SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria

Radiation 4 Matter
11 Dual Nature of

Introduction-
of phenomena
The dis covey ike intenteronce,
ight established that
liffraction md polakisaticn of
the u9ht is of ave natwe. The Maxwell's eguaion
of ele humgnetism omd Hertz expekiment on the prody-
waves in 1886
cion cmd detectiom Of electromcgnetic
Shungly , SuppoAted the Concept of wave natme ef
igt.
In 20th centuy the dis coveries of photo electic
Hextz, Compton efect by ConpBon wee explomed
efect b thepny of ligt. Acco hding to ohich,
quantu m
by igks consist of he packats of enn8t which
the
hravel streuqht une, with
in tthe sperd of ügrt.
Each packet of enung s callucl photon (hv).Thus
established.
the paicde natwe ef gnt was

Free Electrons
In metals the eectrons in the Outer shells
Callud valance elect rons) of the atms a e Loose
the
bound. They e omove easily w1hin
metal Swifacee Aeave the" metal Suface.
boumd elechons a Calluo free electrons.
Such Joosey
elechns ae hed inside h e netal,
The ree
atractive force ef the Swfae Calld restraining
by
fohces.
J

Wovk Funetion (.)

tunctiom of a meta is the minimum enehgy
Work me
requrec by a n electron to just o m he
ren+ foces a t
Sutace SO as to Ovescome
hee Yestraining
the Sunface.
wWork functiom repaesented ba and measmed in ev
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Umesh Rajoria
Electron Emission -
The Phenomena of emi ssion
of electrons
mthe faL of a metal is Called electron
emission.
The electron emission m mtal sunfaca
a
s possible ihk the
enugy poss essed by electxon s
is mone than the wohk funcion ofthe meta

The hquinLol enAJ for he electron emission

fom the metal Susface Com be Suppiec to the free
lect vons
b One
fthe follooing. physica pmcesses.
() TheYmionic emiSSLon
It he
phenomema o emission oj
electronsfom the metal
susface when heated sutably.
The enag *equnicl fon the emission oh electrons m
metal Shface is being supplied by thesmal
ensA3
The emtteel electons aR eallso thermal
eectrons ok hamions. The numbe hemions
emitted lepenes m the tempesadue of he metal
Sface. Theimions

Metad slab

Theama

Cii) Secondany Emission

It h e phenomema of emission of electrons
fom the su^face of metal in
lage numbu wen fast
moving elect rons (PAumaky elect rons) stike the meta
Suaface
The fost moving ectaons a r hgh enoAa
electruns. As they fali m meta Swiface, they ransfer
their eneN Dthe fre lectrons of h e mètal
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which their e n g becomes moe than the wok

function f the meta So he ae emitted fom
h e metal Suae.
The electromA $o emited a Callus
seconcdan
electroms
Paima
electron Metal slab

secondony
electhon

(ii) Photoelketric Emission

is the phemonena of emission of electrons
TA
from the s f a c e of metad hen ight rooiad1on of
Sutable fregeney fall on t .

Hene the enngy to the freee elect rons for

thir emi ssion is being spplied , u g photon.
The emited
emie electrons aht Caled photoeectrons

The number of photo elechons emithed depends

om the intemsit +the incident ght.
Photon Photoele cton

iv) Field Emission/ Cold Cathode Emission

It s t h e
phenomena of emission of electrons
om the metal sface unde the application of
a electic field
song}
When a vey strong eecthic Field 1o vm)
aPPed o metal, emtts elechrons.
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 SCIENCE CAREER COACHING
Umesh Rajoria_
Photo ede etric Efeet
The
emission oflectrons fom the Swaface
of metods, when radiations of Sutable
On them. reuane
emitted
The electrors Callud
and the Cwent o
a
photo-elechons
producsd is CallLd photvelectic
Cw t

Expeumenta Study of Photoelectric

Effeet
The
Ppaatus Consst of an evacuated
9los OAquaAte tube which encloses a photo sensitive
late C calld emiter) and a metal plate A (Callecd
Collector) A orapaent window w is sealed om the
3dass hube wuch Can be Covescd with a fSItea foY
panticua radiationv. This will allow
the i of pa woavelength to pas throygh
The
Plate A Cam be ven a olesiArd positve
oY nea ohve potential wmth
the
to resect plate C, us ng
nangemnt as shouon in Fau.
SSowce
W

quant
filte

Rewesing Ke

Battey
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Umesh Rajoria
Wor Kin3
Wen monochromatic raduations of
Sutable requncy obtained from Somce S, fald n
the photosensitive plate c , the pho oelectrons a
emited r o C, which get accelesated tbuands he
plate A Ccollector) i it Kept at positive potential.
These electhos flowo
in the outer eircuit
Atsulting in the photoeec.tAic cwnent. DL to t
the microammete sho0s a dellecion . The reading
of micrvamneBes mLass the photoe)ectic Cment

TM experimerta anangement Con be wAed

co Stuey h e variation of photselec hric chnt wim
the !lowing quanithes.

) Effect of mtensity of *he incident radiation

By va n a the intensit of the incidlent
radiaionsKeapin he reguimey onstand,
found thot the potoelec¥ic cwant vanies
I t is
inaalJy
wi th the intensik; of the imcidut raoliahom.

Intenty
Also Hhe number ok phutoelectror emiteo per setond
Jorecty Propontion to the intensiy o the inicent
rodiations
(ii) Efeet of potential of plade
plate C A wt.

fund found hat the photoelectrie cument

increases, araduallyA with he increose in posive
potentia f plale A.
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