Ti y HACKERS PRACTICE Br ee pana Med oh dN op oere the Amevican Environmental Protection AyBriey ln Ma Eotinators ary yyy for neatly one in every tive bites of food you eat. It this 1s Yue, then the . tee reneybn unbrsate dig soul be map cus ot aca my cil os ny a by Mele Caldera yo ot entomology at Cornell Univer, showed that crops plnated by hong 8 ang other insects contributed 29 bition dollars of annual farm income in the Unteg 0” revenge exe a her mpranc oh aga aa eam Sto Pao so sled a Unt Nato rp hal painters ea ny "ou own weliing. faa sty by ProtrorSmon Pats ine Uk a masse decinein honeybee clones has mae agate ean agen Ory EC Ing eve hoy Polinaten Look at the following statements (Questions 1-2) and the list of researchers below, ‘Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C, 1 The welfare of creatures that pollinate crops, such as bees, has a direct connection to human health, 2 Agriculture has become dependent on a certain kind of bee for polination List of Researchers A Simon Potts B Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca © Nicholas Calderon a ae 9 Phin oa ts mbt cy sang hy Aha rn cy aw lon Agency ply Co quan Bo v Marg din be cn ring hee colony. by, dan potnatin ns pollinator n.v31/loal thy phn (hu cn tng ma Staple ad), chi yéu,chinh Environmental Protect Ja), gdm din entomology n. khoa nghiin cuss adHACKERS VELTS READING. —— spite being less than” 250 yen, esp 0 250-Yenrs old iy "90 Statesifes ver work's economic powerhouses. Amott Wie epistles fe ndant natural resources plays Se ice vast size, and would have hag Untit around 1800. the flo impact without advances in the wandgort Porlation industry ter-based t . SUCH as ships and boats to fansportation, 9 Nuch as shi needs. Since tho country was rather smalt and vy the East Coast, early Americans could easily waae wnn European trading partners using this form of tranennne ransporiation. However, as t century got underway, the Louisiana Purchase doubiea wm a it eventually reached the West Coast. This resulted in vas not accessible by boat and therefore ended the water bas, ‘country relied mainly on wat 1081 Barly cites were on 1@ another and with their interior areas that were 164 transportation era. The problem was solved by the construction of the transcontinental rat cc any finental rail system, which brought the country into the land-based transportation era. The new railways allowed large-scale shipping of large items from one coast to the other forthe first time. Later, afer the invention of the automobile, highways mirrored this transcontinental system and people could easily drive across the country on their own. These land-nased systems dominated transportation in America until the mid to late-19008. The following period saw the simultaneous rise of air travel and information technology. As the air. based transportation era began. people could travel ar send parcele across the country in a matter of hours rather than days or weeks, and transferring information became instantaneous. wy Classify the following statements as referring to ‘A Air-based transportation era |B Land-based transportation era | © Water-based transportation era nov S1T3L S#3X) ‘The speed of the postal service was reduced to less than a day. ‘Anew form of travel emerged at the same time as a new technology. ‘Anew system provided a way of travelling alone across the country om ee The location of cities on one coast made trade easy. nang hoa (vn chuyd ten Tou) inter ad & hy hing ho (8g a hy) EON Powerhouse n. cuong quéc abundant ad, phong pho C8/G0 "rong, phia trong transcontinental ad) xuyén lue dia shipping» “87 ‘ts thee, bs chu theo simultaneous ad), dng then instantaneous och te tho, naay lao Nhe CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 189 —————————190 sein, according © #02 SETS, coy an retry, Bocause Of iS univers 4 begun very ealy In animal gyq)™ 1s, such a8 Jery Siegel of the Ung, \ have dovelopedin ean we Bees ae something 2 sagcneng ott war faust RAVE cary ee ‘contasted by some scientist ns 1 thane é for ‘sleep Coul . more of a'@as® oheanvergant ‘evolution’, he states, 8ugge, ity separately coud me OT gnrooment ator than a nherteg ore for Sager theory i backed UP DY the Massive vayggs® vdreds of short ape every day He HAs also discovargg «for their abilty to put one side of their brain to sag, 7 However. th ‘ot California, who suggests nal that sleep isan @ lutionary am common evt patterns across difer lee fe hur ‘a day, to birds that tak are renowne% hare = xis, i dolp ye anaher unique seep