIONS OF
ART
HUMANITIES, from the Latin word
humanus, meaning culture, human and
refined. It is a field that deals with the
human condition, and that utilizes
methods that are evidently analytic and
also critical. To ascribe to being human,
one needs to manifest quality such as
tenderness, rationality and sensitivity.
What gives us supremacy among all Propaganda Literature a literary art MANGLING Common characteristics are
others animals is our capacity to reason form that is a very powerful means of the qualities of being mutilated, cut,
out. Engaging in the study of humanities moving persuading people’s minds, crushed, slashed, and disfigured; an
will enable us to describe how people feelings, and ideology towards needs. exaggeration beyond distortion.
process and document their existence.
Advertising Art aims to affect the CUBISM Common characteristics of this
APPROACHES TO STUDYING buying behavior of people. art comprise the two-dimensional surface
HUMANITIES of the picture plane or apply geometric
PHYSICAL FUNCTION refers to the non- forms or figures, that emphasize the
SYNCHRONIC, also called formalist, it aesthetic aspect of the art byproduct. flatness, and also reject the traditional
refers to looking at art as it is and not forms of foreshortening, modeling,
look at it as a progression of events that EDUCATIONAL FUNCTION refers as Art coloring, and perspectives.
contributed to the current condition. Education where it is not only an
Dissecting an art in terms of its elements. institution but also an outlet or a ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
procedure to express one’s feelings, Characteristics include messiness and
DIACHRONIC analyzes the evolution of thoughts, emotions or ideas. exceptionally energetic applications of
art forms over time, including the duration paint. Part of the distinguishing features
of when the art form existed. CLASSIFICAIONS OF FUNCTIONS OF of the art includes spontaneity,
ART movement, freedom, and personal
4 PLANES OF ANALYSIS expression.
MOTIVATED (FUNCTIONAL) refers to
According to “Reading the Image” essay works of art that performs its purpose. SURREALISM combination of realism
by Alice G. Guillermo (2001) and distortion. Surrealism involves
NON-MOTIVATED (NON- contradictions of situations of reality and
BASIC SEMIOTIC PLANE FUNCTIONAL), also called “art in that of absolute reality, causing
ICONIC PLANE preservation”, “hoarded art” or “buried “suspension of disbelief.” Surrealism is
CONTEXTUAL PLANE art”, refers to works of art that cannot often compared to a dream state in art.
EVALUATIVE PLANE perform its purpose.
FAUVISM artists use colors as bright as
VALUE OF ARTS they can be to express joy, fun, quirk,
FUNCTIONS OF ART and freedom.
AESTHETIC VALUE refers to the
PERSONAL FUNCTION creating an art importance of artwork in relation to its DADAISM intends to express art in an
because of the need to express. When beauty. Artistic worth of something than offensive, provocative manner against
an artwork is viewed, interpreted and its practical value. the “proper” art.
understood in a different way, it is called
CONCEPTUALIZATION. ECONOMIC VALUE refers to different EXPRESSIONISM is characterized by
creative talents, skills or artworks free brushwork, swirling, swaying
SOCIAL FUNCTION refers to artwork converted into money or business. brushstrokes, generous and textured
that collectively address to spiritual, pigment, the color is intense and non-
political, cultural/historical significant FORMS OF ART naturalistic.
events.
FINE ARTS made primarily for aesthetic FUTURISM or Modernism is
Spiritual function refers to Mass enjoyment through the senses especially characterized by technology, modernity,
(Roman Catholic). Praise and Worship visual and auditory. Ex. Painting, youth, and speed. Advocacy of this art
(Born Again), Ramadan (Muslim) and Literature inculcates thrusts of modern technology
other spiritual events. to express the dynamism and movement
PRACTICAL ARTS intended for practical of modern life.
Political function refers to examples of use or utility. Ex. Sculpture, Architecture
statues of great leaders. SYMBOLISM depicts reality however
PERFORMING ARTS involves incorporates images, subjects, elements,
Cultural/historical function refers to movement, gesture and speaking. Ex. or references that are almost universally
statues of national heroes, landmarks, Dance, Singing, Music, Cinema/Film recognizable.
wedding ceremonies, and feast and
festivals. MODULE 4: MANNER OF EXPRESSIONISM depicts the darker
PRESENTING ART & LEVELS AND side of life. Exponents of expressionism
Social Functions also affects and MEANING OF SUBJECT believed in the necessity of a spiritual
influence the way we think and feel rebirth for man in an age that was
towards something MANNER OF PRESENTING ART AS A becoming influenced by materialism.
