MODULE 1

Analyzing Primary Sources

According to the University of Maryland (2022), Primary sources are direct experience information or data
derived by observers or people involved in events in the past. Primary sources are distinguished by the
relevant data they demonstrate and their relevance to the research question rather than by their format.
Letters, diaries, journals, newspapers, photographs, and other firsthand accounts are among them.
These scriptural references' interpretation and validation serve as the foundation for research.

● 1. Credibility - This is the attribute of being worthy of trust. What about the source makes it
credible? Why should people trust one reference over others?
● 2. Accuracy - This is the characteristic of truthfulness or precision. The source ought to be
accurate, extensive, factual, and precise. It needs to be up-to-date and acceptable.
● 3. Reasonableness - Equality, objectivity, moderation, and consistency fall under this
category. The facts need to construct meaning or make sense.
● 4. Support - People should consider the source of the information when analyzing sources.
Every piece of information should be verified by others and compared to other sources.

Repositories of Primary Sources

A repository is an area or place where items are kept and accessible. (Cambridge University Press,
2023). Based on Ramirez, the following are the repositories of primary sources:

● 1. National Archives - Around 60 million records from the periods of Spanish rule in the
Philippines, the American and Japanese Occupations, as well as the years of the Republic are
kept in the National Archives of the Philippines. Additionally, it serves as the country's final archive
for massive authenticated documents.
● 2. National Museum - An educational, scientific, and cultural institution trusted by the
government, it collects, preserves, exhibits, and encourages scholarly research while promoting
public appreciation of artwork, specimens, and cultural and historical pieces that are distinctive to
the Filipino people's cultural heritage and the country's natural history.
● 3. National Library - The royal decree of August 12, 1887, which established the National
Library of the Philippines as the Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas, considered "the consolidation of all
libraries belonging to any branch of the Philippine government for the creation of the Philippine
Library," as well as for the library's preservation and other aspects.

Contextual analysis is all about the historical context of the source, such as the time and places it was
written; the current situation at the time; the background of the author, including the intent and authority to
the subject, and lastly, the relevance of the source.
Content analysis, on the other hand, uses appropriate techniques depending on the source (written,
oral, visual), Identifying the main argument of the author, comparing different points of views, and lastly to
evaluate the claim of the author based on the evidence given or any evidence that is available at the
time.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE TEXT IN UNDERSTANDING

PHILIPPINE HISTORY

● Text - Anything that has a particular meaning for the person who examines it.
● Historical Text - The process of determining what was significant about particular people,
events, and developments in the past is known as historical significance.

CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SOURCES

● Relevance
● Resonance
● Remarkable
● Remembered
● Revealing
● Resulting in change
● Durability
● Quantity
● Profundity

Levels of Significance

● Not at all significant

● Individually significant
● Regionally significant
● Nationally significant
● Globally significant

Lesson 1: Examining the Author’s Main Argument and Point of View

The author's main argument, or claim, is what he or she wants the reader to do, think, or believe after
reading the text. The evidence that underlies and supports the logic on which the claim is based is known
as the content. The foundational presumption, also known as the basis, refers to how the author uses the
evidence to support the assertion.

Rhetorical Techniques
 There are three primary methods authors choose to present their cases:

● Reasoning, in which the claim is supported logically by the author.

● Evidence is provided by the author to back up his arguments; it includes facts, data, and
studies.
● Appeal, in which the writer addresses the reader on an emotional level to elicit empathy

Andres Bonifacio was born on November 30, 1863, in the slums of Tondo, Manila to Santiago Bonifacio
and Catalino de Castro. He was the oldest of six children consequently, he was compelled to drop out of
school to support his younger siblings at the age of fourteen after his parents passed away.

