Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies.

This also includes the Synthesis of the state of the art, Gap bridge by the study, Theoretical
framework, Conceptual framework, Definition of terms, and References.

Related Literature

Chua and Lopez (2019) stated that in the current generation, a gadget serves as both a
necessary companion and a tool for accomplishing a task. The results of this study, which might
serve as the foundation for the creation of an educational program, revealed how social media is
utilized and how it affects tertiary school students' values. Further study on additional, related
consequences of online and remote learning is suggested by the findings.

According to Garcia, M.A., Caraig D.J., Carator, K., Oyco, M.T., Tababa, G.A., Linaugo,
J., and De Oca P.R. (2022) Excessive phone use has already impacted academic achievement
and perceived sociability of students, but the intensity of screen time has worsened with the
transition to online learning. Consequently, students tend to delay their tasks as they are easily
distracted. This research examines the influence of gadget dependency on the academic
procrastination levels of students. It employs a descriptive correlational research design and
gathered data from Grade 12 STEM students. Overall, the degree of gadget dependency among
students is high, whereas academic procrastination level is moderate, and these two measures
have a significant relationship. Analysis shows that students from ROC are significantly higher
in both areas. Saliently, learning modality induces gadget dependency and academic
procrastination levels. In conclusion, gadget dependency directly affects academic
procrastination levels.
 However, Jin and Junio-Sabio. (2018) stated in their study that as Mobile devices have
evolved into a form of personal ecosystem for people in the twenty-first century as they become
more accessible, durable, and portable. They also provide students from all socioeconomic
backgrounds with previously unheard-of educational opportunities. This study examined the
possible usage of mobile devices in a few Manila, Philippines, public senior high schools. In
total, 152 kids from a few different schools took part in this study. It was discovered that the
majority of participants had internet access and some sort of mobile device since they were used
for a range of learning activities outside of the classroom. Public schools in Manila, however,
also experience significant digital inequities. Overall, the results reveal that mobile devices have
the potential to be used in current public senior high schools, and that updated policy and
curricula are required to address the mobile era.

Meanwhile, Ashari, Z.K., Ngadiman, A.A., Zainudin, N.F., and Jumaat, N.F. (2018)
stated that gadgets have grown to be one of the most essential needs in modern living. The
younger generation is getting exposed to these many technological gadgets, and gadget use is
becoming more commonplace not just among adults. The use of gadgets by the younger
generation has a variety of effects, both positive and negative, on their socioemotional
development. The results of this study suggest a connection between the students' emotions and
their knowledge about and attitudes toward gadgets. Therefore, this study is crucial in supplying
information, particularly to schools, parents, and kids, so they may decide on the best solution
for using the devices in a more efficient manner.

S Esther Jennifer (2012) findings of the study's results show electronic devices like
video games, the internet, cellphones, and television are now frequently and unrestrictively used
tools. These devices now serve as the primary engine that drives daily life's rhythm. However, an
increasing number of teenagers have an uncontrollable habit instead of an essential component of
life, which has an impact on their family relationships and academic achievement. This study
was done to determine the effects of excessive teen use of electronic devices on their academic
performance and family interactions. Academic performance, family interaction, and excessive
use of technological devices are all negatively correlated. Television significantly correlated with
demographic factors as age, level of living, place of residence, and hobbies. Variables like age,
education level of the mother, standard of living, and outdoor activities exhibited a substantial
correlation with video games. Age, education level, place of residence, and interests all
significantly correlated with internet usage. Mobile phones and demographic factors do not
correlate. The investigator created a module and brochure based on the study’s findings in order
to educate parents and teenagers about the negative consequences of excessive usage of
electronic devices and provide ways to combat them.
Beng, J.T., Tiatri, S., Lusiana, F., and Wangi, V.H (2020) addresses the notion that
utilizing electronics should be kept to a minimum so that teenagers can use their time more
productively and interact socially with others. Before the COVID-19 epidemic, research from
2018 and 2019 advised limiting teenagers' screen use to 3 to 4 hours per day since excessive use
can interfere with tasks connected to learning and cognition.

