TRIGONOMETRIC

EQUATIONS AND INEQUATIONS

Trigonometry Phase-II

CONTENTS
KEY CONCEPTS
EXERCISE-I
EXERCISE-II
EXERCISE-III
ANSWER KEY
 KEY CONCEPTS
THINGS TO REMEMBER :
 
1. If sin  = sin    = n  + (1)n  where    ,  , n  I .
 2 2
2. If cos  = cos    = 2 n  ±  where   [0 , ] , n  I .
3. If tan  = tan    = n  +  where     ,   , n  I .
 2 2
4. If sin²  = sin²    = n  ± .
5. cos²  = cos²    = n  ± .
6. tan²  = tan²    = n  ± . [ Note :  is called the principal angle ]
7. TYPES OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS :
(a) Solutions of equations by factorising . Consider the equation ;
(2 sin x  cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin² x ; cotx – cosx = 1 – cotx cosx
(b) Solutions of equations reducible to quadratic equations. Consider the equation :
3 cos² x  10 cos x + 3 = 0 and 2 sin2x + 3 sinx + 1 = 0
(c) Solving equations by introducing an Auxilliary argument . Consider the equation :
sin x + cos x = 2 ; 3 cos x + sin x = 2 ; secx – 1 = ( 2 – 1) tanx
(d) Solving equations by Transforming a sum of Trigonometric functions into a product.
Consider the example : cos 3 x + sin 2 x  sin 4 x = 0 ;
sin2x + sin22x + sin23x + sin24x = 2 ; sinx + sin5x = sin2x + sin4x
(e) Solving equations by transforming a product of trigonometric functions into a sum.
Consider the equation :
sin 6 x
sin 5 x . cos 3 x = sin 6 x .cos 2 x ; 8 cosx cos2x cos4x = ; sin3 = 4sin sin2 sin4
sin x
(f) Solving equations by a change of variable :
(i) Equations of the form of a . sin x + b . cos x + d = 0 , where a , b & d are real
numbers & a , b  0 can be solved by changing sin x & cos x into their corresponding
tangent of half the angle. Consider the equation 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5.
(ii) Many equations can be solved by introducing a new variable . eg. the equation
sin4 2 x + cos4 2 x = sin 2 x . cos 2 x changes to
 1
2 (y + 1)  y   = 0 by substituting , sin 2 x . cos 2 x = y..
2
(g) Solving equations with the use of the Boundness of the functions sin x & cos x or by
making two perfect squares. Consider the equations :
 x   x 
sin x  cos  2 sin x +  1 sin  2cos x  . cos x = 0 ;
 4   4 
4 11
sin2x + 2tan2x + tanx – sinx + =0
3 12
8. TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUALITIES : There is no general rule to solve a Trigonometric inequations
and the same rules of algebra are valid except the domain and range of trigonometric functions should be
kept in mind.
 x  1
Consider the examples : log 2  sin  < – 1 ; sin x  cos x   < 0 ; 5  2 sin 2 x  6 sin x  1
 2  2
 EXERCISE–I
Q.1 Solve: 2 + 7 tan2 = 3.25 sec2 (0° <  < 360°).
1 1 1
log5 sin x  log15 cos x
Q.2 Solve the equation for x, 52 5 2 =15 2
Q.3 Find all the values of  satisfying the equation; sin + sin 5 = sin 3 such that 0    .
Q.4 Solve the inequality: 2 sin 11x + cos 3x + 3 sin 3x = 0
Q.5 Find all value of , between 0 & , which satisfy the equation; cos . cos 2 . cos 3  = 1/4.
x x
Q.6 Find the general solution of the equation , 2 + tan x · cot + cot x · tan = 0
2 2
Q.7 Solve for x , the equation 13  18 tanx = 6 tan x – 3, where – 2 < x < 2.
Q.8 If  &  are two distinct roots of the equation , a tan + b sec = c then prove that :
2ac
tan (+ ) = 2 2 .
a c
Q.9 Find the principal solution of the trigonometric equation
1 3x 2
cot 3x  sin 2 x   3 cos x  sin x  2  sin 
4 2 2
Q.10 Determine the smallest positive value of x which satisfy the equation, 1  sin 2 x  2 cos 3 x  0 .
 
