P.
E Reviewer
TRACK AND FIELD
A sport in which athletes participate in different
running, jumping, and throwing contests.
Standard IAAF / Olympic / NCAA, 400
meter running track
A Standard 400-meter running track is the
quintessential oval shape that most of us think
of when we hear the word “track.”
Running
• Sprints (100m, 200m, 400m)
• Middle distance (800m, 1500m)
• Long distance (3000m Steeplechase,
5000m, 10,000m)
• Hurdles (110/100m, 400m)
• Relays (4x100m, 4x400m, mixed
4x400m)
• SPRINT – also called dash, in athletics
(track and field), a footrace over a short
distance with an all-out or nearly all-out
burst of speed, the chief distances being
100, 200, and 400 meters.
• STEEPLECHASE – Is a very interesting
track event where participants overcome
various obstacles -- fixed barriers and
water jumps -- during the course of a
3000m race to make it to the finish line.
• MIDDLE DISTANCE – races are part of
the track and field discipline, usually the
800m and 1500m races.
• LONG DISTANCE – The 5000m and
10000m for both men and women are
two long-distance track races that are
contested as part of the track and field
events during the Olympics.
• HURDLE – Sport in athletics (track and
field) in which a runner races over a
series of obstacles called hurdles, which
are set a fixed distance apart.
• RELAY – A team of four runners run
equal distances, generally 100m and
400m each, while passing a baton to one
another on a rolling start.
Jumping
• LONG JUMP – to cover the maximum
possible distance with a horizontal jump.
• HIGH JUMP – requires athletes to jump
the highest possible distance vertically
without dislodging a horizontal bar placed
at a certain height.
• TRIPPLE JUMP – also called hop, step,
and jump. The difference lies in that the
board is at least 13 meters (42.7 feet)
from the landing area for men and 11
meters (36 feet) for women.
• POLE VAULT – sport in athletics (track
and field) in which an athlete jumps over
an obstacle with the aid of a pole.
Throwing
• DISCUS THROW – Sport in athletics
(track and field) in which a disk-shaped
object, known as a discus, is thrown for
distance.
• SHOT PUT – Sport in athletics (track
and field) in which a spherical weight is
thrown, or put, from the shoulder for
distance.
• JAVELIN – The javelin or spear is
cylindrical in shape and tapers down at
both ends.
• HAMMER THROW – Athletes throw a
metal ball (16lb/7.26kg for men,
4kg/8.8lb for women) that is attached to
a grip by a steel wire no longer than
1.22m while remaining inside a seven-
foot (2.135m) diameter circle.
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CHESS
– It is played by two opponents on a
checkered board with specially designed
pieces of contrasting colours, commonly
white and black. The objective of the game is
to capture the opponent's king.
HISTORY – The earliest form of the game that's
now called chess can be dated back to India in
the sixth century.
Chessboard – A chessboard is a gameboard
used to play chess. It consists of 64 squares, 8
rows by 8 columns, on which the chess pieces
are placed.
CHESS PIECE – Each side starts with 16
pieces: eight pawns, two bishops, two knights,
two rooks, one queen, and one king.
➢ Pawn – move exactly one square
forward; though each Pawn may advance
two squares forward the first time it is
moved. Pawns capture a piece that is one
square diagonally forward.
➢ Bishop – The bishop can move
diagonally like a queen, but not forward,
backward, or sideways. The Bishop
cannot jump over pieces
➢ Knight – move in an "L-shape"—that is,
they can move two squares in any
direction vertically followed by one
square horizontally, or two squares in any
direction horizontally followed by one
square vertically. Knights are the only
piece that can jump over other pieces.
➢ Rook – moves horizontally or vertically,
through any number of unoccupied
squares. The rook cannot jump over
pieces.
➢ Queen – The Queen is the most
powerful piece. The Queen can move 1-7
squares in any direction, up, down, left,
right, or diagonal. However, the Queen
cannot jump over pieces and can only
capture one piece per turn.
➢ King – The king can move only one
square horizontally, vertically, or
diagonally. Once in the game, each king is
allowed to make a special double move,
to castle.
➢ Castling – is a special rule that allows
your king to move two spaces to its right
or left, while the rook on that side moves
to the opposite side of the king.
➢ Set up/Position – Important thing to
remember: The White Queen stands on
the Center-White Square with the White
King next to her on the Center-Black
square, while the Black King and Queen
do the opposite across from them so that
the King and Queen on each side are
facing the other player's King and Queen.
TABLE TENNIS
The first name of Table Tennis: Ping-Pong
The game was invented in England in the early
days of the 20th century and was originally
called ”Ping-Pong”.
EQUIPMENT IN TABLE TENNIS:
o TABLE –
▪ LENGTH- 2.74 M.(9 ft.)
▪ WIDTH - 1.525 M. (5 ft )
▪ HEIGHT - 76 CM.(2.6 ft )
▪ SURFACE- DARK-BLUE / GREEN
o NET – The net should be 15.25cm in
height and 183cm (6ft) in width
o BALL –
▪ DIAMETER- 40 M.M.
▪ WEIGHT - 2.7 grm.
▪ COLOUR - WHITE /YELLOW
▪ THE BALL SHOULD BE MADE OF
CELLULOIDE OR SIMILAR PLASTIC
MATERIAL
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Table tennis racquet o The Japanese Penhold Racket has a long

