NAME: JAANVI MAHAJAN

REGISTRATION NUMBER: 22212033

COURSE: BALLB (HONS.)
SUBJECT: DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND URBAN
TRANSFORMATIONS
TEACHER’S NAME: MS. ANKITA CHATTERJEE
TOPIC: URBAN MIGRATION
RURAL URBAN MIGRATION: PROBLEM OF SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC REGULATIONS

BY TS PAPOLA

An employee or labor force is physically moved when they migrate from one location to another. It
might be of a permanent character or just passing. People move from rural to urban areas for a variety
of reasons, but the majority of the time it's because of compulsion and a lack of infrastructure, medical
care, education, and other essential services. In the current study, an effort is made to comprehend the
many factors that influence the movement of the labor force from rural to urban areas. To comprehend
and conceive the concerns associated to migration, many pieces of current literature were researched in
this area. It was discovered that economic motivations, improved access to education, health care, and
entertainment, better job opportunities, and anticipated increases in standard of living were among the
many variables that encourage or force migration. A common phenomenon is the movement of people
from rural to urban areas as a result of economic development. There are social costs associated with
migration, including disruptions to family and community life in rural areas as well as traffic and service
strains in metropolitan areas. In industries like manufacturing, information technology, or services, the
population's migration profile has grown more crucial. A person is regarded as a migrant if they are
counted at a location other than where they were born. This could be because of marriage—the primary
reason for female migration—or because of employment. These developments suggest, among other
things, that the impact of general development and improvement in rural economic.

LEAVING THE COUNTRYSIDE

BY JOHAN FREDRICK RYE

Depopulation is a problem recognized by the rural society as it depletes the countryside of human
capital and also focuses on the decay of the rural. This article is however analyzed from the perspective
of the rural migrants and not from the perspective of the rural societies.

Because of urban growth, depopulation of rural societies is a very well-known element for modern
societies. This leads to lack of sustainability for rural societies as seen from the rural perspective. People
leave their rural societies because of its inability to provide acceptable living conditions ,therefore, they
migrate and engage themselves in secondary or tertiary sector to have better living conditions. Thus,
outmigration reduces the ability of the rural societies in order to serve the needs and wants of the
remaining, this is so, as the population declines in the rural societies leading to the decline in labor
supply. On the other side, new trends such as counter urbanization that are seemed to be prominent in
some societies are interpreted to function as signs of renewed viability for the rural areas and they may
also promise a new and successful future for the countryside. To conclude, out migration is considered
to be a problem for rural societies while in migration is considered to be positive for the countryside.
The population change that is witnessed in the rural areas become a social barometer that in turn
monitors the health of the rural.

Women and Migration

By Monica Boyd, Elizabeth Grieco
International migration theory has changed since the 1960s to include explanations of the
particular experiences of women migrants themselves, shifting away from the prevalent notion
of female migrants as just the wives and children of male migrants. Many elements exist in the
pre-migration stage that influence the decision to immigrate and affect how feasible it is for
women to do so. They include both individual or micro factors, such as gender-specific life cycle
stages, and systemic or macro factors, such as the state of the national economy. These factors
are further separated into the following three areas: 1) Status and roles; 2) gender relations and
hierarchies; and 3) structural elements of the nation of origin.

Because female submission to male authority typically takes place within the home, gender
relations and hierarchies within the family setting have an impact on the migration of women.
The family regulates the distribution of resources and information that can encourage,
dissuade, or prevent migration, as well as defines and assigns the roles of women, which
determine their relative motivation and incentive to migrate.

The interaction of women's roles, position, and age within a given socio-cultural setting result in
a "migratory probability" which can also affect the ability of women to migrate.

The macro factors of the nation of origin can also affect migration tendencies that are particular
to gender. These traits can influence who moves and when by interacting with gender relations
and women's status in the sending society. These qualities include: the state of the economy;
the types of economies present within different communities; the level of displacement caused
by economic changes and shifts in production technologies; labour market conditions; the
economy's ability to provide jobs and the type of jobs available; the ability of the national
government to provide related infrastructure; the supply and demand conditions for the factors
of production in sending and related resources.

While in a receiving nation, men and women could be treated differently and go through
resettlement in different ways. Who moves, how those moves happen, and the subsequent
prospects of migrating women and families are all profoundly influenced by gender. If
international migration theory is to incorporate gender responsibly and effectively, it must take
into account the subtle as well as the obvious aspects that converge to create distinct
experiences all along the migration spectrum. The theoretical foundation of global migration in
general and the unique experiences of migrant women around the world would both benefit
immensely from a more in-depth definition and understanding of these factors and effects.

CONCLUSION

Migration is the physical movement of an employee or workforce from one place to another. It
can be permanent or temporary in nature. Rural-urban migration of people has different
internal dynamics, which are mostly due to coercion and insufficient infrastructure, medical
care, education, etc. These articles seek to understand the various factors that lead to rural-
urban labor migration. In this direction, various existing literatures have been studied to
understand issues related to migration. Other factors encouraging/forcing migration were
found to be economic reasons, better education, health care and recreation, better job
opportunities, expected income growth, surplus work in rural areas, nature of work, sometimes
temporary or seasonal, reduces the risk of loss. of incomes, migration of individuals due to
smaller land area, and family migration due to marriage and smaller land ownership, higher
education to obtain social security, migration of women due to increased job opportunities and
social conditions, geographical proximity of immigration, improvement of life. standards,
migration of children in search of work, etc. No one wants to leave their homeland, especially in
relation to rural and urban migration. People from rural areas migrate to urban areas because
of the inherent problem of those rural areas. This problem is due to uneven economic growth
in those rural areas. India lives in villages. Currently there are more than 6,00,000 villages in
India. These villages do not have access to minimum infrastructure services. It is not that there
was no development after independence, the study revealed that most of the development
took place in the rural areas on the outskirts of the cities.

CITATIONS

Papola, T. S. “Rural-Urban Migration: Problem of Socio-Demographic Regulations.” Indian

Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 24, no. 2, 1988, pp. 230–37. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27767041. Accessed 8 Mar. 2023.
Papola, T. S. “Rural-Urban Migration: Problem of Socio-Demographic Regulations.” Indian
Journal of Industrial Relations 24, no. 2 (1988): 230–37. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27767041.
Papola, T. S. (1988). Rural-Urban Migration: Problem of Socio-Demographic Regulations. Indian
Journal of Industrial Relations, 24(2), 230–237. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27767041
Rye, Johan Fredrik. “Leaving the Countryside: An Analysis of Rural-to-Urban Migration and
Long-Term Capital Accumulation.” Acta Sociologica, vol. 49, no. 1, 2006, pp. 47–65. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20459907. Accessed 8 Mar. 2023.
Grieco, Elizabeth M. and Monica Boyd. “Women and migration: incorporating gender into
international migration theory.” (1998).