SUBJECT
Pictorial Forms a powerful means of IMPRESSIONISM concentrates on the
putting across a message through REALISM artists portray subjects exactly general impression produced by a scene
landscape. in replicas in either 2-dimensional or 3- or object.
dimensional byproduct.
Satire (Caricature) art forms that aims LEVELS AND MEANINGS OF SUBJECT
to ridicule individuals, groups or ABSTRACTION artist used shapes OF ARTWORK
society with the aim of sending across instead of cubes, and geometric shapes
a message of awareness and change. or just a splash of colors to present its FACTUAL MEANING may be extracted
subject and meaning. from the identifiable or recognizable
Cartoons promote and instill good forms in the artwork and understanding
values, molding pf character, good DISTORTION is an alteration of the how these elements relate to one
manners and behavior. shape. The form may appear twisted or another.
bent out from its original shape or form in
Editorial Cartoons aims to instill its regular condition. CONVENTIONAL MEANING pertains to
awareness/changes in people, ELONGATION refers to that which is the acknowledged interpretation of the
government, society, political system being lengthened, a protraction or an artwork using motifs, signs and symbols,
through ridicule. extension
and other cyphers as bases of its VALUE lightness or darkness of a color
meaning. MUSIC the background which dancers
Module 6: Elements and Principles of would rhythmically portray with their
SUBJECTIVE MEANING these meaning Music, Dance, Theatre, Cinema, and movements. The music must relate to the
stem from the viewer’s or audience’s Literature, and Elements and theme of the dance in order to portray the
circumstances (what we know, what we Principles of Design full meaning of the art form.
learned, what we experienced, what
values we stand for). ELEMENTS OF MUSIC (PERCEPTUAL SPECTACLE is the ability to create an
ELEMENT) impact on the audience by sequencing
MODULE 5: ELEMENTS AND the movements and music it creates.
PRINCIPLES OF VISUAL ARTS PITCH frequency of the note’s vibration
(note names C, D, E, etc.). Pitch is also THEATRE is an art concerned almost
ELEMENTS VS. PRINCIPLES what we sometimes refer to as “register” exclusively with live performances.
(highness and lowness of the sound);
ELEMENTS basic components that make organization of pitches with a pattern of ELEMENTS OF THEATRE
up the artwork. Elements are observable intervals between them creates scales;
parts of the artwork, particularly with words we might use to describe scales: SCRIPT is considered the backbone of
visual arts, which are directly seen by the major/minor, chromatic, gapped, and theatre. It serves as the blueprint of the
eyes or directly felt by the sense of touch. pentatonic. production that dictates how every
technicality of the whole production
PRINCIPLES rules that the artist follow RHYTHM the organization of music in should run.
or defy from. time. Meter organizes beats into groups,
usually of two or three; beats can be PLOT refers to the process by which the
ELEMENTS divided into small units usually 2, 3 or 4 playwright’s work is put into picture and
subdivisions. realization by the directors and his staff,
LINE his actors, the stage designers,
TIMBRE the sound quality or tone color, technicians, and all other collaborators.
Horizontal line serenity, rest, stability in the characteristic that allows us to
general distinguish between one instrument and MUSICAL SCORE is an important
Vertical line growth, authority, another or identify one singer from element that sets the mood and
confidence, and poise another. heightens the emotions of certain scenes
Diagonal line growth, pursuit, of the story.
persistence, dynamism TEXTURE the density (thickness or
Curved line change, direction, thinness) of layers of sounds, melodies, COSTUMES are big part of making the
movement, femininity, uncertainty, and rhythms in a piece: e.g., a complex characters. Costumes augment the
grace orchestral composition will have more portrayal of the characters.
Jagged line erraticism, anxiety, turmoil, possibilities for dense textures than a
inconsistency song accompanied only by guitar or CINEMA OR MOTION PICTURE is
piano. another art that is of complex nature.
