SC1101 test

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obsevations on facts without being per-

son
Objective not influenced by personal feelings or
opinions in considering and representing
facts
Assumptions based on personal opinons
subjective
without facts
the process of applying a general state-
ment to specific facts or situations.
fact about population determing the indi-
deductive reasoning visual.
Birds fly, a pigeon is a bird therfore it
must fly
outside in or top down aproach
reasoning from detailed facts to general
principles
fact about indivisual determing popula-
inductive reasoning tion
pigeons fly, they are birds therefore birds
fly
inside out or bottom up
empirical evidence has data based
on practical experience or observation
empirical rather theory or pure logic
something that has been observed and
is based on practical experience
the explanation of phenomena (observ-
able facts) by the purpose they serve,
rather than by assuming causes without
Teleology proof.
The teleology of a cup is to drink liquid
out of it because by observation people
drink liquid out of cups all the time
phenomena observable facts or events
Scientist critique, and replicate experi-
ments with the goal of identifying and
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correcting errors in the research
self-correcting Being able to reconise mistakes and fix-
ing them.
repitition to inprove an idea, discovery,
iteractive
experiment, product, process or design
the action or process of observing some-
thing or someone, describing events or
processes carefully
Observation
in order to gain information, findings, re-
sults, or a statement.
hypothetical theory
A testable statement/theory explaining
the relationship between two or more
varibles.
Hypothesis
answers questions that they have on the
experient
my drink bottle has air in it, the lid is
holding air in it.
A logical statement about what will hap-
pen if the hypothesis is correct.
prediction
the air will be released when I open the
lid
a scientific procedure to test a hypothe-
experiment
sis or known fact
an opinion formed from facts or evidence
example, scrunching face when some-
Inferences one eats chocolate ice cream, means
they dont like chocolate
Infer = Scrunching face
a false or mistaken idea
scrunching your face when eating ice
fallacy cream is because you dont like the
falvour
No because it could be cause its cold,

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you dont like the flavour, or just dont like
all ice cream.
a statement that is assumed to be true
and is used for a basis for an agurment
premise
calling 000 for someone in your back-
yard, calling them a theif
a physical and/or mathimatical represen-
scientific models
sation of ideas, events or proccess
explanation for observations using the
theory scientific meath which brings together
facts and hypotheses
a rule or princible developed from facts
law
or maths to predict and explain instances
a model or example
paradigm Sets of concepts or patterns that involve
theories and reseach methods
a belief where earth was throught to be
Geocentric centre of the solar system
earth centered
sun-centered
Heliocentric belief where the sun is thought to be the
centre of the solar system
over communication, knowledge, discov-
cumulative eries, and data is shared to help build
more complete accurate understanding
The future of the data relating to the hy-
predictive
pothesis
able to be disproven by experimental re-
falsifiable
sults
something that is said to be true but can't
Pseudoscience
be proven by the scientific method.
an assumption overtakes discovering
"Black Swan" events are:
something thoroughly/properly

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how consistently a method mesures
something.
reliable
or how consistently something is tested
to get the final result
verifiable if it can be tested and proved to be true
if an experiment is repeated by another
Reproducible person or by using different equipment
or techniques, and get the same results
The application of scientific knowledge
Technology
for practical purposes or uses
technology combined with the scientfic
method
Technoscience
a term for science and technology as one
thing
when research and development into a
new science or technology, pushes the
Technology push
development of new products or areas
example GPS to better ones
when humans need a new tool and tech-
nology is being made to meet that need.
Technology pull
example mail then internet to getting
emails
the system where technology has to be
socially excepted
example the internet. humans have to
Socio-technical systems make money, put cords somewhere,
communicate to the world not to touch
it, fix and mend before we can just have
'the interent'
concept that
co-production society shapes technology
technology shapes society
intentionally deliberately, on purpose
is to intentionally invent a tool to prevent
intentional design
the consequences of a problem
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learning the development and how to
social learning use tools by different members of a com-
munity/society.
passes down or shared why of applying
or idea of knowledge for the purposes of
improving it.
communication across generations of an
idea and application of related knowl-
cumulative cultural transmission
edge to improve it. Innovation builds
upon previous information
knowledge of an invention and being
able to pass it down for help to fix it and
inprove it.
when something happens its difficult to
reverse it, or whats the point of reversing
it.
when you have an idea, an invention
ratchet effect
then you want to improve it, the rachet
effect is the transmition over time
why go back to travelling with a cart when
you have a car.
a model or structured ways to get re-
search, approach and analyse
frameworks
Structuring your ideas
politics is a framework
a result or effect of an action or condition.
predicting impacts on something
consequences
political, envionmental, social, economic
impacts
an effect that has an immediate impact
or longterm to something causing an
direct and indirect consequences
event or incident
directly or indirectly impacted
mass producing stuff with hiring 'un-
fordist production model skilled' people becasue it was cheap but
payed enough to buy the products

