SMART data collection and inteGRation platform to enhance availability and accessibility of

data and infOrmation in the EU territory on SecoNDary Raw Materials

Decision Support Tools for enhanced

landfill mining
(MSW and EW)
Frederic Coulon, Stuart Wagland, (Cranfield University)
Giovanna Dino, Piergiorgio Rossetti, Giulio Biglia (University of Torino)

RAWFILL-SMARTGROUND Sardinia 2019 Workshop

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under Grant Agreement No 641988
 DECISION SUPPORT TOOL Site Life

Economics

Existing Age of
Grades Waste Greater than 5 years

Economics
GW Site Life
Age of Waste Compliance Remaining

• Revenue Additional
Airspace
• Value Recovered Soil
• Avoided Costs
Greater than 20 years

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DECISION SUPPORT TOOLS

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Extractive Waste (EW)

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MSW DST - ELFM

ELFM PROCESS OVERVIEW CONSIDERED

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MSW DST - ELFM

SCENARIOS CONSIDERED

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MSW DST - ELFM

SCENARIOS AND TECHNOLOGIES OVERVIEW

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MSW DST - ELFM

WASTE COMPOSITION MIX CONSIDERED

Waste Composition
75% MSW, 50% MSW, 25% MSW, 100%
Waste Fraction 100% MSW
25% C&I 50% C&I 75% C&I C&I
<10mm Soil Type 45.9% 49.5% 53.1% 56.8% 60.4%
Plastics 17.2% 6.6% 15.9% 15.3% 14.6%
Paper/Cardboard 7.1% 5.9% 4.6% 3.4% 2.2%
Wood 7.4% 7.4% 7.5% 7.5% 7.5%
Textiles 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0%
Glass 1.6% 1.2% 0.8% 0.4% 0.1%
Stones (inert) 10.4% 10.3% 10.3% 10.2% 10.2%
Ferrous Metals 2.8% 2.8% 2.9% 3.0% 3.1%
Non-ferrous Metals
0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% 0.0%
(REE)
Hazardous 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0%
Organic 2.7% 2.0% 1.3% 0.7% 0.0%
TOTAL: 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

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MSW DST - ELFM

ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS

Environmental Indicator Definition

Impact Area
Release of greenhouse gas emissions;
GHG
closely linked with energy consumption
Production and release of particulate
PM
matter into the air
Air Odour Production of odour
Production and release of nitrous and
NOx SOx
sulphurous oxides into the air
Production and release of volatile organic
VOCs
compounds into the atmosphere
Water Water Contamination Impact on contamination levels in water
Soil Soil Contamination Impact on contamination levels in soil
Intrusion (e.g. light level changes,
Biota landscape changes, visual changes) on
Ecology
surrounding biota
Noise Amount of noise generated

Waste Production Amount of waste produced

Resource Use and
Waste Generation
Metal Recovery Amount of metal recovered
Combustible Recovery Amount of RDF recovered

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MSW DST - ELFM

ECONOMIC INDICATORS

Indicator Definition Assumptions

Net Difference between revenues
-
Income and costs

Heavy and hazardous fraction resulting from sorting and ATT

Income from sale of recovered
materials, sale of produced
Revenue electricity and sale of reclaimed
land
have a net income of zero. Adjusted for inflation using
inflation rates from 2005-December 2016 (OECD, 2017;
Eurostat, 2017). All obtained currencies converted to Euros
(€). Conversion rate for GBP (£) to Euros (€) and US Dollars
($) to Euros (€) 1.17 and 0.9416 respectively

Operational and capital costs of

Adjusted for inflatrion using inflation rates from 2005-
soil flushing, excavation,
December 2016 (ref). All obtained currencies converted to
Costs separation, sorting techniques
Euros (€). Conversion rate for GBP (£) to Euros (€) and US
and ATT. Also considers
Dollars ($) to Euros (€) 1.17 and 0.9416 respectively
transportation costs

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MSW DST - ELFM

SOCIAL INDICATORS

Indicator Definition

Community Community involvement with and acceptance of the ELFM

Involvement project; dependent on consequences of the ELFM project that
have a direct impact on human life

Human Health Impact on the health of site-workers and community members

(e.g. by VOCs, noise, odour dust etc.)

Ethical Considerations Possibility of ethical disputes (e.g. contaminated groundwater

that is the source of potable water for the community)

Nuisance on Occurrence of nuisance factors (e.g. noise, light pollution, odour

Neighbourhoods etc.)

Evidence of
Sustainability and Level of Degree
related
of environmental sustainability and levels of uncertainty
to these outcomes
Uncertainty

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MSW DST - ELFM

TECHNOLOGIES SCORING SCALE

Score Definition
3 High negative impact
2 Moderate negative impact
1 Low negative impact
0 No impact
-1 Low positive impact
-2 Moderate positive impact
-3 High positive impact

