EALS REVIEWER QUIZ 1

SCOPE:
I. The Universe and Solar System III. Rocks
II. Earth and Earth’s Subsystems IV. Weathering

UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM

Objectives:

 State different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe

 Describe different hypotheses explaining the origin of the solar system

A. DEFINING THE UNIVERSE

 It is only one.
 Composed of space and 100 billion galaxies.
 The universe is everything – planets, stars, galaxies, space, and even time.
 Most cosmologists now believe that the universe is finite, meaning it does have an end
and does not go on forever. (“Kosmos” is a Greek word that means an organization of
everything.)
B. DEFINING A GALAXY

 Grouping of millions or billions of stars kept together by gravity.

THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Big Bang Theory  It is an expansion, not an explosion.
 It began from a singularity the size of a grapefruit
that expanded over a billion years to form the
universe we have now.
 Super Nova – the explosion of stars

Open Universe Theory by Edwin The galaxies of the universe are moving farther apart.
Hubble
Explained the two (2) ways that the Big Bang Theory can
result to:

1. Infinite Universe – results from the open

universe or when the universe exceeds its
expected limit of growth and continues to grow.
2. Big Crunch – occurs when the universe
reaches its maximum expansion and starts to
recede causing galaxies to crash together forming
the “big crunch”.
 Steady State Theory by Herman
Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred
Hoyle in 1948
 Only the universe expands and not the galaxies.
 New matter is constantly formed as the universe
continues to expand.
 The older bodies eventually became out of sight as
a consequence of their increasing distance and
rate of recession.
 In contrast with the Big Bang Theory, this theory
claims that the universe has no beginning or end in
time, and even though it is expanding, its
appearance remains the same over time.

COSMOLOGY

1. Steady-State Cosmology – matter is constantly created

as the Universe expands.

2. Big Bang Cosmology – matter dilutes as the Universe

expands.

Creation Theory  The Creation Theory earns a strong influence on

scientists explaining that there was once a Creator
who, through His word, designed and created the
universe and its vastness of it.

 According to His word, He created everything

systematically and with purpose.

C. DEFINING THE SOLAR SYSTEM

 Copernicus (1473-1543) first proposed that Earth and the other planets orbit the sun.
 The orbits of the planet were first said to be elliptical (…) by Kepler (1671-1630).
 Asides from the sun and moon, one of the brightest objects in our sky is Venus.

Models of the Universe

It differs in stating what is the center of the universe (sun or Earth). In where the center is where
everything revolves around it.
A. Geocentric – According to Ptolemy, in this model of the universe, the Earth is at the center.
B. Heliocentric – According to Copernicus, the sun is the center of this model of the universe.
a. Perihelion – the sun is near Earth
b. Aphelion – the sun is far from Earth
c. Apogee – the moon is near the sun
d. Perigee – the moon is near Earth
 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Nebular Hypothesis by Emanuel This hypothesis started from a rotating cloud of gas that
Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and contracts in the middle to form the sun and the rest into
Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1700s a disc that becomes a planet.

a) Supernova and formation of the

primordial dust cloud.
b) Condensation of primordial dust. Forms
disk-shaped nebular clouds rotating
counter-clockwise.
c) Proto sun and planets begin to form.
d) Accretion of planetariums and
differentiations of planets and moons.
e) Existing solar system take place.