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Hybrid configuration of Darrieus and Savonius rotors for stand‐alone wind

turbine‐generator systems

Article  in  Electrical Engineering in Japan · March 2005

DOI: 10.1002/eej.20071

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Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol. 150, No. 4, 2005
Translated from Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol. 124-B, No. 2, February 2004, pp. 259–266
Hybrid Configuration of Darrieus and Savonius Rotors for Stand-Alone Wind
Turbine-Generator Systems
TETSUYA WAKUI,1 YOSHIAKI TANZAWA,2 TAKUMI HASHIZUME,1 and TOSHIO NAGAO3
1
Waseda University, Japan
2
Nippon Institute of Technology, Japan
3
E&E Co., Japan
SUMMARY
The suitable hybrid configuration of Darrieus lift-
type and Savonius drag-type rotors for stand-alone wind
turbine-generator systems is discussed using our dynamic
simulation model. Two types of hybrid configurations are
taken up. Type A installs the Savonius rotor inside the
Darrieus rotor and Type B installs the Savonius rotor out-
side the Darrieus rotor. The computed results of the output
characteristics and the dynamic behavior of the system
operated at the maximum power coefficient points show
that Type A, which has fine operating behavior to wind
speed changes and can be compactly designed because of
a shorter rotational axis, is an effective way for stand-alone
small-scale systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr
Eng Jpn, 150(4): 13–22, 2005; Published online in Wiley
InterScience (www.interscience.wil ey. c o m ) . D O I
10.1002/eej.20071
Key words: wind power generation; stand-alone
power system; variable speed operation; Darrieus turbine;
Savonius turbine.
1. Introduction
Darrieus lift-type turbines, which are classified as
vertical axis wind turbines, are advantageous because the
mechanism of their power generation is not affected by the
wind direction, and they can be set generators, gear boxes
and controllers in low positions. However, because of weak
self-startup characteristics, their startup characteristics
Contract grant sponsors: 2000 Education Ministry Grants-in-Aid for Sci-
entific Research and the 2001 Waseda University Grant for Special Re-
search Projects (2001A-913).
13
must be compensated through methods that provide a
startup device or that use a Savonius drag-type turbine in
combination with them. Given this, and bearing in mind the
development of stand-alone wind turbine-generator sys-
tems using a Darrieus turbine, in this research the authors
perform various analyses [1–3] on dynamic behavior and
control issues in the Darrieus and Savonius combined tur-
bine (hereafter called a hybrid turbine)-generator systems
under variable speed control primarily using a constant tip
speed ratio (the maximum power coefficient point) opera-
tion regardless of the variations in the wind speed. In
addition, the authors evaluate [4–6] optimal operation and
design policies for a stand-alone wind turbine-generator
system. When operating a small-scale system at a rated
output of up to 10 kW, sufficient power output cannot
necessarily be extracted from a Darrieus turbine alone that
must start from the dynamo. In contrast, the authors point
out the advantages of the hybrid turbine (hereafter Type A)
taken as the focus of this research.
The Darrieus and Savonius rotors can be combined
by installing the Savonius rotor inside the rotational closed
space of the Darrieus rotor (Type A) or by installing the
former outside the rotational closed space of the latter (Type
B). In this paper, the authors compare these two configura-
tions focusing on not only the output characteristics of the
hybrid turbines but also the net power extraction under field
wind conditions while paying attention to instabilities in the
startup characteristics and when wind speed increases as
dynamic characteristics of the system. As a result, the
authors describe a rotor configuration that is useful for a
hybrid turbine for a stand-alone power source.
2. The Darrieus–Savonius Hybrid Turbine
The hybrid turbine has the Darrieus rotor on the main
device, and the Savonius rotor combined permanently to the
same axis as a startup device. In order to obtain good startup
© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
characteristics regardless of the wind direction, the Sa- Table 1. Specifications of the hybrid turbines
vonius rotor is divided into two (upper and lower), with the
two parts having an attachment angle separated by 90° [7].
Figure 1 shows the two configurations for the hybrid tur-
bine. In Type A, the Savonius rotor is installed inside the
rotational closed space of the Darrieus rotor, emphasizing
its compactness as a stand-alone power system. On the
other hand, in Type B, the two rotors are connected outside
the rotational closed space in order to avoid air flow inter-
ference between the two rotors and giving priority to greater
output from the wind turbine. Table 1 lists the specifications
used for the turbines in the wind tunnel experiments. The
settings for each of the rotor specifications (in particular the
rotor radius ratio RS/RD for the two configurations) will be
explained later. When the same rotor specifications are
used, it is clear that Type B provides about 1.5 times the
rated output as Type A does, though the rotor height (rota-
tional axis length) is 1.8 times greater, and the axial friction
and moment of inertia rise with the increase in the weight
of the axis.

