MBS-SPA

ENERGY AND BUILDINGS-II

ASSIGNMENT- 2
 Submitted by-
KRITISH DUA
B.ARCH 3RD YEAR(A)
08159301618

Unit 1

1.Energy Conservation Building code (ECBC) Guidelines

for energy consumption in
Buildings.
2.Energy conservation Act 2001- need and importance

Answer :
This act was made by the Indian government and afterward, in august 2010 it was
amended as the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act 2010. The objectives of the act
are as follows:

● To give policy on which it works and suggestions to national power conservation

activities.
● Suggest to the stakeholders how to make policies and programs on efficient use
of power.
● Setting up a way and procedures to check the measurements and monitor BEE
improvements.
● Influence multilateral, respective, and private division backing to execute the
Energy Conservation Act.
● Show BEE conveyance frameworks through public and private organizations.
● To advertise the phenomenon of energy efficiency and conservation in the
country.
IMPORTANCE

● Fix the energy usage standards for specific appliances and equipment.
● Give direction that there should be a mandatory display of labels for specific
equipment and appliances.
● Stop the building, import, and sale of the items which are not to the standards.
● Inform energy concentrated businesses, different foundations, and business
structures as assigned customers
● Set up and recommend energy utilization standards and guidelines for assigned
buyers
● Prescribe or make changes in Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC) to
local conditions for energy conservation and efficient use of energy in a new
commercial building with a contract load of 500 kW.
● Make and provide Central and State Energy Conservation Fund

DEFINE-
● Building complex : It can be a private house with garden, drive, garage and tool
shed, or it can be a University campus with buildings for lecturing, administration,
sport, halls of residence, etc. Rail networks and airports are also all examples of
complexes.”
● The built-up area of a premise is measured from the external perimeter wall
surfaces. It is the carpet area plus the wall thickness along with other unusable
areas within the apartment such as the dry balcony, terrace, flower beds, etc. It is
always more than the carpet area.
● The connected load is the sum of the continuous ratings of all the equipment
connected to the supply system. In other words, the connected load is the sum of
all the nameplate ratings of the equipment within the consumer installation.
● certified energy auditor : a graduate Engineer with post-graduate degree in
Management or equivalent with two years of work experience involving use of
energy in operation, maintenance, planning, etc. Candidates should have
acquired the requisite number of years of work experience as on the closing date
of the application.
● The Energy Performance Index (EPI) of a building is its annual energy
consumption in kilowatt-hours per square meter of the building. While calculating
the EPI of a building, the area of unconditioned basements shall not be included.
EPI can be determined by:

To comply with the Code, EPI shall be calculated based on one of the following:
(a) Prescriptive Method including Building Envelope Trade-off Method
 (b) Whole Building Performance Method
- The EPI ratio is the ratio of the EPI of the proposed building to the EPI of the
standard building

3.Difference between Green building, Energy efficient

building, Sustainable building, Net Zero building
A3)

● Sustainable building

A sustainable building is a building that puts sustainability at the heart of every

stage of its life cycle. From planning, to design and construction, operation and
demolition, a sustainable building incorporates environmentally responsible and
resource-efficient practices to provide a long-term comfortable, healthy and
productive environment for its occupants, all whilst without negatively impacting
the surrounding environment.

● Green building
● The key difference between sustainable buildings and green buildings is that
sustainable buildings operate with all three sustainability pillars in mind (people,
planet and profit), whereas green buildings focus solely on the environment.
● A green building is one where that implements individual practices and
processes as incremental steps towards environmental sustainability. As alluded
to in the “operation and maintenance” step earlier, green initiatives can include
switching to renewable energy, implementing natural ventilation systems and
reducing your carbon footprint long term.
● Net zero buildings
● Zero energy buildings are designed to export as much renewable energy as they
consume over the course of the year, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In
green building, resources are used more efficiently and a building's negative
environmental impact is reduced.
 ● Net-zero energy buildings do however tend to have a much lower ecological
impact than other green buildings that rely on imported energy and/or fossil fuels
to be habitable and meet the needs of occupants. Green buildings often focus on
operational energy, zero energy buildings are specifically designed to produce
enough energy from renewable energy sources to meet their consumption
requirements. In green buildings, environmental impacts such as material use
and pollution of water are considered, but in zero energy buildings, only energy
consumption and the ability to generate as much energy as possible from
renewable resources are considered.