pattern. Aer an adult dolphin gvES bith nethar yy me ed perio time. This practice. he copes ya” we for an exten her offspring will sleep animals ad own rere intand mammals, suggests that animals adapt ther OWN SyStOm Of agp, ap aaenr neta unversalone, Nonetheless many scientists stil hope ofind an over, theory for why al animals need sleep. Paul Shaw, a researcher at Washington Uniyg,, int Louis, claims that because ‘sleep is costy'in terms of vulnerability to ambush, ster animals, there must be an underlying evolutionary reason forts universality s., cites sleep research pioneer Alan Rechtschatfen, who stated, ‘lf sleep doesn't sere. absolutely vital function, iis the biggest mistake evolution ever made,’ Look atthe folowing findings (Questions 7-8) and the lis of scientists below. ‘Match each finding with the correct scientist, A, B or C. 7 Animals developed unique sleep habits to match their specific surroundings rather than inheriting a general trait. 8 The importance of sleep is evident when we consider how a sleeping animals much more open to attack from a predator. a | List of Scientists | ‘A Alan Rechtschatfen B Paul Shaw © Jerry Siegel “universality 9, tinh chit toan thé, i : auton "os. 7 py Neos Wes possUM n. thd CO tUi (b6 thu C6 thi possum) overareniny 4 *°™ RY mtinh db 18m thuong ambush n. cue phuc ich, sy nm rinh undertying ad) co 685 °°‘ po” nature, most animals avoid eating things that have a bitter taste. This occurs, according to Oxford researcher J. Zhang, because biternass often indicates toxicity Therelor, animals can proiong thi-1We8 By avoiding bitter foods. Using this knowledge, some researcher A. L. Rly showed in his rose : that applying Bitar compounds to objects vod them. Interestingly, humans seem to have fost the aversion to pitterness that other animals display. This can be seen through our use of bitter avours in commercial food production. Food manufacturers have develaged ‘bitering agents specifically to add this flavour to certain foods. could train birds to ‘A good example of the use of these bittering agents occurs in the brewing of beer The hops that brewers add to their product are m int to impart a bitter flavour to balance the ‘sweetness of the sugars that ferment in the malt, This is also the reason that caffeine is added to colas. When its caffeine is removed, cola is simply cloying fizzy water and must be balanced with another bitering agent. One of these is liquid ‘bitters’ made from aromatic herbs and other plant materials. These commercially available liquids are now widely used in food and cocktail preparation, but they once had a very diferent use They were seen as health tonics. This was exactly the case with the popular ‘bers produced by the House of Angostura. Dr Johann Gottlieb Benjamin Siegert developed the concoction to ease seasickness and marketed the product to sailors. Over time, his product came to be used to cut the sweetness of drinks such as lemonade or the Sazerac cocktail Look at the following statements (Questions 9-11) and the list of people below. Match each statement with the correct person, A, B or C. 9 developed a product to relieve a medical condition 10 explained why animals avoid food with a certain taste 11 conducted research into using bitter items to train animals List of People dai epellent Jong ar) eompound n hep chit aversion n. sv Ghe Prolong kes ai epelient » hase enéng/t (sau bo, ding va) compound n nap cP AACE de cin agent ches brow oy end pa a} op ny oa ba (dung &6 19 ding che Bal HPAL cho lement lon men malt nach sha eloying ah ngot 28 Oe ZY 2) S238 SS concoction, thubc pha ché ease v lam du, idm seasickness "0 $7 CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 191 uiov3y $1721 SaayOvH Seangeed Suave fe ae192 sd og his area, which was named tho Frye chy 1 SP Progist Jamos Breasted (OF tS Fert, Broviggg . a been inhabited by primitive pe sation. T development n enturyarcha by eay 1an-celiey mcnnensony ~ of products trom its $01, fv ; aoe nr aoa Evartua, eB A4Oh! amo%t 1° He sey py themselves a! aied:civilisations. Over time, the aby of food and. in turn, Ye weed Abit of civilisations to produce food n the area and, around 4500 B.C. fensely populated permanent settle ‘rst te ‘pith regularity led to an inerease in the numbyy something interesting hAPPENEA. The pg “1 0h iment called Uruk, which we nog 2% large. d oH Hay the tit city she new city of Urk had large temple, homes, and other Dulings creatag gn, en comared bricks. Ths, according to historian Stephen Bertman, was que” lack of timber