HNE D J@HA@SWMD_ ȝD GBNPIDGHS@H

_SBF@WDBIHJă

8. Ibțdui`h a` gbnuidghr`

H gbnuidgh éis`hnić h pui` g`vh éi gbnui. Ditr` bhn`id h gbnuidgh

éis`hnić h pui` éi gbnui da`d, fhpt`, `nbțdd Ȕd s`itdn`it`, bpdidd. Hg`st`h gdrgujh
suc fbrnh a` n`shl`. H gbnuidgh dis`hnih h `ndt`, trhisndt` sd r`g`ptdbih n`shl`.
Bnuj `ndt` n`shl` ghia vbrc`st`, sgrd`, diadgh ui bcd`gt shu b dnhedi`, zhnc`st`, s`
digruith, rhsphia`st` ui hiundt ndrbs `tg.

Bnuj, prdi ihturh sh r`pr`zditć b fddiŧć gbnuidghtdvć. Udjjdhn Whfdr` h hfdrnht

gć ’jdnch
’jdnchluj
luj s-h a`z
a`zvbj
vbjtht
tht adi ghu
ghuzh
zh i`v
i`vbdd
bdd ibhst
ibhstr`
r` prbfui
prbfuia`
a` a` h i` pjãie`
pjãie`„.
„. Éi
nbn`ituj éi ghr` ui diadvda `st` dzbjht adi puigt a` v`a`r` hj gbnuidgćrdd a`vdi` ui
hjd`iht gu `f`gt` a` ihturć psdmdgć aditr` g`j` nhd erhv`.
Gbnuid
Gbn uidghr
ghr`h
`h r`p
r`pr`z
r`zdit
ditćć prb
prbg`s
g`suj
uj a` énpćrt
énpćrtćŒd
ćŒdr`
r` h difbrn
difbrnhŧd
hŧddjb
djbrr gu hjt`
hjt`
 p`rsbhi`. Difbrnhŧdh
b énpćrtćŒ`hsgć r`pr`zditć brdg` eãia, da``, a`gdzd` p` ghr` p`rsbhi`j` abr`sg sć
g`jbrjhjțd.
Gbnuidghr`h `st` b dit`rhgŧdui` psdmbsbgdhjć, prdi ghr` sucd`gŧdd sgmdncć
n`shl`, r`hjdz`hzć r`jhŧdd, adrdl`hzć Œd gbitrbj`hzć hgtdvdtht`h ui`du i`d p`rsbhi` shu
erup, s` difju`iŧ`hzć r`gdprbg Œd s` hŒt`hptć r`hgŧdd a` rćspuis.
_rdi h gbnuidgh Œd gbnuidghr` vbn éiŧ`j`e` a` fhpt pui`r`h éi r`jhŧd` h
spdrdt`jbr unhi` shu, hjtf`j spus, h gr`d`r`jbr unhi`.
 V`rcuj h gbnuidgh s` r`f`rć a` bcdg`d jh hgŧdui`h a` h trhisndt` ui n`shl
a`spr` g`vh gudvh ghr` `st` r`g`ptbruj.
 
Ghrhgt`rdstdgdj` `s`iŧdhj` hj` gbnuidgćrdd<

Gbnuidghr`h `st` ui prbg`s éi ghr` bhn`idd éŒd énpćrtćŒ`sg difbrnhŧdd, da`d Œd

s`itdn`it`.
Gbnuid
Gbn uidghr
ghr`h
`h `st
`st`` prbg`s
prbg`suj
uj prd
prdii ghr
ghr`` b phr
phrt`
t` (iu
(iundt
ndtćć `nd
`ndŧćt
ŧćtbr)
br) trhisn
trhisndt`
dt`
difbrnhŧdd (ui n`shl) ui`d hjt` pćrŧd (iundtć r`g`ptbr).
Gbnuidghr`h s` r`f`rć jh hgŧdui`h, gu uih shu nhd nujt` p`rsbhi`, a` trdndt`r`
Œd r`g`pthr` h uibr n`shl` ghr` pbt fd a`fbrnht` a` zebnbt`, hr` jbg éitr-ui gbit`xt,
 pr`supui` hiundt` `f`gt` Œd furidz`hzć
furidz`hzć bpbrtuidtćŧd a` f``achgk.
3. _rbg`suj a` gbnuidghr`

Gãia tr`cud` sć a`fdi`hsgć gbnuidghr`h, nhlbrdtht`h vbrcdtbrdjbr s` eãia`sg jh ’h

haug` jh guibȔtd
guibȔtddițć„,
dițć„, ’h ah a` Ȕtdr`„
Ȕtdr`„ shu ’h di
difbrnh
fbrnh„.
„. Gbnuid
Gbnuidghr`h
ghr`h éiț
éiț`j`hs
`j`hsć gh prbg`s
hr` jh chzć  phtru gbnpbi`it` fuiahn`ithj`< 
-`ndțćtbruj,

8
 

- ghihjuj a` gbnuidghr`,
- difbrnhțdh trhisndsć,
- r`g`ptbruj
 N`shluj `st` uidtht`h a` chzć h gbnuidgćrdd, sdtuht a` fhpt jh dit`rs`gțdh aditr`
gbnuidghr` Ȕd r`pr`z`ithr`h r`hjdtćțdd. @j pbht` fd hjgćtudt adi guvdit` sgrds` shu rbstdt`,
dnhedid vdzuhj`, nuzdgć, zebnbt`, s`ni`, sdncbjurd, gujbrd, e`sturd `tg. Wupbrtuj fdzdg hj
n`sh
n` shlu
luju
judd `s
`st`
t` bf
bf`r
`rdt
dt a` ghihj , ghr` éia`pjdi`Ȕt` Ȕd fuigțdh a` ghj` a` trhispbrt shu
adstrdcuțd` h n`shlujud.
S`jhțdh a` dit`ra`p`ia`ițć g` s` sthcdj` Ȕt` éitr` `j`n`it`j` strugturhj` fhg` gh brdg`
 prbg`s a` gbnuidghr` sć  s` a` a`sf 
sf ć
ćȔ Ȕbhr
bhr`` hs
hstf
tf`j
`j<< `n
`nddțćtbru
tbrujj did
didțhzć  gbnuidghr`h,
trhisndțãia ui n`shl a`stdiht r`g`ptbrujud.
Hjt`` `j`
Hjt `j`n`i
n`it`t` gbn
gbnpbi
pbi`it
`it`` hj` prb
prbg`s
g`suju
ujudd a` gbn
gbnuid
uidghr
ghr`` suit<
suit< f``
f``a-c
a-chgk-
hgk-uj,
uj,
n`aduj gbnuidgćrdd, chrd`r`j` gbnuidghțdbihj`.
- f``a-chgk-uj `st` ui n`shl sp`gdfdg, prdi ghr` `nd țćtbruj prdn`Ȕt` a` jh r`g`ptbr ui
hiundt r ćspuis gu prdvdr` jh n`shluj gbnuidght;
- n`aduj gbnuidgćrdd `st` difju`ițht a` nbahjdttćțdj` a` gbnuidghr`; `xdstć  n`adu brhj
shu n`adu sgrds
- chr
chrd`r
d`r`j`
`j` gbn
gbnuid
uidghț
ghțdbi
dbihj`
hj` r`p
r`pr`z
r`zdit
ditćć p`r
p`rtur
turchț
chțdd
ddj`
j` g` pbt dit`rv
dit`rv`id
`id éi prb
prbg`s
g`suj
uj a`
gbnuidghr` Ȕd ghr` pbt fd a` ihturć dit`rić (fhgtbrd fdzdbjbedgd, p`rg`ptdvd, s`nhitdgd,
dit`rp`rsbihjd shu ditrhp`rsbihjd) shu a` ihturć `xt`rić (ghr` hphr éi n`aduj fdzdg éi ghr`
hr` jbg gbnuidghr`h< pbjuhr` fbidgć put`ridgć, éitr`rup`rd sugg`sdv` hj` prbg`sujud a`
gbnuidghr`). 
B gbnuidghr` cuić (`fdgd`itć) `st` htuigd gãia n`shluj r`g`ptht gbr`spuia` n`shlujud
`nds. B gbnuidghr` `st` a`f`gtubhsć (i``fdgd`itć) htuigd gãia n`shluj r`g`ptht
iu gbr`spuia` g`jud `nds adi ghuzh gć s-hu prbaus uih shu nhd nujt` nujt` adstbrsduid.
 
@x`rgdțdu ‗ nhiahj`
Q`j`fbiuj fćrć fdr 

Chrd`r`j` éi ghj`h gbnuidgćrdd suit a`t`rndiht` a`<

 Adf`r`iț`j` a` p`rg`pțd` r`pr`zditć nbauj éi ghr` bhn`idd prdv`sg jun`h. Hg`st nba `st`
difju`ițht a` `xp`rd`iț`j`
gujturd, `aughțd`, bguphțd`,hit`rdbhr`, hstf`j gć p`rsbhi`
s`x, t`np`rhn`it` vbr hv`h a`
hjt`adf`rdt` vãrst`,
p`rg`pțdd ihțdbihjdtćțd,
Ȕd vbr dit`rpr`th
sdtuhțddj` éi nba adf`rdt.
Gbigjuzddj` erćcdt` dit`rvdi éi sdtuhțddj` éi ghr` ui diadvda v`a` g``h g` abr`Ȕt` sć vhać Ȕd
hua` g``h g` abr`Ȕt` sć huać, `vdtãia r`guibhȔt`r`h r`hjdtćțdd.
 Wt`r`btdpddj` r`pr`zditć sdtuhțddj` éi ghr` adf`rdt` p`rsbhi` suit trhtht` gh Ȕd gãia hr fd uih
sdieurć.
 Jdpsh a` guibhȔt`r`  ‗ ééitbta`huih
itbta`huih s` éitãnpdić adfdgujtćțd éi h gbnuidgh `fdgd`it gu
gdi`vh, htuigd gãia r`sp`gtdvuj hr` b `aughțd` adf`rdtć, shu hj` gćrud guibȔtdiț` éi j`ećturć
gu ui hiundt sucd`gt a` adsguțd` suit nujt nhd r`aus`.
 Jdpsh a` dit`r`s  ‗ uih adi g`j` nhd nhrd chrd`r` éi ghj`h gbnuidgćrdd `st` jdpsh a` dit`r`s
h dit`rjbgutbrujud fhțć a` n`shluj `nds. Éi hstf`j a` sdtuhțdd, s` hgțdbi`hzć gu hcdjdtht`
 p`itru h adr`gțdbih n`shluj hstf`j éigãt sć gbr`spuiać dit`r`s`jbr g`jud g` prdn`Ȕt`
n`shluj.