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technology designed ro break so we buy
Engineered obsolescence
more
a movement to put tax on things people
the Keynesian welfare state
buy to redistrubute wealth
a design to accomidate new technology
Urban Design people use like cars
building roads or bike paths off roads
tecnology like cars that let people trav-
el to things that arent local, the urban
urban sqrawl
sprawl created shopping centres and let
people work a distance.
scientist moved from learn from wise
people and books to learning more from
Scientific Revolution
experience, which introducted experi-
menting and observing 'magic'.
The proccess of making change to the
Reformation religous insititiution called the catholic
church
A civil war that broke out between those
who supported Parliament and thse that
English Revolution
supported the Catholic King.
The King was beheaded.
techology scientific knowledge for practical uses
techology is not 'bad' its what people do
with the tecnology that is bad
hammer is good to build house but
'value free' position someone can attack someone with it.
guns arent bad its what people do with
them is bad
techology is neutral
Tecnology has influence on society and
it can never be removed
technology favours one group more then
'value laden' position
the other due to cultrual values therefore
it can't be neutrual
Hammer for a builder is good but not
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for someone who has the tendency to
attack.
a bias, how much importance something
has due to your values, rain could be
good because it dry where you are but
bad for a place where is could flood
Cultral Values invention could favour your belifs and val-
ues but not someone elses
what we think is a problem is influenced
by our values, even solutions or improve-
ments are influenced by values
people being able to use and choose
Technology Neutrality a technology for the most benifical out-
come.
an agreeded standed based on cultrual
Normalised
values
An economic system based on private
ownership of capital
Capitalism
when a private owner is producing at a
fast pace, low price and max profit for
there own benifits
electronic waste
waste countries sell to poorer ones for
e-waste
a profit that give poor countries more
income but make more polluted
A collection of beliefs held by groups/in-
Ideology
dividuals
princibles focoused on minimilising as
many negative impacts as possible so
Sustainable design people still have income without making
anything worse
meeting a need without more damage
Type of building design that creates no
Regenerative Design waste
provides more output than consumed in-
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put
redesigning culture to make no more
damage and imrpove the damage made
trusted way of reasoning
a way of rationally thinking
logic
not trusting your senses or beliefs but
reason using your mind
reasoning from general to specific
deducting down to specific
deduction
all things do this
that means this thing should do that
the process that moves from a given se-
ries of specifics to a generalization
Induction
series of observations forming a general
idea of something
set of observations that are most likely,
simple or not certian
Abduction
water is wet and the ground is wet, so it
could of rained
how valid is the statement/arguement
Validity is the first infomation too broad for the
next statement to be true
to have a sound agrument it has to be
soundness
valid and the premises have to be true
ad hominem attacking the person not the argument
convincing; relevant, to the point and all
cogent
premises are true
adressing only the weak version of the
straw man
opposing argument
an argument that relies on a small sam-
ple that generalises the population pop-
Hasty Generalization ulation
people with gray hair is smart, so my dad
is smart

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assuming the answer to the question be-
fore you start the argument
begging the question
premises assume the truth of then con-
clustion
assume the cause of something without
proof
post hoc just cause something happened while
that person was there doesn't mean they
did it
considering only two extremes when
there are other possibilities
good students will study for an exam and
bad students wont study at all for the
exam therefore there is no purpose of an
False Dichotomy
exam
this is untrue because what if a bad stu-
dent studies but is studying the wrong
thing, not good at it. exams see who is
on track?
If you can't find any evidence to some-
Appeal to Ignorance
thing it must be false
laying the burden of proof onto the one
that is questioning the claim
Burden of Proof Reversal vaccine casue autisum (without proof), if
you want to convince me otherwise show
me the proof
the conclustion does not follow the
non sequitur
premises
what kind of reasoning is aboriginal
Inductive
knowledge
A philosophy that sees meaning in only
those beliefs that can be empirically
Logical Positivism proven (by observation or experience)
therefore rejects most of the concerns of
traditional philosophy, from the existence

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of God to the meaning of happiness, as
nonsense.
closely connected or appropriate to the
relevant
matter at hand
deductive thinking
baby logic trust the statement that says all instead
of saying 'most'
trying to prove a theory to be wrong so
many times (if it still can't get proven
Falsificationist reasoning right) where its trsuted to be right
you can prove to be wrong but you can't
prove to be right
logical
what are things we can't observe
atoms
they have values, and want power and
scientists have egos... because
ego, can be racist
A collective thinking of moral actions
what is right or wrong guiding behaviour,
Ethics rules and princibles
a group of people have diffrent ethics to
other groups
a duty, rules you should follow at all costs
like don't kill, or lie ...ect
what if you had the choice for a train to
Deontological Ethics kill 1 person instead of 5? DO NOT KILL
do nothing it kills 5

idea of following rules

judging actions solely on the basis of
their beneficial or harmful outcomes
taking in count of consequese and how
Consequentialist Ethics
much damage or less damage will you
cause
kill 1 not 5
a group of people decide what ethicaly is
Institutional Review Board
right when an experiment is taking place
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belmot report
should have:
respect for people, they are capable of
making there own decistion
Common Rule
beneficence, should maximise the
benifits not doing it to make harm
justice, who gets the beneifits? both
sides of the party have beneifits
a safeguard behind biology ex-
periements, IVF, Organ donations who
Bioethics
gets them over someone else, genetic
engineering.
rule that you should have concent when
doing an experiment on someone, they
informed concent
know the risks, benifets and for them to
be able to understand.
how big is the risk and how likey is it to
happen
risk-benifits analysis covid in a lab, how likey for it to get out,
not much but how bad would it be if it did?
bad so dont put covid in a lab?
who is accountable
if covid did get out? the person you did it
Accountablity
accountable or the person who let covid
be in the lab?
responsibility who is responsible to keep ethics far
rules to keep persons safe
who decides though? public, privaite
company, scientists, national laws
what person is going put aside their own
Ethical safeguards
values to beneifit everyone not just a per-
son or busness or group of people with
damaging the other person
how should science be regulated
diversity

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(n.) difference, variety; a condition of
having many different types of forms
range of human difference
opinons about a certain group that may
conscious bias
influence action
social stereotypes or opinions about cer-
tain groups of people that individuals
form
unconscious bias
outside their own conscious awareness
which influences action more then the
concious bias
A particular preference or point of view
that is personal, rather than scientific.
Bias
an unreasoned and unfair judgment in
favor of or against a person or thing.
experiences that have been sterotyped,
men have more spacial skill because
confunded varrible they play video games
not all men play and women might also
play

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