The nature and intensity of teenage technology use, however, changed during the
COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the postulate bounds of what constitutes normal technology
use have changed. Activities for student and teacher learning are what have changed. One of
them is the usage of educational resources through various forms of video conferencing.
Teenagers have grown accustomed to spending 3–4 hours per day learning online during the
COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the usage of technology for other activities such as gaming,
browsing, and other hobbies is still prevalent. Consequently, based on additional field
observations and analyses from other sources, this study discovered that teenagers’ use of
gadgets for up to 8 hours a day while COVID-19 pandemic is advised.

The above reviews are supported by Agarwal, V., and Kar, K. S., (2015) who stated
that people regularly utilize technology to meet daily demands, including mobile, tablets, and
the internet. Today, it is impossible to fathom life without technologies because they have made
life easier. People can communicate more easily thanks to mobile devices and the internet.
Young people are the ones most frequently impacted by social networking on mobile devices and
the internet today. Adolescents use a variety of devices, including cell phones, tablets, laptops,
and iPads. Some individuals merely use it for conversation. Some people use it for activities
other than communication, such as entertainment (viewing movies, listening to music, playing
online games), shopping, exploring educational resources, etc. The use of technology is required
to make daily chores easier, but its excessive, abnormal, and unneeded use leads to addiction and
makes life more difficult.

(Trajeco, J.T., De Guzman, SS, 2012) Due to the numerous technology advancements
and inventions, 21st century pedagogy and learning have undergone tremendous change. One of
these technological advancements is e-learning, which can be facilitated through the use of the
internet and an electronic device like a tablet PC. Teachers are compelled by such advancements
in the world to help students acquire specific skills that will enable them to meet demands of the
21st century workplace.
People’s reliance on technology devices and the services they offer has grown to the
point where they are so dependent that they are unable to imagine taking any steps toward their
own development without them. Muduli, J.R., (2014). The degree of dependence is causing
digital products and services to become addictive. The population’s youth are the most
susceptible to developing a technology addiction. The goal of the study was to look at how
young people use technology, including how much time they spend using it, why they use it, and
how it affects their mental health and way of life.

Related Studies

We can see how important technology has become to our lives in the modern world.
It undoubtedly has a significant impact on how we live our daily lives. Technology has rapidly
advanced, creating new devices on a regular basis. We observe everyone utilizing technological
devices, from small children to senior citizens. TVs, cellphones, laptops, tablets, and other
devices might be included.
Technology has supplanted a human existence in many ways, including studying, according to
the researcher’s study, Effects of Electronic Gadgets in Student Life. With technological devices,
the reading and comprehension processes require less time. After sitting through a number of
lectures, students are left with a ton of homework to finish. Each week, it takes about 70 hours to
finish all of the cognitive tasks. You can make significant time savings by using devices.

Borisova el at. (2016) stated that Modern educational technology, various

informational technology platforms investigated, and benefits of Internet technology for students
highlighted. In order to determine what technological skills residents can gain online, an
examination of Internet users across various continents is conducted, and Russia's ranking in the
ITU rankings is displayed. The effectiveness of using technology by Economics majors was
demonstrated by the authors. This will enhance academic performance and cut down on time
spent on learning processes. Different information technologies are examined as they are used in
the learning process, and the benefits of using Internet technology for students are highlighted. In
order to determine what technological skills residents can gain online, an examination of Internet
users across various continents is conducted, and Russia's ranking in the ITU rankings is
displayed. The effectiveness of using technology by Economics majors was demonstrated by the
authors. This will enhance academic performance and cut down on time spent learning.

Acharjya, Geeta, Sanyal (2017) explained how the Internet has changed how people
interact on a worldwide scale, the way businesses are run, how cultures are revolutionized, and
an unimaginable number of personal traits. It has a crucial societal and economic impact on how
information, network, and communication technology is built in the future. Everything will
eventually be interconnected and intelligently governed under the new regulations of the future.
Due to the advancement of mobile devices, embedded and ubiquitous communication
technologies, cloud computing, and data analytics, the idea of IoT is becoming more relevant to
the actual world.

