Midterm Reviewer

Created @April 10, 2023 5:00 PM

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Course ENG104

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Module 1
Terms to Remember
Language Diversity. The existence of the multitude of languages spoken in the world,
variously estimated at between 6000 and 7000 languages
Majority Languages. Language that is usually spoken by a majority of the population a
country or region. Language that is considered the high-status language.
Minority Language. Language spoken by a smaller number of population
Bilingual/Bilingualism. the ability to speak another language aside from L1
Multilingualism/multilingual. Ability to speak or communicate in three or more
languages.

Official Language. Language that is given a special legal status in a country, state, or
other jurisdiction
National Language. Officially designated language of a nation or country, usually for
cultural and/or ethnic reasons.
Language of Instruction. Language use for teaching
Mother Tongue Instruction. Any form of schooling that makes use of the language or
languages that children are most familiar with.
Bilingual Education. The use of two languages as a medium of instruction
Multilingual Education. The use of at least three languages, the mother tongue
regional or national language and an international language in education.

Midterm Reviewer 1
 Mother Tongue. Person’s native language/language learned from birth
Language Learning. Grammar, vocabulary, and the written and the oral forms of a
language constitute a specific curriculum for the acquisition of a second language other
than the mother tongue
Linguistic Rights. Protect an individual and collective right to choose one’s language
or languages for communication both within the private and the public spheres
Language Policy. Designed to favor or discourage the use of particular language or set
of languages
Philippine Languages (171 living languages)
8 Major Languages

✦ Bikol ✦ Kapampangan

✦ Cebuano ✦ Pangasinan or Pangasinense

✦ Hiligaynon ✦ Tagalog
✦ Ilokano or Iloko ✦ Waray

Philippine Languages Subgroups

Closely related to each other:
✦ Northern Philippine languages

✦ Meso Philippine languages

✦ Southern Philippine languages

Distantly related to each other

✦ Southern Mindanao languages

✦ Sama-Bajaw languages
✦ Sulawesi languages

Module 2
1521 Arrival of the Spanish in the Philippines

Language governmentality promote organized practices to mold into desired ideal

Spanish never became a language of majority in the Philippines

Midterm Reviewer 2
 KKK on Language
Katipunan elevated Tagalog, as they don’t want the Spanish as the language of
Philippine nationhood.

Why Tagalog?
Manila became the capital of the independent Philippines after it became the capital of
the colonizers (Spain, America, Japanese)

Spanish — the language of government

Tagalog — the language of the governed in the capital city

The Revolution
The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato

1896 — Philippine revolution happen after the discovery of the Katipunan

Tejeros Assembly (a meeting held on March 22, 1897) elected Emilio Aguinaldo as the
first Philippine President. Aguinaldo lead the writing of the Constitution of Biak-Bato

Article VII of the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato: “Tagalog shall be the official

language of the Republic”

American Period

First public school in the Philippines was in Corregidor Island

Education Act of 1902: “English as the basis of all public school instruction.” (Act
No. 74, 1901)

Single language instruction was deemed to be “the success of democracy in the

Philippines”

The Transitional Government

Transitional government— American colonial administration to full independence

The National Language

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 1935, Commonwealth of the Philippines
Manuel L. Quezon won the first presidential election (legislative body emerged in 1936)

Commonwealth Act No.184, s. 1936: the funding of Institute of National Language (INL)
INL Task: study Philippine dialects with the goal of developing and adopting a common
national language based on one of the current native tongues

Commonwealth mandated Tagalog as the standard language.

Commonwealth also emphasized the need for proficiency in English as the perceived
language of democracy and a link to America. While Spanish link to the Philippines’
Latin heritage

7 People Appointed to INL by Quezon

✦ Hadji Butu, Tausug

✦ Santiago S. Fonacier, Iloko

✦ Cecilio Lopez, Tagalog 2

✦ Casimiro F. Perfecto, Bicol

✦ Felix S. Salas Rodriquez, Panay Visayan

✦ Filemon Sotto, Cebauano

✦ Jaime C. de Veyra, Chair, Wara-Waray

Tagalog

: ̗̀➛ INL recommended Tagalog as the National Language.

: ̗̀➛ Quezon claimed Tagalog as the most developed of all existing languages

: ̗̀➛ Tagalog — most consistent orthography and the most developed written, literary
tradition

1938, INL was replaced by National Language Institute (NLI)

NLI charged in developing a grammar book and an orthographically standard dictionary
for Tagalog-based curriculum

S.Y. 11940-1941— first to teach the national language

Midterm Reviewer 4
 Japanese Colonization
The Puppet Government
Jose P. Laurel — nominal president of Japan’s puppet government

Language of the national government remained Tagalog

Japanese colonized the Philippines for over three years (1942-1945)

Martial Law & The 1987 Constitution

1972— end of Third Republic
Ferdinand Marcos elected in 1965

Marcos increased the promotion of English for economic gain, focusing on direct United
States investment

1974, DECS issued Dept. Order No, 25, s. 1974: “Implementing Guidelines for
the Policy on Bilingual Education

Philippine Bilingual Education Policy (BEP)

: ̗̀➛ Filipino and English as an instruction in specific subject areas

: ̗̀➛ DECS Order No. 25:

Pilipino as the medium of instruction English as the medium of instruction

in in

✦ Social Studies/Social Sciences ✦ Science

✦ MAPEH ✦ Mathematics
✦ Home Economics ✦ Technology subjects

✦ Practical Arts

✦ Character education

Corazon Aquino — 11th President of the Philippines; Pass the Saligang Batas ng
Pilipinas, the 1987 Constitution

Language Provision in the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines

Midterm Reviewer 5
 Section 6. National Language of the Philippines is Filipino

Executive Order No. 335 & Commission on Higher Education

August 25, 1988, Executive Order No. 335: The use of Filipino in official
transactions, communications, and correspondence. However, English was seen
as a key to economic progress, again.

Language Policy of the Commission on Higher Education

1994, RA 7722 “Higher Education Act of 1994.” Established CHED and shall be
independent and separated from DECS

General Education Curriculum (GEC) updated the tertiary courses making the
bachelor’s degree program into 4 year curriculum.

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo— believes that English was necessary for the “technology-
driven sectors of the economy.”

Executive Order No. 210 “Establishing the Policy to Strengthen English as a

Second Language in the Educational System

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