SHAPE This art form involves capturing scenes
Most common types of texture: through a camera.
Organic natural look and a flowing and
curving appearance. Monophony A single layer of sound, ELEMENTS OF CINEMA
Geometric shapes that have the clear e.g. a solo voice
edges one achieves when using tools Homophony A melody with an TIME the most important element of
to create them accompaniment cinema since cinema moves with time. It
Polyphony Two or more independent is subjected to contraction, expansion,
FORM organic, geometric voices, e.g., a round or fugue. breaks or leaps through the manipulation
of the director.
COLOR MELODY the succession of musical
notes; a series of pitches often organized SPACE refers to the instrument or the
Hue refers to the name that is given to into phrases. contributory factors in achieving realness
a color, such as red, yellow, blue, or reality of the objects.
purple, etc. TEMPO is basically the beats per minute;
Intensity refers to the purity or dullness how fast, medium, or slow a piece of SOUND is the result of all the recordings
of a color. music is played or sung. of pitch, tone, intensity, volume and
Value the lightness or darkness of a texture, from the theme called
color DYNAMICS the volume (also known as soundtrack, the effects of the different
the “amplitude”)—how loud, soft, sounds needed for the film.
Basic Color Wheel (sometimes called a medium, gradually getting louder
color circle) is a handy tool often used (crescendo) or softer (decrescendo). ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF
by artists and interior decorators as a LITERATURE
visual aid in understanding the DANCE, THEATRE AND CINEMA
relationship between colors. Developed (COMBINED/PERFORMING ARTS) FICTION, also called imaginative
in 1666 by Sir Isaac Newton. Made up literature or literature of power. Examples
of three different types of colors – DANCE the movement of the body in a are stories, novels, folktales, poems, and
primary, secondary, and tertiary rhythmic way plays

TEXTURE rough, smooth, silky, shiny, ELEMENTS OF DANCE NON-FICTION referred to as literature of
fuzzy, etc. knowledge. Examples are essays and
THEME refers to the story where in it biographies.
SPACE conveys or evokes emotions.
4 GENRE OR TYPES OF LITERATURE
Positive the actual objects or shapes MOVEMENT is the fundamental element
within an artwork of dance. The dancers can externalize an FICTION, POETRY, ESSAY, AND
Negative the space around and inner state or condition and thus, DRAMA.
between those objects. communicate with the audience by
movements.
GENERAL ELEMENTS OF FOLK
LITERATURE
CHARACTER The characters in folk
narratives are called heroes or heroines.
Setting. The setting usually takes place in
an imaginary world, within the context of
the group where the story belongs
PLOT The action is formulaic. It follows a
specific pattern of events.
THEME The theme of folk narratives
usually deals with universal truths.
STYLE Traditionally told or performed
orally and in specific social contexts.
POETRY is both a patterned and
unpatterned form of written expression. It
helps to share personal experiences and
feelings in a concentrated, imaginative,
and rhythmical way.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
STANZA A division of a poem based on
thought or form.
METER It is the pattern of stressed and
unstressed syllable in a line of poetry.
The meter helps to establish the
rhythmical pattern of the poem.
SOUND AND RHYTHM Repetition of
similar sounds results to a thyme scheme
while the stressing or accenting of words
and syllables results to the rhythm.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE words that
mean something other than what is
written.
IMAGERY refers to the picture evoked in
the reader's mind as he/she reads the
words or phrases in the poem
A SHORT STORY includes one main
character, one plot, and one dominant
setting. It could be short enough to be
read in one sitting. On the other hand, a
NOVEL is a more extended work which
may have more characters in a more
complicated plot.
ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY AND
A NOVEL
CHARACTER The person/s involved in
the story.
Dynamic characters change or develop
during the story.
Static characters do not change or
develop throughout the story.
PLOT the series of events or episodes
that make up an action. It is arranged in a
meaningful sequence.
Exposition. Introduces the story by
describing the setting and the different they are transitioned.
characters inciting incident. An event
that begins the conflict in the story
Rising Action is a series of incidents
that creates suspense and tension in
the story
Climax or turning point of the story.