Nayak, Adolesc, and Nurs (2022) detailed the abrupt shutdown of schools caused by
the 2019 (COVID-19) coronavirus pandemic and introduced the widespread usage of digital
technologies in education. Children's life in the modern world are now completely dependent on
the devices connected to the internet. Smart devices are more frequently used for academic
learning and pleasure by kids and teenagers. The sudden increase of COVID-19 cases has
increased worries about young people being addicted to smartphones. The negative effects of
excessive smartphone use on one's body, mind, and social interactions highlight the need for
measures to cut back on use. Another study made by Kee Loh el at. (2016) "Digital Natives,"
who have grown up with Internet technology, tend to absorb information in "shallow" ways that
involve quick attention switching and less considerations. They exhibit greater multitasking
habits, which are associated with heightened distractibility and subpar executive function.
Additionally, Internet-related addictive behaviors that show altered reward-processing and self-
control systems are more prevalent in digital natives. In addition, the study Rampally el at.
(2020) included that understanding internet search trends allows one to better understand how
people use the internet to find information, which is useful for creating an information education
and communication strategy.

Catherine Lortie el at. (2013) state that There are growing concerns about excessive
internet use, and some have suggested that it might constitute addiction. We examined the
features and psychometric characteristics of a variety of questionnaires designed to measure
internet addiction. Berdin, Cordovez, Merida, Omoy, Torres, Ablen (2019) the world grows
technologically sophisticated, there is a great demand for the hottest electronic gadgets. Other
services that are supported by smartphones or cellphones include text messaging, multimedia
messaging, electronic mail, internet access, business applications, games, photography, and
calendaring, among others. Cellphones are also becoming one of the most common ways to get
information. Today's pupils have a variety of alternatives and obstacles as a result of the
prevalence of cellphones. Unquestionably handy and useful for study, the cellphone. Depending
on a student's mindset and use habits, it could be a harmful source of diversion. Unquestionably
handy and useful for study, the cellphone. Depending on a student's mindset and use habits, it
could be a harmful source of diversion. The highest mean was 3.36, which was classified as rank
1 and had the verbal interpretation "frequently." The respondent who uses technology for longer
than six hours has claimed to have trouble sleeping. He or she struggles with falling asleep or
staying asleep past their bedtime. The next issue had a weighted mean of 2.94, a verbal
interpretation of sometimes, and was ranked 2: the respondent can see items clearly, but objects
farther away appear fuzzy. The weighted mean for pain in the shoulder, wrist, thumb, and
decreased hand function was 2.52; accompanied by a verbal interpretation of occasionally and
ranked third after respondents report experiencing bodily discomfort from their symptoms. (such
as headaches, backaches, etc.) with a weighted mean of 2.44; a verbal interpretation of
occasionally; and ranked at rank 4. Respondents' poor hearing of even loud voices—with a
weighted mean of 1.84, a verbal interpretation of seldom, and a score of 5—was another physical
issue. There is no doubting that technology tools now play a big role in students' daily life. But
how do these gadgets impact students' learning, exactly? We have seen firsthand how technology
devices impair pupils' learning. Man has been mesmerized by the significant technological
advances, and today every region of the world is taking use of the luxuries that technology has to
offer. Through various fields, including education, modern technology has significantly bettered
people's lives. Therefore, users who are addicted to gadgets seem to be more noticeable because
it significantly impairs their psychological abilities, particularly their ability to interact with
others. For this reason, we conducted this study to determine how significantly gadgets impact
students.