3
 

 Adfdgujtćțdj` a` `xprdnhr` hphr htuigd gãia `ndțćtbruj hr` prbcj`n` éi h ećsd guvdit`j`
 pbtrdvdt` p`itru h-Ȕd `xprdnh da`dj`. Jdpsh a` éigr`a`r`, vbghcujhruj sćrhg, `nbțddj` pbt
aug` jh a`vd`r`h s`isujud n`shlujud.
 _`rsbihjdtćțdj` g`j
g`jbr
br abd fhg
fhgtbr
tbrd,
d, `ndțćt
`ndțćtbru
brujj Ȕd r`g
r`g`pt
`ptbru
bruj,
j, ghr
ghr`` dit`rv
dit`rvdi
di éi prb
prbg`s
g`suj
uj
gbnuidgćdd lbhgć ui rbj `xtr`n a` dnpbrthit. @d tr`cud` sć-Ȕd hahpt`z` prbprdh p`rsbhić,
sć-Ȕd gbitrbj`z` t`np`rhn`ituj Ȕd jdnchluj éi fuigțd` a` p`rsbihjdtht`h Ȕd a` sthr`h a`
spdrdt h dit`rjbgutbrujud, hȔh éigãt n`shluj sć fd` r`g`ptht éi fbrnh abrdtć.

Gbis`gdiț`j` nhidf`stćrdd hg`stbr chrd`r` éi gbnuidghr` suit<

- hphrdțdh gbifjdgtujud;
- adndiuhr`h stdn`d a` sdi` h dit`rjbgutbrujud;
- hphrdțdh r`s`itdn`it`jbr, h adfdgujtćțdjbr a` r`jhțdbihr`;
- habpthr`h htdtuadidjbr a`f`isdv`, r`trhgtdj`/her`sdv`;
- dimdchr`h ghphgdtćțdjbr r`zbjutdv` hj` diadvdaujud, sgća`r`h dnpjdgćrdd éi hgtdvdtht`;

Gbifjdgtuj `st` b phrt` fdr`hsgć, di`vdthcdjć h prbg`sujud a` gbnuidghr` Ȕd pr`supui`

 pr`z`ițh gbigbndt`itć h dit`r`s`jbr/i`vbdjbr/vhjbrdjbr adf`rdt`,
adf`rdt`, gbitrhadgtbrdd, énpd`adgãia
gbnuidghr`h ha`gvhtć éitr` p`rsbhi`j` hfjht` éi sdtuhțdh r`sp`gtdvć. Gbifjdgtuj gbistdtud` b
bpbrtuidtht` éi hutbguibhȔt`r` Ȕd a`zvbjthr` p`rsbihjć, éi nćsurh éi ghr` p`rsbhi`j`
dnpjdght` éi gbifjdgt hgg`ptć sć-Ȕd r`guibhsgć vuji`rhcdjdtht`h, sć-Ȕd hsun` rćspuia`r`h Ȕd
gbis`gdiț`j` hgțduidjbr p`rsbihj`, pr`gun Ȕd prbprdh gbitrdcuțd` jh hphrdțdh prbcj`n`d.

Bcsthgbj` éi ghj`h r`zbjvćrdd gbifjdgtujud<

- t`iadițh ihturhjć a` h `xpjdgh nhd éitãd ghr` `st` puigtuj p`rsbihj a` v`a`r`;
- di`fdgd`ițh gh hsgujtćtbr;
- t`hnh a` h pd`ra` stdnh, hpr`gd`r`h g`jbrjhjțd ahgć s` r`guibhȔt` er`Ȕ`hjh;
- pr`supui`r`h uiudh gć vh pd`ra`, dhr dit`rjbgutbruj vh gãȔtdeh.

@x`rgdțdu- Hcdjdtht`h a` h hreun`ith hj`e`r`h fćgutć;

Éi fuigțd` a` ghrhgt`rdstdgdj` p` ghr` j` hu, chrd`r`j` pbt fd gjhsdfdght` éi<

8. chrd
chrd`r
`r`` aa`` jdn
jdnch
chll
- hg`j`hȔd guvdit` hu s`isurd adf`rdt` p`itru adf`rdt` p`rsbhi`;
- g`j g` vbrc`Ȕt` Ȕd g`j g` hsgujtć s` pbt a`bs`cd gh pr`ećtdr` Ȕd `xp`rd`ițć;
- sthr`h `nbțdbihjć h r`g`ptbrujud pbht` a`fbrnh g``h g` hg`sth hua`;
- da`dj` pr`gbig`put` Ȕd rutdih difju`iț`hzć r`g`ptdvdtht`h;
- adfdgujtćțd a` `xprdnhr`;
- utdjdzhr`h uibr guvdit` shu `xpr`sdd gbifuz`.

3. chrd
chrd`r
`r`` a` n`ad
n`aduu
- gjdnht i`gbr`spuizćtbr (a` `x`npju, pbjuhr` fbidgć rdadghtć);
- fbjbsdr`h a` supbrturd difbrnhțdbihj` i`gbr`spuizćtbhr`;

7
 

- gjdnht
gjdnht i`fhvbr
i`fhvbrhcd
hcdjj (a` `x`npj
`x`npju,
u, jh jbguj
jbguj a` nui
nuigć,
gć, ui gjd
gjdnht
nht i`fhvb
i`fhvbrhc
rhcdj
dj pbht
pbht``
a`t`rndih hiehlhțdd sć-Ȕd hsguiać eãiaurdj` ha`vćrht` p`itru gć j` `st` frdgć sć spuić g``h
g` eãia`sg).

7. chrd`
chrd`r`
r` ah
ahtbrht
tbrht`` pbzd
pbzdțd`d
țd`d `ndțćt
`ndțćtbrujud
brujud Ȕr`g
Ȕr`g`ptbru
`ptbrujud,
jud,
- dnhedi`h p` ghr` b hr` `ndțćtbruj shu r`g`ptbruj a`spr` sdi` Ȕd a`spr` dit`rjbgutbr;
- gh
ghrh
rhgt
gt`r
`rdz
dzhr
hr`h
`h adf`
adf`rd
rdtć
tć a` gćgćtr
tr`` `n
`ndț
dțćt
ćtbr
br Ȕd r`
r`g`
g`pt
ptbr
br h sdtu
sdtuhț
hțd`
d`dd éi gh
ghr`
r` hr
hr`` jbg
jbg
gbnuidghr`h
- s`itdn`it` Ȕd dit`ițdd gu ghr` dit`rjbgutbrdd phrtdgdpć jh gbnuidghr`

1. chrd
chrd`r
`r`` a` gb
gbig
ig`p
`pțd
țd``
- `xdst`ițh pr`supui`rdjbr;
- `xprdnhr`h gu stãiećgd` h n`shlujud a` gćtr` `ndțćtbr;
- jdpsh a` ht`ițd` éi r`g`pthr`h n`shlujud;
- gbigjuzdd er ć cdt` hsuprh n`shlujud;
- jdpsh a` dit`r`s h r`g`ptbrujud fh țć a` n`shl;
- rutdih éi prbg`suj a` gbnuidghr`.

Wgmd
Wgmdnc
ncujuj a` n`sh
n`shl`
l` éitr
éitr`` phrt
phrtdg
dgdp
dphi
hițd
țddd hier
hier`i
`ihț
hțdd éi gbnu
gbnuid
idgh
ghr`
r` a`vd
a`vdi`
i`
dit`rhgțdui`. Éi fuigțd` a` iunćruj a` phrtdgdphițd éi r`ț`j`j` a` gbnuidghr` distdtudt`
jh ui nbn`it aht, put`n adstdie` abuć tdpurd a` gbnuidghr`<
 gbnuidghr` cdpbjhrć;
 gbnuidghr` nujtdpbjhrć (ui `ndțćtbr Ȕd nhd nujțd r`g`ptbrd; ui r`g`ptbr Ȕd nhd
nujțd `ndțćtbrd).
.