Q.11 2 sin  3 x    1  8 sin 2 x . cos 2 2 x
 4
3 1
Q.12 Given that A, B are positive acute angle, solve: 3 sin 2A = sin 2B & 3 sin2A + sin2B = .
2
Q.13 Solve: sin 5x = cos 2x for all values of x between 0° & 180°.
Q.14 Find all values of  between 0° & 180° satisfying the equation;
cos 6  + cos 4 + cos 2 + 1 = 0 .
a 2  ac  b 2
Q.15 If  &  satisfy the equation, a cos 2 + b sin 2 = c then prove that: cos2 + cos2 = .
a 2  b2
Q.16 Find the solution set of the equation, log x 2 6x (sin 3x + sin x) = log x 2 6x (sin 2x).
10 10
Q.17 Find the value of , which satisfy 3  2 cos 4 sin cos 2+ sin 2 = 0.
Q.18 Find the general solution of the equation, sin x + cos x = 0. Also find the sum of all solutions
in [0, 100].
Q.19 Solve for x, ( x ) the equation; 2 (cos x + cos 2 x) + sin 2 x (1 + 2 cos x) = 2 sin x.
Q.20 Find the range of y such that the equation , y + cos x = sin x has a real solution. For y = 1 , find
x such that 0 < x < 2.
Q.21 Find the general values of  for which the quadratic function
cos   sin 
(sin) x2 + (2cos)x + is the square of a linear function.
2
Q.22 Find the general solution of the equation, tan2(x + y) + cot2(x + y) = 1 – 2x – x2.
Q.23 Prove that the equations
(a) sin x · sin 2x · sin 3x = 1 (b) sin x · cos 4x · sin 5x = – 1/2
have no solution.
Q.24 Find the general solution of sec 4  sec 2 = 2.
Q.25 Let f (x) = sin6x + cos6x + k(sin4x + cos4x) for some real number k. Determine
(a) all real numbers k for which f (x) is constant for all values of x.
(b) all real numbers k for which there exists a real number 'c' such that f (c) = 0.
(c) If k = – 0.7, determine all solutions to the equation f (x) = 0.

EXERCISE–II
3
Q.1 Solve the equation sin x  cos x = cos² x.
2
Q.2 cos 3x . cos3 x + sin 3x . sin3 x = 0.
Q.3 Find all the solutions of , 4 cos2x sin x  2 sin2x = 3 sin x.
Q.4 If  &  are the roots of the equation , a cos + b sin = c then prove that :
2bc c 2 a 2
(i) sin + sin = (ii) sin . sin =
a b 2
2
a 2 b 2
  2b   ca
(iii) tan + tan = (iv) tan . tan =
2 2 a c 2 2 c a
Q.5 Find the least positive angle measured in degrees satisfying the equation
sin3x + sin32x + sin33x = (sinx + sin2x + sin3x)3.
Q.6 Find the general solution of the following equation:
2 (sin x  cos 2x)  sin 2x (1 + 2 sinx) + 2 cos x = 0.

Q.7 Solve the inequality sin2x > 2 sin2x + (2 – 2 )cos2x.

Q.8 Find the values of x, between 0 & 2, satisfying the equation;
3x x
cos 3x + cos 2x = sin + sin .
2 2
Q.9 Solve for x: sin 3 = 4 sin  sin(x + ) sin(x  ) where  is a constant  n.
Q.10 Solve: cos ( . 3x)  2 cos2 ( . 3x) + 2 cos (4  . 3x)  cos (7  . 3x)
= sin ( . 3x) + 2 sin2 ( . 3x)  2 sin (4  . 3x) + 2 sin ( . 3x + 1)  sin (7  . 3x)
Q.11 Find the set of values of 'a' for which the equation, sin4 x + cos4 x + sin 2x + a = 0 possesses solutions.
Also find the general solution for these values of 'a'.
Q.12 Solve: tan22x + cot22x + 2 tan 2x + 2 cot 2x = 6.
x
sec 2
Q.13 Solve the equation: 1 + 2 cosecx = – 2.
2
3
Q.14 sin4x + cos4x  2 sin2 x + sin2 2x = 0.
4
Q.15 Solve: tan2x . tan23x . tan 4x = tan2x  tan23x + tan 4x.
29
Q.16 Solve: sin10x + cos10x = cos42x.
16
Q.17 Find the set of values of x satisfying the equality
   3  2 cos 7 x
sin  x   – cos  x   = 1 and the inequality  2 cos 2 x .
 4  4  cos 3  sin 3
Q.18 Find the sum of all the roots of the equation, sin x  1 , which are less than 100 2. Also Find the sum
of the square roots of these roots. Now, can we conclude that all the roots cos x  0 are also the roots
of sin x  1 ? Justify your answer..
 x  x
Q.19 Solve: sin    cos    2 sin x .
 2   2 
2x  1 2x  1 2x  1
Q.20 Find the general solution of the equation, sin + sin  3 cos2 = 0.
x 3x 3x
Q.21 Let S be the set of all those solutions of the equation,
(1 + k)cos x cos (2x ) = (1 + k cos 2x) cos(x ) which are independent of k & . Let H be the
set of all such solutions which are dependent on k & . Find the condition on k &  such that H is a non-
empty set, state S. If a subset of H is (0, ) in which k = 0 , then find all the permissible values of .
Q.22 Solve the equation : sin 5x = 16 sin5 x.
x cos 3 y  3x cos y sin 2 y  14
Q.23 Solve for x & y,
x sin 3 y  3x cos 2 y sin y  13
Q.24 Solve the equation: cot x  2 sin 2x = 1.
Q.25 Find all values of 'a' for which every root of the equation, a cos 2x + a cos 4x + cos 6x = 1
1
is also a root of the equation, sin x cos 2 x = sin 2x cos 3x  sin 5x , and conversely, every root
2
of the second equation is also a root of the first equation .