This consists of a choice, a decision or
an action made by the protagonist. The
things that will happen next depends
on the choices made by the
protagonist.
Denouement the final action. It is the
unveiling of the plot, following the
climax in which the writer explains how viewer's eyes from one element to
and why everything turned out as it did. another.
SETTING refers to the time and place of
the action. The setting provides the
background of the events and helps
create the mood and atmosphere of a
story.
THEME the idea, general truth or issues
which are being dealt with in the novel or
story.
POINT OF VIEW refers to the narrator of
the story. It is the vantage point from
which the characters, actions, and events
are seen.
First person point of view The one who
narrates in the story is one of the
characters in the story. It can be the
protagonist, a minor character or the
writer himself/ herself.
Omniscient point of view The story is
told by the author using the third
person. The narrator is "all present"
which means that he/she knows the
characters and their inner thoughts and
feelings.
Limited omniscient point of view The
author only focuses on the
consciousness, feelings, and ideas of
only one or a few of the characters.
ESSAY is a composition which discusses
a single topic. Comes from the French
word essai which means "to attempt" or
"to try". The first essayist is Montaigne.
An author of an essay presents to his
reader a discussion of his/her ideas and
experiences at the same time keeping
the reader's interest through his/her
manner of presentation.
THEME OR CONTENT The theme or
topic of an essay can be the experiences
of the writer which he/she wants to
discuss to his/her readers, or his/her
thoughts and opinions about a certain
event, experience or issue.
STYLE An essay is subjective because
the writer merely attempts to explain or
clarify something. The style of an essay
is limited to the writer's ability in
composing his/her thoughts and his/her
attitude towards the topic he/she is
writing about.
FORM AND STRUCTURE refer to how
all parts of the essay are connected, the
way the ideas are arranged, and the way
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN describes the
ways by which an artist makes use of the
elements of art in his or her artwork.
UNITY, also called harmony, is the
combination of similar elements (color,
lines, shapes, etc.) to create a sense of
wholeness in art.
RHYTHM is a feeling of movement
achieved by the repetition of visual
elements that creates a pattern of
movement. This pattern directs the
VARIETY refers to the combination of
elements that differ from one another,
like combining different colors, shapes,
and textures.
BALANCE is the feeling of visual equality
of objects, shape, color, texture, and
space.
Symmetrical balance, also called a
formal balance. One side mirrors the
other side.
Asymmetrical balance is achieved
when the visual element on each side
are not identical but so placed or
arranged that it still produces a feeling
of equality or stableness.
Radial balance Objects or patterns in
the artwork are arranged in a circular
manner, and they seem to move out of
the center.
PROPORTION is the relationship of the
objects in the picture to other objects and
their relationship to the whole picture.
The elements fit together in terms of size,
quantity, and spacing.
EMPHASIS AND SUBORDINATION
concerns the giving of importance to
certain aspects of an artwork in relation
to the whole. When the artist wants to
emphasize an image, he or she tends to
make it more noticeable using a different
color, different shape, making it more
significant and dominant, adding more
detail to it, contrasting it, or isolating it
from other objects.
THE RULE OF THIRDS is one of the
basic techniques that has been used in
the visual arts. The general guideline of
the rule of thirds is dividing the image into
grids by creating two parallel vertical and
horizontal lines, creating nine equally
proportioned boxes. The important
element is then placed on either of the
lines or at any of the four intersections. It
is used by artists to achieve balance and
visual impact in their work. It also helps
the artist with the placement of the
objects and to emphasize the focal point
in the composition.
MODULES 6B: MEDIUMS AND
TECHNIQUES: MUSIC; AUDITORY
ARTS; AND COMBINED (AUDITORY
AND PERFORMING) ARTS
MEDIUMS PRODUCED BY MUSIC
by instruments, by vibrators like piano
and guitars wherein strings produce the
sound or music, by objects that are made
to produce sound and resonators
produced by groups of musical
instruments, music or sound produced by
human voices.
GROUPS OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
STRINGED made of string and produces
a hollow sound box across which nylon,
wire or guts strings are stretched. Violin,
Cello, and Guitar are some of the
stringed instruments.
