Monera, Archaea, Protist & Fungi Kingdoms

The Monera Kingdom

Fimbria MONERA KINGDOM
• Unicellular organisms.
• Type of cell: Prokaryotic cell.
• Nutrition: Autotrophs and heterotrophs.
• Interaction: Some can move with the flagella
• Reproduction: Asexual reproduction
Cell wall • They are bacteria

They are prokaryotic cells, therefore their genetic

Cell
membrane material (DNA) is not in a nucleus, but dispersed in
the cytoplasm.

Cytoplasm
Flagellum Genetic What are the differences
material between flagella and
fimbriae?
 Monera Kingdom Nutrition
Bacteria can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Autotrophic bacteria
They perform photosynthesis to make their own food.
Example: Cyanobacteria.

They are the producers because transform inorganic matter into organic matter
for themselves and the rest of living things. In addition, they also produce oxygen.
 What are the benefits that
Escherichia coli provides to
humans?

Monera Kingdom Nutrition

Bacteria can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Heterotrophic bacteria
❑ Parasitic
Bacteria live on or in other
❑ Saprotrophic ❑ Symbiotic
living things (hosts). The
Bacteria feed on dead or decaying organisms. Bacteria establish a
bacteria benefit but
relationship with other
the hosts are damaged.
living things from which
both organisms benefit.
The Salmonella
enteritidis
bacterium
causes some
gastroenteritis
Escherichia coli
They decompose organic matter into in mammals They can produce
inorganic at the end of the food chains. intestines
infectious diseases.
Monera Kingdom Reproduction

Bacteria reproduce asexually through a process called binary fission. This means that a
single cell divides into two identical cells.
Monera Kingdom Classification
Bacteria can be classified into four groups according to their shape.

COCCI BACILLI SPIRILLA VIBRIO

Round shape Rod shape Curved, spiral shape Curved, rod shape
The Archaea Kingdom
ARCHAEA KINGDOM
Actually, there are six kingdoms. The
archaea kingdom was included in the
bacteria but nowadays it is a kingdom
itself.
• Unicellular organisms
• Prokaryotic cells
• Nutrition: Autotrophs and
heterotrophs.
• Reproduction: Asexual.
Archaea can live in extreme
conditions, such as acidic
environments or extreme
temperatures.
 Reproduction

Asexual Sexual
reproduction reproduction
Single parent cell reproduce Involves two parents who produce
specialised cells, called gametes

Multiple
Binary fission Sporulation Fragmentation
fission
Bacteria, Algae
and Protoza

Unicellular organisms divide into two equally-sized daughter cells.

 Reproduction

Asexual Sexual
reproduction reproduction
Single parent cell reproduce Involves two parents who produce
specialised cells, called gametes

Multiple
Binary fission Sporulation Fragmentation
fission
Bacteria, Algae Protoza
and Protoza

Unicellular organisms divide into multiple small daughter cells.

 Reproduction

Asexual Sexual
reproduction reproduction
Single parent cell reproduce Involves two parents who produce
specialised cells, called gametes

Multiple
Binary fission Sporulation Fragmentation
fission
Bacteria, Algae Algae, Fungi and
and Protoza Protoza Plants

Sporulation involves the production of

spores and the development of a new
organism from a spore.
 Reproduction

Asexual Sexual
reproduction reproduction
Single parent cell reproduce Involves two parents who produce
specialised cells, called gametes

Multiple
Binary fission Sporulation Fragmentation
fission
Bacteria, Algae Algae, Fungi and Algae, Plants and
and Protoza Protozoa Plants Animals (starfish)

A multicellular organism
divides into two or more
segments. Each of them
can give rise to a whole
organism
The Protist Kingdom
PROTIST KINGDOM
• Multicellular and Unicellular organisms.
• Type of cell: Eukaryotic cells.
• Nutrition: Autotrophs (algae) and heterotrophs (protozoa).
• Interaction: Some can move.
• Reproduction: Asexual and sexual reproduction.
 The Protist Kingdom: Algae
Algae are aquatic eukaryotic, autotrophic organisms that perform photosynthesis

➢ They appear in various shapes and sizes ranging from microscopic

and unicellular algae to giant multicellular seaweeds.
➢ Algae live in both fresh and seawater aquatic environments, and
moist soil habitats
➢ Algae cells are similar to plant eukaryotic cells (chloroplasts and cell
wall), but they are not plants!
➢ Algae do not have tissues
Algae neither true stems, leaves
• Unicellular or Multicellular organisms. or roots.
• Type of cell: Eukaryotic cells.
• Nutrition: Autotrophs.
• Interaction: Some can move.
• Reproduction: Asexual and sexual.
 The Protist Kingdom: Algae

❖ Nutrition: Autotrophic.
In order to perform
photosynthesis, algae
have chlorophyll, which is
green, or other pigments,
ranging from red to
brown.