EXERCISE–III
Q.1 The number of values of x in the interval [0, 5] satisfying the equation
3 sin2x  7 sinx + 2 = 0 is
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 10 [ JEE ’98 ’2 ]
Q.2 Find the general values of x and y satisfying the equations
5 sinx cosy = 1 , 4 tanx = tany [REE ’98, 6]
Q.3 Find real values of x for which, 27cos 2x . 81sin 2x is minimum . Also find this minimum value.
[ REE 2000, 3]
Q.4 Solve the following system of equations for x and y [REE ’2001(mains), 3]
(cos ec x  3 sec y)
2 2
(2 cos ecx  3 |sec y|)
5 = 1 and 2 = 64.
Q.5 The number of integral values of k for which the equation 7cosx + 5sinx = 2k + 1 has a solution is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12
[JEE 2002 (Screening), 3]
Q.6 cos( – ) = 1 and cos( + ) = 1/e, where ,   [–, ], numbers of pairs of ,  which satisfy both
the equations is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
[JEE 2005 (Screening)]
Q.7 If 0 <  < 2, then the intervals of values of  for which 2sin2 – 5sin + 2 > 0, is
    5    5 
(A)  0,    , 2  (B)  , 
 6  6  8 6 
     5   41 
(C)  0,    ,  (D)  ,  [JEE 2006, 3]
 8 6 6   48 
 ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE–I
   2 5
Q.1 30° , 150° , 210° , 330° Q.2 x = 2n + , nI Q.3 0, , , , &
6 6 3 3 6
n  n 
Q.4 x =  or x =  ,nI
7 21 4 24
  3 5 2 7 2
Q.5 , , , , , Q.6 x = 2n ± , nN
8 3 8 8 3 8 3
2
Q.7   2  ;    ,  ,  +  , where tan  = Q.9 x = /6 only Q.10 x = /16
3
 17 
Q.11 x  2n  or 2n  ; n I Q.12 A = 15° , B = 30°
12 12
90 450 810 1170
Q.13 , 30° , , , 150° , Q.14 30° , 45° , 90° , 135° , 150°
7 7 7 7
5 
Q.16 x= Q.17 = 2 n  or 2 n  + ; nI
3 2

1   
Q.18 x = n – , n  I; sum = 5025 Q.19 , ,  Q.20  2  y  2 ; ,
4 3 2 2

 
Q.21 2n  or (2n+1) – tan–12 , n I Q.22 x = – 1 , y = n ± +1
4 4

2n   3  1 n 
Q.24  = ± or 2n ± n  I Q.25 (a) – ; (b) k    1,  2  ; (c) x = 2 ± 6
5 10 2 2  
EXERCISE–II
 n 
Q 1. x = 2 n  ±  or 2 n  + nI Q 2. ±
3 2 4
  3 
Q 3. n  ; n + (1)n or n + (1)n   10  Q 5. 72°
10

  
Q 6. x = 2 n  or x = n + (1)n   or x = n  + (1)n
 2 6

   5 9  13  
Q 7. n  < x < n  Q 8. , ,, , Q 9. n  ±
8 4 7 7 7 7 3

 2 k 1  n  1 m
Q 10. x = log3    , k  N ; x = log3   , n  N ; x = log3    , m  N{0}
 3 6  2 8 2

Q 11.
1
2 n   (1) n

sin 1 1  2 a  3  where n  I and a   , 
2 2
 3 1
 
n  n  
Q 12. x = + (1)n or + (1)n+1 Q 13. x = 2 n  
4 8 4 24 2
Q 14. n  ±
1
2

cos1 2  5  Q 15. (2 n  1)  k  , where n , k  I
4
n  3
Q 16. x =  , nI Q 17. x = 2n + , n I
4 8 4
765  2 55 
Q 18. , . All the roots of cos x  0 are not the same as those of sin x  1
4 2
2 2
   4m  
Q 19. x =  4 n    or x =    where m, n  W.
 2  3 2
2 1
Q 20. x = or where n  I
6 n   3  4 3 n   3 ( 1) n sin 1 43  2
Q 21. (i) k sin  1 (ii) S = n  , n  I (iii)  ( m , 2  m ) m  I

Q 22. x = n  or x = n  ±
6
1
Q 23. x = ± 5 5 & y = n + tan1
2
 K 3
Q 24. x = + or x = + K KI
8 2 4
Q 25. a = 0 or a <  1

EXERCISE–III
Q.1 C
 3
      
Q.2 y = (n  m)  (1) n  (1) m ; x = (m  n)  (1) n  (1) m where  = sin–1  5  , m, nI
2 4 2 2 4 2
 1 1 3  1 1 3
Q.3 Min. value = 3 5 for x = (4n – 1) – tan , nI; max. value =35 for x=(4n + 1) – tan , nI]
4 2 4 4 2 4
 
Q.4 x = n + (–1)n and y = m + where m & n are integers.
6 6
Q.5 B Q.6 D Q.7 A