ORGANIC COMPOUNDS,

CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES

for General Chemistry 1/ Grade 12

Quarter 2 / Week 6

NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2 1 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2

 FOREWORD

This Self Learning Kit (SLK) will serve as a guide to Grade 12

STEM learners in understanding functional groups and their
role in the classification of organic compounds, and the
concept of structural isomerism. Sample problems, practice
exercises, and post-evaluation are included to help them in
understanding the topics.

2 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
K : identify the functional group/s present in a compound and define
isomerism.
S : draw all possible structural or constitutional isomers for a given
molecular formula.
A: recognize the role of the functional groups in a compound.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
- Describe the different functional groups (STEM_GC11OCIIg-j- 87)
- Describe structural isomerism; give examples (STEM_CG11OCIIg-j-
89)

I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-ACTIVITY/PRE-TEST

A. Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice in your
notebook.

1. Propanoic acid is an example of ________________.

A. aldehyde B. carboxylic acid C. Ester D. ketones

2. Ethers are formed by the attachment of _________.

A. four alkyl groups to one oxygen atom
B. Three alkyl groups to one oxygen atom
C. Two alkyl groups to a different oxygen atom
D. Two alkyl groups to the same oxygen atom

3. Which of the following molecules is an example of an ester?

A. CH3CH2CH(CH3)2 C. CH3COOCH3
B. CH3COOH D. CH3OCH2CH2CH3

4. Which functional groups below indicate the presence of two atoms

connected by a triple bond?
A. Alkene B. Alkyne C. Ester D. Ketone

5. Which of the following compounds below is alcohol?

3 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2
 A. CH3CH2OH C. CH3COOH
B. CH3CH2OCH3 D. CH3COOCH3

6. What is the correct relationship between the two molecules shown

below?

A. There is no relationship. C. They are functional isomers.

B. They are chain isomers. D. They are positional isomers.

7. The two isomeric forms of hydrocarbon molecules have ______.

A. different compositions of elements.
B. different content of the H isotopes
C. the same molecular formula
D. the same structural formula

8. Compounds having the same molecular formula but having different

structural formula is called______________.
A. molecular isomer C. positional isomer
B. optical isomer D. structural isomer

9. Which of the following refers to compounds with identical molecular

formulas but with different arrangements of their atoms?
A. allotropes C. isomers
B. enantiomers D. isotopes

10. Which of the following refers to a constitutional isomer with the same
carbon skeleton and functional group but differs in the location of its
functional group?
A. chain C. nomenclature
B. functional D. positional

4 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION:

Recall your previous discussion about organic compounds.

When we say organic compounds, these are molecules composed of
carbon bonded to hydrogen. Also, organic compounds may contain
other elements such as halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and
sulfur.
Organic compounds are classified based on the functional
group present. A functional group is an atom or group of atoms
covalently bonded to a parent compound and is responsible for a
specific chemical property of the such compound. In addition, the
functional group plays an important role in naming compounds. For
example, a functional group of alcohol combined with compound
ethane (an alkane), ethan + ol, becomes ethanol.

The functional group can be classified into two, hydrocarbons

and hydrocarbon derivatives. Hydrocarbons are molecules
composed only of carbon and hydrogen while hydrocarbon
derivatives contain another type of atoms in addition to the main
compound (compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen). Table 1
shows the classification of organic compounds based on their
functional group present.

Mostly, organic compounds have a higher number of C atoms.

With this, the carbon and hydrogen (aliphatic) portion are often
abbreviated by a capital letter R for aliphatic hydrocarbon and Ar for
aromatic compounds.