According to the study of Jimeno (2017) There is a type of addiction that impairs
social abilities, changes brain development, and has negative health implications. Few people,
however, are aware that when their children get older, they are the ones who have contributed to
their children's addiction. Childhope (2021) stated in their study that Technology has improved
to the point that it now propels economic expansion, according to a research. Companies take
advantage of this to increase performance, which is why they seek out tech-savvy candidates that
can provide value to their organizations. In keeping with this, education at a school provides a
solid foundation for future careers. By incorporating technology into their system through their
materials, facilities, rooms, and even modules, it can benefit these children. However, today's
youth are digital natives. When it comes to their regular studies, technology can be more
beneficial than detrimental. Teaching and quarantine are connected through technology. We can
recollect how our education sector handled online programs in the second quarter of 2020.

Synthesis of the state of the art

 Chua, J.M., & Luyun, J.L., (2019), explained that in today’s generation, a gadget
becomes an indispensable companion that becomes our means in achieving the goal. According
to the study of Chua, J.M., and Luyun, J.L, as to the values of young adults, there is a significant
impact on the students, especially in academic purposes and real-life lessons. It is therefore
recommended that students should be introduced to sites that can add values to their academic
work and research. The studies of Garcia, M.A., Caraig, D.J., Carator, K., Oyco, M.T., Tababa,
G.A., Linaugo, J., & De Oca, P.R. (2022) and Jin and Junio-Sabio (2018) have provide much
insights to the present study as they are one in saying that students are more dependable on
mobile devices. Studies before and during the pandemic indicated that students’ internet
dependency and

Usage are affected by academic procrastination in school work along with low self-efficacy
(Gholamali et al., 2013; Tezer, 2020). Furthermore, there have been comprehensive research
studies on the relationship between procrastination and gadget dependency in line with phone
and internet addiction, such as Facebook use.

The studies of Beng, J.T., Tiatri, S., Lusiana, F., and Wangi, V.H (2020)
Trajeco, J.T., De Guzman, SS, (2012), Ashari, Z.K., Ngadiman, A.A., Zainudin, N.F., and
Jumaat, N.F. (2018) have provided much insights to the present study as they said that excessive
usage of gadgets and internet may also affect children’s mental emphasized that gadget use
among adolescents is a common phenomenon. One of the many uses of gadgets is to access
social media, which happens to be one of the most common activities children and
adolescents engage in today. These social media sites provide entertainment and offer a
means of communication for adolescents and children. The reason why adolescents use gadgets
is because adolescents like to explore, and they spend more time with friends than parents in
this developmental stage. According to De Guzman, SS (2012) E-learning is also believed to
have an impact on the development of students’ “generic employability skills” such as
teamwork, communications, time management, learner dependence and positive attitudes and
behaviors. Through the ICT applications, the confidence level of the students has improved in
terms of applying their computer literacy skills in learning about different subject matters. It has
also strengthened linkages between and among schools when teachers engaged the class in a
virtual cultural and learning exchange. This has likewise paved way for the school and
community to enhance their relationship as students learn more about community events, policy
and programs and vice versa. According to Ashari, Z.K., Ngadiman, A.A., Zainudin, N.F., and
Jumaat, N.F. (2018) the use of technology gadgets actually gives various benefits to students
especially in relation to learning. Many past studies that illustrate the positive effects of
technology gadgets in addition to help the student's self-development process. The use of
technology gadgets is an effective medium for education, as it provides opportunities for self-
learning and educating children to be more creative and innovative. Additionally, learning
through technology gadgets may also increase student self-motivation to learn as well as benefits
to their developmental. However, the use of gadgets can also be harmful to students when used
freely and uncontrollably. Children are at risk of developing physical and health problems due to
incorrect body structure when using a technology gadget. This is likely due to the excessive use
of gadgets causing the child to be in a static position and the lack of body movements over a long
period of time. Exposure to over-screen light also affects children’s concentration.

