Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

8
SCIENCE
Quarter 3 – Module 7
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
Science- Grade 8
Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE)
Quarter 3 - Module 7: The Periodic Table of Elements
First Edition, 2021
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Development Team of the Module

Writer: Mabel B. Cabilin

Editor: Teodelen S. Aleta
Reviewer: Teodelen S. Aleta, Zyhrine P. Mayormita
Layout Artist: Chris Raymund M. Bermudo
Management Team: Virgilio P. Batan Jr. - Schools Division Superintendent
Lourma I. Poculan - Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Amelinda D. Montero - Chief Education Supervisor, CID
Nur N. Hussien - Chief Education Supervisor, SGOD
Ronillo S. Yarag - Education Program Supervisor, LRMS
Zyhrine P. Mayormita - Education Program Supervisor, Science
Leo Martinno O. Alejo - Project Development Officer II, LRMS
Janette A. Zamoras - Public Schools District Supervisor
Adrian G. Refugio - School Principal, Zamboanga del Norte NHS

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Department of Education – Region IX – Dipolog City Schools Division

Office Address: Purok Farmers, Olingan, Dipolog City
Zamboanga del Norte, 7100
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E-mail Address: dipolog.city@deped.gov.ph
 What I Need to Know
Scientists have always searched for patterns, regularities, and symmetries in
nature. If a pattern can be discovered, information and data can be arranged and organized
in ways that will make it more understandable, meaningful, and useful. An excellent
example of this is the periodic table. In this module, you will learn that elements were
arranged in the periodic table in rows and columns according to increasing atomic
numbers. This arrangement was based on properties of elements that were found to be
repeated regularly. The properties were recurring periodically. Hence, patterns in the
properties are observed.
This module will provide you with information and simple activities that will help you
understand the modern periodic table of elements in such a way that information about
the elements and the compounds they form are easily revealed.
After going through this module, you are expected to use the periodic table to predict
the chemical behavior of an element (S8MT- IIIij-12). Specifically, you will identify the
elements in the periodic table based on their chemical properties.

What’s In
In Grade 7 you have learned that an element is a pure substance and that an
atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an
element. For example, one gold atom has all of the properties of gold in that it is a solid
metal at room temperature. A gold coin is simply a very large number of gold atoms
molded into the shape of a coin and containing small amounts of other elements known
as impurities. Gold atoms cannot be broken down into anything smaller while still
retaining the properties of gold.

In the previous modules, you also learned that these elements are conveniently
arranged for us in a periodic table, allowing us to learn more about its physical and
chemical behavior. This module will provide you information on how elements are
arranged in a periodic table.

Activity 1. The PT Puzzler

Direction: Read the clues and fill in the correct answer.

Across
2. most of the elements to the left of the table
3. element; atomic number = 1
5. column of chemical elements
Down
1. row of chemical elements
2. metal with symbol Mg
3. salt-formers (Cl, F, Br)
4. the gases: He, Ne, Xe

1
 What’s New

Activity 2. Decoding the message

Direction: Arrange the numbers in descending order to reveal the correct word. Write the
word on the space provided.

50 12 56 52 40 31 44 42 26
A N S L M N T E O
________________________________

D A L S O M T L E I
56 20 28 61 31 5 13 28 8 42
__________________________________

Activity 3. Mark My Words!

Direction: Using a crayon, search and mark the five concepts related to the periodic table.

[transition – representative – metals – non-metals – metalloids]

B C E F G K L E W N M C B N
T S D M H J K Z V H E I L O
R E P R E S E N T A T I V E
A Q D F V T B I D O A R E T
N S E G W T A H K E L A B I
S E R Q Y U J L I T L I P S
I V N E T H A T S L O B E S
T R Y I N G H U T R I K I P
I W T U L P I G T U D L O R
O T T E R P L E T U S P R I
N O N M E T A L S T U B I G

What is It
The modern periodic table is considered as a catalog of all of the atoms known
in the universe. Thanks to the brilliant Russian chemist and inventor Dmitri Ivanovich
Mendeleev, who initially made it easy for us to predict the physical and chemical
behavior of an element when he published his version of the periodic table in 1869
(Figure 1). He meticulously arranged the elements based on increasing atomic weight
and had it in a readable format. There was a predictive power in his table - based on
the periodic law, Mendeleev believed that more elements would be discovered
someday. He left spaces in his table where the elements would be placed once they
had been discovered.