7. _rdigdpddj` gbnuidgćrdd

Pi`j`` ad
Pi`j adii g`j`
g`j` nh
nhdd r`r`g`
g`it
it`` prdi
prdigd
gdpd
pddd hj`
hj` gb
gbnu
nuid
idgć
gćrd
rddd hu fbst
fbst fbrn
fbrnuj
ujht
ht`` a`
r`pr`z`ithițdd ȝgbjdd a` jh _hjb Hjtb, ghr` hu țdiut sć j` gbif`r` b hurć a` rdeurbzdtht`,
iundiau-j` hxdbn` hj` gbnuidgćrdd<
 gbnuidghr`h `st` di`vdthcdjć;
 gbnuidghr`h s` a`zvbjtć éi pjhiuj gbițdiutujud Ȕd éi g`j hj r`jhțd`d;
 gbnuidgh
 gbnuidghr`h
r`h `st` ui prbg`s gbitdiuu
gbitdiuu Ȕd iu pbht` fd hcbraht éi t`rn
t`rn`id
`id a` ghuzć-
`f`gt shu stdnuj‗r`hgțd`;
 gbnuidghr`h hr` jh chzć v`mdgujhr`h ui`d difbrnhțdd a` tdp adedthj Ȕd hihjbedg;
 gbnuidghr`h `st` ui prbg`s dr`v`rsdcdj;
 gbnuidghr`h pr`supui` rhpbrturd a` put`r` éitr` phrtdgdphițd;
 gbnuidghr`h dnpjdgć i`g`sdtht`h hgbnbaćrdd Ȕd hlustćrdd gbnpbrthn`it`jbr.

1. Idv
Idv`ju
`jurdj
rdj`` gbn
gbnuid
uidgćr
gćrdd
dd unh
unhi`
i`

1
 

8. Gbnuidghrh` ditrhp`rsbihjć

Gbnuidghr`h ditrhp`rsbihjć `st` gbnuidghr`h éi Ȕd gćtr` sdi`. Fd`ghr` fddițć unhić s`

guibhȔt` Ȕd s` lua`gć p` sdi`, éȔd pui` éitr`cćrd Ȕd éȔd rćspuia`, hstf`j gć hg`hstć
gbnuidghr` gu prbprduj fbrun dit`rdbr a`vdi` b sursć a` `gmdjdcru psdmdg Ȕd `nbțdbihj.
A`Ȕd iu pr`supui` `xdst`ițh uibr gbnuidghtbrd adstdigțd, adhjbeuj dit`rdbr p` ghr` éj
 purtćn gu ibd éiȔdi` r`pr`zditć ui hut`itdg prbg`s a` gbnuidghr`,
gbnuidghr`, éi ghr` éȔd hfjć jbguj
gmdhr Ȕd fhjsdfdghr`h difbrnhțd`d éi v`a`r`h diaug`rdd éi `rbhr` h dit`rjbgutbrujud (a`
`x`npju sdtuhțdh, a`stuj a` fr`gv`itć, h bhn`idjbr ghr` s` ndit shu hnće`sg `d éiȔdȔd).
@.I. Wbkbjbv, psdmbfdzdbjbe rus, ghr` h stuadht n`ghidsn`j` fdzdbjbedg` hj` jdnchlujud,
hfdrnć gć jdnchluj dit`rdbr éȔd trća`hzć `xdst`ițh prdi ndȔgćrd hj` hphrhtujud fbihtbr Ȕd
gć hg`st` ndȔgćrd pbt fd éir`edstrht` gu hlutbruj uiud hphrht ghr` s` iun`Ȕt` ndberhf.
Vãebtsky vbrc`Ȕt` a`spr` jdnchluj `ebg`itrdg ghr` `st` b `thpć pr`jdndihrć jdnchlujud
dit`rdbr, p` ghr` b fbjbs`sg gbpdd p`itru r`zbjvhr`h prbcj`n`jbr.

3. Gbnuidghr`h dit`rp`rsbihjć

Gbnuidghr`h dit`rp`rsbihjć pr`supui` strdgt abd phrtdgdphițd Ȕd hr` ghjdtht`h a` h

difju`ițh bpdiddj`, htdtuadidj` shu gr`adiț`j` bhn`idjbr. Bcd`gtdv`j` hg`st`d gbnuidgćrd
suit `xtr`n a` nujtdpj` Ȕd gbnpj`x`< guibhȔt`r`h g`jbr a` jãieć ibd, gr`hr`h Ȕd
éitr`țdi`r
éitr`țdi`r`h
`h j`ećturdjbr
j`ećturdjbr unhi`
unhi`,, p`rsuh
p`rsuhahr`h
ahr`h dit`r
dit`rjbgut
jbgutbrujud
brujud,, r`gui
r`guibhȔt`r
bhȔt`r`h
`h vhjbrdd
vhjbrdd
 p`rsbihj`, shtdsfhg`r`h i`vbdjbr hf`gtdv`,
hf`gtdv`, a` gbitrbj Ȕd abndihțd` `t
`tg.
g.

@x`rgdțdu ‗ guibhȔt`r`h puigt`jbr gbnui`

7. Gbnuidghr`h a` erup

Gbnuidghr`h a` erup s` a`ruj`hzć éi gbj`gtdvdtćțd unhi` r`strãis`< `gmdp`, fhndjdd,

g`rgu
g`rgurd
rd a` pr
prd`
d`t`
t`id
id,, gb
gbj`
j`ed
eddd a` r`
r`ahg
ahgțd
țddd `tg.
`tg. @h `s
`st`
t` b hj
hjtć
tć dpbs
dpbsth
thzć
zć h gbnu
gbnuid
idgć
gćrd
rddd
dit`rp`rsbihj` g` pr`supui` éisć nhd nujt a` abd phrtdgdphițd. Jdndth sup`rdbhrć vhrdhzć
a` jh ghz jherupurdj`
gbnuidghr` gh
ghz,
z, ah
ahr,
r,ndgd,
éi e`
e`i`r
gui`rhj
hj,, nujt
g`j suit
suit 8?-80
gb
gbis
isda
da`r
`rht
ht`` tdpd
tdpdg`
g` Jh
phrtdgdphițd. p`it
p`itru
ru hg
hg`h
hg`st `hst
stćć s`fbrn
idv`j fbhsdeurć
rnćć a`
sgmdncurd a` da`d Ȕd `nbțdd, s` énpćrtćȔ`sg `xp`rd`iț` Ȕd s` ghutć sbjuțdd a` r`zbjvhr` h
 prbcj`n`jbr, s` dhu a`gdzdd Ȕd s` hpjhi`hzć gbifjdgt`.

@x`rgdțdu- S`zbjvć prbcj`nh!

Gbnuidghr`h a` erup `st` difju`ițhtć a` ghrhgt`rdstdgd hj` adihndgdd a` erup<

h) gb`zdui`h erupujud
Gb`zdui`h erupujud s` a`fdi`Ȕt` gh abrdițh n`ncrdjbr erupujud a` h fd énpr`uić, a` h
a`
a`sf
sfćȔ
ćȔur
urhh hg
hgtd
tdvd
vdtć
tćțd
țd én
énpr
pr`u
`uić
ić.. @h s` r`r`f`
f`rć
rć jh uidt
uidtht
ht`h
`h n`
n`nc
ncrd
rdjb
jbrr erup
erupuj
ujud
ud,, jh
htnbsf`rh pbzdtdvć `xdst`itć shu iu éi erup. Éitr` gb`zdui` Ȕd gbnuidghr` `st` b r`jhțd`
adr`gt prbpbrțdbihjć Ȕd a` difju`ițć r`gdprbgć.
Fhgtbrdd ghr` gr`sg gb`zdui`h erupujud pbt fd<

0
 

- Dit`rid
 sdst`nuj a` ibrn` (i`vbdh a` r`eujd gjhr`, jdpsdt` a` hncdeudtht`),
 nćrdn`h erupujud (gãia erupuj `st` nhd ndg, dit`rhgțduidj` Ȕd gbnuidghr`h
suit nhd fr`gv`it`),
 sdndjh
sdn djhrdt
rdtht`
ht`hh éit
éitr`
r` n`n
n`ncrd
crddd eru
erupuj
pujud
ud (di
(dit`r
t`r`s`
`s`j`,
j`, pr`bgu
pr`bgupćr
pćrdj`
dj`,, sgb
sgbpur
purdj
dj``
gbnui` gr`sg gb`zdui`h).
- @xt`rid
 sdst`n
sdst`nuj
uj a` r`g
r`gbnp
bnp`is
`is`` p`i
p`itru
tru p`rfbr
p`rfbrnhi
nhițhțh eru
erupuj
pujud
ud (vdz`h
(vdz`hzć
zć erupuj
erupuj éi
hishncjuj sću, p`itru h spbrd gb`zdui`h),
 hn`idițćrdj` p` ghr` j` prdn`Ȕt` erupuj (ghr` gr`sg gb`zdui`h),
 f`ibn`iuj gbiaug`rdd (j`ha`rsmdp),

 c) difju`ițh sbgdhjć

Difju`ițh sbgdhjć r`pr`zditć nbauj éi ghr` b p`rsbhić éȔd nbadfdgć gbnpbrthn`ituj,
bpdiddj`, éi pr`z`ițh r`hjć shu p`rg`putć
p `rg`putć h g`jbrjhjțd.
@xdstć tr`d adn`isduid cdpbjhr` hj` difju`iț`d sbgdhj`<
- dia`p`ia`ițh sbgdhjć;
- gbnpjdhițh (`jhstdgdtht`)/hs`rtdvdtht`;
(`jhstdgdtht`)/hs`r
bc`ad`ițh shu tdvdtht`;
supui`r`/sfdahr`;

1.Gbnuidghr`h pucjdgć
Gbnuidghr
Gbnuid ghr`h`h pucjdgć
pucjdgć dnp
dnpjdg
jdgćć pr`
pr`z`i
z`ițh
țh uiud `ndțćt
`ndțćtbr
br uid
uidgg Ȕd h ui`d nuj
nujtd
tdtua
tuadid
did a`
r`g`pt
r`g`ptbrd
brd (`s(`st`
t` ghz
ghzuj
uj pr`
pr`j`e
j`e`rd
`rdjbr
jbr,, ads
adsgur
gursur
surdjb
djbr).
r). Ads
Adsgur
gursuj
suj puc
pucjdg
jdg iu vdz
vdz`hzć
`hzć abhr 
abhr 
trhisndt`r`h a` difbrnhțdd, gd nhd hj`s sgmdnchr`h bpdiddjbr Ȕd hgțduidjbr pucjdgujud,
difju`ițhr`h s`itdn`it`jbr hg`stbrh. @fdgd`ițh ui`d hstf`j a` gbnuidgćrd s` hfjh a`bpbtrdvć
éi nã
nãdi
didj
dj`` br
brht
htbr
bruj
ujud
ud Ȕd hj`
hj` puc
pucjd
jdgu
guju
judd sć
sću.
u. Brdg
Brdg`` e`i
e`i a` guvã
guvãit
ithr
hr`,
`, `xp
`xpui
ui`r
`r`` sh
shuu
 pr`z`ithr` susțdiutć a` gćtr` b p`rsbhić adr`gt éi pr`z`ițh uiud huadtbrdu, nhd nujt shu
nhd puțdi iun`rbs, ahr iu nhd ndg a` 7 p`rsbhi`, `st` b fbrnć a` adsgurs pucjdg shu
gbnuidghr` pucjdgć.