4.Models of energy consumption in buildings

5.Embodied Energy consumption in building materials,
energy consumption in
functioning of buildings in life cycle

6.Energy consumption in recycling and reuse of building

A)
● Environmental Management and Strategies for Building Material Reuse and
Recycle in Buildings
● Leaders of successful, high-growth companies understand that innovation is
what drives growth, and innovation is achieved by awesome people with a
shared relentless growth attitude and shared passion for problem solving and for
turning ideas into realities. Companies that continuously innovate will create and
re-invent new markets, products, services, and business models – which lead to
more growth. Innovation is founded on your enterprise’s ability to recognize
market opportunities, your internal capabilities to respond innovatively, and your
knowledge base. So, the best thing to do to guarantee growth is to build a
sustainable innovation organization around the following components:
1. Vision and strategy for innovation
2. Culture supporting innovation
3. Processes, practices and systems supporting innovation
 4. Top management team leading innovation
5. Cross-functional teams mapping innovation road
6. Empowered employees driving innovation.
● Reuse and recycling of building material is a growing area of interest and
concern in many parts of the country. Current practices and trends in the building
material waste management area are examined from a building life cycle
standpoint or cradle to reincarnation concept.
● Strategies include zero waste, integrated recycling, international approaches,
and reuse of materials, resource optimisation, waste reduction, and
deconstruction. Examination of the waste management hierarchy and life cycle
management of material is used to improve the understanding of reuse and
recycle opportunities. Other considerations include cost, economic factors, social
factors and environmental factors. All of these assessments are needed to
develop a comprehensive waste management plan for a specific project.

Benefits of Reuse and Recycle

A) Environmental Benefits

Many reuse programs have evolved from local solid waste reduction goals because
reuse requires fewer resources, less energy, and less labour, compared to recycling,
disposal, or the manufacture of new products from virgin materials.

B) Community Benefits

For many years, reuse has been used as a critical way of getting needed materials to
the many disadvantaged populations that exist. Reuse continues to provide an excellent
way in which to get people the food, clothing, building materials, business equipment,
medical supplies and other items that they desperately need. There are other ways,
however, that reuse benefits the community.

C)Economic Benefits

When reusing materials, instead of creating new products from virgin materials, there
are fewer burdens on the economy. Reuse is an economical way for people of all
socio-economic circles to acquire the items they need.
 7.ECBC Standards for Building envelope, Lighting (indoor
and outdoor), HVAC system, Solar water heating,
Electrical systems
A)
BUILDING ENVELOPE
The Standard Design shall have identical conditioned floor area and identical exterior
dimensions and orientations as the Proposed Design, except as noted in (a), (b), (c),
and (d) below.

(a) Orientation
● The Standard Design performance shall be generated by simulating the building
with its actual
● orientation and again after rotating the entire building 90, 180, 270 degrees, then
averaging the results. The building shall be modeled so that it does not shade
(b) Opaque assemblies
Comprises of roof, floors, doors, and walls shall be modeled as having the same heat
capacity as the Proposed Design but with the maximum U-factor allowed in §4.3.1 and
§4.3.1.1.
(c) Fenestration

● Fenestration areas shall equal that in the Proposed Design or 40% of gross
above grade wall area, whichever is smaller, and shall be distributed on each
face in the same proportions as in the Proposed Design No shading projections
are to be modeled; fenestration shall be assumed to be flush with the exterior
wall or roof. Manually operated fenestration shading devices such as blinds or
shades shall not be modeled.
● Fenestration U-factor shall be the maximum allowed for the climate, and the solar
heat gain coefficient shall be the maximum allowed for the climate and
orientation.

(d) Roof Solar Reflectance and Thermal Emittance

● The exterior roof surfaces shall be modeled using a solar reflectance of 0.6 and a
thermal emittance of 0.9.itself.

LIGHTING
Lighting power in the Standard Design shall be determined using the same
categorization procedure (building area or space function) and categories as the
Proposed Design with lighting power set equal to the maximum allowed for the
corresponding method and category in either §6.3.2 or §6.3.3. Power for fixtures not
included in the lighting power density calculation shall be modeled identically in the
Proposed Design and Standard Design. Lighting controls shall be as per the ECBC
requirements of §6.2.1.

HVAC SYSTEM
The HVAC system type shall be as per Table 9-2 and related performance parameters
for the Standard Design shall be determined from requirements of §9.4.2. Equipment
performance shall meet the requirements of §5 for code compliant building.

SOLAR WATER HEATING

The service water heating system shall be of the same type as the Proposed Design.
For residential facilities, hotels and hospitals the Standard Design shall have a solar hot
water system capable of meeting 20% of the hot water demand. Systems shall meet the
efficiency requirements of §5.2.9.2, the pipe insulation requirements of §5.2.9.4 and
incorporate heat traps in accordance with §5.2.9.5.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Receptacle, motor, and process loads shall be modeled and estimated based on the
building type or space type category. These loads shall be included in simulations of the
building and shall be included when calculating the Standard Design and Proposed
Design. All end-use load components within and associated with the building shall be
modeled, unless specifically excluded by this Table, but not limited to, exhaust fans,
parking garage ventilation fans, exterior building lighting, swimming pool heaters and
pumps, elevators and escalators, refrigeration equipment, and cooking equipment.

