the all

ter

avg.co#iiceaMProkrayoticceIIsconsicts
①

closed compartment that

got
of the
single
is surrounded by plasma membrane and has internal
a
relatively simple

÷.÷ ÷ :É :
"
""" " "

Nucleoid consisting bacteria DNA the nucleoid not within

(g→É÷÷÷→
: of the .
is enclosed

a membrane
inner membrane

" " " "

*
Prokaryotic has 2 type : Bacteria cells do not have
eu bacteria and archaea membrane bounded compartment
Periplasmapa ¥
-

→ Outer membrane
,

Plasma membrane

#
vk.r-ayjattiicce.lt Nucleus membrane

vesicles
Eukaryotic cell contain a membrane

:
-

bounded nucleus and internal.

membrane
Peroxisome
compartment
:
that enclose other
. .
.

'

c '

Nucleus consisting the cellular DNA Nucleus have

.

:
." " "
.

a bouble membrane the outer membrane

. is Rough endopramis
Rough endopramisretiurum Rough endopramis
←
.
a
factory for
assembling protein reticulum
and Protein
Golgi vesicles :
process modify
mitocundria generate fungi plant animal
energy
:

lysosome digest
: cell material to
recycle them
Peroxisome molecules H20 , H20
process
→
using oxygen
:

secretary vesicles cell trials to the surface to release them

:
carry me
 -eukaryoticwT

/
Kumta
DNA in nuleoid ( non membrane ) DNA in nucleus ( two lipid membrane)
no mitochondria have mitochondria
cell wall cell
cell wall in plant
ribosome are small 150s , 30s ) ribosome are big . 160s ,
40s )

asexually most sexually

have cell membrane have cell membrane
have cytoplasm have
cytoplasm
a. . . .
. ..
, . .. .µµ . .

Bound by the
plasma membrane
plasmid DNA the different size of ribosome

binary fission allowed scientists to develop

antibiotic drug that attack
infectious bacteria

protoplasm
have
→ the
living substance of the cell
two
type cytoplasm = ex
-

tending from the plasma membrane to

the nuclear
envelope → the fluid suspension in
cytoplasm =
cytosol
hvcle =
the substance
forming the contents of
the nucleus

scaring electron microscopy ( SEM ) scans surface = of

very small structures
electron
Transmission
microscopy ( TEM ) image of interior of
very small structure
=
-

The
organ ell

cell membrane structure of a

biological membrane is a double layer of
phospholipids
• cell cell recognition
-
with proteins interspersed randomly
• endocytosis an
exocytosis membrane lipids phospholipids
• as a receptor site for
signaling molecule glycolipids
◦ as an initiator and contra / er of the secondary messenger cholesterol
Material enter cell membrane by 3 type of endocytixic
nonspecific uptake molecules of
pinocy toxic aqueous solution
=

receptor-mediated endocytoxic specific uptake = of substance such as low

destiny Iipoprotien
phagocy toxic uptake of particulate material
=

The cell
secondary product leave the cell by 2
type of
exocy toxic
connsitutitive secretion =
using non -
clathrin coated vesicles ,
don't need signal for release
regulated secretion =
requires clathrin coated vesicles ,
need signal for process

Mitochondria contain their DNA

and outer
•
compose of inner membrane ,
space between iner an outer membrane know
as intermembrane The membrane know as Cristea and enclose mathrix space
space .
inner a

oo f- anti on in the generation of ATP .

occur in Cristea
" "" "" " "" "" "" "
" ""
"

⑧
"
° "" "" " " " " "
" ° "
• Assit in
synthesis of protein lipid ; they process enzyme
,
of
-0 inner men
the TCA
cycle circular DNA molecules and mathrix glances
,
outer
fission → men
• increas number by Binary
intermembrane
In
Ribosome ( non membrane )
☐
la lristae
space

• exist as individual particles that do not connect to

each other until the protein synthesis begin .

• two subunit site ( 40S , 60s I ,

each subunit is composed of protein and r -
RNA

• act as a catalyst that facilitates the protein synthesis .

not RNA
organ ell
ribo
protein
+
• an →
protein
 Endoplasmic Raticulum →
Glucose formation
smooth Endoplasmic Ratiu/ um CSER )• fun tion in cholesterol an lipid synthesis .

bound ribosome detoxification of certain

no
•
drug and toxin
steroid synthesis •
sequester and release kasium ion in skeletal muscle .

contraction relaxtion
' "
↓ "
•
regulate muscle an

Raticulum
rough Endoplasmic ( RER ) • surface process receptor molecules for Ribosome
and
signal recognition particles ( Ribophorin looking protein )
,

• fun tion in the

synthesis and modification protein
that are to be
packaged " " "" "

glycoprotein
.

• Has bound ribosome ,

which secrete

" "" mitreti.am

, µ g{¥Éi $
"
→"" "

→
nuclear pore
lumen

\ %qy→ER rough endoplasmit

lÉÉi;.
up
reticulum

ribosome

Golgi apparatus complexmacromolecules

) (
modifies surface
•
golgi complex package and synthesized on the of RER .