– The bat, commonly referred to as a ‘racquet’
or ‘paddle’, is approximately 17cms long and
15cms wide, made primarily of wood. It has a
rubber surface on either side - black and red -
that help the players in applying and negating
the spin on the ball.
handle with a cork or wood block to hold
the thumb and forefinger pincer grip up
at the top of the paddle.
▪ Forehand – For a forehand drive, you will
need to use the front of your hands to
produce this stroke

Paddle:

Grip: ▪ Backhand – The backhand drive requires

players to use the backside of their hands.

Shakehand –
▪ Longer handle
▪ Forehand and backhand shots are easy.
▪ Harder to control ▪ Service – It must hit your side of the table
▪ Good for both offense and defence and then the other side.
Penhold – ▪ Push Shot – A forehand push is a difficult
defensive shot that requires the player to
▪ Shorter handle strike downwards on the back and
▪ Chinese and Japanese style underneath the ball to create backspin.
▪ Easier to control ▪ Flick Shot – A flick (a.k.a. flip) is most
▪ Easier to learn often used to aggressively return a short
▪ Harder to hit backhand shots serve that is a bit too high.
▪ Good for offense
▪ Spinning the ball – Spin is imparted onto
Chinese and Japanese Penhold the ball by using a tangential brushing
action with your racket. And the faster your
o The Chinese penhold style uses a round
racket brushes against the ball, the more
racket with a short handle
spin you'll impart onto it.
 P.E Reviewer

▪ Loop Shot – is an offensive stroke with head, the throat, the shaft, and the
the primary purpose of producing lots of handle. The racket in its entirety is called
topspin. a frame.

How table tennis points are scored

– The aim in table tennis is to strike the ball in a
manner that the opponent fails to make contact
with the ball, which earns the player a point.
This can either be by sheer power, spin or other
deceptive means.

– However, if the ball hits the net and it fails to

bounce over into the opponent’s half, or hits it
over the net and out of bounds without coming
into contact with the table, the opponent gets a
point.
Scoring system – A match is played best 3 of
5 games. For each game, the first player to
reach 11 points wins that game, however a
game must be won by at least a two-point
margin.
▪ NET – Size: 20ft x 2.5ft. Stands at a
height of 1.55m (5 feet 1in) at the ends
and dips to 1.52m (5 feet) in the middle.
▪ SHUTTLECOCK – also referred to as a
shuttle or birdie, acts similarly to a ball in
other racket sports.

Scoring – Prior to 2001, all matches played in

competitive Ping Pong were up to a score of 21,
with similar rules to the game now. The score
limit to 11 was done to speed up the game’s
pace, making it more exciting and appealing for
▪ COURT – As per the guidelines laid
the audience. The rule was changed by the ITTF
down by the Badminton World
in 2001.
Federation (BWF), the length of a
BADMINTON standard badminton court remains the
same - 13.40m (44 feet)
HISTORY – Badminton is derived directly from ▪ GRIP – This skill seems simple but should
Poona (Pune), which was played by British army not be overlooked. Holding the racket
officers stationed in India in the 1860s. properly is a skill that every player must
know. The direction the shuttle is hit
Badminton World Federation (BWF)
depends on how the player is holding
– is recognized by the International Olympic their racket
Committee (IOC) and the International
Paralympic Committee (IPC) as the world
governing body for badminton.

▪ Racket – The badminton racket has five

major parts to it – the stringed area, the
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▪ FOREHAND – Forehand strokes are hit

with the front of the hand leading (like
hitting with the palm)
▪ BACKHAND – Backhand strokes are hit
with the back of the hand leading (like
hitting with the knuckles).
▪ SMASH – The smash shot is hit with
power and speed downward into the
opponent's court. The angle and the
steepness of the shuttlecock's trajectory
make it hard for the opponent to retrieve
and return.

Badminton scoring system

– All singles and doubles matches are the best-
of-three games. The first side to 21 points wins
a game.

– A point is scored on every serve and awarded

to whichever side wins the rally. The winning
side gets the next serve.

– If the score is 20-20, a side must win by two

clear points to win the game. If it reaches 29-29,
the first to get their 30th point wins.

Winning a point
– A point is won if the birdie (shuttlecock) hits
the ground in the opponent’s half of the court,
including the lines.

– A point can therefore be conceded if a shot

goes outside the court boundaries, if the birdie
hits the net or passes through/under it, or if a
player strikes the birdie twice with their racket.