● On August 23, 1896, Bonifacio declared Filipino independence following Rizal's execution.
● By his enemies, he was tried, found guilty, and put to death on May 10, 1897. He is revered as
a national hero today.
● Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa ni Andres Bonifacio (27 lines)
● Mga Aral ng Katipunan Ni Emilio Jacinto (13 lines)

Four Sites of the First Mass

It should be highlighted that only two primary sources are used by historians to pinpoint the location of
the first Mass. One is the journal that Francisco Albo, a pilot on one of Magellan's ships, kept. Trinidad.
He was one of the survivors that rode the ship Victoria around the world with Sebastian Elcano. The
other, which was more complete, was the narrative found in Antonio Pigafetta's First Journey Around
the Magellan voyage and a first-hand observer o the events, particularly the first Mass

1. Limasawa Island, Southern Leyte

2. Masao or Mazaua in Butuan City, Agusan Del Norte
3. Homonhon Island, Eastern Samar
4. Mahaba Island, Placer, Surigao del Norte

Christmas mass was held in the Philippines, and several Pangasinians were baptized later in the
Philippines. It happened on December 25, 1324, which might have been around 1200 or between 1280
and 1320 on a certain Christmas day.

Who was Odoric?

In 1286, in Villanova, an Italian village close to Pordenone, Odoric of Pordenone, also known as
Odorico Mattiussi or Mattiuzzi, was born and joined the Order of Franciscans at Udine around 1300. In
1318, Odoric sailed ship towards Asia. He visited Turkey, Iran, India, Sri Lanka, Java, Sumatra, Vietnam,
Borneo, and China during the course of three years. He then took a land route across Tibet and Mongolia
to return to Italy.

MODULE 8: Cavite Mutiny and Retraction of Rizal

The 1872 Cavite Mutiny and the executions of Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora (GOMBURZA), three martyr priests, were the two important events that occurred in 1872.

Retraction of Rizal

José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda is the national hero of the Philippines. He is one of
the significant personalities in the country’s history because he made an enormous contribution
particularly in the Philippine revolution that happened in 1896. The Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo,
and other writings served as his instrument to open the minds of his fellow Filipinos about Spanish
colonialism. But despite him being the symbol of nationalism to all Filipinos, there are still major
controversies in history with which he was involved and one of them is The Retraction

Reasons for Retraction of Rizal

● To save his family and town from further persecution.

● To give Josephine a legal status as his wife.
● He wanted to heal the sickness of the Catholic Church

MODULE 9: The Cry of Pugad Lawin

The Cry of Pugad Lawin, formerly known as the Cry of Balintawak, is one of the significant events in the
history of the Philippines.

There are three key events of when the Cry started. One of the most notable Filipino historians, Teodoro
Agoncillo, highlighted that the event involved the revolutionary leader, Andres Bonifacio, tearing up his
cedula or tax receipt before the Katipuneros did the same was the start of the revolution. While some
historians consider the initial confrontation or clash between the Katipuneros and the Guardia Civil, the
patriotic shout of "Viva la Independencia Filipina" (Long Live the Philippine Independence) was the
key event of the Cry.

Guillermo Masangkay

From the account of Tondo's last known Katipunero, Guillermo Masangkay, on August 26, 1896, a crucial
meeting was held at the house of Apolonio Samson in Balintawak, Caloocan. The purpose of this
meeting was to decide when the revolt against Spanish colonizers would take place. Leaders and board
members of the Katipunan, including Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del Rosario, Tomas Remigio,
Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco, Francisco Carreon attended this
meeting. Delegates from Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite, and Morong were also present.

bPio Valenzuela

According to Pio Valenzuela, Briccio Pantas, and Enrique Pacheco, in 1936, the first Cry of the
Philippine Revolution did not occur in Balintawak, where the monument stands, but in a place called
Pugad Lawin. On August 19, 1896, the first five people, namely Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto,
Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, and Aguedo del Rosario, arrived in Balintawak, while Pio Valenzuela
arrived the following day, August 20. On August 22, 1896, 500 members of the Katipunan met at the yard
of Apolonio Samson in Kangkong, but no resolution was debated or adopted. It was on August 23, 1896,
when over 1,000 members of the Katipunan gathered at the storehouse and yard of Juan Ramos, the son
of Melchora Aquino, to debate and discuss whether to launch a revolution against the Spanish
government on August 29, 1896. Once the assembly had finished at noon on August 24, there were loud
cries of "Long live the Philippines!"

