LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY

Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2022-2023
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TASK
COURSE : ANATOMY AND PHYIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MODULE : THE CELLS
ROOM : MLS1E

NAME: Bianca Cielo Marie O. Balabag

DATE: August 22, 2022

LEARNING ACTIVITIES:
Virtual Discusion:
Independent Study:
Word Analysis and Definition
Lesson Exercises
Modular Review Guide
Video Presentations
TASK:
Lesson 1:
1. Describe the organization and general function of cell.

The cell, consists mainly of a cell membrane, a nucleus, and cytoplasm, is the basic building block and the
smallest unit of life. Its general functions are to take in nutrients from food and converting it into energy used by
the body, to support growth and repair, and to provide structural support to the body. In simple words, it helps
organisms grow and develop.
 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2022-2023
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Identify the structures located within the cell. State the function of each.

The structures and organelles that can be found within the cell are as follows:
1. Nucleus, which controls and regulates the activities of the cell, and carries the genes that contain the hereditary
information.
2. Cytoplasm, a gel-like fluid inside the cell, which is the medium for chemical reaction.
3. Cell membrane, or plasma membrane, which separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
4. Cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm, provides shape, organization,
and movement of the cell.
5. Ribosomes, which is the site of protein synthesis.
6. Lysosomes, a membrane-enclosed vesicles which contain strong enzymes that break down excess cell parts and
destroy invading viruses and bacteria.
7. Proteasomes, which contain enzymes that break apart unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins into small peptides.
8. Peroxisomes, a membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain enzymes that oxidize various organic substances.
9. Golgi complex, which modifies, sorts, packages, and transports molecules synthesized in the rough ER.
10. Centrosomes, the organizing center for growth of the mitotic spindle .
11. Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell where ATP generation occurs.
12. Rough ER, the site where secretory proteins and membrane molecules are synthesized.
13. Smooth ER, which synthesizes fatty acids and steroids.
14. Vesicles, which are membrane-bound sacs that transport, transfer, or secrete proteins
15. Cilia, a short microtubular structures involved in movement of materials along the cell’s surface.
16. Flagellum, a long microtubular structure, also involved in movement of a cell.
 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2022-2023
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Differentiate between active and passive transports across the cell membrane.

Both active and passive transport are processes for extracellular substances to get inside the cell, but active
transport uses energy, such as ATP, and is required for the transportation of molecules such as proteins, large
cells, complex sugars, and ions, whereas the passive transport does not require energy, and is required for the
transportation of soluble molecules, including oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, lipids, and the like.

4. Describe the different types of transport processes across the plasma membrane according to:

4.1. Passive transport

It is the transport that does not require energy, which circulates from a region of higher
concentration to a lower concentration, and is required for the transportation of soluble molecules,
including oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, lipids, and the like.

4.2. Active transport

It is the transport that uses energy such as ATP and is assisted by enzymes, which circulates from
a region of lower concentration to a higher concentration, and is required for the transportation of
molecules such as proteins, large cells, complex sugars, and ions,

4.3. Solvent transport

These are transports where a solution is exhibited. Solvents are predominant liquid or gas where
solutes, such as ions or molecules, are dissolved. Examples of a solvent transport are Diffusion, where
solutes tend to move from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration, and Osmosis, a
transport where there is a diffusion of water, a solvent, across a selectively permeable membrane.
 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2022-2023
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4.4. Transport in bulk

It is a transport where large particles are moved across the cell membrane. These mechanisms
enclose the substances to be transported in their own membrane globes, which can then fuse with the
membrane to move the substance across. Like active transport, bulk transportation also requires energy.
Examples include phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.

5. Summarize the events in mitotic cell division.

Mitotic cell division is where one cell divides to produce two new daughter cells that are genetically identical
to itself. Mitosis consists interphase, cytokinesis, and four basic phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase. The cell should first undergo interphase where DNA is replicated, then starts with prophase, where
chromatin fibers condense and shorten to form chromosomes. It is then followed by the metaphase, where centromeres
of chromatid pairs line up at the center of the mitotic spindle, then anaphase, where centromeres split and chromatids
move to opposite poles of the cell. Lastly, telophase occurs, where chromosomes uncoil and revert to chromatin.
Cytokinesis will the overlap the final step by dividing the cytoplasm to form two new cells.

6. Summarize the events in meiotic cell division.

Meiotic cell division is where the number of chromosomes in the parent cell is reduced by half, which
produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction. It
begins with a parent cell that is diploid, which means it has two copies of each chromosome. The parent cell undergoes
one round of DNA replication, and is followed by two separate cycles, meiosis I and meiosis II, and both meiotic divisions
have multiple phases. Meiosis I is a type of cell division unique to germ cells, while meiosis II is similar to mitosis. The
process results in four daughter cells that are haploid, which means they contain half the number of chromosomes of the
diploid parent cell.
 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2022-2023
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Reference:

Phases of mitosis | Mitosis | Biology (article). (n.d.). Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-

communication-and-cell-cycle/cell-cycle/a/phases-of-mitosis

Bulk transport (article). (n.d.). Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-structure-and-

function/membrane-transport/a/bulk-transport

VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2018). Seeley’s Essentials Of Anatomy Physiolog (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.