2.1 A comparison of the output characteristics
Figure 2 shows the effective output characteristics for
the Darrieus and the Savonius rotors in the hybrid turbine
and the output characteristics of the two hybrid turbines
using the dimensionless parameters defined in Eqs. (1)
through (3):
R: maximum rotational radius [m]; V: inflow wind speed
[m/s]; X: tip speed ratio; ρ: air density [kg/m3]; τ: torque
[Nm].
During the evaluation of the output characteristics,
attention has to be paid to the large difference in the

(1)

(2)

(3)

where A: swept area [m2]; CP: power coefficient; CT: torque

coefficient; n: rotational speed [rpm]; P: output power [W];

Fig. 1. General view of the two types of hybrid Fig. 2. Dimensionless output characteristics of the
configurations. hybrid turbine (Type A).

14
rotational axis length resulting from the configuration. In
other words, when calculating the inflow wind power, the
swept area of the Darrieus rotor is used as the swept area
for Type A, and the sum of the swept area for both rotors is
used as the swept area for Type B. The maximum rotational
radius for the Darrieus rotor is used for the rotational radius
for both configurations. Table 2 lists the desired operating
point (maximum power coefficient point and the tip speed
ratio at that time) obtained from the computational results
in order to perform variable speed control primarily with
constant tip speed ratio (maximum power coefficient point)
operation in the authors’ system.
The Darrieus rotor (lift type) has minimal self-startup
capacity because its generated torque at a low tip speed ratio
is insignificant, though by using it with a Savonius rotor
(drag type) with a high startup torque, good startup charac-
teristics are obtained for either configuration. However, in
Type A, because the Darrieus and Savonius rotors interfere
with each other due to air flow, the maximum power coef-
ficient is lower than that of the Darrieus turbine alone
(CPmax_D = 0.30). When calculating these output charac-
teristics, the authors modeled the air flow interference in
the following fashion for their research. Refer to Refs. 7 and
8 for details on the model.
• Interference from the Darrieus rotor to the Sa-
vonius rotor
The Savonius rotor receives wind attenuated within
the Darrieus rotor rotational closed space. The wind speed
distribution in the Darrieus rotor is calculated based on
multiple streamtube theory [9, 10].
• Interference from the Savonius rotor to the Dar-
rieus rotor
The wake area of the Savonius rotor is understood
quantitatively through visualization experiments in air us-
ing LDV and observations with a circulating water line. The
Darrieus rotor is assumed to generate no torque in this wake
area.
Figure 2 confirms that the calculated values for the
output characteristics using this interference model based
on multiple streamtube theory closely match the experi-
Table 2. Maximum power coefficient point
15
mental values using wind tunnel equipment [7]. On the
other hand, the generated output from Type B, which does
not cause air flow interference, is the algebraic sum of the
output of each rotor. Here, the Darrieus rotor can generate
output even in the region equivalent to the wake area of the
Savonius rotor in Type A, and the inflow wind speed to the
Savonius rotor is not attenuated. As a result, the maximum
power coefficient on the high tip speed ratio side is greater
compared to Type A.
Next the authors focus on the upward characteristics
of the torque coefficient in the low tip speed ratio region.
The upward characteristics of the hybrid turbine depend on
the characteristics of the Darrieus rotor. In Type B, however,
the upward slope is steep due to the striking appearance of
the Darrieus turbine alone characteristics. In contrast, in
Type A the upward characteristics are gentle as a result of
the air flow interference. As will be described later, when
operating at a constant tip speed ratio, the upward charac-
teristics have a major impact on unstable behavior when the
wind speed is rising. As a result, careful evaluation of the
characteristics in the low tip speed ratio region is essential
when using Type B.
2.2 The radius ratio of the two rotors
Because the values for the radius ratio of the Darrieus
and Savonius rotors have a significant impact on the output
characteristics of the hybrid turbine, this matter must be
given serious consideration when designing a hybrid tur-
bine. Figure 4 shows the calculated and measured results
for a wind tunnel test device for the relationship between
the rotor radius ratio RS/RD and the maximum power coef-
ficient ratio CPmax_H/CPmax_D for the hybrid turbine and the
Darrieus turbine alone. Here, the height of the Savonius
turbine is fixed (hS = 1.2 m). For Type A, as the rotor radius
ratio rises, the wake area for the Savonius rotor increases,
and the maximum power coefficient ratio falls. In addition,
at RS/RD > 0.3, the maximum power coefficient ratio falls
sharply because the Savonius rotor drives in reverse at the
maximum power coefficient point for the Darrieus rotor. On
the other hand, in Type B, because the tip speed ratio for
which the power coefficient for both rotors is at a maximum
at RS/RD = 0.3 is equal (calculated using the rotational
radius of the Darrieus rotor for the Savonius rotor as well),
the maximum power coefficient ratio is also at a maximum.
When RS/RD > 0.38, the maximum power coefficient ratio
falls considerably due to the effects of the Savonius rotor
driving in reverse. Figure 5 illustrates the relationship be-
tween the rotor radius ratio and the starting wind speed
(calculated value) for the hybrid turbine. It is clear that by
increasing the rotor radius ratio, the torque generated by the
Savonius rotor rises, and the starting wind speed is lowered.

