Lecture 1

Electromagnetic Field Theory

“Our thoughts and feelings have

Dr. G.V. Nagesh Kumar
Professor and Head, Department of EEE, electromagnetic reality.
JNTUA College of Engineering Pulivendula
Manifest wisely.”
Syllabus / Lectures

1. Vector Analysis, Coulomb’s Law, Electric Field Intensity

2. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, Divergence
3. Electric Potential, Effect of dielectric medium, Capacitance
4. Biot Savart’s law, Ampere’s law, Curl
5. MMF, Reluctance, Magnetic circuits, Self and Mutual
inductance of simple configurations.
6. Lorentz force, Faraday’s law

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 Weightage

• This subject accounts for approximately 4-6 marks

EMT: Should I Study or Leave This Subject for GATE Exam?

Electromagnetics is generally considered a tough subject since most of the students are unable to comprehend and
understand it during their graduation days.

Electromagnetics finds a number of applications in various streams of Electrical engineering, some are
 The laws that are studied here are so fundamental that even Network Analysis laws have been derived from
here. So, if you do not understand the laws of Electromagnetism then you lack the thorough knowledge of
Electrical Engineering.
 Power Systems is another subject where combined application of Electromagnetic theory and Network theory
can help prepare, understand and score well in the subject.
 Also, understanding the operation of Electrical Machines, Transformers which is an important subject for GATE
is impossible without the understanding of the laws of Electromagnetism.

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Preparation Strategies

• Understanding the physical interpretations of Electromagnetism basics, by Visualization And

Imagination beyond the mathematics that is involved, develop enhanced understanding of
Electromagnetics.
• It is necessary to cover all the topics of the subject while preparing since all of them are Highly inter-
linked.
• Need a proper and complete understanding of Coordinate systems.
• Since formulae for all the three coordinate systems are very important and find repeated application
throughout the subject, apart from the questions that are put up directly from these topics, it is highly
advisable to Remember these formulae.
• You can take help of micro notes, make Formulae Sheet and revise it often to remember them.
• It’s easy to concentrate on either speed or accuracy at once but what GATE exam demands is
Concentration on accuracy in a stipulated time.
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Introduction

• Electromagnetics is the study of the effect of charges at rest and charges in motion.
Some special cases of electromagnetics:
Electrostatics: charges at rest
Magnetostatics: charges in steady motion (DC)
Electromagnetic : charges in time-varying motion (AC)
• Fundamental vector field quantities in electromagnetics:
Electric field intensity - E
units = volts per meter (V/m )
Electric flux density (electric displacement) - D
units = coulombs per square meter (C/m2)
Magnetic field intensity - H
units = amps per meter (A/m)
Magnetic flux density- B
units = teslas = webers per square meter (T = Wb/ m2 )
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 Introduction

• When an event in one place has an effect on

something at a different location, we talk
about the events as being connected by a
“field”.

• A field is a spatial distribution of a quantity; • transmitter and receiver

in general, it can be either scalar or vector in are connected by a “field.”

nature.

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Scalar and Vector

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Unit Vector / Direction Vector
A unit vector is a vector with a magnitude of one unit.
Any vector can be expressed as a scalar multiple of its unit vector.

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Position Vector

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Distance Vector

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 Coordinate Systems

• Coordinates systems are often used to specify the position of a

point, but they may also be used to specify the position of more
complex figures such as lines, planes, circles or spheres.
• The choice of the coordinate system is based on the problem
one is studying.
• Certain problems are solved easily by using rectangular
coordinate systems whereas certain others are not.
• Some coordinate systems make more sense, make it easier to
describe a system.
• Coordinates give you a systematic way of naming the points in a
space. 11
 Coordinate Systems

• Consider the set of locations in your room. Each point has a unique
identity, but they don’t come with names.
• We can use descriptions, like “the point at the corner of the desk”,
or “the set of points exactly three inches from the top of the lamp”,
but that sort of thing is ad hoc. If we can name them
systematically, we can start reasoning about the whole space.
• A simple way to systematically name every point, called a
Cartesian coordinate system, is to give its perpendicular distance
from the floor and two adjacent walls—each point gets a unique
name in this system.
• If the room is circular, you’d have to make an imaginary wall, or you
could use the height from the floor, the distance from the center,
and the angle between a line from the center through the point and
a line from the center through another fixed point, like the door.
This is an example of cylindrical coordinates.
• On the globe, we systematically name locations by giving their
latitude, longitude, and altitude. you’re using a spherical coordinate
plane in real life. 12
Cartesian System

Ranges

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Cartesian System

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Cartesian System

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Cylindrical System

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Cylindrical System

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Cylindrical System

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Cylindrical System

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Cylindrical System

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Relation between
Cartesian and Cylindrical

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Spherical System

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Spherical System

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Spherical System

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Spherical System

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Spherical System

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Spherical System

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Spherical System

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Relation between
Cartesian and Spherical System

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 Vector Multiplication

The Knowledge of vector multiplication allows us to transform the vectors from one coordinate system to other.

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Scalar Product or DOT Product

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Properties of DOT Product

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Applications of DOT Product

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Applications of DOT Product

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Vector Product or Cross Product

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Vector Product or Cross Product

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Vector Product or Cross Product

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Applications of Cross Product

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Vector Product or Cross Product

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Vector Product or Cross Product

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Transformation of Vectors

Cartesian to Cylindrical

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Transformation of Vectors

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Transformation of Vectors

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Transformation of Vectors

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Coulomb's Law

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Coulomb's Law

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Coulomb's Law

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Coulomb's Law

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Vector form of Coulomb's Law

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Vector form of Coulomb's Law

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Force due to 'n' Charges

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Coulomb's Law : Steps to solve Problems

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 Electric Field Intensity

An electric field is an elegant way of characterising the electrical environment of a system of charges.

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Electric Field Intensity

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Electric Field Intensity

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Electric Field Intensity

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Electric Field Intensity : Units

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Electric Field Intensity : n Charges

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Electric Field Intensity : Observations

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Charge Configurations

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Charge Configurations

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E due to Infinite Line Charge

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E due to Infinite Line Charge

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E due to Charged Circular Ring

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E due to Charged Circular Ring

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E due to Infinite Sheet of Charge

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E due to various Configurations

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Thank you
Email: nagesh.eee@jntua.ac.in