0. Qdpurd a` gbnuidghr`

Gbnuidghr`h v`rchjć

W`gv`ith v`rchjh h brdghrud prbg`s a` gbnuidghr` s` r`hjdz`hzh `xgjusdv prdi dit`rn`aduj

guvdit`jbr Ȕd s`rv`Ȕt`, gu pr`gha`r`, jh fbrnujhr`h, stbghr`h Ȕd trhisndt`r`h guibstdit`jbr.
@vda`it, n`shl`j` adi gbnuidghr`h v`rchjć pbt sh s` r`f`r` țd jh `nbțdd, s`itdn`it`,
abrdiț`, htdtuadid, dit`itdd, hiehlhn`it`.

Qrćsćturdj` gbnuidgćrdd brhj` `fdgd`it`

6
 

8.Gjhrdtht`h. _r`supui` ghphgdtht`h a` `xprdnhr` gjhrć h da`djbr. @xprdnhr`h tr`cud` sć fd`

sdnpjć, dhr nht`rdhjuj sć fd` hstf`j brehidzht éigãt sć pbhtć fd uȔbr a` urnćrdt. Vbrcdtbruj
iu tr`cud` sć éig`rg` sć dnpr`sdbi`z` huadtbrduj fbjbsdia guvdit` juied Ȕd gbnpjdght`.

3.Hgurht`ț`h. Vbrcdtbruj tr`cud` sć s` hsdeur` gć `xpr`sddj` Ȕd guvdit`j` fbjbsdt` `xprdnć

`xhgt g``h g` abr`Ȕt` sć spui . @j hr` i`vbd` a` ui vbghcuj
vbghcujhr
hr sufdgd`
sufdgd`it
it a` cbeht p`itr
p`itruu h
 put`h hj`e` guvdit`j` gu éiț`j`s pr`gds éi v`a`r`h htdie`rdd sgbpujud prbpus. Fhpt`j` jh
ghr` fhg` r`f`rdițć tr`cud` sć fd` gbr`gt`.
7.@nphtdh. Vbrcdtbruj tr`cud` sć fd` gurt`idtbr Ȕd prd`t`ibs. Brdgãt a` supćrht hr fd, `j
tr`cud` sć éig`rg` sć-Ȕd stćpãi`hsgć `nbțddj` Ȕd sć rćnãić ghjn. G`j nhd cui nba a` h
rćnãi` prd`t`ibs
prd`t`ibs Ȕd hnhcdj `st` a` h s` pui` éi jbguj g`j`djhjt
g`j`djhjt`` p`rsbhi`, a` h éig`r
éig`rgh
gh sć
sdntć g``h g` sdnt` g`hjhjtć p`rsbhić. _uiãiau-s` éi jbguj `d, vh sthcdjd b `nphtd` gu
hg`hsth. QbtuȔd, iu tr`cud` sć fd` n`r`u a` hgbra gu `h shu gu da`dj` shj`. @xpr`sdh f`ț`d Ȕd
tbiuj vbgdd suit `vda`it dnpbrthit`, éi sp`gdhj éi adsguțddj` a` erup shu dit`rvdurd.

1.Wdig`rdtht`h. Hg`hsth éis`hnić éi r`hjdtht` h fd ihturhj. @st` éitbta`huih ui p`rdgbj gh

htuigd gãia s` adsgutć gu p`rsbhi` i`guibsgut` shu gu ui sthtut sbgdhj nhd éihjt,
vbrcdtbruj sć a`vdić rdeda Ȕd stãiehgd shu sć éig`rg` sć sdnuj`z`. Hsth prbvdi` adi jdpsh a`
éigr`a`r` éi sdi`.

0.S`jhxhr`
0.S`jhx hr`h.
h. G`h nhd cuić n`t n`tbać
bać a` h s` `jdc`r
`jdc`rhh a` adfd
adfdguj
gujtćț
tćțdj`
dj` a` vbrcdr`
vbrcdr` `st`
r`jhxhr`h. Htuigd gãia vbrcdtbruj `st` str`sht Ȕd hr` nuȔgmdd éigbrahțd, iu nhd pbht` fd
ihturhj. NdȔgćrdj` cruȔt` suit, a` hs`n`i`h, r`zujthtuj t`isduidd hgunujht`. @j tr`cud` sć
éig`rg`` sć r`spdr` prbfuia. Ahgć rãnãi` i`ndȔght Ȕd éigbr
éig`rg éigbraht,
aht, r`spdrhț
r`spdrhțdh
dh d s` pbht` cjbgh
divbjuithr. Ahgć r`spdrć ihturhj, shu nhd prbfuia a`gãt a` bcdg`d, htuigd nuȔgmdd vbr fd
nujt nhd r`jhxhțd dhr `f`gtuj vh fd éi fhvbhr`h sh.

6.Gbithgtu
6.Gbith gtujj vdz
vdzuhj
uhj.. Jdn
Jdnchl
chluj
uj tru
trupuj
pujud
ud hr` b fbhrt`
fbhrt` nhr
nhr`` dnpbrt
dnpbrthiț
hițćć éi gbn
gbnuid
uidghr
ghr`.
`.
Adr`gțdh prdvdrdd Ȕd nbcdjdtht`h `d suit fhgtbrd dnpbrthițd éi sdigrbidzhr`h uiud adhjbe. Pi
vbrcdtbr
vbrcdt br ghr` iu s` udtć idgdbaht
idgdbahtćć spr` g`j ghr` éj hsgujt
hsgujtćć hr put`h trhi
trhisndt
sndt`` n`shl` a`
tdpuj< ,,Iu nć dit`r`s`zd„, ,,Iu-nd pjhgd„, ,,Iu suit pr`h sdeur ‚, ,Iu suit sdeur p` g`
spui„
gbithgtshu gmdhrgu,,Wć
vdzuhj g`jiu gr`zd
ghr` g`-țd spui„.
éj hsgujtć, G`j éiar`pt`
sć iu-Ȕd ghr` vbrc`Ȕt` tr`cud`
prdvdr`h sć adr`gțd`.
éi hjtć sthcdj`hsgć ui
Ahgć
vbrcdtbruj s` har`s`hzć uiud erup nhr`, tr`cud` sć- j guprdiać gu prdvdr`h hstf`j éigãt
fd`ghr`
fd`ghr` diadvda sć s` sdntć bcs`rvh
bcs`rvht.t. @d vbr pr`f`rh b uȔbhrć phuzć h vbrcdtbr
vbrcdtbrujud,
ujud, ghr`
a`nbistr`hzć dit`r`suj jud éi nbauj a` h-d prdvd, hsdeurãia b fju`ițć h adsgursujud, spr`
a`bs`cdr` a` g`j ghr` gdt`Ȕt` gu ghpuj éi lbs, fćrć h ah dnpbrthițć huadtbrdujud.

5.ÉifćțdȔhr`h. F`juj éi ghr` `st` prdvdt vbrcdtbruj hrhtć gãt a` cdi` éj éiț`j`e g`djhjțd.
ÉifćțdȔhr`h sh r`fj`gtć nbauj éi ghr` s` prdv`Ȕt` p` sdi` éisuȔd ‗ prbprdh dnhedi`. G`j ghr`
éj hsgujtć iu éj pbht` hluth pr`h nujt, éisć pbht` éir`edstrh hphr`ițh, éifćțdȔhr`h sh Ȕd htuigd

`j vh prdnd, prdi n`thgbnuidghr`, b dnhedi` h nbaujud éi ghr` s` pbhrtć, gun s`

éierdl`Ȕt
éierdl`Ȕt`,
`, gmdhr Ȕd g` v`stdn`it
v`stdn`ithțd`
hțd` pr`f`rć. Éi g`j` nhd nujt` sdtuhț
sdtuhțdd
dd a` adhjb
adhjbee bhn`id
bhn`iddd
 prdv`sg vbrcdtbruj Ȕd éj lua`gć gmdhr éihdit` a` h vbrcd. B mhdić htrhgtdvć, b țdiutć

5
 

v`stdn`ithrć éierdldtć `st` a`bs`cdt a` dnpbrthitć éi sdtuhțddj` fbrnhj`< éitãjidrd pucjdg`,

dit`rvdurd p`itru hiehlhr`, gbif`rdiț` `tg.

=._bsturh. _bzdțdh gbrpujud `st` a` hs`n`i`h dnpbrthitć p`itru prbg`suj a` gbnuidghr`.