Fig. 3. Dimensionless output characteristics of hybrid
turbines (Type B).
Given the above, the authors set the rotor radius ratio
so that the no load tip speed ratio Xmax_S for the Savonius
rotor is higher than the tip speed ratio Xref_D for the maxi-
mum power coefficient point for the Darrieus rotor when
designing the Savonius rotor as a startup device. In Type A,
RS/RD = 0.3 where Xref_D = Xmax_S was used. For Type B,
RS/RD = 0.3 (at this point, Xref_D < Xmax_S) was used in
consideration of the maximum power coefficient. Based on
Fig. 4. Effect of the radius ratio on the characteristics of
the hybrid turbines.
16
Fig. 5, it is clear that when the proposed rotor radius ratios
are used, a sufficiently low starting wind speed can be
obtained.
2.3 Effect of the hybrid clearing device
Methods to improve the output characteristics of a
hybrid turbine include combining the two rotors via a
ratchet and clutch, clearing the connection at high tip speed
ratio at which the Savonius rotor becomes the load for the
Darrieus rotor, and operating only with the Darrieus rotor
alone [11]. However, in Type A, the architecture of the
hybrid clearing becomes complicated though the output
improvement due to the hybrid clearing is slight because of
having to set the radius ratio for both rotors such that the
Savonius rotor takes the load to the Darrieus rotor at the
maximum power coefficient point for the Darrieus rotor,
and because of the Savonius rotor wake effects that natu-
rally occur after hybrid clearing. In Type B, behavior read-
ily becomes unstable because of independent operation in
the Darrieus rotor after hybrid clearing [6]. Moreover, after
hybrid clearing in either configuration, the rotational speed
in the two rotors does not match because the Savonius rotor
is operating independently, recombining cannot be per-
formed smoothly at the design point Xmax_S due to changes
in wind speed, and the system behavior becomes unstable.
In addition, in higher tip speed ratio regions (with operating
points in this tip speed ratio region during a drop in wind
speed under variable speed control) than the maximum
power coefficient point for the hybrid turbine, convergence
to the desired value for the tip speed ratio with respect to
wind speed variations improves due to the Savonius rotor
operating as an air brake. Given this, the two rotors were
joined permanently.
Fig. 5. Effect of the radius ratio on the starting wind
speed.
 Fig. 6. Desired operating points of the system (RD = 1.0 m).
3. A Wind Turbine-Generator System for a
Stand-Alone Power Source
3.1 Outline of a stand-alone wind
turbine-generator system
The wind turbine-generator system for a stand-alone
power source being considered in this research consists of
a hybrid turbine, the generator and storage battery as a load,
and the controller [6]. The storage battery supports smooth,
reliable function for wind energy provided intermittently,
and is essential as a stand-alone power source separate from
the power system. In addition, the generator has an AVR in
order to improve charging efficiency, by maintaining the
output voltage matching the storage battery voltage.
3.2 Control method for system operation
In the authors’ system, priority is given to extracting
more wind energy, and so an operational method for vari-
Fig. 7. Block diagram of the load controller.
17
able speed control is used primarily for constant tip speed
ratio operation so that the tip speed ratio is maintained with
the power coefficient at a maximum regardless of variations
in wind speed. In addition, at higher wind speeds, the
operating mode is switched from constant tip speed ratio
operation to constant speed operation. Thus, the system
operating range can be extended by controlling the increase
in the rotational speed. The desired operating points (rela-
tionship between torque–rotational speed–tip speed ratio–
power coefficient) for the system when using the two hybrid
rotor configurations (RD = 1.0 m) are shown in Fig. 6.
During operational control, dynamic equilibrium for
input/output power must be established by controlling the
turbine load based on the variations in wind energy (wind
speed), the input. In the authors’ system, this is achieved by
manipulating the output current of the generator. As can be
seen in Fig. 7, the load control system is comprised of a
main unit for feedback control of the rotational speed,
whose desired value is the maximum power coefficient
point calculated based on the wind speed, and the feedfor-
ward compensator which creates dynamic equilibrium for
input/output power by controlling the load level at the
desired operating point. Refer to Ref. (2) for details on this
operating control method.
4. Evaluation of the Dynamic Behavior of the System
The authors calculated and compared the dynamic
behavior of the systems using the two types of hybrid
turbines employing a computational model for dynamic
characteristics [4, 6]. Here, the operating behavior is ex-
plored while bearing in mind the starting characteristics and
the instability when wind speed rises.
 4.1 Starting characteristics