• synthesized protein pass from the RER to vehicular shipping RER

tubular cluster
by Tranter versicles train face Nuclear s Reliving side
•
protein pass to medial and trans
cis ↑ Took
,
⑧

t.TT#&fJcisternaearetheresponbiIity
face by non -
clathrin vesicles

€y→
and final
G.
sorting packaging of the macromolecules
of the Trans golgi network secret. .
↳ Vesicle

↓
shipping side ↓→ won Newly forming
Vesicles
Cis face
ñmuR¥
reliving
 Endosomes
• untiliced in destruction of endosytosed phagosytosed autophagosytosed
, ,
materials
Ht
process proton pump in their membrane which pump to endosome
acidity the
• so

interior compartment to
forming to be lysosome

lysosomes erythrocyte have no lysosome

•
lysosome membrane and packaged in TGN
enzymes
are

spereate clathrin coated vesicles

forming to end lysosome and then become lysosome
'

00
They are delivered in

• A
lysosome is a membranous sac of low -

pH Hydrolytic enzymes enzym

that can
digest
macromolecules .

•
lysosome enzymes hydrolyze protein fats polysaccharides and nucleic acid
can

•
destroy nonfvnd-io.ua/erganelI
can

another
•
Lysosome also enzyme
to
recycle the cell 's
use
type of cell engulf some can

own
organelles and macromolecules process cell
by Phagocytosis ;
.
this form
a a

called
Autophagy food vacuole

Peroxisomes
• contain enzymes that catalyze the removal of electron and associated hydrogen Water
atoms
from fatty acid and alcohols →
oxygen
•
peroxisomes protect the cell by degrading hidrogenperdoxid CH10 ) ,
by catalase

Vacuoles =
organelles of storage
⑥ can contain food water waste enzymes
and other small molecules
• Animal cell have less vacuoles than plant cell but
they do contain lipid
•
plant cells vacuoles contain : water ,
sugar , pigment and toxins .

• Plant cells have a Central vacate that take 90% of the cell
may up .

Proteasome
• fun tion in the
degradation of cytolic protein
• after tagged
by ubiquitin damaged misfolded s , a or
recyclable protein gets unfolded and
the
peptide bonds broken ubiquitin proteasome
•o
-00 Proteasome and
unibiauitin to be recycle
f.
• have 2 site 26s and R0S
8GG ,
gqgqq
Ubiquitin ated
I
888
0000
00¥
to
off }
≥

( peptides )
Protein
protein ↳
protein fragment
 I:\:*
⑥ The nucleus

• The
contain most of the DNA
nuclear membrane

.tw
is a double membrane
.it . " " " " "" "
Nucleolus
[
• DNA and proteins form
genetic material called
chromatin
""
• The Nucleolus is located within the nucleus and pore

of ribosomal RNA
is the site ( rRNA )
synthesis
a endoplasmic reticulum
chloroplasts
• contain the
green pigment chlorophyll Endomembrane sisters
⑥ found in leaves and other d- traffic and
gree organ plant ☆ The
system regulates protein
•
chloroplast structure includes Thylakoid perform metabolic font ions in the cell
membranous sacs stacked to form a ☆
component of the system ✓ Nuclear envelope
granary
-

stroma the internal fluid ✓ Endoplasmic reticulum

these components are ✓ Golgi complex

⑧
continuous or connected via ✓ Lysosome

¥÷É¥¥É⇐
transfer by vesicles ✓ Vacuoles
"
✓ Plasma membrane

cytoskeleton ( non membrane)

• It is network of fiber
a
extending throughout the
cytoplasm
• It
organizes the cell
's structure and activities ,
anchoring many organelles
•
cytoskeleton make up by type 3 of fiber :

-
protein subunit tubulinprotefni-A-inseadi.fm/nten-kerth
microtubules } micro filament (actin filament) intermediate
• "° " " " " " "" ""
"
"" " ° " " " " " " " "" ""
"
" " " "" °
°"" °"
" " " "° " " "

• can as sit in cell replication • They form psuedopodia or fate feet strength to cells .

Provide track for the movement for

• cell elongation
substances within the cell
www.inwd
?⃝
 • help to support the cell and maintain its shape
• It interacts with motor protein to produce motility
• Help regulate biochemical activities
• In cell microtubules out from a centrosome near the nucleus
many ,
grow .

⑧ In animal cells ,
the centrosome has a
pair of cent rides each with nine triplets of
microtubules arranged ring
in a

locomotion # -

• Microtubules control the beating of cilia and flagella

• cilia and flagella share a common structure
✓A core of microtubules sheathed by the
plasma membrane
✓A basal body that anchors the cilium or
flagellum
✓A movement of cilium
motor protein called dynein which drives the
bending or
flagellum
Intercellular juniors
tissues
organ system often ad head
interact and
•
neighboring cells in

direct
,
organs ,
or

communicate through physical contact Intercellular joint ions facilitate this

contact
juntions cell
• At
tight membrane of
neighboring are
pressed together preventing ,

leakage of extracellular fluid .

• desmosomes
anchoring juntionl fasten cell together into strong
( sheets
Gap juntion provide cytoplasmic channels between nearby
'
• cell

Digest cell in feral ovum ,

smallest cell
glia
sialic acid give a
negative charge to the cell surface

activity hetero chromatic nuclei

Darkly stained nuclei with low metabolic are called

lightly stained highly me euehromatic nuclei