B p`rsbhić ghr` s` sprdldić a` p`r`t` shu stć hpj`ghtć éihdit` p` sghui éi tdnp g`
trhisndt` ui n`shl v`rchj ui`d hjt` p`rsbhi`, surprdia` i`pjćgut, a`nbistrãia b htdtuadi`
a`bcbs`hjć, pjdgtds`hjć shu i`ejdl`ițć. Pi `j`n`it dnpbrthit hj gbnuidgćrdd gbistć éi
`xhndihr`h prbprd`d pbsturd h vbrcdtbrujud gun stć éi pdgdbhr` gãia vbrc`Ȕt` ‗ pbzdțdd ghr`
vbr pui` éi `vda`ițć Ȕd ghjdtht`h adsgursujud, ahr, nhd hj`s difju`iț`hzć vbg`h.

@x`rgdțdu ‗ nćsurhr`h ghphgdtćțdd a` gbnuidghr`

0.8.3. Wtdjurd a` gbnuidghr`

Gbnuidghr`h `fdgd`itć a`pdia` éi nhr` nćsurć a` f`juj éi ghr` gbnuidgćn, hadgć a`

stdjuj gbnuidgćrdd. _btrdvdt ui`d g`j`cr` fbrnujćrd, ’J` styj` g—`st j—mbnn`„8, `st` `vda`it
gć fd`gć
fd`gćrud
rud diadvda éd `st` ghrhgt`
ghrhgt`rdst
rdstdg
dg ui hiundt nba a` `xprd
`xprdnhr`,
nhr`, ui hiund
hiundtt stdj
stdj,, ghr`
 pbhrtć p`g`t`h prbprd`d p`rsbihjdtćțd, h gujturdd, h t`np`rhn`itujud Ȕd h n`adujud sbgdhj éi

ghr
ghr`
` hg`
hg`sth
sp`gdfdg sth tr
trćd`
ćd`Ȕt`
brdgćrud Ȕt`..a`Wtd
hgt Wtdjuj
juj iu `st
`st`` b prb
gbnuidghr`. prbprd
prd`th
`tht`
t` `xg
`xgjus
jusdvć
dvć h t`x
t`xt`j
t`jbr
br jdt`rh
jdt`rhr`,
r`, `j `st
`st``

Diadf`r`it a` stdjuj a` gbnuidghr` hcbraht, hg`sth tr`cud` sć éia`pjdi`hsgć, éi prdigdphj,

urnćtbhr`j` ghjdtćțd<
- gjhrdtht`h ‗ `xpui`r`h sdst`nhtdzhtć, gbigdsć Ȕd uȔbr a` éiț`j`s;
- gbr`gtdtuadi`h ‗ b ghjdtht` ghr` pr`tdia` r`sp`gthr`h r`eujdjbr erhnhtdghj` éi g``h g`
 prdv`Ȕt` sdithxh, tbpdgh; hcht`rdj` a` jh ibrn`j` erhnhtdghj` sdithgtdg` s` iun`sg
 sbj`gdsn` Ȕd gbisthu, gu pr`gća`r`, éi a`zhgbrauj aditr` sucd`gt Ȕd pr`adght;
- prbprd`tht`h ‗ s` r`f`rć jh nbahjdtht`h fbjbsdrdd guvdit`jbr g`jbr nhd pb
pbtrdvdt`
trdvdt` p`itru h
`xprdnh nhd `xhgt dit`ițddj` hutbrujud;
- purdtht`h ‗ hr` éi v`a`r` fbjbsdr`h iunhd h guvdit`jbr hands` a` vbghcujhruj jdncdd
jdt`rhr`;
jdt`rhr`; pbtrdvd
pbtrdvdtt gu `vbjuț
`vbjuțdh
dh jdncdd put`n da`itdfd
da`itdfdgh
gh hrmhdsn`, ghr` r`pr`zditć guvdit`
v`gmd,
uz iu d`Ȕdt`
h fb stadi
fbst éiguzuj
ć p`gur`it
éigć a`pjdihjvhj
a`pjdi jdncdd,
vhjda
daht
i`bjbedsn`, guvdit` r`g`it ditrht` éi jdncć, hj gćrbr 
ht Ȕd r`edbihjdsn` , guvdit` h gćrbr éitr`cudițhr` `st`
jbghjć, sp`gdfdgć ui`d zbi`. _btrdvdt gu vhjbhr`h a` éitr`cudițhr` h guvdit`jbr, gu s`isurdj`
éi ghr` hg`st`h suit fbjbsdt` a` hiundt` erupurd a` vbrcdtbrd, put`n da`itdfdgh abuć
ght`ebrdd
ght`eb rdd a` t`rn`id<
t`rn`id< hrebuj , ui jdnchl fbjbsdt abhr a` hiundt` erupurd a` vbrcdtbrd ghr`
gbif`rć guvdit`jbr hjt` s`isurd a`gãt g`j` a` chzć p`itru h-d a`ruth p` g`d ghr` iu guibsg
gbau
gbaujj Ȕd  lhrebiuj , ghr` `st` ui jdnchl a` t`rn`id sp`gdfdgd uibr hiundt` gbnuidtćțd
 prbf`sdbihj`, fbjbsd Ȕd p`itru h r`hjdzh b gbnuidghr` nhd rhpdać;
- pr`gdzdh ‗ hr` ar`pt sgbp utdjdzhr`h iunhd h hg`jbr guvdit` Ȕd `xpr`sdd i`g`shr` p`itru
éiț`j`e`r`h gbnuidgćrdd;
- gbigdzdh ‗ urnćr`Ȕt` `xprdnhr`h gbig`itrhtć p` sucd`gtuj a` gbnuidght, fćrć advhehțdd
supjdn`ithr` Ȕd i`hv`idt`;

0.8.7. Qdpbjbedh stdjurdjbr a` gbnuidghr`

=
 

Wtdjuj i`utru ‗ s` ghrhgt`rdz`hzć prdi hcs`ițh a`jdc`rhtć h brdgćr`d fbrn` a` `xprdnhr`

stćdd sufj`t`Ȕd, p`itru gć éitr` `ndțćtbr Ȕd r`g`ptbr iu s` sthcdj`sg hjt` r`jhțdd a`gãt g`j`
bfdgdhj`, a` s`rvdgdu;

Wtdjuj fhndjdhr ‗ s` ghrhgt`rdz`hzć prditr-b nhr` jdc`rtht` éi hj`e`r`h ndljbhg`jbr a`

`xpr`sd`, gh urnhr` h uibr dit`is` trćdrd hf`gtdv`; pr`supui` b `xprdnhr` nhd puțdi
 pr`t`ițdbhsć, nhd hprbpdhtć, fbjbsdtć éi r`jhțddj`
r`jhțddj` gu n`ncrdd fhndjd`d, prd`t`idd, gbj`edd;

Wtdjuj sbj`ni ‗ shu prbtbgbjhr, hr` gh trćsćturć sp`gdfdgć gćuthr`h ndiuțdbhsć h hg`jbr 
fbrnuj`, guvdit` shu nbaurd a` har`shr`, n`idt` h gbif`rd `iuițćrdd b ibtć `vda`itć a`
g`r`nbid`, sbjdgdthtć a` énpr`lurćrd a`bs`cdt`, éi v`a`r`h `xprdnćrdd uibr eãiaurd Ȕd
s`itdn`it` erhv`, nćr`ț`, prbfuia`;

Wtdjuj c`j`trdstdg ‗ sp`gdfdgdtht`h hg`stud stdj gbistć éi nhr`h cbećțd` a` s`isurd jh ghr`
hp`j`hzć Ȕd p` ghr` j` fbjbs`Ȕt`; `st` stdjuj ghr` éig`hrgć sć hcbra`z` adgțdbihruj ui`d jdncd
éi `xmhustdvdtht`h sh;

Wtdjuj Ȕtddițdfdg ‗ s` ghrhgt`rdz`hzć prdi hg``h gć éi prbg`suj gbnuidgćrdd s` hp`j`hzć jh

fbrn`j` a` a`augțd` Ȕd a` diaugțd` hj` rhțdbihn`it`jbr, deibrãiau-s` éitr-b bhr`ghr`
nćsurć, s`isdcdjdtht`h Ȕd dnhedihțdh;
Wtdjuj handidstrhtdv ‗ ui stdj fuigțdbihj, ghr` hr` gh `j`n`it a`fdidtbrdu pr`z`ițh uibr 
fbrnuj
fbrnuj`` sdi
sdithg
thgtdg
tdg`` gjdȔ`u
gjdȔ`u,, gu hlutbr
hlutbruj
uj gćr
gćrbrh
brh s` `f`gtu
`f`gtu`hz
`hzćć b gbn
gbnuid
uidghr
ghr`` sp`gdf
sp`gdfdgć
dgć
distdtuțddjbr;

Wtdjuj pucjdgdstdg ‗ hcbra`hzć b nhr` vhrd`tht` t`nhtdgć, fhpt g` éj hprbpd` a` stdjuj

 c`j`trdstdg, ahr éj a`bs`c`Ȕt` a` hg`sth fhptuj gć pui` hgg`ituj p` difbrnhțd` nhd nujt
a`gãt p` fbrnh a` pr`z`ithr`, urnćrdia difbrnhr`h huadtbrdujud;

Wtdjuj a` gbnuidghr` nhihe`rdhjć ‗ stdjuj éi ghr` n`shluj nhihe`rujud ghutć sć hdcć ui

dnphgt put`ridg hsuprh huadtbrdujud, urnćrdia sć hgtdv`z` `fdgd`ițh Ȕd `fdghgdtht`h hg`studh,
hiehlhr`h jh r`zbjvhr`h a` prbcj`n`, difbrnhr`h, adrdlhr`h spr` hiundt` sgbpurd.