The starting torque for the hybrid turbine is handled

by the Savonius rotor in both hybrid configurations, and the
starting wind speed depends on the static axial friction.
Therefore, in Type B, it is clear that the axis friction torque
rises as the axis weight rises, and the starting wind speed is
higher compared to Type A, as can be clearly seen in Fig.
5. Next, in order to clarify the differences in the hybrid
configurations as seen in the behavior from startup with no
load to load control, the behavior of the rotational speed at
instantaneous release for the system (RD = 1.0 m) when the
inflow wind speed is steady at 10 m/s is shown in Fig. 8. In
both systems, load control starts when the rotational speed
reaches 240 rpm. The authors were able to confirm that
compared to Type A, Type B requires more time until
starting load control after instantaneous release because the
axial friction torque and the moment of inertia for the rotor
are greater (Table 1).

4.2 Behavior under load control

The authors computationally investigated behavior

under load control while bearing in mind the instability that
occurs when wind speed rises. Figure 9 shows Type A and
Fig. 10 shows Type B for a Darrieus rotor with a rotational
radius RD of 1.0 and 10 m under field wind conditions
(average wind speed 7 m/s, wind condition 1 to be described
later) with the system running at high wind speeds. The
relationship between braking torque, rotational speed, and
inflow wind speed is taken up. Refer to Ref. 6 for the
parameters used in the systems with different rated power
outputs, and the accompanying extension of the range in
which the computational model is used.
First, the operational behavior of Type A (Fig. 9)
makes it clear that in a small-scale system (RD = 1.0 m) a
circular path including the desired operating points shown
by the dashed line in the figure is found. This is a result of
the load controller (feedback control) functioning well such
that the rotational speed with a delay with respect to the
wind speed variation reaches the desired value (maximum
power coefficient point) quickly. In addition, in a larger-
Fig. 9. Operating behavior of Type A in the field.
scale system (RD = 10 m), the rotor responsiveness falls as
the moment of inertia rises. Therefore, a larger circular path
obtains as a result of increasing the manipulated load due
to large deviations of rotational speed with respect to the
changes in the wind speed.
Next, when the authors looked at the operating be-
havior of Type B (Fig. 10), in the small-scale system (RD =
1.0 m), a circular path almost identical to that for Type A
emerged, while in contrast in the large-scale system (RD =
10 m), it is clear that rotational speed is a lower level and
far off from the desired operating point even though the
inflow wind speed was at a higher level. This is a result of
the operating point becoming unstable when the wind speed
increased, and the rotational speed not increasing fast
enough due to the upward characteristics of the torque
coefficient at a low tip speed ratio as was illustrated in
Section 2.
The unstable behavior during an increase in wind
speed can be explained based on the equation of motion for
a rotational system as follows:

(4)

Fig. 8. Behavior of the instantaneous release of the where J: moment of inertia of the rotor [kgm2]; τL: gener-
brake (RD = 1.0 m, V = 10 m/s). ator load torque [Nm]; τT: turbine torque [Nm]; ω: rota-