and stone commonly used in construction elsewhere, We kagy the use of these bricks allowed them to create large structures with columns, ay, and fortiying walls for the first time, but it doesn't explain why Such a settamen, developed. In traditional retelings such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, the leader « ., civilisation ordered the building of the city and its fortifications. However, res anthropologist Jason Ur calls this into question. According to Dr Urs research, san, urbanisation likely occurred organically, not because of a political ruler. He shone: that different civilisations from the area settled around a central mound. These ciuses allowed the ditferent civilisations to live near one another, but Kept the approprae ‘social distance. As time passed, they came together to form an interconnected: I by with one leader. Look at the following statements (Questions 12-14) and the list of researchers bein. Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C. 12. He determined the reason that an early society used sun-dried bricks. 13 He revealed that the growth of the first cities happened naturally 14 He coined a term to represent the agricultural strength of a region. List of Researchers | ‘A James Breasted 8B Stephen Bertman © Jason Ur | Ea | Gin mda cole POU OF Bl hid, prong hi 6 dbo Bring about ph. din én. "9 2 Sit calito queston tin. cu chuyen hing ayn miéng frileaton 5 OE ght ¥ 43! anghi vin mound nv é oo asain us 19 vd Mound n. vung/ge dat, di nhé cluster n. cv"5 Many parents Complain that their ildron are amenable, They were vary Joving ana attached to they a? Generally docite and a song bond with ie chicron mad ood de Acca ins stage ont lass unl! about the ages of 10:13, an era unter them, they underg0 changes that can make them quto ang increased contit wih Parents, api mood changes caused eat PSYEHOIOI GS. Hal toto is eon and stress’ stage Vdten enter adolescence, '9 deal with. This period of increasingly risky behaviour 'eenage period as the ‘storm external relationships as they prepare to enter society as an adult on thelr own. This distance is more pronounced now than when "was propesed in the 1950s. Today, a more interconnected world has dramatically increased the number of social relationships we develop outside the family. Adolescents now must figure out who they are while living in larger cities and interacting with more People both in real world situations and through online interactions and social media This can lead to greater identity confusion than in the past and may increase the stress of parents dealing with the ‘storm and stress’ stage in their adolescents. Classify the following statements as referring to A Preadolescence B Teenage periog ‘guioy3a S17aI SuaxOWH SeunE@4 BuIy>IEH 15 Family relations are less important than socialising with others. 16 A deep connection exists between children and parents. 17 There are more unsafe activities. Pt a Tose nou og no Oe, {8 bio, ngoan ngoan amenable ad, tuan theo, nghe "6 una 3). tage ther ki trudng thanh docile ad}. 3 e es aan Pro qua impulsivity n. sy bée déng instability 9 tinh khong dv cin frontal lobe ph. th "90. 18 qua impulsi bbée déng instabil *onun Hv tuyen b6, 155 CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 193y 194 Does Yawning Have # Function? yawn date back mare tha 2,000 years tthe me pee 4 7 : sored yawaing to be te resbiral"V.S/510 ay. moving tag ay gt hans 1 claimed that yawning indicated a lack of, : | antisite, Sie : that neither ofthese theories has stOng scien pers to carry on trying to unravel the mystery. Om ‘Theories for why We the lung! to the brain. Today, we know prompting contemporary researc ‘four most common bioiogial reflexes the University of Maryland, Points tthe by, st when they are bored, Hungry, and fig ~ ly load to the inability 1 F0CUS 09 Whatever, i robert Provine, a neuroscientist at noting that people tend to yawn Mm Because all ofthese states can easl ercand he believes that yawning sour bodes’ way of alerting us Rat Wenge iy, spon is theory was tstod, was found that sunjats fn It ont oo ve ome sor of physical actly drecy ater yawning, SuggestNG thatthe eu, yawns let thir geting up and seeking out stimulation, Essent Proving cnr, That yawning occurs due to an absence of simul and is Simply POW OU bodes yy regain focus. ‘Then again, so many tings seem 19 cause people fo yawn that itis hardly satiny simply blame a lack of stimulation. One situation many of us are probably familar win is being unable to control ourselves from