- the property of a fluid that resists
Volcanoes
Volcano
- is usually a cone shaped mountain or
hill that opens downward to a pool of
molten rock below the surface of the
earth
Ring of Fire
- is a string of volcanoes that runs
around the edge of the pacific ocean
How are volcanoes formed?
• when tectonic plates collide and go
through the process of subduction, it
sets the foundation for a volcano
• the overlapping of the tectonic plates
causes the magma to break through the
crust, which is the cause of a
volcano’s birth
Parts of a Volcano
• crater
• conduit
•
magma chamber
• magma
• ash cloud
• vent
• lava
Crater
- is a funnel-shaped depression at the
top of a volcano formed as a result of
explosive eruption
Taal Volcano
- has 47 craters.
Caldera
- is a volcanic crater that is formed
when a part of the wall of the crater
collapses following an explosive
eruption
- a large crater formed by volcanic
eruption or by collapse of a volcanic
cone
Phases of a Volcano
Active Volcanoes
- are ones that have erupted in the past
10,000 years
- are likely to erupt again
- active magma chamber
Dormant Volcanoes
- are ones that have not erupted in the
past 10,000 years
- still have the possibility to erupt
- magma chamber is slowly filling
- also referred to as sleeping volcanoes
Extinct Volcanoes
- are ones which no eruption has
occurred within historic times
- future occurrences are highly
impossible
- inactive magma chamber
Mt. Pinatubo
- last erupted in the year 1991
- though it is technically an active
volcano, experts say that it was its
last eruption ever that is why the
eruption is so destructive
Viscosity
the force tending to cause the fluid
to flow
Magma
- molten material beneath or within the
earth’s crust, from which igneous rock
is formed
Lava
- the molten, fluid rock that issues
from a volcano or volcanic vent
Ash
- the powdery residue of matter that
remains after burning
Hot Spring
- a natural spring of mineral water at
temperature of 21°C (70°F) or above,
found in areas of volcanic activity
Geyser
- a hot spring that intermittently sends
up fountain like jets of water and
into the air
Types of Volcano
Shield Volcanoes
- the magma inside is rich in iron and
magnesium and is very fluid
- since the magma is very fluid, the
lava coming out tends to flow great
distances
- Examples:
▪ Mauna Loa in Hawaii
▪ Mauna Kea in Hawaii
Composite Volcanoes
- the magma inside is rich in silica and
much thicker than magma from a shield
volcano
- gases gets trapped inside this thicker
magma
- Examples:
▪ Mayon Volcano in Albay, Bicol
▪ Mt. Fuji in Japan
Cinder Cone Volcanoes
- the magma inside has large amounts of
gases trapped in it
- eruption are violent and explosive
because of all the gas trapped in the
magma
- Examples:
▪ Smith Volcano in Babuyan
Islands
▪ Mt. Saint Helens in Washington
Types of Volcanic Eruption
Pheatic/Hydrothermal
- is a stream-driven eruption as the hot
rocks come in contact with water
Phreatomagmatic
- is a violent eruption due to the
contact between water and magma
Strombolian
- is a period weak to violent eruption
characterized by fountain lava
Vulcanian
- is characterized by tall eruption that
reach up to 20 km high with
pyroclastic flow and ashfall tephra
Plinian
- is excessively explosive type of
eruption of gas and pyroclastics
Primary Effects of Volcanic Eruption
Volcanic Gases
- all magma contains dissolved gasses
- these gasses are mainly steam, carbon
dioxide and compounds of sulphur and
chlorine
Lava Flows
- are streams of molten rock
Pyroclastic Flows
- are high speed avalanches of hot ash,
rock fragments and gas which move down
the sides of a volcano
Secondary Effects of Volcanic Eruption
Lahars
- are mixture of water, rock, ash, sand
and mud that originate from the slopes
of a volcano
- often happen because of heavy rainfall
eroding volcanic deposits
Landslides
- heat from cooling magma can cause
hydrothermal alteration of the rocks,
turning sections of them into clay
- this weakens the rocks and increases
the risk of slope failures
Volcanic Alert Levels
Alert Level 0
- quiet or no alert
- no eruption in foreseeable future
Alert Level 1
- low level of volcanic unrest
- no eruption imminent
Alert Level 2
- increasing unrest
- magma may rise from earth’s crust
leading to possible volcanic eruption
Alert Level 3
- magmatic unrest
- may include seismic swarms, charges in
temperature, bubbling activity
Alert Level 4
- hazardous eruption imminent
- hazardous eruption possible in days
Alert Level 5
- hazardous eruption in progress
- accompanied by lava fountaining/lava
flows
Preparedness Plan
Before
- Stay Tuned:
▪ to the latest news
▪ to know current situation
▪ to stay informed with local
safety plans and evacuation
areas
- Know Disaster Hotlines:
▪ National Emergency Hotline: 911
▪ Philippine National Police: 117
▪ PHIVOLCs: (02) 8426-1468 to 79
▪ Philippine Red Cross: 143 or
(02) 9790-2300
▪ Bureau of Fire Protection: (02)
8426-0246
▪ NDRRMC: (02) 8911-5061 to 65
local 100
- Prepare a Go-Bag
▪ in case of evacuation
▪ this should include:
o a mask per person (N95 or
makeshift)
o copies of personal
documents
o phone and powerbank
o flashlights and batteries
or candles and matches
o 3 gallons of portable
water per person
o 3 days’ worth of non-
perishable food
o hygiene and sanitation
items
o first aid kit and
maintenance medication
o extra cash
During
- Stay Calm!
