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Derivation of The Diffusivity Equation
Derivation of The Diffusivity Equation
DIFFUSIVITY EQUATION
WELL TESTING CONCEPT
During a well test, the pressure response
of a reservoir to changing production (or
injection) is monitored.
Input Output
Reservoir
Rate
Pressure
Time Time
KEY CONCEPTS TO BE USED
• Conservation of mass: mass balance
• Darcy’s law: equation of motion
(relationship between flow rate,
formation and fluid properties and
pressure gradient)
• Equation of state: relationship between
compressibility, density and pressure
DERIVATION OF THE DIFFUSIVITY EQUATION
Basic assumptions:
• Single phase radial flow
•
Constant formation properties (k, h, ϕ)
One dimensional horizontal radial flow
•
• Constant fluid properties (µ, B, co)
• Slightly compressible fluid with constant
compressibility
• Pore volume compressibility is constant (cf)
• Darcy’s law is applicable
• Neglect gravity effects
RADIAL SYSTEM
r+∆r
r
RADIAL SYSTEM
r
mass in mass out
r+∆r
volume
element
CONSERVATION EQUATION
(Mas flow in) r - (Mass flow out) r+∆r =
Mass accumulation
Mass flow rate = Area × velocity × density × time
Mass accumulation = change of mass over time ∆ t
Bulk vo lu m e b etween r and r+ ∆ r = π [(r+ ∆ r) 2 -r 2 ] h
= π [r 2 +2r∆ r+(∆ r) 2 -r 2 ] h 0 2 π r∆ r h
(Mass flow rate in) r = [2π rhv ρ ]r ∆ t
(Mass flow rate out) r+∆r = (2π rhv ρ ) r + ∆r ∆ t
Mass accumulation = ( 2π r ∆ rhφρ )t + ∆t − ( 2π r ∆ rhφρ )t
CONSERVATION EQUATION
(Mas flow in) r - (Mass flow out) r+ ∆ r =
Mass accumulation
( 2π rhv ρ ) r ∆ t − ( 2π rhv ρ ) r + ∆ r ∆ t =
( 2π r ∆ rhφρ )t + ∆t − ( 2π r ∆ rhφρ )t
Divide both sides by 2 π r∆ rh ∆ t
1 ( rv ρ ) r - (rv ρ ) r + ∆ r (φρ )t + ∆t − (φρ )t
]=
∆r ∆t
[
1 ∂ ( rv ρ ) ∂ (ϕ ρ )
r
− =
r ∂r ∂t
The above equation is call the continuity equation.
DARCY’S LAW
k ∂p
v=−
µ ∂r
Substitute Darcy's law into the continuity equation
1 k ∂ ∂p ∂ (ϕρ )
[r ρ ]=
r µ ∂r ∂r ∂t
Expand the derivat ives of the products of terms
∂ ∂p ∂ρ ∂p ∂ρ ∂ϕ
[ρ ) + r ( )( )] = ϕ +ρ
r µ
1 k
∂r ∂r ∂r ∂r ∂t ∂t
(r
ϕ = porosity (fraction)
h = formation thickness (ft)
1 ∂ ∂p ∂ 2 p 1 ∂p ϕ µ ct ∂p
(r ) = 2 + =
r ∂r ∂r ∂r r ∂r 2.637 ×10 k ∂t
−4
∂p 141.2qB µ q
∂r
(r ) r=rw =
Rate
kh
Time
2. If we consider a system large enough so that it
will behave like an infi nite acting system, then far
away from the wellbore the pressure will remain at p i .
p = p i as r → ∞ for any value of any time. pi
Pressure
Radius
INITIAL CONDITION
Since the promlem under investigation is time
dependant, the initial pressure should be known
at time t = 0.
Using uniform pressure distribution throughout
the system at t = 0.
p(r,0) = pi at t = 0 for all values of r .
Pressure
pi
Radius
DIMENSIONLESS VARIABLES
T o m ak e th e eq u atio n an d its so lu tio n m o re g en eral
fo r an y flu id an d reservo ir system it, is m o re
co n ve n ien t to ex p ress it in d im en sio n less varialb les.
D im e n sio n less p r essu r e:
kh ( p i − p )
pD =
1 4 1 .2 q B µ
D im en sio n less tim e:
2 .6 3 7 × 1 0 − 4 kt
=
ϕ µ c t rw2
tD
rD =
r
rw
DIMENSIONLESS VARIABLES
Differential equation:
∂ 2 pD 1 ∂pD ∂pD
+ =
∂rD rD ∂rD ∂t D
2
(1)
Boundary conditions:
∂p D
∂rD
(rD ) rD =1 = -1 (2)