2
 Figure 1. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Source: https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/SCC%3A_CHEM_330_-
_Adventures_in_Chemistry_(Alviar-Agnew)/02%3A_Atoms/2.05%3A_Mendeleev_and_Periodic_Table

In 1913, it was revised by Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley, an English physicist

who discovered that atomic number is the most fundamental property of an element
and not its atomic mass (Figure 2). This was based on his discovery that the
frequencies of X-ray emitted from elements followed the atomic number and not the
atomic weight.

Figure 2. Moseley’s Periodic Table

Source: http://nagamurthy.weebly.com/henry-moseley.html

Periods and Groups

In a modern periodic table, elements are arranged from left to right and top
to bottom in order of increasing atomic number. A single horizontal row in the
periodic table, as shown in figure 3, is called a period. A period is a row of elements
in the periodic table whose properties change gradually and predictably. The rows
or periods are labeled 1-7. Period 1, the first period at the top of the table, contains
only the elements H and He. The second period, which is the second row of elements,
contains Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, and Ne.
The top to the bottom (vertical) arrangement of the elements also holds
significance in the compilation of elements in the periodic table. Each vertical
column represents a group or family that has elements with similar physical and
chemical properties. As you can see in figure 3, the periodic table has 18 columns
of elements. Below is the complete list of groups and their special names.

3
 Group Number Group Name
1A or 1 Alkali metals
2A or 2 Alkaline earth metals
3A or 13 Boron Family
4A or 14 Carbon Family
5A or 15 Nitrogen Family
6A or 16 Oxygen Family
7A or 17 Halogen Family
8A or 18 Noble gases

Alkali Metals
These are the elements Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr. They are all metals,
extremely soft metals, which can be cut with a butter knife. Alkali metals are
very abundant in nature. They share many similar chemical and physical
properties; for example, they have low densities and low melting and boiling
points.

Alkaline Earth Metals

These are the elements Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra. These are very
reactive elements that have similar chemical behavior during the formation of
molecules and compounds. Many compounds in this group are insoluble in
water.

Halogens
These are the elements F, Cl, Br, I, and At. These elements are known to
be salt-forming.

Noble gases
These are the most stable of the elements (non-reactive), which include
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn. Noble gases share properties like high densities, high
melting points, colorless, odorless, and tasteless.

Figure 3. The Periods and Groups in a Periodic Table

Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/transition-metal

4
Representative and Transition Elements

The periodic table can also be divided into sections, as shown in figure 4. One
section consists of the first two groups, Groups 1 and 2, and the elements in Groups
13–18. These eight groups are the representative elements. They include metals,
metalloids, and non-metals. Representative elements are also known as “group A
elements” or “main group elements.”
The elements in Groups 3–12 are transition elements. They are all metals. Some
transition elements, called the inner transition elements, are placed below the main
table. These elements are called the lanthanide and actinide series because one series
follows the element lanthanum, element 57, and the other series follows actinium,
element 89.