Table 1. Classification of Organic Compounds According to functional groups

Major Suffix
General
Classification Class Name Example (Name
Structure
ending)

Alkane
R-C-H3 -ane
Hydrocarbon Propane
Alkene
R-C=C-H2 -ene

5 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2
 Propene
Major Suffix
General
Classification Class Name Example (Name
Structure
ending)

Alkyne -yne
Propyne

Hydrocarbon
Aromatic Ar-H none

Benzene

Alcohol R-C-OH -ol

1-propanol

R-CH2-X
Alkyl halides none
X(F, Cl, Br) 1-
Bromopropane

Ether R-O-R ether

Methyl propyl
ether

Thiol R-S-H -thiol

Propanethiol

Sulfide R-S-R -sulfide

Hydrocarbon Methyl propyl
Derivatives sulfide

Amine R-NH2 -amine

1-propanamine

Aldehyde R-CO-H -al

propanal

Ketone R-CO-R -one

2-propanone

6 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2
 Major Suffix
Classification General
Class Name Example (Name
Structure
ending)

Carboxylic
R-COO-H -oic
Acid
Propanoic acid

Hydrocarbon
Ester R-COO-R -oate
Derivatives
Methyl propanoate

Amide R-CO-NH2 -amide

Propanamide
Adopted from: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_ Chemistry_
(Averill_ad_Eldredge) /24%3A_Organic_Compounds/24.1%3A_Functional_Groups_and_Classes_of_
Organic _Compounds (Note: Structures were created using ChemBioDraw Ultra)

Hydrocarbons

As shown in Table 1, there are four classes belonging to

hydrocarbons. These are alkane with all single bonds (-C-C-), alkenes
with at least one double bond (C=C-), alkynes with at least one triple
bond ( ) and an aromatic compound, a six-membered ring with
three double bonds in an alternate position.

Hydrocarbon Derivatives

Hydrocarbon derivatives include molecules containing a single

bond to a heteroatom (organic molecules other than carbon and
hydrogen) and compounds containing a C=O (carbonyl) group.

Compounds containing a single bond to a heteroatom include

alcohol, alkyl halides, amines, ether, thiol, and sulfide. For a compound
to be classified as alcohol it must have at least one -OH attached
directly to a carbon atom. For alkyl halides, it must have at least one
halogen (group 7a elements in the periodic table, F, Cl, Br). In the case

7 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2
of ether, an oxygen atom must have two carbon compounds
attached directly (ex.CH3 -O- CH3). Thiol is like alcohol in terms of
structure but instead of -OH, it is -SH that is directly attached to the
carbon. For sulfide, it is like ether, but instead of oxygen, it is S with 2
carbon atoms directly attached (CH3 -S-CH3). And for amines, an
amino group (NH2) must be present (ex. CH3NH2, (CH3)2 NH, & CH3N).

Furthermore, compounds containing C=O include aldehyde,

ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, and amides. The following are a few
examples of compounds with carbonyl carbon.

◆ Aldehyde contains one H directly attached to the carbonyl

carbon.

Carbonyl g (-Carbonyl group(-C=O)

CH3CHO (Condensed structure)

◆ Ketone has no hydrogen bonded to a carbonyl C and has two

different or same R groups attached.

Alkyl, R group (-CH3)

CH3OCH3 (condensed structure)

◆ Carboxylic acid has OH directly attached to carbonyl C.

Carboxyl group (-COOH)

CH3COOH (condensed structure)

◆ Ester has an OR group connected to carbonyl C.

-COOR group

CH3COOCH3 (condensed structure)

8 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2
 ◆ Amide has an amino group present.
Amino group

CH3CONH2 (condensed structure)

Sample exercise. Identify the functional group present in each

compound.

1.) CH3(CH2)5OH 3.) CH3O(CH2)4CH3

2.) CH3(CH2)5COCH3 4.) CH3CH2NH2

Answer: 1.) Alcohol, 2.) ketone, 3.) Ether, 4.) Amine

Structural Isomerism

In the previous lesson, you learned about the molecular and

structural formulas of some organic compounds. When we say
molecular formula, it describes the actual number and type of atoms
present in a compound, but it does not give any information on how
the atoms are arranged. On the other hand, the structural formula
shows not only the number of atoms but also the arrangement of
atoms in space.
Compounds having the same molecular formula but having
different structural formulas are referred to as an isomer. The two major
classifications of isomers are structural or constitutional isomer and
stereoisomer or configurational isomer. We will focus our discussion on
structural or constitutional isomer.

What is a structural or constitutional isomer?

Structural or constitutional isomers are molecules with the same

molecular formula but with different connections of atoms. It is
classified into the chain, positional, and functional isomers.