0.8.1. Hsgujthr`h `fdgd`itć

Hsgujthr`h `st` ui nba a` gbnuidghr` tbt htãt a` dnpbrthit gh Œd ’h vbrcd

 cdi`„. Abhr 30 % adi g`d g` hsgujtć éiŧ`j`e da`dj` g`itrhj` hj` ui`d gbnuidgćrd
(Nbrehi, _m. & Chk`r, K.). _`itru h éncuićtćŧd a`prdia`rdj` a` hsgujthr` `st` i`g`shr 
sć fhg`n adstdigŧd` aditr` ui hsgujtćtbr `fdgd`it Œd i``fdgd`it.

@x`rgdŧduj 8<  a` gjhsdfdght `iuiŧurdj` pr`z`itht` aupć grdt`rduj< hsgujtćtbr `fdgd`it,

hsgujtćtbr i``fdgd`it.
@x`rgdțduj 3< hsgujtćtbr `fdgd`it vs hsgujtćtbr i``fdgd`it- lbg a` rbj
Bnuj r`g`ptdbi`hzh n`shl` ghia hsgujth, gdt`st`, prdv`st`, pdphd`, ndrbhs`, eusth.

4
 

Bhn`idd r`tdi difbrnhtdh hstf`j<

- 8?%
8?% adiadi g``h
g``h g` gdt`
gdt`ssg;
- 3?% aaddi gg```h g`g` hhuua;
- 7?% aaddi gg```h g`g` vvćća;
- 0?%
0?% aadidi g``h
g``h g` hua
hua ȔȔdd vća;
vća;
- 5?
5?% % aadi
di g``
g``hh g` r`
r`p`t
p`tćć v`
v`rc
rchj
hj Ȕd sg
sgrd
rduu ;
- 4?
4?% % ad
adii g``
g``hh g` r`p`
r`p`tć tć vv`r
`rch
chjȔ
jȔdd `x
`xp`
p`rd
rdn`
n`it
it`h
`hzć
zć ;

S`eujdj` ghr` t` fhg ui cui hsgujtćtbr<

8. Pdthŧd-vć jh p`rsbhih ghr` vbrc`Œt`. Brdg` p`rsbhić ghr` n`rdtć sć fd` hsgujthtć, n`rdtć
sć fd` Œd prdvdtć.
3) Hpj`ghŧd-vć ghpuj spr` vbrcdtbr Œd hsgujthŧd-j gbig`itrht.Qr`cud` sć pćr`ŧd gć iu vr`ŧd sć
sgćphŧd idgd ui guvãit adi g``h g` vć spui`.
7) _ui`ŧd éitr`cćrd.Hstć éd ać pbsdcdjdtht`h g`jud ghr` vbrc`Œt` sć-Œd a`h s`hnh gć-j
hsgujthŧd gu ht`iŧd`. _ui`r`h éitr`cćrdjbr `st` b fbrnć sbfdstdghtć a` h-8 nćeujd Œd vhjbrdzh.
1) Iu vć a`pćrthŧd a` sucd`gtuj vbrcdtbrujud Œd iu-j éitr`rup`ŧd. Iu sgmdnchŧd sucd`gtuj
 pãić g` p`rsbhih iu t`rndić, diadf`r`it gãt a` i`rćcaćtbr hŧd fd sć nhd vbrcdŧd Œd a`spr`
hjtg`vh.
0) Fbjbsdŧd guvdit` gu ghr` sć vć har`shŧd vbrcdtbrujud‑’tu"Œd’auni`hvbhstrć".Ahgć
fbjbsdŧd ’`u, nd`, hj n`u, p`itru ndi`" éis`hnić gć sgmdnchŧd g`itruj ht`iŧd`d a` jh
vbrcdtbr spr` auni`hvbhstrć

0.8.0 F``achgk 
F``achgk-uj `st` a`fdidt gh nbahjdtht`h a` `xprdnhr` h puigtujud a` v`a`r` hsuprh ui`d
sdtu
sdtuhŧ
hŧdd
dd/g
/gbn
bnpb
pbrt
rthn
hn`it
`it gu dit`
dit`iŧ
iŧdh
dha`
a` h bf
bf`r
`rdd b difb
difbrn
rnhŧ
hŧd`
d` utdj
utdjćć g`
g`ju
judd vdzh
vdzhtt p`it
p`itru
ru
gbitdiuhr`h/n`iŧdi`r`h/nbadfdghr`h gbnpbrthn`itujud.
Bcd`gtdvuj bf`rdrdd f``achgk-ujud `st` a`zvbjthr`h.
F``achgk-ujpbht` fd a` 7 f`jurd<


@vhjuhtdv<
A`sg
A` sgrd
rdpt
ptdv ‚_r`z`ithr`h
dv<‚
<‚_r
_r`z`
`z`it
ithr`h ththh fbst
hr`h h fbcuić„.
fbst
st cu
cuić
ić p`it
p`itru
ru gć hd vbr
vbrcd
cdtt gurs
gursdv
dv,, hd hvut
hvut
supbrtvdzuhj Œd hd dit`rhgŧdbiht gu ibd„.
 _r`sgrdptdv< ‚_r`z`ithr`h th h fbst cuić. Nd-h pjćgut supbrtuj vdzuhj, ahr éi jbguj
tću hŒ fd dit`rhgŧdbiht gu pucjdguj nhd nujt„.

S`gbnhiaćrd p`itru bf`rdr`h f``achgk-ujud

 ‗`st` nhd utdjć gbig`itrhr`h hsuprh h g``h g` h fćgut diadvdauj a`gãt trhaug`r`h
gbnpbrthn`itujud éitr-b hfdrnhŧd` a`spr` gun `st` `j gh p`rsbhić

8?
 

 ‗s` hx`hzć p` g``h g` sdnt` p`rsbhih ghr` h r`g`pŧdbiht gbnpbrthn`ituj Œd p` g`h ghr`
bf`rć f``achgk-uj, bf`rć diadvdaujud difbrnhŧdd gjhr` a`spr` `f`gtuj gbnpbrthn`itujud sću
Ȕd éi hg`jhŒd tdnp éd jhsć jdc`rtht`h a` h a`gda` g` sć fhgć r`jhtdv jh hg`st
h g`st `ff`gt
 ‗`st` éiar`ptht spr` ui gbnpbrthn`it p` ghr` r`g`ptbruj sć éj pbhtć sgmdnch
 ‗`st` nhd gurãia sbjdgdtht a`gãt dnpus
 ‗`st` dn`adht
 ‗bf`rć r`g`ptbrujud bpbrtuidtht`h a` h hj`e` gãia sć rćspuiać Œd gun
 ‗bf`rć bpbrtuidtht`h r`g`ptbrujud a` h pui` éitr`cćrd, a` h fhg` gjhrdfdgćrd
 ‗gãia s` bf`rć f``achgk s` vbrc`Œt` a`spr` gbnpbrthn`ituj g`judjhjt, gbis`gdiŧ`j`
hg`studh, hŒt`ptćrdj` Œd bcd`gtdv`j` prbpdd.

0.8.6. Jdnchluj hs`rtdv, her`sdv Ȕd ibihs`rtdv

i bihs`rtdv

Hs`rtdv Her`sdv Ibihs`rtdv

Ghrhgt`rdstdgd S`sp`gtubs fhf hțć aa`` Abndihit @vdthit
g`djhjțd @ndt` lua`gćțd Dnhedi` a` sdi`
Wdig`r, ahr gu thgt grdtdg` i`ehtdvć
Gdistdt
_bht` spui` iu @u
`Ȕtd suit
BK  BK, tu iu Qu
suit`Ȕtd
BK BK, `u iu
Éigr`zćtbr éi sdi` Grdtdg Vr`h sć fd` hgg`ptht
@u suit BK, tu `Ȕtd Wdig`r, ahr aur  gu brdg` sgbp
BK  Htdtuadi` Hutbndidnhjdzhr`
Qrhisndt` frhz` gu sup`rdbhrć W` sdnt` nhrtdrdzht
r`f`rdr` jh „`u„ Whrghsn Éd jhsć
jhsć p` hjțd
jțdd sć
 Iu `ndt` lua`gćțd Fbjbs`Ȕt`
Fbjbs `Ȕt` guvãit
guvãituj
uj hj`heć p`itru `j
a` vhjbhr` „tr`cud`„ htãt  Iu éȔd hsunć
Htdtuadi` a`  p`itru sdi` gãt Ȕd r`spbishcdjdtht`h
susțdi`r`  p`itru g`djhjțd

 @
 @ff`gt` Éigr`a`r` éi
Jdc`rtht` éi r`jhțdd
sdi` W` sdnt` sup`rdbr 
 I`vbdj` éd suit @vdtć gbifjdgtuj
 Iu rći`Ȕt`
 Iu s` rćzcuić p` shtdsf
shtdsfćgu
ćgut`
t` éi tdn
tdnpp s`itdn`it`j` hjtbrh
g`djhjțd sgurt Hr` t`iadihțh a` h
 Iu gr`hzć t`isduid Dzbjht hgg`pth brdg`
W` hgg`ptć p` sdi` W` sdnt` put`ridg
Éd hgg`ptć p`
g`djhjțd

@x`rgdțduj 8- lbg a` rbj

@x`rgdțduj 3- gbnpj`thr` a` frhz`

88
 

0.8.5. Dit`rpr`thr`h n`shl`jbr

Fbrnh g`h nhd e`i`rhjć a` dit`rpr`t

dit`rpr`thr`
hr` h n`shl`jbr
n`shl`jbr `st` rhțd
rhțdbihn`
bihn`ituj
ituj jbedg.
Hg`sth hr` jh chzć ui prbg`s a` brabihr` h gbibthțddjbr t`rn`idjbr Ȕd h r`jhțddjbr éi
ghr` hphr hg`Ȕtdh éi lua`gćțdj` p` ghr` j` fhg`n éi `iuițurdj` ibhstr`. Shțdbihr`h
guibhȔt` abuć nbaurd fuiahn`ithj`< a`augțdh Ȕd diaugțdh.
A`augțdh gbistć éi `xtrhe`r`h a` lua`gćțd phrtdgujhr` adi lua`gćțd e`i`rhj`,
 pbridia a` jh sdtuhțdd, a` jh guibȔtdiț`
guibȔtdiț` gu ui ghrhgt`r e`i`rhj;
Diaugțdh `st` prbg`suj div`rs a`augțd`d, gbistãia éi hluie`r`h jh lua`gćțd a`
vhjbhr` pbridia a` jh lua`gćțd, fhpt` phrtdgujhr`; a` jh sdtuhțdd phrtdgujhr` spr` sdtuhțdd
e`i`rhj`; ui nba a` dit`rpr`thr` sp`gdfdg sdit`z`d.