WOODWIND is played by blowing into
them. Flute, Piccolo, Clarinet, Oboe, Cor-
Anglais, Bassoon, Double Bassoon,
Saxophone are some of its examples.
BRASS made of cylindrical brass metal,
is either doubled on itself or coiled for
ease in handling and expands into a bell-
shaped end. Trumpet, French Horn, and
Sliding Trombone are some of the brass
instruments.
PERCUSSION played by means of sharp
striking of one body against another.
Some of its examples are Chimes,
Glockenspiel, Bell-lyre, Triangle, Claves,
Cymbals and Xylophone.
KEYBOARD are equipped with
keyboards which occasionally play with
the symphony orchestra. Piano,
Keyboard and Celesta are all keyboard
instruments.
MUSICAL GROUP I.e. Orchestra,
Chamber Music, and Band
PHILIPPINE INSTRUMENTAL GROUP
Philippine Rondalla, Pangkat Kawayan,
Musikang Bumbong
HUMAN VOICE
CLASSIFICATION
SOPRANO female high pitch
ALTO female low pitch
MEZZO-SOPRANO a voice combining
the attributes of both soprano and alto
TENOR male high pitch
BASS male low pitch
BARITONE lying between the tenor and
bass for male
AUDITORY ARTS
MUSIC a form of art that also serves as a
cultural activity which medium is sound.
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
PITCH refers to the highness, lowness of
a sound, a note or a tone.
RHYTHM refers to how sounds, silence
and pausing are arranged within the
accordance of time.
TEXTURE/TIMBRE refers to the total or
overall way on how music sound.
Monophony refers to a type of texture
that has single melody or tune, with no
musical accompaniment or additional
human voice (e.g. lullaby).
Heterophony refers to when it is
composed of two or more instruments
or human voices playing or singing the
same melody.
Polyphony refers to the various and
multiple independent use and
applications of melody lines working
and blending together, either sung or
played at the same time.
MELODY considered as the most
important element of music associated
with the mental motion and sometimes
called the memory elements because it is or reality of the objects.
what the listener always remembers.
TEMPO refers to the speed of a certain
musical piece.
Largo to go very slow
Adagio to go slow and stately
Andante to go at a walking pace
Andantino to go alternatively faster or
slower than andante
Allegretto to go moderately fast
Allegro to go fast
Presto to go very fast
Accelerando to go gradually becoming
faster
Ritardando to gradually becoming
slower.
DYNAMICS refers to the degree of
strength and volume of the sound.
EXPRESSION is one important element,
not usually mentioned in some books,
that serves as the emotion as seen in the
face and in the voice.
COMBINED (AUDITORY AND
PERFORMING) ARTS
DANCE is a communication making use
of the movement of the body.
DIFFERENT KIND OF DANCE
FOLK DANCE OR ETHNIC DANCE
depicts and describes people’s beliefs,
practices, traditions, customs and rituals.
THEATRICAL DANCES perform as
entertainment for audience in theaters
such as ballet, modern dances, musical
comedy and tap dancing.
BALLROOM DANCES performed for
entertainment and now at the present
time as part of a competition.
THEATER is a form of literature written
by a playwright that consists of
dialogues.
CINEMA is a complex process that
involves the capturing of images with the
object called camera and projected on
screen.
ELEMENTS OF CINEMA
TIME is the most important element of
cinema since it moves with time. It is
subjected to contraction, expansion,
breaks or leaps through the manipulation
of the Director.
Three aspects of time
Physical time refers to the time taken
by an action as it is being filmed and as
it is projected on the screen.
Psychological refers to our emotional
expression of the duration of the action
that we experience as we watch a film.
Dramatic refers to the time taken up by
the events depicted in the films.
SPACE refers to instrument or the
contributory factors in achieving realness
Different Sizes of Shots:
Long Shot is achieved when the
camera is positioned very far from the
object.
Medium Shot is achieved when taken
from an average distance or medium
extent. It is a person’s shot from his or
her head to his or her waist.
Close-up Shot results when the camera
is situated so close to the object that
we could distinguish the smallest
features of the object.
Lighting is achieved when the
positioning of the light desired by a
filmmaker to create areas of the light
and dark enabling him or her to
increase or decrease depth.