8.Energy audit of building

● ENERGY AUDIT
1. Energy has the highest potential for cost reduction, and thus the energy audit
becomes a crucial exercise [15]. An energy audit helps us to understand how the
energy is used in the industry and helps in identifying areas where the waste of
energy can occur and where the scope for improvement exists. The requirements
that must be fulfilled for an energy audit are-
● Measured up-to-date energy consumption data
● A detailed review of the energy consumption profile
 ● Provide life-cycle cost rather than the simple payback period

The audit should provide a clear picture of energy consumption and energy
opportunities for improvements. The international standards ISO 50002:2014
specifies the process required for carrying out an energy audit.
It specifies the principles, common process, and deliverables for an energy audit.
European standards for energy audit BS EN 16247 deal with commercial,
industrial, non-commercial, and public sector organizations, excluding individual
private dwellings [18, 19].
According to the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), the consumer shall have its
first energy audit conducted with the one and half year notification issued by the
government. The time interval for conduct and completion of energy audit shall
be 3 years with effect from the date of submission of the previous energy audit
report by the energy auditors to the management of designated consumers.
Need for energy audit

● The energy demand is increasing day-by-day. To fulfill this demand, we need to

use more fossil
● fuels. Fossil fuel generates energy as well as pollution, which is harmful to
mankind
● The pollution and emission checking calculators are available on the internet
and they are used to help in measuring the pollution level and emission level in
the environment. An energy audit will reduce the environmental effect directly or
indirectly
● The functions of the energy audit are-
- an energy audit can reduce energy consumption
- an energy audit can reduce the energy bill and save the money
- an energy audit can improve the comfort level
- an energy audit can reduce the carbon footprints
- an energy audit can reduce unnecessary waste and pollution

The energy audit is the great and most valuable step to save energy consumption and
save money. It may seem that an organization's energy audit provides a point of
reference for managing the consumption of energy and also it provides a better plan for
the essential use of energy in an organization.

Unit-2
Architectural Design as a response to Climate: Tool for
Design in all climatic conditions of India. Micro climatic
factors

A)
Climate-Responsive Architecture
● Perform a Site Analysis
Determine the weather patterns, climate, soil types, wind speed and direction, heating
degree days, and path of the sun. Look at the water flows, habitat, and geology of the
site.

● Layout the Building on the Site

Using an integrative design process, use a basic massing of the building layout to
determine specifically on-site the most optimal location for the building to be situated.
Factors to consider here are access to infrastructure, staying at least 100 feet clear of
any watershed, not building within a floodplain and in a habitat with endangered
species.

● Plan With the Sun in Mind

It's all about the sun, so, plan to place the structure based on the cardinal directions.
The goal is to maximize the amount of sun that heats space in the winter , as well as
decreasing the amount of sun that cooks the building in the summer

● Window Considerations
South facing facades should utilize a window area appropriate to its orientation, and
glazing should utilize a double or triple-paned glass with a Low-E coating.

● Building for Geographic Area

When designing the envelope of the building, factors such as insulation, vapor barriers,
and air barriers will vary radically depending on whether the project is in the cold, snowy
north, the hot and humid south or the arid desert.

● Design for Natural Ventilation

Since warm air rises, a building can be cooled by designing for stack ventilation by
drawing cooler air from openings low in the building, while carrying heat away through
openings in the top of the space.
 ● Relax the Occupants Comfort Standards
Most buildings in this day and age are designed to keep occupants fairly comfortable, at
around 78 degrees Fahrenheit. However, with climate responsive design, reducing the
amount of energy used to cool and heat the building can result in using natural systems,
meaning the sun and the wind.

Simple Passive design considerations.

A)
1. Passive design maximizes the use of 'natural' sources of heating, cooling and
ventilation to create comfortable conditions inside buildings. It harnesses
environmental conditions such as solar radiation, cool night air and air pressure
differences to drive the internal environment. Passive measures do not involve
mechanical or electrical systems.
2. This is as opposed to 'active' design which makes use of active building services
systems to create comfortable conditions, such as boilers and chillers,
mechanical ventilation, electric lighting, and so on. Buildings will generally
include both active and passive measures.
● Passive design can include:
○ Passive cooling.
○ Passive heating.
○ Passive ventilation (or natural ventilation).
● Passive design can include consideration of:
● Location.
● Landscape.
● Orientation.
● Massing.
● Shading.
● Material selection.
● Thermal mass.
● Insulation.
● Internal layout.
● The positioning of openings to allow the penetration of solar radiation, visible
light and for ventilation.