Algae
They are the most
• Unicellular or Multicellular organisms.
• Type of cell: Eukaryotic cells. common producers of
• Nutrition: Autotrophs. aquatic systems.
• Interaction: Some can move.
• Reproduction: Asexual and sexual.
 The Protist Kingdom: Algae

Algae
• Unicellular or Multicellular organisms.
• Type of cell: Eukaryotic cells.
• Nutrition: Autotrophs.
• Interaction: Some can move. In fact, along with cyanobacteria, they have created the
• Reproduction: Asexual and sexual. oxygenic atmosphere out of the primitive anoxygenic one.
 The Protist Kingdom: Algae
Benthic ❖ Interaction: Some unicellular algae move using flagella,
but multicellular algae cannot move on their own.
Some spend their life floating (planktonic) while others
remain attached to the bottom (benthic).

Algae
• Unicellular or Multicellular organisms.
• Type of cell: Eukaryotic cells.
• Nutrition: Autotrophs.
• Interaction: Some can move. Planktonic
• Reproduction: Asexual and sexual.
 The Protist Kingdom: Algae

❖ Reproduction: Algae can reproduce sexually (involving

male and female gametes), asexually, or both ways.
Algae reproduce asexually through binary fission, spores
or fragmentation.

Fragmentation
Algae
• Unicellular or Multicellular organisms.
• Type of cell: Eukaryotic cells.
• Nutrition: Autotrophs.
• Interaction: Some can move.
• Reproduction: Asexual and sexual. Binary fission Sporulation
 The Protist Kingdom: Algae
Some planktonic algae, such as Noctiluca scintillans, produce red tides when they reproduce excessively.

These red tides can be harmful as they can release toxins that threaten wildlife, human health, aquatic
ecosystems and fisheries. They can also reduce the levels of oxygen in the water.
Algae Classification
Algae can be classified into three groups based on their photosynthetic
pigment and consequently their colour.

GREEN Algae BROWN Algae RED Algae

They are green because of green They have brownish-green pigments. They have reddish pigments which
pigments, mainly chlorophyll. They Most are multicellular and grow in allow them to perform
live in varied aquatic environments. marine habitats. Brown algae photosynthesis in much deeper
They can be unicellular or include kelp and seaweed. water. They are mostly multicellular
multicellular. and found in the sea.
The Protist Kingdom: Protozoa
Protozoans are unicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms

➢ Some protozoans are Cilia Mitochondria

free-living and live in
soil, as well as fresh
or saltwater, while Ribosome
others are parasites.
➢ Protozoan cells do
Protozoa
not have a cell wall
• Unicellular organisms.
neither chloroplasts. • Type of cell: Eukaryotic cells.
Its cell type is similar Vacuole • Nutrition: Heterotrophic.
to the animal • Interaction: Some can move.
eukaryotic cell. Nucleus • Reproduction: Asexual.
 The Protist Kingdom: Protozoa
❖ Nutrition: All protozoans are heterotrophs and eat bacteria, algae or other protozoans by a process called phagocytosis.

Phagocytosis: process by which a portion of the cell membrane surrounds and

engulfs a food particle or microorganism, and brings it into the cell inside a vacuole.

Protozoans can be predators (feed off live organic matter) or detritivores (eat decomposing organic matter).
 The Protist Kingdom: Protozoa
❖ Reproduction:
Asexual reproduction is through binary fission or multiple fission.

Protozoa
• Unicellular organisms.
• Type of cell: Eukaryotic cells.
• Nutrition: Heterotrophic.
• Interaction: Some can move.
• Reproduction: Asexual.
 The Protist Kingdom: Protozoa

❖ Interaction: Some protozoans are immobile while others move Protozoa

using: • Unicellular organisms.
• Type of cell: Eukaryotic cells.
- Cilia: many tiny hair-like organelles.
• Nutrition: Heterotrophic.
- Flagella: a few long hair-like structures. • Interaction: Some can move.
- Pseudopods: false feet, which are extensions of the cell cytoplasm. • Reproduction: Asexual.
 The Protist Kingdom: Protozoa
Some protozoans can cause serious illnesses in humans as sleeping sickness or malaria.

Sleeping sickness
• Caused by protozoans of the
species Trypanosoma brucei.
• Transmitter: tsetse fly

Malaria or paludism
• Caused by Plasmodium parasites that destroy
red blood cells.
• Transmitter: Mosquitoes.
 Protozoa Classification
Protozoa can be classified into four groups according to their appendix.