Shooting Angle allows the director to
show his or her concept of the object or
the character in the film.
Three Angles of a Camera
Directly Upward is achieved by taking
the picture and angling the camera
upward to make the object appear
larger than reality.
Vertically Downward produces an
effect opposite that of the vertically
upward.
Horizontal creates an impression of
closeness or equality among the
characters on the scene.
CAMERAMAN has the responsibility of
operating and eye controlling the camera
to record the objects.
DIRECTOR takes the responsibility and
authority in choosing the frames and
scenes significant to the film.
Transition Device Camera Techniques:
Fade used to show the old image
gradually fading out and a brief period
of darkness before the new scene
gradually appears.
Dissolve, also called mix, involves the
superimposition of the last positions of
the previous shoot over the nascent
portion of the next shot to show two
events happening at the same time.
Iris in – Iris out involves fade from the
edges of the screen to the center after
 which the image grows in a widening
circle from the center of the screen.
Turn-over shows whole screen turning
over and continuing to the other side.
Movement’s Techniques:
Tracking is a camera movement
technique used if the whole camera is
moved bodily while taking pictures of a
scene.
Planning is achieved if the camera is
kept in the same place but turned on its
axis (e.g. when covering the building);
then it is spanned on the children and
then on nature.
Transference Effects is a camera
movement wherein the camera may be
moved in such a way as to create
familiar experience (e.g. earthquake
effect).
Subjective Effects is a camera
movement to show expressions,
attitudes, movements or conversations
of characters as they react to a
particular person or situation.
SOUND is the result of all the recordings
of pitch, tone, intensity, volume and
texture from the theme called soundtrack
In the world of art, the CURATOR is
responsible in interpreting different
works, selecting, classifying,
differentiating them, even to the point of
labeling them, doing catalogue essays
and other activities that need to support
and prepare an exhibit. He/she serves as
a manager, overseer and keeper of a
cultural heritage either of an institution, a
gallery, museum, library or archive.
MODULES 7 - 10: ON ART HISTORY
SUMMARY
The PERIODS OF ART are Prehistoric,
Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Medieval,
Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque,
Rococo, Romanticism, Impressionism,
Art Nouveau, Constructivism, De Stilj
(The Style), Optical Art, Popular Art,
Minimalism, Conceptualism and
Installation Art.
PREHISTORIC PERIOD or when there
was human life before records
documented human activity - roughly
dates from 2.5 million years ago to 1,200
B.C. It is generally categorized in three
archaeological periods: the Stone Age,
Bronze Age and Iron Age.
Its art is classified into four types
petroglyphs, pictographs, prehistoric
sculptures, and megalithic art.
Cave arts have five principal motifs:
animals, human figures, tools and
weapons, local maps, and symbols. They
were either engraved, sculpted, or
painted on rocks.
ANCIENT EGYPT is closely knit with spread across Europe and it became the
religion, and they believe in immortality of first visual style to have a significant
life after death. Ancient Egyptian worldwide impact. Baroque art is
art reached considerable sophistication in characterized by drama, movement,
painting and sculpture, and was both energy, and restlessness. A new
highly stylized and symbolic. Much of the technique, chiaroscuro, was developed in
surviving art comes from tombs and this period.
monuments; hence, the emphasis on life
after death and the preservation of ROCOCO PERIOD is a continuation of
knowledge of the past. the Baroque but in a lighter, more
graceful tone and has a more decorative
ANCIENT GREEK art stands out among effect. It is characterized by lightness,
that of other ancient cultures for its elegance, and an exuberant use of
development of naturalistic but idealized curving natural forms in ornamentation.
depictions of the human body, in which The word Rococo is derived from the
largely nude male figures were generally French word rocaille, which denoted the
the focus of innovation. Greek period is shell-covered rock work that was used to
divided into three periods: Archaic, decorate artificial grottoes. Romantic art
Classical or Hellenic, and Hellenistic. In stressed the individuality and creativity of
the archaic period, the arts were the artist. The artists are free to express
dominated with in linear geometric his/her view of the world in whatever
designs and human figures. The classical medium or technique s/he is comfortable
or Hellenic period gave emphasis on with.
form, intellectual order, harmony, perfect
proportion, and balance (which were IMPRESSIONISM describes a style of
considered the early forms of art painting developed in France during the
elements). In the Hellenistic period, art mid-to-late 19th century;
became dynamic, flexible, and truthful. It characterizations of the style
showed more honest views of humanity include small, visible brushstrokes that
(the imperfections of human), and offer the bare impression of form,
emotions of the subjects. unblended color and an emphasis on the
accurate depiction of natural light.