▪ it’s important to stay as calm
as possible during a volcanic
eruption so that you can think
rationally and avoid doing
things that can put you or
others in danger
▪ remaining calm helps you stay
focused on the situation
- If you are outdoors:
▪ seek shelter indoors
▪ if you are caught in a
rockfall, roll into a ball to
protect your head
▪ if near a stream or river, be
aware of rising water and
possible mudflows in low-lying
areas
▪ move up-slope as quickly as
possible
▪ seek care for burns right away;
immediate care can be life
saving
▪ if your eyes, nose, and throat
become irritated from volcanic
gasses and fumes, move away
immediately; your symptoms
should go away when you are no
longer in contact with the
gasses or fumes; if symptoms
continue, consult your doctor
- If you are indoors:
▪ close all windows, doors, and
fireplace or woodstove dampers
▪ turn off all fans and heating
and air conditioning systems
▪ bring pets and livestock into
closed shelters
After
- Stay tuned!
▪
listen to your local radio
stations for civil defense
advice and follow instructions
- Stay indoors:
▪ stay indoors and away from
volcanic ashfall areas as much
as possible
▪ when it is safe to go outside,
keep your gutters and roof
clear of ash as heavy ash
deposits can collapse your roof
- Volcanic Eruptions may result
▪ volcanic eruptions may result
in floods, landslides and
 mudslides, power outages, and
wildfires
- Be safe!
Positive Effects of Volcanic Eruption
• it can bring out various precious
materials buried deep in the earth
• it can fertile soils
• it can lead to land formation
• in can be a tourist spot
World Climate
Weather
- condition of the atmosphere at a
specific place and time
Factors Affecting the Weather
Temperature
- the degree of hotness or coldness of a
place
- thermometer is used to measure it
Wind
- the movement of air in the atmosphere
- wind vane is used to know the
direction of the wind
Air Pressure
- the force caused by the weight of air
in the earth’s surface
- the force exerted by the air
- air is the atoms or molecules floating
in the atmosphere
- barometer is used to measure it
Humidity
- the amount of water vapour in the air
- hydrometer is used to measure it
Precipitation
- the water falling from the atmosphere,
in the forms of rain, snow or hail
- rain gauge is used to measure how
heavy the rain is
Climate
- the general pattern of weather in a
certain area over a long period of
time
Seasons in the Philippines
Dry Season
- from December to May
- the two types are:
▪ Cold Dry Season
▪ Hot Dry Season
Wet Season
- also called “Rainy Season”
- from June to November
Factors Affecting the Climate
Latitude
- as the latitude increases, temperature
decreases
▪ Tropical Zone is nearest to the
equator
▪ Temperate Zone is neither near
or far from the equator
▪ Polar Zone is the farthest to
the equator
▪ the earth is tilted 23.5° on
its axis
Altitude
- is the height above sea level
▪ the air temperature decreases
as the altitude increases
Bodies of Water
• land heats and cools faster than the
sea
• coastal areas have lower temperatures
than inland areas
• places that are far from the bodies of
water have extreme climates
Topography
- ocean → wind direction → mountain
range → leeward side of mountain
• in a rain shadow, from the
windward side, water picks up
water vapour
• water vapour condenses to form
clouds
• in the leeward side, after it
passes the mountain range, the
warming air picks up water from
the environment
Ocean Currents
- the five ocean currents are:
▪ Indian
▪ South Pacific
▪ North Pacific
▪ South Atlantic
▪ North Atlantic
- ocean currents that brings along cold
water to inland makes the climate cold
- ocean currents that take along warm
water to coastal areas make the
climate warm
Climate Change
- is a natural phenomenon and has been
occurring since the earth came into
being
- is a change in the average whether of
a given area or region