18
 (8)
The coefficients in Eq. (8) are

(9)

Fig. 10. Operating behavior of Type B in the field.
(10)
The left-hand side of Eq. (8) represents the dimen-
sionless turbine torque, and the right-hand side represents
the dimensionless load torque operating with respect to the
wind speed. Figure 11 shows the relationship between the
two sides of Eq. (8) for the two hybrid turbines (left-hand
side: thick line; right-hand side: thin line). The intersection
of the two characteristics curves represents the desired
operating point. Here, the load characteristics for three
inflow wind speeds are shown when the desired operating
point is the initial operating point. It is clear from Eq. (9)
that as the inflow wind speed rises, the upward slope of the
load torque becomes gentler.
Under constant tip speed ratio operation, when the
wind speed rises, the tip speed ratio transiently falls below
the desired value because of the lag characteristics of the
rotational system. In contrast, in the load controller, the load

tional angular speed [rad/s]. The conditions under which

the turbine accelerates with respect to changes in the wind
speed are dω/dt > 0, and so

(5)
The turbine torque and the load torque (here, the first-order
lag element in the feedforward compensation is omitted by
assuming that dynamic equilibrium of input/output power
is good) are

(6)

(7)
where nmax: the allowed upper limit for rotational speed
[rpm]; nref: the desired rotational speed [rpm]; PC: propor-
tional band [%]; Xref: desired tip speed ratio; τLmax: the
allowed upper limit for the generator load torque [Nm]. By
using Eqs. (1), (6), and (7), Eq. (5) can be expressed as
follows:

Fig. 11. Stall characteristics of hybrid turbines.

19
which should rapidly increase the rotational speed falls
below the desired value. In Type A, whose upward slope for
the torque coefficient is gentle due to air flow interference,
Eq. (8) is satisfied at all times during a rise in wind speed.
This means that the turbine generates a torque greater than
the operating load torque. As a result, the desired tip speed
ratio (maximum power coefficient point) can be reached
through good acceleration behavior. However, in Type B, if
the tip speed ratio reaches the unstable region in the figure
for the rise in wind speed, Eq. (8) is no longer satisfied, and
the turbine cannot accelerate. This is prominent at higher
wind speeds because the upward slope in the low tip speed
ratio region is sharp. Therefore, this instability readily
occurs in a large-scale Type B to which high wind speeds
inflow. In addition, even if the load control is released
because the rotational speed in the turbine drops, load
control starts soon again after the rotational speed rises
sharply as a result of the high inflow wind speed. In other
words, the system behavior has a limit cycle.
Note that in Type B, the proportional band for the
controller can be reduced so that Eq. (8) is satisfied, but the
load operating level with respect to fluctuations in the wind
speed will rise sharply, and system behavior will be unde-
sirable. In addition, the authors have confirmed that if the
proportional band is reduced excessively, load control is
insufficient because the lower operating limit for the load
torque is restricted by the axial friction torque.

5. Evaluation of Net Power Extraction in the System

The authors evaluated the validity of their two hybrid

configurations with respect to the rotor parameters using
the computation of net power extraction under field wind
conditions. Although for the calculations the average wind
speed was about 8 m/s and the wind speed frequency was
roughly the same, two sets of wind conditions with signifi-
cantly different blowing duration characteristics (wind con-
dition 1: short blowing duration; wind condition 2: long
blowing duration) were used [12]. Figure 12 shows the
relationship between the Darrieus rotor radius in each sys-
tem and the electric energy output calculated on a per day
basis with respect to the swept area and the rated power
output, and the relationship with the effective electric power
coefficient (electric energy output / inflow wind energy).
Note that the authors also took into consideration the wind
speed distribution (1/7 power law) in the vertical direction
in proportion to the rotor parameters.
First, the authors evaluated the effects of the differ-
ences in the system scales on the extracted electric energy.
In Type A, it is clear that a large-scale system which can
receive high levels of wind energy is superior. However, in
Type B, unstable behavior readily occurs when wind speed
increases, and the time from startup to load control is longer.
As a result, under wind condition 1 (short blowing dura-
Fig. 12. Net power extraction in the field.
tion), the extracted electric energy of a large-scale system
drops significantly. Next, the authors evaluated the effective
electric power coefficient, which corresponds to the energy
conversion efficiency of the system. Regardless of the wind
conditions or the hybrid configuration, it is clear that as the
system increases in size, the effective electric power coef-
ficient drops because rotor responsiveness falls and the
desired operating point determined by variations in wind
speed cannot be tracked. The authors confirmed that the
drop for Type B under wind condition 1 was particularly
significant. Therefore, under such conditions, Type A of-
fered better net power extraction (energy conversion effi-
ciency) even when the rotor parameters are the same.
6. Conclusion
The authors analyzed the output characteristics for
two types of rotor configurations for a Darrieus and Sa-