Figure 4. Representative and Transition Elements

Source: https://www.toppr.com/content/concept/representative-elements-252168/

Metals, Metalloids and Non-Metals

The metalloid group separates the metals from non-metals. As the name
suggests, a metalloid is an element that shares some properties with metals and some
with non-metals. These elements also are called semimetals.
In the periodic table, the metalloids are those elements on a zigzag line
(sometimes referred to as the periodic staircase) that begins below Boron (B) and
extends between Bismuth (Bi) and Polonium (Po) or down between Livermorium (Lv)
and Tennessine (Ts) (figure 4). Elements to the left of the periodic staircase are the
metals, and non-metals are to the right. They are malleable, ductile, good conductors
of heat and electricity, solid at room temperature (except for Mercury), and they have
a high luster (they are shiny). Metals make up most of the elements in the periodic
table. The exception is the element Hydrogen. Hydrogen has the properties of a non-
metal at normal temperature and pressures and an alkali metal under extremely high
pressure.
Non-metals are usually gases, brittle solids at room temperature (except for
Bromine), have a low luster and poor conductors of heat and electricity. There are
only 17 non-metals, but they include many elements that are essential for life—
Carbon, Sulfur, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Iodine.

5
 Figure 4. Representative and Transition Elements
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/349310514848569679/

What’s More

Activity 4: My Location!
Direction: Using the periodic table below (figure 5), identify the element that is specified
in each of the items.

1. The element in period 5, group 10

2. The element in period 4, group 15
3. The element in period 3, group 2
4. The element in period 5, group 18 period 5
5. The element in period 4, group 13

Figure 5. The Periodic Table of Elements

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/mNAxTNFqUq6gXCYn

6
Activity 5: Color-coding!

Figure 6. The Periodic Table

Source: http://www.tcschools.org/userfiles/62/Classes/1213/periodic-table-coloring-and-questions1.pdf?id=2154

Activity 6: Find Me!

Directions: Shade the correct
boxes in the periodic table to identify
the metals, non-metals, and
semimetals. Use the given legend for
the shading.

Figure 7. Blank Periodic Table

Science 8 3rd Quarter Learner’s Material

7
 What I Have Learned
Activity 7: I Got You!
Directions: The elements below and their food sources are essential nutrition our body
needs. Identify each of these element’s period number (1), group number (2), and group
name (3). Then, classify whether representative or transition element (4) and if metal,
metalloid, or non-metal (5).

1.Period number: _____

2.Group number: _____
3.Group name: ____________
4.Representative/Transition element: ___________________
5.Metal/Metalloid/Nonmetal: _______________

1.Period number: _____

2.Group number: _____
3.Group name: ____________
4.Representative/Transition element: ___________________
5.Metal/Metalloid/Nonmetal: _______________

1.Period number: _____

2.Group number: _____
3.Group name: ____________
4.Representative/Transition element: ___________________
5.Metal/Metalloid/Nonmetal: _______________

8
 1.Period number: _____
2.Group number: _____
3.Group name: ____________
4.Representative/Transition element: ___________________
5.Metal/Metalloid/Nonmetal: _______________

1.Period number: _____

2.Group number: _____
3.Group name: ____________
4.Representative/Transition element: ___________________
5.Metal/Metalloid/Nonmetal: _______________

Way to go! Now that you are already equipped with the basic knowledge and
understanding of the periodic table, you can easily do the next activity.

What I Can Do
Activity 8: Quick Search
Direction: Now that you have learned how the elements are arranged in the periodic table,
complete the following statements as fast as you can! (Actually, you can take your time.)
1. Circle the element that is a metalloid
[Argon Germanium Bismuth Zinc Hydrogen]
2. Circle the element that is not a transition metal
[Osmium Titanium Gold Radon Copper]
3. Circle the elements that are representative elements
[Sulfur Cerium Sodium Aluminum Iron]
4. Circle the element that is an inner transition metal
[Nitrogen Hafnium Californium Mercury Lithium]
5. There are _____ groups and _____ periods in the periodic table.
6. The vertical columns on the periodic table are called ____________.
7. The horizontal rows on the periodic table are called _____________.
8. The elements to the left side of the periodic staircase are classified _________________.
9. The elements on the periodic staircase are classified as _______________.
10. The elements to the right side of the periodic staircase are classified _______________.
11. Elements in the first group are extremely reactive. They are called ___________.
12. Elements in the second group are also very reactive. They are called _________.
13. Elements in groups 3 through 12 have many useful properties and
are called _______.
14. Elements in group 17 are known as “salt formers”. They are called ___________.
15. Elements in group 18 are very unreactive. They are said to be “inert”.
We call these the ______________ ______________.
9
 Assessment
Directions. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided
before each number.