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MSW DST - ELFM

SCENARIO DISPLAY INPUT

Input Default value Custom value Units

Total amount of waste in landfill: 100,000 tonnes
Total landfill area: 10 ha
Waste Composition (% of weight) : 100% MSW Custom composition
<10mm soil type 45.89% w/w
Plastic 17.22% w/w
Paper/Cardboard 7.13% w/w
Wood 7.38% w/w
Textile 3.97% w/w
Glass 1.59% w/w
Stones, inert 10.38% w/w
Ferrous metals 2.76% w/w
Non-ferrous metals (REEs) 0.79% w/w
Hazardous 0.20% w/w
Organic waste 2.68% w/w
Current sum : 0%
Is there a liner in the landfill? No Criteria for selection of the best scenario
Number of residents within 1 km radius > 1000 PE The highest best-case net income
Value of remediated land: The highest best-case net revenues
Residential 155 €/m² The lowest best-case costs
Industrial 80 €/m² The highest worst-case net income
Agricultural 10 €/m² The highest worst-case revenues
Nature 3 €/m² The lowest worst-case costs
Landfill 40 €/m² The best environmental score
Distance from the landfill to Waste treatment facility 50 km The best social score
Distance from waste treatment facility to waste to energy plant 80 km
Distance from the landfill to Waste to Energy plant (gasifier) 10 km
Criteria for selection of the best scenario The highest best case net income

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MSW DST - ELFM

BEST SCENARIO RESULTS

100
Economics

26 19

Social Environmental

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MSW DST - ELFM

BEST SCENARIO RESULTS

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SCENARIO RESULTS OVERVIEW

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MSW DST - ELFM

METALS, CRM, REE AMOUNT AND VALUE ESTIMATION

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EW DST - ELFM

PROCESS OVERVIEW CONSIDERED

Waste material for aggregate

Remediation and/or safety Filling production in-situ or off-site (i.e.
condition of the extractive materials for road construction, aggregates for concrete, road
waste facility area infrastructures, etc. foundation, railway ballast, etc.)

Waste material for SRM/CRM production EW Waste material for by-products (fine particle
facility exploitation to obtain i.e. Pb-Zn concentrate for artificial soil, geo-materials, etc.)

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 ACTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGIES OVERVIEW remediation
excavation
drilling
blasting
Fill here all the technologies pneumatic hammer
or actions used in all the jaw crushes
scenarios proposed; this hammer mill
table is linked with different screener
magnetic separation
tables in the Excel DST
gravimetric separation
flotation
advanced flotation
Excavation Pneumatic hummer
transport
safety condition
waste management

Jaw crushes Flotation Transport Hammer mill Screener

EW DST - ELFM

EW- ELFM SCENARIOS AND TECHNOLOGIES OVERVIEW

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9

Scenario 1 EW Facility Remediation - - - - - - -
Scenario 2 EW Facility Safety condition - - - - - - -
Crushing &
Aggregates and
Scenario 3 EW Facility Excavation screening in- - - - - -
waste (<2 mm)
situ
Aggregates
Crushing &
Scenario 4 EW Facility Excavation Transport and waste (<2 - - - -
screening off-site
mm)
Product (Pb-Zn
Crushing & Gravimetric
Scenario 5 EW Facility Excavation Transport Flotation conc.) and - -
screening off-site separation
waste
Product (Pb-Zn
Crushing & Gravimetric Advanced
Scenario 6 EW Facility Excavation Transport Flotation conc.) and -
screening off-site separation treatment
waste
Product (Pb-Zn
Gravimetric
scenario 7 EW Facility Excavation Transport Flotation conc.) and - - -
separation
waste
Product (Pb-Zn
Gravimetric Advanced
scenario 8 EW Facility Excavation Transport Flotation conc.) and - -
separation treatment
waste

List of List of technologies and Final products

scenarios actions used
proposed

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 SCENARIO DISPLAY INPUT

Landfill
information
Waste
characterization
(from waste characterization
tab)

Information about
resident and landfill

Economic
values from the
remediate land
Logistic
information
 BEST SCENARIO RESULTS

Net Income Revenues: worst and best

Best scenario Radar graph Costs: worst and best case
evaluated case

Total score for

Environmental impact
Total score for social impact
 BEST SCENARIO RESULTS
Scenario 6

Unit Worst case Best case

€ Revenues from
REVENUES 10.272.000 15.488.000
scenario 6 (data
Other revenues € 0 0
from «revenues»
Total amount of aggregates tonnes 0 0
tab)
Total amount of by-product tonnes 6.400 6.400
Total amount of Pd-Zn concentrate tonnes 51.200 51.200
Revenue from aggregates € 0 0
Revenue from Pb-Zn concentrate € 10.240.000 15.360.000
Revenue from by-products € 32.000 128.000
Costs from
COSTS € 6.998.928 5.562.928
scenario 6 (data
Economic Safety condition € 0 0
from «costs» tab)
Remediation € 0 0
excavation € 350.000 310.000
Transport € 192.928 92.928
Crushing & sieving € 684.000 636.000
magnetic separation € 0,00 0,00
gravimetric separation € 100.000 100.000
Flotation € 2.500.000 2.100.000
Advanced flotation € 2.500.000 2.100.000 Automatic calculation :
Waste management € 672.000 224.000 Revenues – Costs = Net
Other cost (energie,…) € Income
NET INCOME € 3.273.072 9.925.072
VIDEO AND INTERACTIVE MATERIALS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-ezhJU9k40
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ-uV0DrH2KJQTCR58TkKPw

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 Project Coordinator
Marco de la Feld
ENCO s.r.l.
www.smart-ground.eu m.delafeld@enco-consulting.it
 Thank you for your attention!

Frederic Coulon
f.coulon@cranfield.ac.uk

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