0.3. Gbnuidghr`h ibiv`rchjć

Éi gbit`xtuj tdpurdjbr a` gbnuidghr`, gbnuidghr`h ibiv`rchjć pr`zditć dit`r`s adi g`j
 puțdi abuć nbtdv`<
- rb
rbju
jujj `d `s
`st`
t` ha
ha`s
`s`h
`h ndid
ndidnh
nhjd
jdzht
zht,, p`r
p`rg`
g`pã
pãiau
iau-s
-s`` abh
abhrr vãrf
vãrfuj
uj dg
dg`c
`c`r
`reu
euju
judd éitr
éitr-b
-b
gbiv`rshțd`;
- éitr-b gbnuidghr` brhjć, 00% adi difbrnhțd` `st` p`rg`putć Ȕd r`țdiutć prdi dit`rn`aduj
jdnchlujud ibiv`rchj (`xpr`sdh f`ț`d, e`sturdj`, pbsturh gbrpujud `tg.).
Gbnuidghr`h ibiv`rchjć hr`, ahtbrdtć pbia`rdd `d nhrd éi gharuj gbnuidgćrdd r`hjdzht` a`
ui diadvda, ui rbj a`bs`cdt a` dnpbrthit. Jdnchluj ibiv`rchj pbht` sprdldid, gbitrhzdg` shu
sucstdtud gbnuidghr`h v`rchjć. N`shluj ibiv`rchj `st` g`j nhd hprbpdht a` r`hjdtht`h
`ndt`itujud Ȕd `st` g`j gćrudh d s` hgbrać a` gćtr` dit`rjbgutbr ht`ițdh g`h nhd nhr`. Hstf`j,
a` `x`npju, gdi`vh pbht` gbisthth gć, a`Ȕd dit`rjbgutbruj susțdi` gć spui` ha`vćruj, éj
sdnt` gć ndit`.

0.3.8
0.3.8.. Jd
Jdnc
nchl
hluj
uj gbrp
gbrpuj
ujud
ud

_`itru h `vda`ițdh dnpbrthițh jdnchlujud gbrpujud, `st` sufdgd`it sć i` eãiadn jh fdjn`j`

nut`, shu phitbndnh ghr` `xprdnć pbv`Ȕtd éitr`ed abhr prdi jdnchluj trupujud. A` nujt`
brd, gãia hu a` adsgutht g`vh dnpbrthit, bhn`idd `vdtć gbnuidghr`h prdi t`j`fbi Ȕd pr`f`rć
gbnuidghr`h fhțć éi fhțć, a`bhr`g` gbnuidghr`h prdi t`j`fbi cjbgm`hzć gbnuidghr`h prdi prdi
dit`rn`aduj jdnchlujud gbrpujud Ȕd éi hg`st f`j fhg` gbnuidghr`h digbnpj`tć, i`sdeurć.
Jdnchl
Jdn chluj
uj gbr
gbrpuj
pujud
ud gbit
gbitrdc
rdcud`
ud` jh gbn
gbnuid
uidghr
ghr`` prd
prdii `xp
`xpr`s
r`sdh
dh f`ț
f`ț`d,
`d, ndȔ
ndȔghr
ghr`h
`h gbrpuj
gbrpujud
ud
(e`sturd), fbrnh Ȕd pbzdțdh gbrpujud, hsp`gtuj e`i`rhj Ȕd prdi gbnuidghr`h thgtdjć.

0.3.8.8 @xpr`sdh f`ț`d

Gbnu
Gb nuid
sprãig`i`jbr, idgh
ghr`
r`h
éigr` țhdr`
dr`hhprdi
prihs
di ujud,
`xpr
`xd,pr`s
ihsuju dh f`ț`dcuz`jbr
ț`sdh
ueud`r`h digj
digjua`
ua`
`tg.),nd
ndnd
ndgh
gh (éig
(éigru
zãnc`tuj ruit
ithr
(prdi hr`h
`h,, rdad
rdadgh
ghr`
r`h
ghrhgt`rdstdgd Ȕhd

83
 

nbn`ituj fbjbsdrdd), Ȕd prdvdr`h (gbithgtuj shu `vdthr`h prdvdrdd, `xpr`sdh prdvdrdd, adr`gțdh
 prdvdrdd, `tg.).
Fhțh `st` g`h nhd `xpr`sdvć  phrt` h gbrpujud Ȕd `xpr`sdh hg`st`dh gbistdtud` ui
ndljbg a` `xprdnhr` di`stdnhcdj. Éi nba ibrnhj, bgmdd Ȕd phrt`h a` lbs h f`ț`d suit prdvdt`
g`j nhd dit`is éi tdnpuj gbnuidg ćrdd. A` nujt` brd, éitr-b gbiv`rshțd`, g``h g` `xprdnć
bgmdd `st` nujt nhd dnpbrthit a`gãt g``h g` `xprdn ć guvdit`j`.
Ndndgh `st` g`h ghr` gbnuidg ć  adf`r
adf`rdt`
dt` stćrd `nbțdbihj
dbihj`<
`< fruit
fruit`h
`h éigruitht
éigruithtć
s`nidfdgć  pr`bguphr`, nãid`, frustrhr`; sprãig`i`j` rdadght` gu bgmdd a`sgmdȔd ‗ ndrhr`,
surprdzć; ihs  éigr`țdt ‗ i`pjćg`r`; ićrdj` nćrdt` ‗ nãid` shu, éi hjt gbit`xt, `xgdthr`
s`izuhjć; cuz` strãis` ‗  i`sdeurhițć, `zdthr`, hsguia`r`h uibr difbrnhțdd.
\ãnc`tuj `st` ui e`st fbhrt` gbnpj`x, ghphcdj s ć  `xprdn` b ehnć  jhreć  a`
difbrnhțdd, a` jh pjćg`r g`r`,
`, cugurd`
cugurd`,, sht
shtdsf
dsfhg
hgțd` shu gdidgdidsn.
sn. DDit`
it`rpr
rpr`th
`thr`h
r`h s`isu
s`isujud
jud
zãnc`tujud vhrdhzć  éisć  a` jh gujtur ć  jh gujtur ć  (shu gmdhr sucgujtur ć), fddia strãis
gbr`jhtć  gu pr`supui`rdj` sp`gdfdg` ghr` s` fhg éi j`e ćtur ć  gu r`jhțddj` dit`runhi` éi
gharuj hg`j`d gujturd.
Nbauj éi ghr` b p`rsb hić  prdv`
p`rsbhi prdv`Ȕt` Ȕd `st` prdvdtć  hr` j`ećtur ć  gu i`vbdj` shj` a`
hprbchr`, hgg`pthr`, éigr`a`r` Ȕd prd`t`id`. Gmdhr Ȕd h prdvd shu h iu prdvd p` gdi`vh hr` ui
éiț`j`s. _rdvdia p` gdi`vh gbifdrnćn gć éd r`guibhȔt`n pr`z`ițh, gć `xdstć  p`itru
p`itru ibd;
dit`rg`pthr`h prdvdrdd gudvh éis`hnić  abrdițh a` h gbnuidgh. B prdvdr` adr`gt ć  pbht`
 