20
vonius hybrid turbine which serves as a stand-alone power
source and which is under variable speed control mainly
using constant tip speed ratio (maximum power coefficient
point) operation, and then evaluated the net power extrac-
tion under field wind conditions while bearing in mind the
dynamical behavior of the system. The results obtained in
this paper are as follows.
(1) When the Savonius rotor was connected inside the
rotational closed space of a Darrieus rotor (hybrid Type A),
the power output was below that of the Darrieus turbine
alone because of air flow interference between the two
rotors. However, variable speed control performed well due
to improvements in the output characteristics in the low tip
speed ratio region.
(2) When the Savonius rotor was connected outside
the rotational closed space of a Darrieus rotor (hybrid Type
B), air flow interference did not occur, though the startup
time was longer, and unstable behavior occurred more
readily when wind speed rose because of the upward char-
acteristics of the torque coefficient. As a result, good opera-
tional behavior did not occur in a large-scale system.
(3) The results of evaluating the net power extraction
under field wind conditions confirmed that Type B is more
effective in a small-scale system; however, under wind
conditions involving short blowing duration, there are sys-
tem scales for which Type A use is more effective due to the
drop in the effective electric power coefficient for Type B.
Type A is more useful in that it has a more compact
hybrid turbine. As a result, if rotor parameters for Type A
are set with the length of the rotational axis the same as it
is for Type B, then the unstable behavior can be improved,
and roughly twice the rated power output as Type B can be
obtained. Given this, it is evident that Darrieus/Savonius
rotor configurations useful for net power extraction exist,
depending on the wind conditions (blowing duration) and
the system scale. The results found in this paper can be
taken to represent an effective policy for the design of
stand-alone power sources using hybrid turbines.
Acknowledgments
This paper represents a portion of the research results
supported by the 2000 Education Ministry Grants-in-Aid
for Scientific Research and the 2001 Waseda University
Grant for Special Research Projects (2001A-913). The
authors express their gratitude for this support.
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 AUTHORS (from left to right)

Tetsuya Wakui (member) completed the second half of his doctoral studies at Waseda University in 2001. After being a
research fellow with the Japan Society for Promotion of Science in 1999 and a research associate at the Advanced Research
Institute for Science and Engineering at Waseda University, he became a visiting assistant professor there. He is pursuing research
related to the explication of the dynamic behavior and control issues found in wind power generation systems, and applications
to design optimization. He holds a D.Eng. degree, and is a member of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers, the
Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the Japan Wind Energy Association.

Yoshiaki Tanzawa (member) fulfilled requirements for the second half of his doctoral studies at Waseda University in
1996. After being a research fellow with the Japan Society for Promotion of Science in 1992, a research associate at the Advanced
Research Institute for Science and Engineering at Waseda University, and a research associate and later an assistant professor
at Nippon Institute of Technology, he became an associate professor there in 2003. He is pursuing research related to energy
and power systems. He holds a D.Eng. degree, and is a member of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Japan
Wind Energy Association.

Takumi Hashizume (member) completed the second half of his doctoral studies at Waseda University in 1979. After being
a research associate at the Science and Engineering Research Laboratory at Waseda University in 1976, subsequently an assistant
professor and an associate professor, he became a professor in 1987, and is now a professor at the Advanced Research Institute
for Science and Engineering there. He is pursuing research related to the design and operation of energy and power systems in
general. He holds a D.Eng. degree, and is a member of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Japan Wind Energy
Association.

Toshio Nagao (nonmember) graduated from the Department of Engineering at Osaka Prefecture University in 1963 and
joined Unichika Co., Ltd. He worked on design and construction in the electrical, installation, and energy sectors. On retirement
in 2000, he joined E&E Co., and in 2001 became a visiting assistant professor with the Advanced Research Institute for Science
and Engineering at Waseda University. He is primarily pursuing research and development of practical applications for wind
power generators as stand-alone power sources.

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