yawning after seeing someone else yayn 4 team of researchers from the University of Leeds headed by Catriona Morrison bel tha this has todo with our incination to show empathy for other people. In other woes, {tsomeone yawns in exhaustion, and others in the room follow suit, itis likely because they identity with and feel sympathy forthe original yawner. This claim is substan by studies demonstrating that yawning is most contagious among members ote same family or social group and lowest among those with autism and psychopathy conditions associated withthe inability to empathise Meanwhile, evolutionary psychologist Gordon Gallup of the University of Albany bulds cn both Provine's and Morrison’ theories with his hypothesis that yawning deveupe | ‘sa way to alert group members to potential threats. Agreeing that yawning alow! by a feeling of improved attentiveness and that itis contagious, he believes that humans capitalised on these effects to quickly convey the message to others thalitw# necessary to be on guard against attacks. Essentially, if everyone was yawnid feeling more alert because of it, the likelihood of faling prey to a predator was falon#"ok atte folowing statements (Questions 18.20) and th ht rosearchors below. u sch each statement with th cortect researcher, A, Bor ¢ et Yawning may Bonk 1010 abitty tated By The sal, emotions a8 the people 1 round us 49. The contagiousness of awning helped to prominilgitiass among members of a group 20. Yawning results rom ick of stimu and san atompt by our hones to ratocus List of Re: ehers A Gordon Gallup Je wel v. thao gi ra, mn 89g 7 1 FOB ym phe. hé ho hap unravel abd Sat bck prc, it is wt nw aprtry aya py 18 9 NP AON 2c i ae ied caw ot chs wm Reo am Ss eo ampaty msn car cm eas mach caplet 49 2 : ‘7 Matching Features. 195196 [J The Importance of Gesture ote etament of an tn oni rome fngiage 210M Inte gah for OF ane i ut researchvintatheluse ofigesture by both primates ang ie tse an ante eri Wn anager a cu eu et communication. It can be gy vit Gesture is a ‘As Natasna Abou, Kensy Cooperridor and Susan Goldin Maadow stayin yy, aricle ‘Gesture for Linguists: A Handy Primer’, gestures can be broadly spit ny" categories, communicative and informative, The former includes intentionally prog, communicative gestures which are consciously used in addition to verbal communicay., either to provide emphasis or through modifying the literal meaning. Informs, communication, on the other hand, refers to passive or involuntary gestures thay, not necessarily part of a communicative act, but can nevertheless alter the meaning such an act. Adam Kendon, co-editor of the journal Gesture and a global authority on thy subject, has developed a categorisation system for diflerentiating various gestures, Ths, include ‘gesticulation’, a gesture which mirrors accompanying speech, ‘speech ames gestures’, which replace part of a sentence, ‘emblems’, conventionalised signs lke ng ‘OK’ symbol made by touching the index finger and thumb, which occur outside vera, ‘communication, and ‘signs’, gestures with lexical meaning in a system of sign language Kendon cites the longstanding interest in gesture in Western culture as evidence o is importance to communication. This interest was evident during the Classical era wher gesture was considered a crucial part of effective rhetoric, as the Roman philosopher and politician Cicero emphasised in his work De Oratore. Itis also apparent in the unique gestural systems of religions from Catholicism to Buddhism, through which adherens can communicate a variety of complex meanings. The contemporary academic interest in gesture derives from both its roots in humankinds Pre-linguistic stage, which suggests that gesture is a universal form of communicator and the recent interest in close psychological reading of face-to-face communication from which it is possible to garner numerous non-verbal gestural cues. The complexity gesture as a system of individual communication is evident in the range of gesture varian’s that can express different meanings. Genevidve Calbris suggests that gesture varias reveal how ‘gesture is not a word illustrator but represents an underlying thought th! $ formulated and expressed during the course of an utterance’. This is apparent in Cabis® analysis of gestures related to time, which can express complex and varied meen about duration without the use of verbal communication. According to Caloris, nes? wide-ranging gestural variants reveal the complexity of this system of communica" which can both