Ciliates Flagellates Rhizopods Sporozoans

They move using cilia. They move using flagella. They move using pseudopods. Sporozoans do not move.
These include amoebas and
foraminifera.

Plasmodium falciparum
causes malaria.
The Fungi Kingdom
Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms.. Mushrooms

➢ They grow in the soil, in dark, damp places or on the organic

matter they feed on.
➢ They have a cell wall similar to that of plants, but the wall
does not contain cellulose.
➢ They do not have chloroplasts and do not form tissues.

FUNGI KINGDOM
• Unicellular (yeasts) or Multicellular
(mushrooms and moulds) organisms.
• Type of cell: Eukaryotic cells.
• Nutrition: Heterotrophs.
• Interaction: cannot move.
Yeast • Reproduction: Asexual and sexual.
 Fungi Kingdom Nutrition
❑ Saprotrophic
Saprophytic fungi feed on ❑ Symbiotic
decomposing organic matter (dead Symbiotic fungi establish symbiotic ❑ Parasitic
plant and animal material). Most relationships with other organisms. Athelet’s foot
is an example
fungi belong to this group. of mycosis

Lichens are organisms formed by a

symbiotic relationship between a fungus Parasitic fungi cause
and an alga. The fungus diseases in plants and
They decompose organic matter into provides moisture and mineral salts. The animals. Fungal
inorganic at the end of the food alga provides food produced through infections in humans
chains. photosynthesis. are called mycosis.
Fungi Kingdom Interaction
Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms..

❖ Interaction: Fungi are immobile, but they respond to stimuli

from the environment, like humidity, food, other fungi or the
presence of dissolved substances in the air. Fungi react by
changing their development, growth, or by growing towards
other fungi in order to reproduce.

FUNGI KINGDOM
• Unicellular (yeasts) or Multicellular
(mushrooms and moulds) organisms.
• Type of cell: Eukaryotic cells.
• Nutrition: Heterotrophs.
• Interaction: cannot move.
• Reproduction: Asexual and sexual.
Fungi Kingdom Reproduction
Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms..

❖ Reproduction: Most fungi can reproduce both sexually and

asexually, which allows them to survive in different
environments.

The most common

method of asexual
FUNGI KINGDOM
reproduction is • Unicellular (yeasts) or Multicellular
through the production (mushrooms and moulds) organisms.
of asexual spores • Type of cell: Eukaryotic cells.
(similar to seeds). • Nutrition: Heterotrophs.
• Interaction: cannot move.
• Reproduction: Asexual and sexual.
Fungi Classification
Fungi can be classified into four groups according to their .

Yeast Mould Mushrooms

These are unicellular fungi. Moulds are multicellular These are multicellular fungi
Some yeasts are harmful filamentous fungi. They which generally consist of a stalk
while others are beneficial. grow on decomposing with a large cap on top.
organic matter, like tree
trunks, fruit, cheese and
bread.

Thrush is a human infectious

disease caused by a yeast
The Fungi Kingdom: Mushrooms
Mushrooms

Cap
Hyphae consist of
one or more cells,
surrounded by a
cell wall.
Stalk Include this drawing in your
notebook!
The entire mass of hyphae that forms the body of a fungus
is called the mycelium.
 WHAT IS A VIRUS?
A virus is an obligate non-cellular parasite that can only reproduce by invading the cells of other living things

- Viruses have no proper cell structure (non-cellular). As a result, they are

- Viruses do not perform the three vital functions. generally not considered
- Viruses can only reproduce inside a host cell. to be true living things.

Viruses infect the cells

of all types of organisms.

Provide three examples of

viral human diseases
 Include this drawing in your
VIRUS STRUCTURE notebook

A virus is an obligate non-cellular parasite that can only reproduce by invading the cells of other living things

Membrane envelope Capsid :

protective
protein coat

Strand of nucleic acid Tail

(genetic material which
can be DNA or RNA)

Tail fibres

Influenza virus Bacteriophages: Viruses that infect bacteria

 VIRUS REPRODCUTION
Viruses only have the life process of reproduction. As they do not feed, they are considered obligate
parasites and, in order to reproduce, they insert their genetic material in the cells of living organisms.

1. The virus attaches itself

to the cell membrane.
5. The cell releases the
new viruses. This event 2. The whole virus or
can destroy the host cell. just its genetic material
is injected into the cell.

4. All of the 3. The host cell follows the

components are put instructions from the viral genetic
together and new material: it replicates the nucleic
viruses are created. acids and produces capsids and tails.