Unit 2 Electrostatics

It was discovered in about 16 century that when some objects were rubbed with suitable
materials they acquire the power to attract or to repel i.e. they acquire “electricity”. And the type
of charge acquired depends on the object in question. For instance, glass rubbed with silk leaves
the glass positively charged. Further, when both objects have equal charge, repulsion is
observed. Attractions occurs for objects with dissimilar charges.

Movements of Electrons in a conductor

Battery

E D

Direction of flow of electrons

Conventional direction of current

Fig. 2.1: Movement of Electrons in a conductor

In a normal piece of conductor there is a random movement of free electrons. When an

electromotive force is applied to the conductor, it will produce an ordered movement of the
electrons. The positive side thus attracts electrons with an overall that the amount of electrons
entering the rod to the D terminal is equal that flowing into the rod from E terminal.

Notice that with respect to battery B, Electrons move from the negative terminal (point of lower
potential) through the conductor and enters the battery at the positive terminal (at the point of
higher potential). This is in opposite direction to that taken as the conventional direction of the
current. This convention was adopted before the discovery of the electrons and is therefore
maintained that electric current flows from a point at the higher potential to that at the lower
potential.

Finally, since each electron carries a negative charge of 1.602 x 10 -19 coulomb, it translates that
for a current of 1 ampere flowing in a circuit (i.e. 1 Coulom per second), the amount of electrons
flowing through any given point, must be such that:

1.602 x 10-19 x N = 1 coulomb/second

Which implies that

N = 6,24 x 1018

N is the number of electrons/second. This means that 16.24 x 10 18 electrons per second is
flowing in a particular point of a circuit when 1 ampere current is applied.
Force on an isolated charge in an electric field

Separating plates M and N in a tiny sphere S, with a charge of q coulomb that is positive, M is
positive with respect to N. Since it is positively charged, there is a force acting on it urging it
towards N.

M N

+q S -q

The movement of a positive charge from M to N is equivalent to a momentary current from a

point M to N of a wire and the energy absorbed in such a case in joules.

= pd. in volts x current in amperes x time in seconds

= pd. in volts x charge in coulombs

So in the system of Figure.2.2

Energy absorbed = Vq joules

Since this energy is due to the force on the charge acting through a distance d meters.

(Force, in Newtons on charge q) x d = Vq joules

Then Force on charge = qV/d = qE Newtons

Or

Force on charge = E Newtons/Coulomb

Where

The dielectric strengths of the electric field is E (which is in air in our case).

A. Translate the text into good Indonesia!

B. Answer the Questions (based on the text above)!
1. What happens when some objects are rubbed with suitable materials?
2. According to the text, what depends on the object?
3. In what kind of conductor a random movement of free electrons exists?
4. “When an electromotive force is applied to the conductor, it will produce an ordered
movement of the electrons”. What does the word it refer to?
5. In the Fig. 2.1, why does the positive side attract electrons?
6. Is it correct that electrons move from the positive to the negative terminal after the
discovery of the electrons? Explain!
7. What is N in the formula shown in the text?
8. “Since it is positively charged, there is a force acting on it urging it towards N.” What does
the word it refer to?

C. Vocabulary Building Section

Topics: Suffixes forming adjectives
Instruction: In English, there are adjectives formed by different kinds of suffixes/ For example.
Datable is formed by the stem data + suffix able
Linguistics is fomed by the stem linguist and suffix ic.
From the examples it is shown that adjective may be derived from Noun plus suffixes able and
ic. There are some other suffixes as adjective markers.
Suffixes Examples
-able touchable, comfortable, lovable
-ful peaceful, wasteful, plentiful
-ible reversible, reducible,
-ical spherical, theatrical, quizzical
-ious prestigious, infectious, spacious
-ive reflective, imaginative, constructive
-y cloudy, rainy, icy
Ing interesting, boring, disgusting …

Put the word in the bracket in its correct adjectives form!

1. We should promote our national product. (nation)

2. Anna is a not a … .. girl, but she is very good in managing work. (beautify) beautiful
3. Our new classmate is not popular in this school because he is a ….. … boy.(boast)
boastful
4. My father just bought two ….… story books. (interest) interesting
5. I am not …. ..… in listening to rock songs. (interest) interested
6. I don’t like theoretical… .… items, I prefer to have practical…. … ones. (theory),
(practice)
7. He is not only a good father but also a religious……. Person. (religion)
8. I hope you will give me some constructive… .. suggestions. (construct)
 9. We have to go down town now although it’s rather cloudy …. … (cloud)
10. I feel more….comfortable ….. in this place. (comfort)
Make your own sentences using each of the following adjectives, then write the stem of each
adjective!
1. lovable 4. careless 7. contradictory
2. imaginative 5. logical 8. spacious
3. wasteful 6. rainy 9. Comparative

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
D. The Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense is a sentence pattern made up of the auxiliary have + the past
participle form of the main verb.
It is used to indicate (1) an action that took place at an indefinite time or over a period of time in
the past, but still has relevance in the present; (2) that an action was completed in the very recent
past; (3) an action which began in the past and has continued up to the present. Each sentence
pattern of this tense and the example for each pattern can be seen below.

Affirmative/Positive
Verbal
S + have\has + V3 ± O
Eg. They have stayed in this little town for years
She has become a good dancer since she was child.
Nominal
S + have/has + been + complement
Eg. They have been in this little town for years.
She has been a good dancer since she was child.
Negative
Verbal
S + have\has + not + V3 ± O
Eg. They have not stayed in this little town for years
She has not become a good dancer since she was child.
Nominal
S + have/has + not + been + complement
Eg. They have not been in this little town for years.
She has not been a good dancer since she was child.
Interrogative\Questions
Verbal
Have\has + S + V3 ± O
Eg. Have they stayed in this little town for years?
Has she become a good dancer since she was child?
Nominal
Have/has + S + been + complement
Eg. Have they been in this little town for years?
Has she been a good dancer since she was child?

Statement Questions
Verbal
Question word + have\has + V3 ± O?
Eg. How long have they stayed in this little town?
When has she become a good dancer?
Nominal
Question word + have\has + been + complement?
Eg. How long have they been in this little town?
When has she been a good dancer?

Answers
Yes\No Questions
Yes, + S + have\has
Eg. Yes, they have
Yes, she has
No, + S + have\has not
No, they have not
No, she has not.

Fill in the blanks with a negative form of the Present Perfect Tense!
1. She worked hard last semester, but she ………… ………. this semester.
2. We ate a lot yesterday, but we …………………………….. today.
3. It snowed a lot last winter, but it ……………………………………….. this winter.
4. My favorite baseball team won a lot of games last season, but they ………. many games so
far this season.
5. I watched television last night, but I …………….. tonight.
Complete these sentences using either Past or Present Perfect Tense!
1. I (attend, not) any parties since I came here.
I had not attended any parties since I came here.
2. Al (go) …………….. to a party at Sally’s apartment last Saturday night.
3. Bill (arrive) ……… here since three days ago.

4. Try not to be absent from class again for the rest of the term. You (miss, already) …….. to

many classes, You (miss) …… two classes just last week.

5. Last January, I (see) ….. snow for the first time in my life.

6. In her whole life time, Anna (see, never) ………. Snow.

7. So far this week, I (have) …… …… two tests and a quiz.

8. Up to now, Professor Williams (give) ………. Our class five tests.