Meanwhile, Agarwal, V., and Kar, K. S., (2015), concluded the influences of
gadget, internet, and technology usage. Technology addiction is labeled, when the use is beyond
the control and causing harm or impairment. There may be certain warning signs of technology
addiction, like abnormally excessive use of technology (internet or mobile). Individuals addicted
to technology are very much preoccupied with their gadgets and can’t stay without them.
Adolescents with poor coping skills, often find it difficult to deal with day to day minor issues
and engage with mobile or internet to distract themselves from the stressful situations. However,
in today’s world children are increasingly using technologies in task related to studies. Focus is
more on use of technologies to provide knowledge and it is possible in near future that education
will become paperless. But children and adolescents are not mature enough to understand
adverse effects associated with excessive use of these things and they are easily likely to be
hooked to modern technologies.

Gap Bridge by the study

The study aimed to surface the present status of high rates usage of technology
especially in this generation and community of Grade 12 STEM class of Saint Louise De
Marillac College of Sorsogon (SLMCS). Within the use of technology, it provides more insights
about Technology provides students with easy-to-access information, accelerated learning, and
fun opportunities to practice what they learn. It enables students to explore new subjects and
deepen their understanding of difficult concepts, particularly in STEM. Through the use of
technology inside and outside the classroom, students can gain 21st-century technical skills
necessary for future occupations.

Theoretical Framework
 This study is anchored two different theories: theory of Reasoned-Action and
the Technology Acceptance Model.

The Theory of Reasoned-Action Fishbein and Ajzen posits that Its history
returned to the period from 1910’s to 1960s. This period was the beginning of studying the
individuals’ behavior through the impact of attitude. Attitude has either a direct or an indirect
effect on behavior, and it is either one-dimensional or multidimensional factor.

Technology Acceptance Model, TAM is also an extension of TRA done by

Davis (1986). It replaced TRA’s attitude toward behavior with two technology acceptance
measures which are: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. TAM didn’t include the
TRA’s subjective norms in its structure. It was developed after the introduction of
information systems into organizations. It is developed in information technology field while
TRA and TPB developed in the psychology field, so that it is less general than TRA and TPB
(Davis et al., 1989). The development for TAM comes through three phases: adoption,
validation, and extension. In the adoption phase, it was tested and adopted through a huge
number of information system applications. In the validation phase, researchers noted that TAM
uses accurate measurement of users’ acceptance behavior in different technologies. Extended
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM2) was developed in information technology field. It had
been extended from TAM by Venkatesh and Davis (2000) in order to explain perceived
usefulness and perceived ease of use from the social influence and cognitive instrumental
processes’ view-points. Social influence processes refer to: subjective norm, voluntariness, and
image, while cognitive instrumental processes refer to: job relevance, output quality, result
demonstrability, and perceived ease of use. Unlike TAM, Venkatesh and Davis inserted
subjective norm as an additional construct by adopting from TRA and TPB models. Subjective
norm has direct relations with perceived usefulness and intention of use. Its relation with
perceived usefulness is moderated by the user experience, while its relation with intention of use
is moderated by the user experience and voluntariness of use. After a time, Thompson, Higgins,
and Howell, (1991) adapted and refined Triandis’s model for information systems contexts and
used it to predict PC utilization (Venkatesh et al., 2003). The nature of the model makes it
suitable to predict individual acceptance and the use of many information technologies. They
noted that the PC utilization may be influenced by individuals’ feelings toward using PCs, social
norms, expected consequences, habits, and the facilitating conditions. They proposed that the
behavior is directly affected by the social factors, perceived consequences, effect, and facilitating
conditions. The intention of usage is not included in the model because this model is studying the
actual use of PCs depending on the habit, not the predictive use. Complexity and job fit are
 added to the model to explain the perceived consequences aspect. All technology acceptance
theories are designed to measure the degree of acceptance and satisfaction to the individual
users against any technology or information system but from different view-points depending on
the constructs or determinants which represent their structure.

Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework systematically discussed the concepts of this
research.

Conceptual Paradigm

Performance of Grade 12 STEM

students

Relationship between the students

Impacts of usage of gadgets and
and gadgets.
internet among student’s health and
learning.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

Survey / Questionnaire
 Excessive usage of gadgets and
internet among grade 12 STEM
students of Saint Louise De Marillac
College of Sorsogon.

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