In the ROMAN PERIOD, they portrayed Impressionist art is characterized using
art in a more realistic and natural form. vibrant and fresh colors and favors
Their paintings would showcase their spontaneity. Artist paint more outdoor
environment. The art of Ancient Rome scenes to capture the natural color and
includes architecture, painting, sculpture light.
and mosaic work. Still life, landscapes,
and architectural motifs were common From the 1880s until the First World War,
subjects. western Europe and the United States
witnessed the development of ART
MEDIEVAL ART is classified into four NOUVEAU (“NEW ART”). Taking
major periods and styles: Early Christian, inspiration from the unruly aspects of the
Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic. The natural world, Art Nouveau influenced art
art of the Early Christians emphasized and architecture especially in the applied
the spiritual and religious. Fresco wall arts, graphic work, and illustration. Art
paintings and architectural wall paintings Nouveau, though very prominent in
were common during the Romanesque architecture, pervaded all arts. It includes
period. Architecture is the main form of great variety of fine and decorative arts,
expression of this period. like painting, graphic art, interior design,
jewelry and furniture, textiles, ceramics,
glass art and metal work.
RENAISSANCE comes from the French
word which means “rebirth.” In this period CONSTRUCTIVISM was an artistic and
there were discoveries in art and architectural theory that originated in
sciences. Religious images were Russia at the beginning of 1913 by
commonly depicted in their paintings and Vladimir Tatlin. This was a rejection of
sculptures with precise anatomical the idea of autonomous art by
features (based on earliest studies of constructing it. The movement supported
science). Renaissance art may be art as a practice for social objectives.
defined by the interest of artists and
sculptors in the art of classical antiquity DE STIJL, meaning 'Style' was a modern
and the use of mathematical perspective. art movement developed in the
Renaissance art is realistic, detailed, Netherlands in the early twentieth
dramatic, and often contains different century. Encompassing painting,
layers of meaning. architecture and design, de Stijl
was founded by Piet Mondrian and Theo
MANNERISM PERIOD, also known as van Doesberg in 1917 based upon strict
Late Renaissance, which originated from ideals of vertical and horizontal
Florence, Italy, refers to a stylized, geometry.
exaggerated approach in painting and
sculpture. OP ART is an abbreviation of 'optical art'
and the term came into regular use in the
The BAROQUE is a highly ornate and mid-1960s. The style is characterized by
elaborate style of architecture, art and abstract patterns, often in black and
design that flourished in Europe in the white, with a stark contrast between
17th and first half of the 18th century. background and foreground.
Originating in Italy, its influence quickly
POP ART is an art movement
that emerged in the mid-1950s in Britain
and in the late 1950s in the United
States. Pop Art presented a challenge to
traditions of fine art by including imagery
from popular culture such as advertising
and news.

MINIMALISM is an extreme form of

abstract art developed in the USA in the
1960s and typified by artworks composed
of simple geometric shapes based on the
square and the rectangle. Minimalism
describes movements in various forms of
art and design, especially visual art and
music, where the work is set out
to expose the essence, essentials or
identity of a subject through eliminating
all non-essential forms, features or
concepts.

CONCEPTUAL ART described artworks

that rejected traditional artistic elements
such as aesthetic ideals, technical
construction, and materials used in favor
of the idea behind the artwork.

INSTALLATION ART is an artistic genre

of three-dimensional works that are
often site-specific and designed to
transform the perception of a space.
Generally, the term is applied to interior
spaces, whereas exterior interventions
are often called public art, land art or art
intervention; however, the boundaries
between these terms overlap.
Conceptual art tends to be more
understated and minimalist, whereas
Installation art is often bold and more
object-based.