9 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2
Chain Isomers - a type of structural or constitutional isomer which has
the same molecular formula but differs in the arrangement
of carbon atoms. For example, hexane (C6H14) and 2-
methylpentane (C6H14)

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

Hexane, C6H14 2-methylpentane, C6H14

Positional Isomers - are another type of structural or constitutional

isomer in which the basic carbon skeleton remained
unchanged but differs in the location of a noncarbon group
or a double and a triple bond. For example, 1-hexanal (C6H13-
OH) and 2-hexanol (C6H13-OH)

1-hexanol 2-hexanol

Functional Isomers - it is also a type of structural or constitutional isomer

where each isomer contains different functional groups. For
example-butanol (C4H10O) and 2-Methoxy propane (C4H10O)

1- butanol 2-Methoxy propane

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

EVALUATION/POST TEST:

A. Matching Type.
Direction: Match the molecular formula in Column A to the correct
functional group in Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer
in the space provided.

Column A Column B

10 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2
 1. CH3CH2CHO _____ A. Alcohol
2. CH3(CH2)4COCH3 _____ B. Aldehyde
3. CH3CH2CH2COOCH3 _____ C. Amide
4. CH3CH2CONH2 _____ D. Amine
5. CH3CH2CH2NH2 _____ E. Carboxylic acid
6. CH3CH2OCH3 _____ F. Ester
7. CH3CH2CH2SH _____ G. Ether
8. CH3CH2CH2COOH _____ H. Haloalkane
9. CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2 _____ I. Ketone
10. CH3CHClCH3 _____ J. Alkyne
K. Thiol
L. Alkene

B. Multiple Choices
Direction: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice
in your notebook. Draw all the isomers if applicable.

1. How many structural isomers can be formed from the compound

C5H12?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
2. How many chain isomers are possible for C4H10?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

3. The compound C7H16 has _____isomers.

A. 3 B. 6 C. 9 D. 12

4. The molecular formula C3H6O represents an aldehyde and

ketone, is a type of _______________________.
A. chain isomerism C. position isomerism
B. functional isomerism D. stereoisomerism

5. Which of the following is an isomer of ethanol (CH3CH2OH)?

A. Acetone,

B. diethyl ether, CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3

C. dimethyl ether, CH3-O-CH3
D. methanol, CH3OH

11 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2
REFERENCES

Janice Gorzynski Smith, General, Organic, & Biological

Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2010. 334-339

Molecular Formula
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/mole
cular-formulas/ (Accessed October 13, 2020)

Structural Isomerism
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/structural.
html (Accessed October 13,2020)

Structural Isomerism in Organic

Moleculeshttps://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_C
hemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Funda
mentals/Isomerism_in_Organic_Compounds/Structural_Isomer
ism_in_Organic_Molecules (Accessed October 15, 2020)

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO12P. PAULIN, CESO V

NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2
Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
13 NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2
SYNOPSIS ANSWER KEY

Functional groups are groups of

molecules responsible for the
chemical characteristics of a
compound. They can be classified as
hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon
derivatives. Hydrocarbon functional
groups are composed mainly of
carbon and hydrogen while
hydrocarbon derivatives contain
other elements such as nitrogen,
oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
Additionally, structural isomerism
is being discussed in this SLK. Isomers
are defined as compounds with the
same molecular formula but different
structural formulas. Further, isomers
are classified as constitutional isomers
and stereoisomers. Constitutional
isomers are isomers that differ in the
connections of atoms and are
Pre-activity/pre-test
classified as chain, positional and
A. 1. B 6. D
functional isomers. 2. D 7. C
3. C 8. D
4. B 9. C
5. A 10. D
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Evaluation/post-test:
A. 1. B
AGUSTINA C. OMAGUING, is a graduate of Bachelor of
2. B
Science in Chemistry at Negros Oriental State University
3. F
(NORSU). She earned her Education units at Foundation
4. C
University and completed her academic requirements
5. D
in Master of Arts in Science Teaching at NORSU.
6. G
Currently a Senior High School teacher at Valencia
7. K
National High School.
8. E
9. L
10. H
B.
1. C
14 2. B
NegOr_Q2_GenChem1-12_SLK Week6_v2
3. C
4. B
5. C