accentuate and alter the meaning of verbal communications.ESE eee the following statements (Que; 'stions 21-25) and the list of list of people below. uaten each statoment withthe Cotr6et person, ane yp You may use any letter more than once 21 suggested thal gesture stood for an idea ying beneath wore 22. created an approach to distinguish diferent types of gostur 28, carried out analysis of how gestures can say many aiftorent things ap ent things about time 24 established the theory that gesture preceded language 25 conducted research into the use of gestur by apes List of People ‘A Adam Kendon B Genevidve Calbris Philip Lieberman D Natasha Abner | OMOVEN $1731 SuBVOWH Sosmjeog BuIYOIEN Oracoky sning Gn va som ah supplement av Bb walt ad), de 14p, ty xd li Sverlook v khong chi ¥ 161, xem nhe supplement n. sy bé sung/bé ‘7 Reapers ad), ee en Primate n.déng vat tinh tr ‘contend v.tranh hudn consciously adv. 6 ¥ thu, co chi ¥ modlty v sr ng cen taco oy 640 SSN hin anh iu tan lial ad (hue) fo vung hoe ‘45 mn 8, ngue Teo, 9 ny Ho $e d6\Iteral ad}, eo nghia den/hie 9960 pa Accompanying aj. di theo, kérm theo @mblam nth tag Ung, bi Fongstanding ag. co ra lau rhetoric n thudt hong bien adherent. tn (9" o, dng) garner v. thu thip accentuate v nhin anh, tn Kn CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 197198 i 2 Is the Detective Novel a Literary Genre’ bgsine predictability of the plots and characte 0 ‘of their own. Yet, aivar' the 1! srayanto quoston whether the aotectve novel wag et crime fiction these early tales, reader genre at all ares tevin for more cOMBOR ah BOLT. yy re in mrirn-day t0r@8 ino longer na er vgmayed 95 moral inal anyon undeniable thi tt makes the point @! ives. ‘These days, itis ¥ writer Simon Brett at detect as black or white and that fe also refutes claims that detective stories follow a formula aS 68805 ar6 not agg), wt which shows that plotines can be hard to predict, So yp neatly resolved by the en peat essine sion nove? At the very Hast its te fact that there is a mystery - every one gut mystery novelist Nicholas Biincoe believes that ine similarti in detective stores txtend further, making the genre easily identifiable; @verY story has a crime and ty creton (or non-solution), a community where the crime Nas been commited, ang sora characters. These characteristics are necessary 10 define the genre but 4 not argues Blincoe, litt, suggesting that writers have a degre® of freedom in many oc Ascordina to him, crime fiction ‘has produced the widest varity facets of their we s in plot or character archetypes and the most inventive improvisations ‘That mainstream writers are known to incorporate elements of the crime fiction sve into their work adds weight to the idea that the genre is distinctive. According to he detective novelist Phyllis Dorothy James, sometimes detective story plots are fours weaved into the much broader plots of other genres of fiction, She cites the example ct “John ie Garré's 1974 novel Tinker, Tafor, Soldier, Spy. In this story, which is technialy ‘an espionage novel, the main character emerges from retirement to take a case at happens to involve a common theme in crime fiction - @ race against time to identity = wrongdoer. According to crime fiction aficionado George Demko, another characteristic that sets crime fiction apart is how the setting is used. Specifically, detective mysteries offer take place in a real place and time, and this has a significant impact on the case. He discusses this in an essay, providing the example of how widespread corruption - usually emphasised in crime novels set in Mexico during the 1940s. By explaining that the perpetrator's surroundings were part of the reason the crime was ‘committed readers were left to ponder whether society as a whole shared responsibilty‘ - terrible actions of an individual. ‘own genre is Perhaps the simplest argument for detective fiction deserving Its ful is certainly people from all walks of life read it. That itis both engaging and suspense! a draw for many devoted fans, but maybe the popularity of rime sion goose playing on people's innate desire to know the truth. The modernist poet TS lot appeal ay in the mathem@tes est himaelf @ great fan uf deleutive nuvels, Lulivved t aan of their mysteries. Ultimately, by presenting mysteries that only the solve, whodunits appeal to our inner natures.ine following statements (Questions 29. soot at 76-28) and tho list of people below. atch each statement withthe correct person, ace (a Narratives that are characteristic of detect 26 