béis`nih bi`stdtht`ć ȔȔd ditdndtht`,
prdvdr` disdst`it ahr éi hiundt`
gbitdiuć a`rhil`hz ć. sdtuhțdd gbnuidgć hn`idițhr`. Éi e`i`rhj,
S`hjdzhr`h
S`hjd zhr`h gbithg
gbithgtujud
tujud dit`r
dit`rndt`
ndt`it it Ȕd sgurt hj prdvdrdjbr diadgć  jdps
jdpshh a` prd`t
prd`t`id`.
`id`.
NdȔghr`h bgmdjbr éi sus `xprdnć  éig`rghr`h a` h i` hnditd g`vh; éi lbs ‗ trdst`ț`,
nba`std`, tdndadtht` shu hsguia`r`h uibr `nbțdd. _rdvdr`h éitr-b phrt` shu i`prdvdr`h gudvh
 pbht` a`ibth jdpsh a` dit`r`s, r ćg` g`hj
hjh.
h. @v@vdt
dthr
hr`h
`h prdv
prdvdr
drdd
dd éis`hniić  hsguia`r`h
éis`hn
s`itdn`it`jbr, jdpsć a` gbifbrt shu vdibvćțd`.
Bhn`idd ghr` iu suit sdeurd p` `d vbr bgbjd prdvdr`h dit`rjbgutbrujud éi sdtuh țdd éi ghr` s`
sdnt hn`idițhțd, ahr b vbr g ćuth éi sdtuhțdd fhvbrhcdj`; `xdstć  gmdhr `xpr`sdh ’h t` hećțh„
gu prdvdr`h.
_rdvdr
_rdvdr`h
`h gbi
gbistd
stdtud
tud`` ui nba ’i` ’i`thg
thgtdj
tdj„„ a` h htdie`
htdie` p` gdigdi`vh
`vh,, a` uia` Ȕd `xpr`sdh ’h
nãieãdh gu prdvdr`h„.
_updj`j`
_updj `j` adjht ht` diadgć  `nbțdd pu
adjhtht` put`
t`ri
ridg
dg`.
`. _upd
_updj`
j`j`
j` s` jćre`
re`sg,
sg, éi e`i`
e`i`rhj
rhj,, jh
v`a`
v`a`r`
ndg r`hh h g`vh pjćidf`
g`vh nhid
Ȕbr`hzć  gh nh
gu
gut,
f`st fh`țć h a`i`
t,sthr
hr` gh
ghr`
i`sd r``rdt
sdig
ig`r hv
hv`n
`n
dtćțdd, bi`
dd, ht
htdt
pjdtuad
i`pj uadi`
ćg`r
i`
dd.. a`
g`rdd Gjd sdig
sdig`r
Gjdpdr`h`rdt
pdr`h dtht
frht`.
`. it
fr`gv` _upd
_ućpdj`
`gv`it j`j`
j` s`
  a`ibtć
hixd`tht`.

0.3.8.3. NdȔghr`h gbrpujud

Gbrpuj gbnuidgć  prdiprdi e`sturd, pbzdțd`, Ȕd prdi nbauj a` nd Ȕghr`.

Gãt`vh `j`n`it` hj` jdnchlujud e`sturdjbr suit<
- strãie`r`h punidjbr - a`ibt ć bstdjdtht` Ȕd nãid`, shu a`pdizãia a` gbit`xt, a`t`rndihr`,
sbjdahrdtht`, str`s;
- crhț` a`sgmds` - sdig`rdtht`, hgg`pthr`;
- nãih jh eur ć  ‗‗ surprdzć, dhr hgbp`rdr`h eurdd gu nãih - hsguia`r`h h g`vh, i`rvbzdtht`;

87
 

- ghpuj sprdldidt éi phjnć s`nidfdgć pjdgtds`hj

 pjdgtds`hjć, ahr phjnh (a`e`t`j`) p` bcrhz,
adnpbtrdvć, a`ibtć dit`r`s `xtr`n;
- nãdidj` țdiut` jh spht` pbt s ć `xprdn` sup`rdbrdtht` shu éig`rghr` a` hutbgbitrbj.

Qr`cud` hvut` éisć éi v`a`r` Ȕd adf`r`ițd`rdj` gujturhj`. A` `x`npju, ndȔghr`h ghpujud a`

sus éi lbs s`nidfdgć hprbchr`, éi tdnp g` éi hjt` țćrd (Wrd Jhikh) hprbchr`h `st` `xprdnht ć
 prdi ndȔghr`h ghpujud a` jh ar`hpth jh stãieh. E`stuj a` hr ćthr` gu a`e`tuj `st` gbisda`rht
i`pbjdtdgbs jh ibd, disujtć éi Qmhdjhiah Ȕd hcsbjut i`utru, a` diadghr`, éi WPH.
Cãțãdtuj pdgdbhr`jbr a`ibtć  pjdgtds`hj
pjdgtds`hjć, i`r ć cahr` shu str`s.

0.3.8.7. Gbnuidghr`h thgtdjć

 prdi fr`gv`ițh htdie`rdd, prdi nbauj a` h ah

Hg`st tdp a` jdnchl ibi-v`rchj s` nhidf`st ć prdi
nãih, nbauj a` éncr ćțdȔ
ćțdȔhr`, a` juhr` a` crhț, cćtutuj p` unćr `tg.
GuibhȔt`n g` s`nidfdgć  hg`st` htdie`rd p`itru rbnãid, ahr éi adf`rdt` gujturd `j` pbt
gbnuidgh jugrurd adf`rdt`. A` `x`npju, jh lhpbi`zd, éigjdihr`h ghpujud éijbgud` Ȕt` ahtuj
nãdidd gh shjut, éi tdnp g` jh `sgmdnb Ȕd hg`st shjut s` `xprdn ć  gu b uȔbhr ć  jbvdtur ć  p`
p`
unćr.
Pidd bhn`id `vdtć brdg` htdie`r`. Fbr țh Ȕd tdpuj a` htdie`r` a`pdia` éi nhr` nćsur ć a`
vãrst , shjut, r`jh d` d gujtur  .
ć ț Ȕ ć

0.8.1. Adsthițh éi tdnpuj gbnuidgćrdd

Hprbpd`r`h `xhe`rhtć pbht` gbnuidgh hn`idițhr` shu r`jhțdd a` ihturć strdgt p`rsbihjć;
a`pćrthr`h `xg`sdvć pbht` gbnuidgh hrbehițć, dnpbrthițć, sthtut sbgdhj sup`rdbr. Gu gãt b
 p`rsbhić `st` nhd dnpbrthitć, gu htãt vh tdia` sć hj`heć b nhsć a` cdrbu nhd nhr`, ghghr`
r`
dnpui` b adsthițć nhd nhr` fhțć a` dit`rjbgutbr.

Ahgć urnćrdn nbauj éi ghr` bhn`idd tdia sć éȔd hj`heć jbguj éitr-b éigćp`r`
(htuigd gãia `xdstć pbsdcdjdtht`h a` h hj`e`) Ȕd gun éȔd nhrgm`hzć sphțduj p`rsbihj prdi
énprćȔ
énp rćȔtd
td`r`h
`r`h fbd
fbdjbr
jbr,, éitdia
éitdia`r`
`r`hh pdgdbh
pdgdbhr`j
r`jbr
br `tg
`tg.,., a`vdi`
a`vdi` `vd
`vda`it
a`it g` vbr hg`
hg`st`
st`hh sć i`
gbnuidg`.
Nbauj éi ghr` nhihe`ruj fbjbȔ`t` sphțduj éi tdnpuj Ȕ`adiț`jbr pbht` gbnuidgh
g`vh a`spr` p`rsbihjdtht`h sh, a`spr` stdjuj a` gbiaug`r` Ȕd juhr` h a`gdzddjbr. Nhihe`ruj
g` stć éi spht`j` cdrbujud
cdrbujud diadgć jdpsh abrdiț`d a` hgț
hgțdui`.
dui`. _rbchcdj gć hg`st tdp a` nhihe`r 
vh juh a`gdzddj` sdieur Ȕd stdjuj sću a` gbiaug`r` `st` nhd a`erhcć hutbgrhtdg a`gãt
a`nbgrhtdg. Éi e`i`rhj, sphțddj` ndgd suit p`rg`put` gh fddia nhd prd`t`ibhs`, ghja` Ȕd
ditdn`. G`j` nhrd suit hsbgdht` gu put`r`h, sthtutuj Ȕd dnpbrthițh. A` hg``h, ha`s`brd
suit`n ditdndahțd ditrãia éitr-ui sphțdu nhr`, éihjt Ȕd gu nbcdjd`r nhsdv.

@x`rgdțdu ‗ da`itdfdghr`h adsthiț`d 

81
 

8. Adsthith ditdnć ‗ hŒh iundth adsthith ‚gbrp jh gbrp„ ‗ nhxdnun 80 ‗ 1? gn `st`

adsthiŧh jh ghr` vbg`h hr` ui rbj ndibr, adsthiŧh éi ghr` hgg`ptćn iunhd p`rsbhi`j` fbhrt`
hprbpdht`< phrt`i`rd, pćrdiŧd, frhŧd/ surbrd.

3. Adsthiŧh p`rsbihjć ‗ `st` adsthițh ‚fhndjdhrć„ ‗ 10-50 gn phih jh nhxdn 830 gn ‗ 

adsthiŧh éi ghr` vbg`h `st` fhndjdhrć, ibrnhjć, adsthiŧh éi ghr` hgg`ptćn p`rsbhi`j`
fhndjdhr` ibuć-prd`t`id, gbj`ed, guibsguŧd.

7. Adsth
Adsthith
ith sbgdh
sbgdhjć
jć ‗ 830-38? gn ‗ `st` adsth
adsthiŧh
iŧh pp`` gh
ghr`
r` b dnpui
dnpui`n
`n ééii sg
sgmdncu
mdncurdj`
rdj`
sbgdhj` gu p`rsbhi`j` ibd p` ghr` j` guibhŒt`n, gu phrt`i`rdd a` hfhg`rd, `tg. Jh hg`hsth
adsthiŧć vbg`h `st` pjdić, adstdigtć, nhd dit`isć.

1. Adsth
Adsthiŧh
iŧh pucjd
pucjdgć
gć ‗ pãić jh 5.0? n- `st` sphŧduj
sphŧduj ééii ghr
ghr`` hgg
hgg`ptćn
`ptćn brdg` p`rsbh
p`rsbhih
ih
i`guibsgutć.
i`guibs gutć. Jh hg`hst
hg`hstćć adsth
adsthiŧć
iŧć adsgur
adsgursurdj
surdj`` `st` fbrn
fbrnhjdzh
hjdzht,t, e`stur
e`sturdj`
dj` suit st`r
st`r`btdp`
`btdp`,,
fbrnhj`.

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