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Problem 1.1 click here to download

The force, F , of the wind blowing against a building is given by F CD V 2 A 2, where V is
the wind speed, the density of the air, A the cross-sectional area of the building, and C D is
a constant termed the drag coefficient. Determine the dimensions of the drag coefficient.

Solution 1.1
A
F CD V 2
2
or
2F
CD , where
V 2A

F  MLT 2 ,  ML 3, V  LT 1, A  L2
Thus,
2
MLT
CD  M 0 L0T 0
3 1 2
ML LT L2

Hence, C D is dimensionless.

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Problem 1.2 click here to download

The Mach number is a dimensionless ratio of the velocity of an object in a fluid to the speed
of sound in the fluid. For an airplane flying at velocity V in air at absolute temperature T ,
the Mach number M a is,

V
Ma ,
kRT

where k is a dimensionless constant and R is the specific gas constant for air. Show that M a
is dimensionless.

Solution 1.2

ML
We denote the dimension of temperature by and use Newton’s second law to get F .
T2
Then

L L
T T
Ma
1
FL ML L2
M T 2F T2

or

Ma 1.

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Problem 1.3 click here to download

Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and the MLT systems, of the following quantities,
which appear in Table B.1 Physical Properties of Water (BG/EE Units).

(a) Volume, (b) acceleration, (c) mass, (d) moment of inertia (area), and (e) work.

Solution 1.3
a) volume  L3
1
LT 2
b) acceleration time rate of change of velocity   LT
T
c) mass  M
2
or with F  MLT
mass  FL 1T 2
d) moment of inertia area second moment of area  L2 L2  L4
e) work force distance  FL
2
or with F  MLT
work  ML2T 2

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Problem 1.4
Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and the MLT systems, of the following quantities,
which appear in Table B.1 Physical Properties of Water (BG/EE Units).

(a) Angular velocity, (b) energy, (c) moment of inertia (area), (d) power, and (e) pressure.

Solution 1.4
angular displacement 1
a) angular velocity T
time
b) energy ~ capacity of body to do work
single work force distance ➔ energy  FL
2 2
or with F  MLT ➔ energy  MLT L  ML2T 2

c) moment of inertia area second moment of area  L2 L2  L4

FL 1 2 1
d) power rate of doing work   FLT  MLT L T  ML2T 3
T
force F
e) pressure  2  FL 2  MLT 2
L 2
 ML 1T 2
area L

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Problem 1.5
Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the MLT system, of the following
quantities, which appear in Table B.1 Physical Properties of Water (BG/EE Units).

(a) Frequency, (b) stress, (c) strain, (d) torque, and (e) work.

Solution 1.5
cycles
a) frequency = T 1
time
force F 2
b) stress =  2  FL
area L
Since F  MLT 2 ,
2
MLT
stress  2
 ML 1T 2
L
change in length L
c) strain =   L0 dimensionless
length L
2
d) torque = force distance  FL  MLT L  ML2 T 2

2
e) work = force distance  FL  MLT L  ML2 T 2

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Problem 1.6
If u is velocity, x is length, and t is time, what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of
(a) u / t , (b) 2 u / x t , and (c) ( u / t )dx?

Solution 1.6
1
u LT 2
a)   LT
t T
2
u LT 1 2
b)  T
x t ( L )(T )
1
u LT
c) x (L)  L2T 2
t T

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Problem 1.7
Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the MLT system, of the following
quantities, which appear in Table B.1 Physical Properties of Water (BG/EE Units).

(a) Acceleration, (b) stress, (c) moment of a force, (d) volume, and (e) work.

Solution 1.7
velocity L 2
a) acceleration  2  LT
time T
force F
b) stress  2  FL 2
area L
Since F  MLT 2 ,
2
MLT
stress  2
 ML 1T 2
L
2
c) moment of a force force distance  FL  MLT L  ML2T 2

d) volume (length)3  L3
2
e) work force distance  FL  MLT L  ML2T 2

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Problem 1.8
If p is pressure, V is velocity, and is fluid density, what are the dimensions (in the MLT
system) of (a) p / , (b) pV , and (c) p / V 2?

Solution 1.8
2
p FL MLT 2 L 2
ML 1T 2
a)  3 3 3
 L2T 2
ML ML ML

b) pV  ML 1T 2
LT 1
ML 3
 M 2 L 3T 3

p ML 1T 2
c) 2
  M 0 L0T 0 dimensionless
V 3 1 2
ML LT

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Problem 1.9
If P is force and x is length, what are the dimensions (in the FLT system) of (a) dP / dx ,
(b) d 3 P / dx3, and (c) P dx ?

Solution 1.9
dP F 1
a)   FL
dx L

d 3P F 3
b) 3
 3
 FL
dx L
c) Pdx  FL

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Problem 1.10
If V is velocity, is length, and is a fluid property (the kinematic viscosity) having
2 1
dimensions of L T , which of the following combinations are dimensionless: (a) V ,
(b) V , (c) V 2 , and (d) V ?

Solution 1.10
1
a) V  LT L L2T 1
 L4T 2
not dimensionless

1
V LT L
b)   L0T 0 dimensionless
2 1
LT

1 2
c) V 2  LT L2T 1
 L4T 3
not dimensionless

1
V LT
2
d)  L not dimensionless
2 1
L LT

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Problem 1.11
The momentum flux is given by the product mV , where m is mass flow rate and V is velocity.
If mass flow rate is given in units of mass per unit time, show that the momentum flux can
be expressed in units of force.

Solution 1.11
M L L F T2
mV M F
T T T2 ML

1   2
FT
where  comes from Newton’s Second Law.
gc M  L

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Problem 1.12 click here to download

An equation for the frictional pressure loss p (inches H2O) in a circular duct of inside di-
ameter d in. and length L ft for air flowing with velocity V ft/min is
1.82
L V
p 0.027 ,
d 1.22 Vo

where V0 is a reference velocity equal to 1000 ft/min. Find the units of the “constant” 0.027.

Solution 1.12
Solving for the constant gives

pL
0.027 1.82
.
L V
D1.22 Vo

The units give

in. H2 O
0.027 1.82
ft
ft min
in.1.22 ft
min

in. H2O in.1.22

0.027
ft

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Problem 1.13 click here to download

The volume rate of flow, Q, through a pipe containing a slowly moving liquid is given by
the equation
R4 p
Q
8
where R is the pipe radius, p the pressure drop along the pipe, is a fluid property called
viscosity FL 2T , and is the length of pipe. What are the dimensions of the constant /8?
Would you classify this equation as a general homogeneous equation? Explain.

Solution 1.13

L4 FL 2
3 1
LT 
8 FL 2T L

L3T 1
 L3T 1
8

The constant is is dimensionless.

8
Yes. This is a general homogeneous equation
because it is valid in any consistent units system.

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Problem 1.14
Show that each term in the following equation has units of lb/ft3 . Consider u as velocity, y
as length, x as length, p as pressure, and as absolute viscosity.
2
p u
0 .
x y2

Solution 1.14
lb
p ft 2 or
p lb
,
x ft x ft3

and

ft
2 2
u lb sec sec u lb
or .
y2 ft 2 ft 2 y2 ft3

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