pos of ition NP Stories cag dometimes be found in ther 7 Detective stories must follow certain rules 2 bun write aspects. ive stories are not always solv ‘That detective ¥8 Solved in the end proves thatthe 78 predictable. ere ee Simon Brett Phyllis Dorothy James George Demko. Nicholas Blincoe A B c D mate ps wang aon arg inlaile ek c hr tring den ro rang infallibl oe 7 Jotline n cét truyér sa vt, vach 9 ive | iin theo dau vét, vact eae ay Sucsedoran me ce : SE ote anne age n1 hoot dong pelted : son a na indi hop, cng thing draw n. se chante aoe geo an pene hip din whodunit 1. sruyén thin thorn ‘CHAPTER O7 Matching Features, 199 ‘guiovaa 8131 suaxavH Saumyead BuIYIIERClimate Chenge and Human Conflict Us think immedately ofthe ecological raparcussions, fewer of us realise mang? political instability, famine, war, and ultimately death fora large percentage ot, future. A team headed by Solomon Hsiang of the University of California at Gary, thas perhaps come as close as possible to predicting how climate change yyy human behaviour. ‘According to their research, extreme weather does show a strong correlation ym a rise in human conflict. Specifically, the frequency of interpersonal and inergi, violence rose by 4 and 14 per cent, respectively, for each standard deviation change » climate toward warmer temperatures or more extreme rainfall. Or Hsiang's conclusion is starting. He argues that because locations throughout the inhabited word ax expected to warm significantly by 2050, this climate change will result in an increase x human conflicts in the next 30 years. ‘Are there recent situations that bear out Dr Hsiang’s conclusions? Sadly, yes, Darr is perhaps the best example. In 2007, Achim Steiner, executive director ofthe Unies Nations Environment Programme, published a research report calling Darfur the fs climate change war'. The nation has experienced a 30 per cent drop in preciitton in the last 40 years, and in the early 2000s, a lack of rainfall in the northern par oie country caused agricultural production to drop sharply. With no food or water to susan them, more than two million people migrated to refugee camps in the south, wre tensions began to mount, and conflict eventually broke out in 2003. Itis estimated rat ‘as many as 500,000 civilians died, and this does not include those who perished starvation. (Other academics, such as agricultural economist MarshallBurke ofthe University falls" contend that Darfur is hardly the frst cimate change war. He points to sub-Sanaza A as having a history of civil wars due to warmer temperatures. Somali, fr instance been at war now for over two decades. And some academics, such as Unwest 1S8 Carolina professor Edward Carr, have criticised Dr Hsiang's study. Carr ‘emphasised hi focusing solely on climate as a conflict cause is both reductive and dangerous one that it might disproportionately influence policy decisions in unproductive or even prove Airactions ato mac for Clim ‘According to Dr Carl Schleussner of the Potsdam Institute eae ‘Devastating climate-related natural disasters have a disruptive pote!imate change and there is no o group, Peoples’ allegiances: ig With thoir ros ae ad there fe n0 clasr mejorty spective clans same goal - gain more land to enable ay © BUNviVaPWidlent digputes a pnavoldable digputes among groups have been ‘And because each clan has the Look at the following findings (Questions 30-34) and the list of researchers below Match each finding with the correct researcher, A-E. 30 Rates of human conflict will increase significantly in the next few decades, 31 32 33 Dartur is the first location where contlict has erupted due to climate change Other wars in Africa before the one in Darfur occurred due to increases in temperature. Conflicts related to climate change are more likely to occur in countries with multiple ethnicities. 34 Concentrating on one cause for conflicts could have problematic consequences for policy makers. List of Researchers Marshall Burke Solomon Hsiang Achim Steiner Carl Schleussner Fdward Carr mooo> ‘Bap dn-Dich nghla-Chi gid trang 452 way oai hoa Fepercussion » Snh hubng, hiv qué arable torgroup a, gua ede nor respectively aay. réng tina Trout ph xae dish, xdc minh Moun v. ting én dn 1 reductive adh Gt gen, thu nhé Academics n_ hoc 9, ai hoc thust degradation » 2) cb nd can tc, ng rt famine nan do: leg "wong vw tandard dition phy, chs bear ou ry 2 ma ang pen von, cht starvation 24 ky Sno) a os oclns ee fractionalse v_ chia thinh phn nhé, phi hoa ch 0 lan n thi CHAPTER 07 Matching Features 201