Santiago Alvarez

Santiago Alvarez was one of the leaders present at the gathering in Pugad Lawin. He was a member of
the Katipunan and was responsible for organizing and leading the revolutionaries in Cavite. On Alvarez's
account, at two in the morning on August 22, 1896, Santiago Alvarez, along with other Katipuneros,
arrived at the house of Brother Apolonio Samson in Kangkong.

Other Cries Around the World

1. “Liberty or Death”

The phrase "Liberty or Death" first appeared in a March 1775 address by Patrick Henry, who concluded
with the immortal line, "I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me
death!"

2. The Crusade

In 1095, Pope Urban II launched the Crusades (the series of religious wars between Christians and
Muslims that started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups) after he
gave a speech urging European Christians to undertake a spiritual quest to seize the Holy Lands from
Muslim control.

3. The Battle in Stalingrad

(The Soviet Union against German Army) German soldiers surrounded Stalingrad, a busy industrial city
in the Soviet Union that was tucked away along the banks of the Volga River, in the summer of 1942

History of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines

Pre- Colonial Period - Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, Filipinos lived in communities or barangays
controlled by chiefs or datus. The nobles were the maharlikas, who were followed by the aliping
mamamahay (serfs) and aliping saguiguilid (slaves). Regardless of class, everyone had access to the
fruits of the earth, and money served as a vehicle of exchange.

Spanish Period - The Spaniards introduced the notion of encomienda (Royal Land Grants) to the
Philippines, allowing the encomiendero to collect tribute from the indios. Unfortunately, this system
quickly degenerated into abuse of power, with the tribute becoming land rentals to wealthy landlords and
the natives transformed into share tenants.

American Period - The Philippine Bill of 1902 established hectarage limits for private people and
businesses, while the Land Registration Act of 1902 mandated complete land title registration using the
Torrens system. The Philippines' homestead system was established by the Public Land Act of 1903,
while the Tenancy Act of 1933 regulated ties between proprietors and tenants of rice (50-50 share) and
sugar cane fields.

Japanese Era - The Japanese occupation of the Philippines lasted from 1939 until 1941. Hukbalahap
ruled over large swaths of Central Luzon, and landlords who supported the Japanese lost their estates to
peasants, whilst those who supported the Huks received fixed rents. Peasant and worker organizations
rose in power with the advent of the Japanese in 1942, leading to the foundation of the HUKBALAHAP,
anti-Japanese organization.

Philippine Republic - The Congress of the Philippines revised the tenancy law after the establishment of
the Philippine Independence in 1946. With the former presidents, President Manuel A. Roxas
(1946-1948), Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953), Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957), President Carlos P. Garcia
(1957-1961), President Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961-1965), President Ferdinand E. Marcos
(1965-1986), President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992), President Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998),
President Joseph E. Estrada (1998-2000), President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2000-2010), President
Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016), President Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016 – present) numerous laws were
passed to help with the ongoing challenge of Agricultural Reform.

Agrarian Reform (Repormang Pansakahan)

Agrarian reform refers to a country's general reorientation of its agrarian system, which frequently
includes land reform initiatives, or it can refer more broadly to a government-initiated or -supported
redistribution of agricultural land. Consequently, Agrarian Reform includes not only land redistribution,
which has resulted in smaller farms, but also infrastructure, services, and agricultural development
(Lanzona, 2019)

Agrarian Laws in the Philippines

The Comprehensive Agricultural Reform Program Extension with Reforms (Republic Act 9700) is
an amendment that gives farmers an additional five years to get agricultural lands. Moreover, several
CARP clauses are modified.