1. What do you call the vertical columns of elements in the periodic table?
A. Groups C. Representative elements
B. Periods D. Transition elements
2. Which three elements are likely to have similar chemical and physical properties?
A. Potassium, Lithium and Barium
B. Silicon, Carbon and Phosphorus
C. Platinum, Copper and Palladium
D. Rubidium, Lithium and Cesium
3. Which group of elements best conducts electricity?
A. Metal C. Metalloid
B. Non-metal D. Noble gas
4. Several groups in the periodic table of elements contain only metals. Which group includes
only non-metals?
A. Group 1 C. Group 2
B. Group 12 D. Group 18
5. What element is in group 10 period 5?
A. Hydrogen C. Palladium
B. Nickel D. Chlorine
6. What is the term for metals, metalloids, and non-metals in groups 1, 2, 13-18?
A. Representative elements C. Alkali metals
B. Transition elements D. Noble gases
7. Carbon is one of the most important elements of living things because it can form different
essential compounds. Which of the following choices places carbon in the correct category?
A. Period 14, group 2, representative element, metalloid
B. Period 2, group 4A, representative element, non-metal
C. Period 4A, group 14, transition element, metal
D. Period 1, group 4B, representative element, non-metal
8. A research assistant was tasked to observe the reaction of element X with oxygen. So far, what
she knew about element X is that it exists as a gas at room temperature, colorless and odorless.
After 7 hours of observation, the research assistant concludes that element X does not react with
oxygen. From which group would element X be more likely from?
A. 16 C. 18
B. 15 D. 17
9. Which of the following groups of elements does not represent a family?
A. As, Se, Br, Kr C. Cr, Mo, W, Sg
B. N, P, Sb, Bi D. B, Al, Ga, In
10. What do you call an element that shares some properties with metals and some with non-
metals?
A. Metalloids C. Metals
B. Nonmetals D. Transition metals

10
 Additional Activities
Activity 9: Right label
Directions: Using the blank
periodic table below, label periods
and groups. Then, trace and label
the representative elements,
transition elements, metals,
metalloids and non-metals.

11
Answer Key Gr8Q3 Module 7
Activity 1. The PT Puzzler Noble Gases
Across Halogens
1. Metals metals
2. Hydrogen Transition
3. Family Metals
Down Alkali Earth
1. Period Alkali Metals
2. Magnesium Non metals
3. Halogens Metalloids
4. Noble Metals
Activity 2. Decoding the Periods
Message Groups
1. Nonmetals 18, 7
Activity 3. Mark my Words!
2. Metalloids Californium
Activity 4. My Location! Aluminum
1. Palladium (Pd) Sodium,
2. Arsenic (As) Sulfur,
3. Magnesium (Mg) Radon A
4. Xenon (Xe) Germanium A
5. Gallium (Ga) Activity 8. Fast Find! C
Activity 7. I Got You! B
1. 4,2, alkali Earth metal, A
representative, metal C
2. 4,1. Alkali metal, D
representative, metal
3. 4, 12, transition metal,
A
transition, transition D
4. 4,16, Oxygen group, A
representative, non-metal ASSESSMENT
5. 3, 12, alkali earth metal,
representative, metal

Activity 6: Find Me!

