SOLIDS AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES - dipole-dipole

- Hydrogen
Topic Learning Outcomes bonding
Van der Waals
 Differentiate crystalline solid from amorphous Forces
- dipole-
solid. induced dipole
Ion-dipole
forces
 Discuss the different types of crystal structures -dispersion
forces
and determine the volume of a unit cell based
on the given radius of an atom.

 Discuss the atomic packing factor of simple

cubic structure, body-centered cubic structure,
and face-centered cubic structure.

PHASES OR STATES OF MATTER

 Gaseous State

 Condensed State

- Liquid state

- Solid state

Kinetic Molecular theory – explains the properties of

liquids and solids in terms of motion of molecules.

Categories of Solids

1. CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

- possess rigid and long-range order

- its atoms, molecules or ions occupy

specific positions and have regular
structure

2. AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

- lack regular three-dimensional

SOLIDS

• Molecules are held rigidly in position.

• Molecules have no freedom of motion.

• Less empty space in solids than liquids

• Virtually incompressible

• Molecules are arranged in regular

configurations in three dimensions.

• Has definite shape and volume.

• INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES arrangement of atom

- hold atoms together in a molecule - without regular structure

-stabilize individual molecules - example: glass

-involve chemical bonding

• INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

-Attractive forces between molecules

- much weaker than intramolecular forces

TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

UNIT CELL – basic structural unit of a
crystalline solid
MOLECULAR CRYSTAL
Seven Types of unit cells
 Consists of atoms or molecules held together by
van der waals forces and/or hydrogen bonding

 Soft, low melting point, poor conductor of heat

and electricity

 Example: sucrose, iodine crystal, water

COVALENT CRYSTALS

 Called covalent network crystals

 Held together by covalent bond

 Hard, high melting point,

 Example: Diamond (C),

Quartz (SiO2)

METALLIC CRYSTAL

 Held by metallic bond

 In a metal the bonding electrons are spread or

delocalized over the entire crystal

 Soft to hard, low to high melting point,

good conductor of heat and electricity

LATTICE POINT – each sphere representing an atom, ion
 Examples: All metallic elements: Na, Mg, Fe, Cu
or molecules.

COORDINATION NUMBER- number of atoms

surrounding an atom in a crystal lattice. CRYSTALLINE MATERIAL

• One in which atoms (or ions) are situated in a

repeating or periodic array over large atomic
PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLINE SOLID
distance
(Determined by attractive forces that hold the particles • atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays
together) • typical of:

-Melting point -metals

- Density -many ceramics

- Hardness -some polymers

Classification of Crystals (based on types of forces) NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL

1. IONIC • atoms have no periodic packing.

• Amorphous
2. MOLECULAR
• occurs for:
3. COVALENT
-complex structures
4. METALLIC
-rapid cooling

IONIC CRYSTAL

 Consists of ions held by ionic bonds.

 Held by electrostatic attraction.

 Hard, brittle, high melting point, poor conductor

of heat and electricity

 Examples: NaCl, LiF, MgO,

 1. SIMPLE CUBIC STRUCTURE (SC) • Coordination # = 12
• Rare due to poor packing (only Po has this
structure) • 4 atoms
• Close-packed directions are cube edges.
• Coordination # = 6
• 1 atom

Atomic Packing Factor (APF)

 It is a fraction of a unit cell that is occupied by

“hard sphere” atom.

• APF for a simple cubic structure = 0.52

2. BODY CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE (BCC)

• Close packed directions are cube diagonals.
• Coordination # = 8 • Only 52.36% of your unit cell is occupied by
• 2 atoms atoms
--Note: All atoms are identical; the center atom
is shaded differently only for ease of viewing.
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 0.68

• Only 68.02% of BCC has atoms

3. FACE CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE (FCC)

• Close packed directions are face diagonals.

• --Note: All atoms are identical; the face-

centered atoms are shaded differently only for
ease of viewing.
• APF for a face - centered cubic structure = 0.74

• Only 74.05% of FCC has atoms

THEORETICAL DENSITY
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
𝜌=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝒏𝐀𝐖
𝝆=
𝑽 𝒄 𝑵𝑨
n = number of atoms/unit cell [atoms]

AW = atomic weight [in g/mol]

Vc = volume of unit cell [in cm3]

NA = Avogadro’s number [6.022x1023 atoms/mol]

Example:

The metal chromium has a body-centered crystal cubic

structure. Determine its theoretical density and
compare it to the actual which is 7.19 g/cm3. The radius
of chromium atom is 0.125 nm.

Densities of Material Classes

In general

Metals have...

• close packing (metallic bonding)

• often large atomic masses

Ceramics have...

• less dense packing

• often lighter elements

Polymers have...

• low packing density (Often amorphous)

• lighter elements (C, H,O)

Composites have...

• intermediate values