The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, also known as Republic Act No. 6657, serves as the
foundation for the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, or CARP, which is a Filipino agrarian reform
program (CARL). COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM LAW OF 1988 (Republic Act No. 6657) An
Act establishing a comprehensive agrarian reform program, providing the framework for its
implementation, promoting social justice and industrialization, among other things.

Land Reform Act of 1955 More than any other element of the Magsaysay Administration's Agrarian
Reform Program, the Land Reform Act of 1955, which established the Land Tenure Administration (LTA),
sparked controversy. The reason is clear: it aimed to undermine the foundation of the economic and
political clout of a sizable segment of the Philippine elite's vast landholdings

History of taxation in the Philippines

Taxation is the tax imposed by our government on us, its citizens, in order to fund the government's
projects and public services through our assets and events.

Special laws that governs the collection of taxes:

Republic Act No. 8424 or the Tax Reform Act of 1997(National Internal Revenue)

● The State's policy is to promote sustainable economic growth through rationalization of the
Philippine internal revenue tax system, providing equitable relief to taxpayers, and creating a
robust environment for business.

Republic Act No. 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991

● establishes the system and defines powers of provincial, city, municipal and barangay
governments in the Philippines.

Republic Act No. 10963 or the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Act of 2017

● aims to make the Philippine Tax System simpler, fairer, and more efficient to promote
investments, create jobs and reduce poverty.

Train Law (Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion)

● Is the initial package of the Comprehensive Tax Reform Program or CTRP signed into law by
President Rodrigo Duterte on December 19, 2017.

"Build, Build, Build" Program

● Specializes in the construction of highways, expressways, and flood control projects.

KINDS OF TAXATION

According to the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR), the different kinds of taxation are:

1. Income tax - a tax on all annual profits arising from the profession, property, trades, or offices or
a tax on a person's income, profits, and salary. An example would be a 15% deduction on a
worker's income which will be transferred to the government to help fund its projects and needs.
2. Donor's tax - a tax on a gift or donation imposed on the gratuitous ( given free of charge )transfer
of property between two or more persons living at the time of the transfer. The donor must pay the
Tax, not the receiver
3. Estate tax - is a tax on the right or privilege of the deceased to transmit their belongings to their
lawful heirs and beneficiaries at the time of death. Some transfers are made by law or equivalent
to testamentary disposition or through a will.
4. Value-Added Tax (VAT) - a tax imposed and collected on every sale, barter, exchange, or
transaction deemed sale of taxable goods, properties, or lease of goods, services, or assets in the
course of trade as they pass through the manufacturing and distribution chain. It's an indirect tax
that can be passed on to the consumers
5. Capital gains tax - a tax imposed on presumed to have been realized by the seller due to their
sale, exchange, or other real property disposals in the Philippines, classified as capital assets.
This means the government can only impose taxes when the assets are sold to another entity.
The government can not impose taxes if the assets are yet to be sold.
6. Excise tax - is imposed on the production, sale, or consumption of goods in a certain country. It
applies to goods manufactured or produced in the Philippines for local sale or consumption and
imported goods. An example of this would be a Tax imposed on cigarettes and fuel.
7. Documentary Tax - is a tax imposed on documents, instruments, loan agreements, and paper
evidencing the acceptance, assignment, sale, or transfer of an obligation, rights, or property
consequent to such obligations, rights, or property. An example would be the charges for bank
promissory notes and deeds of sale.
8. Percentage tax - a business tax imposed on individuals or corporations that sell or lease goods,
properties, or services and whose gross yearly sales or revenue do not reach the threshold
necessary to register as VAT-registered taxpayers.
9. Withholding Tax - is the portion of an employee's wages withheld by the employer and sent
directly to the government as a partial payment of the income tax. This means the employer pays