Activity 4. Color Coding

12
References
Book
Science 8 3rd Quarter Teacher’s Guide and Learner’s Material
Estrella E. Mendoza and Teresita F. Religioso. You and natural World Series 2 nd Edition Science and
Technology. Phoenix Publishing House, 1995
Myrna S. Rodriguez, Ph.D, Emil L, Escalante, Susan T. Sta. Ana, Gideon A. Legazpi. FUSE CONSTEC,
Teaching support material for High School, Revised edition, Volume 2, 1240 Roxas Boulevard,
Ermita, Manila, F.U.S.E. 2018
Rebecca C. Nueva Espana, EdD, Marion A. Malorca, EdD. Alberto V. Florido Jr., Brando C. Palomar, Science
and Technology, Abiva Publishing house, Inc. Abiva Building Araneta Ave. 2013
Online
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/modern-periodic-table-periods-and-groups/
http://www.tcschools.org/userfiles/62/Classes/1213/periodic-table-coloring-and-
questions1.pdf?id=21548
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:CLEJmHryrJEJ:www.umanitoba.ca/outreach/cr
ystal/Grade%25209/Cluster%25202/S1-2%2520-%2520Chemistry%2520and%2520Periodic%2520Table
%2520Unit%2520Plan.doc+&cd=22&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ph

Images
Figure 1. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Source:https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/SCC%3A_CHEM_330_-
_Adventures_in_Chemistry_(Alviar Agnew)/02%3A_Atoms/2.05%3A_Mendeleev_and_Periodic
_ table

Figure 2. Moseley’s Periodic Table

Source: http://nagamurthy.weebly.com/henry-moseley.html

Figure 3. The Periods and Groups in a Periodic Table

Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/transition-metal

Figure 4. Representative and Transition Elements

Source: https://www.toppr.com/content/concept/representative-elements-252168/

Figure 5. The Periodic Table of Elements

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/mNAxTNFqUq6gXCYn

Figure 6. The Periodic Table

Source: http://www.tcschools.org/userfiles/62/Classes/1213/periodic-table-coloring-and-
questions1.pdf?id=21548

