HISTORY OF

ARCHITECTURE

ASSIGNMENT-2

SUBMITTED BY- KRITISH DUA

B.ARCH 3rd YEAR(A)
08159301618
Key objectives while developing the new
independent India-

● The objective of India’s development strategy has been to

establish a socialistic pattern of society through economic
growth with self-reliance, social justice and alleviation of
poverty.
● These objectives were to be achieved within a democratic
political framework using the mechanism of a mixed economy
where both public and private sectors co-exist.

● Some factors contributing to India’s regional development are;

● Changes in agriculture and the rural development that are key
to India’s economic development
● Dynamic features, that bring about major regional changes as
part of economic liberalization to include reorganization of
spatial structures pertaining to industrialization and the
formation of new industrial regions
● The progression of urbanization and development of major
cities, and economic growth

Elaborate the situations and development of India pre

and post Independence-
● The historical forces guide the development of port towns such
as Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, these cities in turn
functioned as the nucleus for further development of
Maharashtra, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu respectively
● Calcutta ceased to be capital of the british indian empire in
1911, still continued to be an important administration and
economic centre
● The british leading architects edwin lutyens and herbert baker
were invited to design new delhi and its important buildings
invited to design the city of new delhi.
● In their endeavour to make architecture more rational and
appropriate to its locale, the British architects had to
compromise with elements from the Buddhist, Hindu and
Mughal building vocabularies.
● They diluted the character of Indo-Saracenic style, inclining
toward European Classicism, in accordance with the policy of
the government.
● In Europe in this period the movement of modern architecture,
which rejected 19th century architecture based on classical
styles, had attained to its high watermark.
● India became independent from the British Empire in 1947,
and Indian architecture immediately parted from European
classical styles and rushed into modernism.

● In post-Independence India, as the nation-building process

was afoot, there was a choice to be made—whether to rely on
traditional building styles or to attempt new shapes, designs,
compositions and layouts. As new State capitals had to be
designed, homes to be built for the refugees, cities to be
expanded, institutions to be constructed, building and building
styles became a primary concern.
● The society was divided into two - modernist and revivalist
● Revivalists, who sought to reach back a thousand years for
architectural forms and details which symbolised various
classical eras and golden ages of Indian culture.
 ● Modernist were those who believe modern india require
modern architectural symbols and forms to express the
dynamism of a free people in their march.

Refugee colonies

● Refugees from Pakistan, mostly Punjabis, thronged the city.

Initially, a majority of them went to neighbouring states —
Punjab and Uttar Pradesh — to settle down before coming to
Delhi. Delhi turned out to be safer place and offered better
future prospects in terms of employment and business
opportunities.
● Nizammudin east and west became home to karachi elites
● Lajpat Nagar was developed as a refugee colony and most of
its early residents were Punjabis from Karachi and parts of
Balochistan, Multan and Sindh.
● A crash building programme was undertaken in the public
sector using whatever materials were readily available and
thus a number of small towns and re-settlement colonies came
up, almost instantly, in many parts of the country
● All this was achieved by indian architects and engineers
employed by government

Golconda the first modernist building

● Golconda was the dormitory designed by Czeck born Antonin
raymond completed in 1948
● His design philosophy-mean not to design first and give a
problem to engineers afterwards, but to work hand in hand
with them from the beginning ,in order to fit most simplest most
direct and economical solution
● All the features were evolved from a through study of climate
and psychological need of its occupants
● A cross ventilation and sun protection were achieved by
covering the entire building surface with parallel,horizontal
louvers and precast thin shell concrete vaulting was used to
crate a ventilated double roof for insulation
● Building evolved alongside the work of people of Ashram