Figure 7: Blank Periodic Table

Source: Science 8 3rd Quarter Learner’s Material

Images: Food Source

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/252975704045724541
https://www.beatoapp.com/blog/diabetic-diet-7-best-calcium-rich-foods-for-diabetic-patients/
https://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/magnesium-for-kids-
https://source.colostate.edu/potassium-good-for-heart-bones-and-muscles/
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/selenium+food
 Region IX: Zamboanga Peninsula Hymn – Our Eden Land
Here the trees and flowers bloom Gallant men And Ladies fair
Here the breezes gently Blow, Linger with love and care
Here the birds sing Merrily, Golden beams of sunrise and sunset
The liberty forever Stays, Are visions you’ll never forget
Oh! That’s Region IX
Here the Badjaos roam the seas Hardworking people Abound,
Here the Samals live in peace Every valleys and Dale
Here the Tausogs thrive so free Zamboangueños, Tagalogs, Bicolanos,
With the Yakans in unity
My Final Farewell
Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd
Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!,
Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best,
And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest
Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost.
On the field of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight,
Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed;
The place matters not-cypress or laurel or lily white,
Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight,
T is ever the same, to serve our home and country's need.
I die just when I see the dawn break,
Through the gloom of night, to herald the day;
And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take,
Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake
To dye with its crimson the waking ray.
My dreams, when life first opened to me,
My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high,
Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea
From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free;
No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye.
Dream of my life, my living and burning desire,
All hail ! cries the soul that is now to take flight;
All hail ! And sweet it is for thee to expire ;
To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire;
And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night.
If over my grave some day thou seest grow,
In the grassy sod, a humble flower,
Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so,
While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below
The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power.
Let the moon beam over me soft and serene,
Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes,
Let the wind with sad lament over me keen ;
And if on my cross a bird should be seen,
Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes.
I Am a Filipino, by Carlos P. Romulo
I am a Filipino–inheritor of a glorious past, hostage to the uncertain
future. As such I must prove equal to a two-fold task–the task of
meeting my responsibility to the past, and the task of performing
my obligation to the future.
I sprung from a hardy race, child many generations removed of
ancient Malayan pioneers. Across the centuries the memory comes
rushing back to me: of brown-skinned men putting out to sea in
ships that were as frail as their hearts were stout. Over the sea I see
them come, borne upon the billowing wave and the whistling wind,
carried upon the mighty swell of hope–hope in the free abundance
of new land that was to be their home and their children’s forever.
I am a Filipino. In my blood runs the immortal seed of heroes–seed
that flowered down the centuries in deeds of courage and defiance.
In my veins yet pulses the same hot blood that sent Lapulapu to
battle against the first invader of this land, that nerved Lakandula
in the combat against the alien foe, that drove Diego Silang and
Dagohoy into rebellion against the foreign oppressor.
The seed I bear within me is an immortal seed. It is the mark of my
manhood, the symbol of dignity as a human being. Like the seeds
that were once buried in the tomb of Tutankhamen many thousand
years ago, it shall grow and flower and bear fruit again. It is the
insignia of my race, and my generation is but a stage in the
unending search of my people for freedom and happiness.
14
Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Subanons, Boholanos, Ilongos,
All of them are proud and true
Region IX our Eden Land
Region IX
Our..
Eden...
Land...
Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,
And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest
Let some kind soul o 'er my untimely fate sigh,
And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high
From thee, 0 my country, that in God I may rest.
Pray for all those that hapless have died,
For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain;
For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried,
For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried
And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain
An d when t he d ar k night wr a p s t he gr av eyar d ar o un d
Wit h only t he de a d in t heir v igil t o se e
Br ea k n ot my r e p os e or t he m yst er y pr of o un d
An d p er ch anc e t ho u m ayst he ar a sa d hy mn r es o un d
'T i s I, O m y c ou nt r y, r aising a s ong unt o t hee.
An d ev en my gr av e i s r em em ber ed n o m or e
Unmar k' d by nev er a cr os s nor a st on e
Let t he pl ow sw ee p t hr o ugh it , t he s p ad e t ur n it o 'er
That m y ash es m ay c ar p et ear t hly f l oor ,
Bef or e int o not hi ngne ss at l ast t hey ar e bl own.
The n will o bliv i on br in g t o m e no car e
As ov er t hy v ales an d plai ns I swe ep;
Thr o b bing an d cle ans e d in t hy s pac e an d air
Wit h col or an d light , wit h s ong an d l ame nt I f ar e,
Ev er r e pe at ing t he f ait h t hat I ke ep.
My F at her lan d a d or ' d, t hat s adn es s t o m y s or r ow le n ds
Bel ov e d Fili pin as, h ear no w my la st go o d - by!
I giv e t hee all: par ent s an d kin dr e d an d f r ien ds
For I g o wher e no slav e bef or e t he op pr ess or ben ds,
Wher e f ait h c an nev er k ill, an d G o d r eign s e' er on hi gh!
Far ew ell t o y o u all, f r o m my s o ul t or n a way,
Fr ien ds of my chi ldh o o d in t he h om e di s po ss es se d!
Giv e t han ks t hat I r est f r om t h e wear i so me da y!
Far ew ell t o t hee, t o o, swe et f r ien d t hat lig ht ene d my way;
Bel ov e d cr e at ur es al l, f ar ewell ! In d eat h t her e is r est !
I am a Filipino, child of the marriage of the East and the West. The
East, with its languor and mysticism, its passivity and endurance,
was my mother, and my sire was the West that came thundering
across the seas with the Cross and Sword and the Machine. I am of
the East, an eager participant in its spirit, and in its struggles for
liberation from the imperialist yoke. But I also know that the East
must awake from its centuried sleep, shake off the lethargy that has
bound his limbs, and start moving where destiny awaits.
I am a Filipino, and this is my inheritance. What pledge shall I give
that I may prove worthy of my inheritance? I shall give the pledge
that has come ringing down the corridors of the centuries, and it
shall be compounded of the joyous cries of my Malayan forebears
when first they saw the contours of this land loom before their eyes,
of the battle cries that have resounded in every field of combat from
Mactan to Tirad Pass, of the voices of my people when they sing:
“I am a Filipino born to freedom, and I shall not rest until freedom
shall have been added unto my inheritance—for myself and my
children and my children’s children—forever.”